FARMING FOR EX-CRIMINALS.
According to Salvation Army officials of England, there is something about farming which alters the criminal mind. Just what it is they do not profess to know, but they do know from experience that tilling the soil makes a better man of the ex-convict. Land-owners in the suburbs of London have become interested and have sold the Army numbers of small tracts. These tracts, in turn, are rented on easy terms to released prisoners with an arrangement by which the latter are further enabled to buy them outright. Thus far nine hundred men who have worn the stripes have been bettered in this way. So successful, in fact, has the scheme proved that the people of London are actually beginning to see in these farmers a means of supplying a deficient vegetable market—for London, like American cities, is suffering to an extent from the high cost of living.
There is room aplenty in America for farm colonies of ex-convicts. Considering the results obtained in England, the scheme would seem worthy of experiment on a scale sufficient to prove its merit or demerit.
THE OMAHA MEETING OF THE AMERICAN PRISON ASSOCIATION.
Report of the Delegate.
Omaha, Neb., October 20, 1911.
If the delegates to the American Prison Association are to form a judgment of the people of Omaha from the cordial reception they have met in this large western city, the conclusion may easily be reached that these people are most generous, hospitable and appreciative.
The first meeting of the Association was held in the Auditorium connected with the Hotel Rome. The number of delegates which had registered on the first day of the meeting was about 300. The Auditorium will seat several hundred and was almost filled by the delegates and citizens of Omaha, who appeared to be deeply interested in the proceedings.
Before us on a platform banked up with roses and carnations and draped above with the American Flag, sat the President, T. B. Patton, of Pennsylvania, and other officers of the Association; Governor Aldrich of the State of Nebraska, Mayor Dahlman of Omaha, and other eminent citizens.
Judge Lee Estelle, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, presided over this meeting. I understand that he came from a hospital, really a very sick man, to discharge a duty which he had previously agreed to perform. After a few brief words in which he referred to the badge adopted for the members on this occasion, which consists of a small gilt key with the usual ribbon attachment, he assured us that this key indicated an entrance into all the homes of Omaha and informed us that all the doors were not only open but really off their hinges for us. He introduced Governor Aldrich who then made the main welcoming speech.
He dwelt upon the material advantages of the State of Nebraska, presenting many statistics to indicate the vastness of the resources of this large state. Many of his contrasts were quite humorous. In figures he mentioned the value of the manufactured products of the State for 1910 and compared the amount with the value of the oil produced in the same year in the entire United States, showing a difference in favor of the State of Nebraska on these two accounts of more than $37,000,000. He also showed that the value of beef produced in the State exceeded by $2,000,000 the value of tobacco products in the United States for 1910. He told us that four thousand students were in attendance at their University, ninety per cent. of whom came from the State of Nebraska.
Mayor Dahlman followed with a kindly speech.
President Patton then delivered his annual address. If I may select any key note of his remarks, it would be to the effect that all of our prison officials should be selected, not only for the ability to govern and restrain, but more especially for the ability to influence and to build up the characters of those who are under them.
“The enactment of such wise legislation as is best calculated to properly protect society and to provide, under humane discipline and restraint, an adequate punishment for the offender; the securing of the proper and regular employment of the prisoner in prison under wise state law; the obtaining of a rightful portion of the prisoner’s earnings for the use of his dependent family; the systematic investigation of their real needs and the furnishing of prompt relief to the worthy and possible effort for their rehabilitation or removal to more favorable surroundings; the invoking of the probation law where such will be conducive to the best results; the comprehensive study of the prison population as far as possible to secure proper statistics on which to base accurate results; the well organized effort now at work in a number of our larger centers of population, in the study and betterment of the slum districts and the more general effort in many localities in the interest of the betterment of the environment of the children and youth, are all encouraging signs of the far-reaching interest at work for the uplift and saving of humanity, and to this end we say, Godspeed to the organizations which in carrying forward their work, have gone back to the childhood days, and which, striving to break the bondage, not only of heredity and environment, are, through sympathy, love and interest thus securing a foothold in districts, communities and individual homes as well, and in which their organized effort is bearing a fruitage most encouraging, indeed and bids fair in due course of time to prove a strong bulwark in the reduction of crime, as well as of the criminal class.”
He referred with feeling to the deaths of Gen. Brinkerhoff and John J. Lytle, referring to the latter as an Apostle of Peace and Good Cheer. He then introduced Dr. Charles Richmond Henderson, of Chicago, who spoke with his usual energy and earnestness. He would do away with municipal and county jails, except as they may be necessary as places of temporary detention. They are run on such a small scale, he said, that the men in charge cannot have the training nor facilities that should be present in the reformation of criminals. He would have the criminals turned over to the state for punishment and reformation as soon as they are convicted by the county or municipal courts. Dr. Henderson emphasized the desirability of classifying wrongdoers and declared that the stamp of criminality should not be placed upon men who are not in spirit criminals. He pleaded especially for more humane treatment of habitual drunkards. “Can you cure a drunkard by giving him ten days in jail, in an atmosphere of degradation and crime, when the habit is to him a thing of generations?”
He commended the system recently adopted in the District of Columbia under which inebriates are sent to an institution in the country, where they are allowed to work in the open air under wholesome environment and are not branded as of the criminal class. “Sooner or later the student of criminology must come to a realization of the importance of the study of the child.” Heredity was mentioned as a factor in the problem, and the subject of early environment should receive careful study.
He congratulated the Association for their good work in advocating the adoption of laws providing for the Indeterminate Sentence. This does not mean that a man must always be discharged before the time of his maximum sentence, it may also mean the creation of tribunals to decide whether a man is ready to be let loose upon society regardless of the time of his sentence. In other words, our prisons and reformatories should be conducted as hospitals and as institutions for those whose minds are diseased, from which patients are discharged upon recovery of their malady.