INDEX

Adamas, unmistakable double in 1903, [214].

Aeria, white in, [76];

ruddy color of, [148].

Air (see Atmosphere), [86];

necessity of, to life, [166], [167];

as important to astronomical calculations, [7].

Air-waves, [250], [251], [273].

Albedo, low, [162], [167].

Algæ, [349].

Amenthes, hibernation of, [317-324].

Animalcula, in almost boiling geysers, [349].

Aonium Sinus, two doubles suspected in, [242].

Aquae Calidae, [208], [253], [315].

Archæan age of the earth, [132], [133], [138].

Areography, [20-31];

beginning and progress of, [109];

three periods in, [24].

Arizona, [16];

in desert belt, [13];

plateau of, [18].

Arnon, convergent double, [240].

Artificiality, of canal system, [366], [368], [369], [370], [374];

of oases, [366], [371].

Ascraeus Lucus, [331];

embraced by the double Gigas, [257].

Astaboras, connection with Lucus Ismenius, [260-263].

Atmosphere, of Mars, [62], [63], [71], [78], [79], [87];

shown to exist, [80], [82], [83], [84], [163], [167];

rare, [85], [86], [162], [167];

effect on temperature, [80];

constituents of, [162], [164], [166], [168].

Autumn, length of Martian, in northern hemisphere, [35], [48];

in southern, [35], [48].

Axial tilt, [34], [36], [55], [155], [161];

determinations of, [34], [36], [155];

determines character of seasons, [34], [36];

effect of, on presentation of arctic and antarctic regions, [70];

effect of, on temperature of arctic and temperate regions, [88].

Bacteria, plasm-eating beings, [353].

Barometric pressure, [63], [85].

Beer, [23], [26], [109].

Bilateralism, [208];

inherent attribute of canals, [209].

Blue band, surrounding polar caps, [39], [40], [42], [43], [56], [61], [63], [71], [161],

[162], [168], [338], [339].

Blue-green areas (see Dark Regions), [32], [67], [163];

taken for seas, [110].

British Nautical Almanac, [35].

Brontes, development of, [304-312].

Cambrian era of Earth, [139].

Camera, the, [272];

advantage of, [273];

slower than the eye, [273];

stars the peculiar province of, [273], [274].

Canals, [11], [32], [163];

discovery of, [24], [26];

considered straits, [27];

regularity of, [28], [29];

unnatural in look, [173];

manner of introduction of, [174];

conditions necessary to seeing of, [174-177], [282], [283];

pencil-like lines, [177], [179], [367];

definite in direction, [178];

name, [180];

width of, [179], [180], [182];

length of, [183];

visible by virtue of length, [181];

oddities of, [183];

number of, [184];

systematic arrangement of, [184], [185], [187-191], [248];

connect with polar caps, [325], [339], [373];

import of system of, [338], [372], [373];

intrinsic change in, [283], [284], [337], [338];

what they are not, [185-187], [373];

zonal distribution of, [188], [189];

departure-points, [190];

dependent on general topography, [191];

of later origin than main features, [191], [247];

kinematic character of, [281-303];

effect on, of illumination, [284];

drawings of, numerous and

consecutive, [286];

coördination of data, [288], [289];

curves of visibility of (see Cartouches), [289], [290];

geometricism of, [175], [206], [365], [367], [368];

polar, [327].

Canals in the dark regions, [30], [31], [243-248];

of the southern hemisphere, [245];

of the northern hemisphere, [246], [247];

detection of, [243], [245];

deprived seas of marine character, [243];

part of canal system, [244], [245], [247].

Caps (see Polar Caps).

Carbon dioxide, [39], [161], [164-168].

Carbonic era of Earth, [134], [141], [142].

Carets, [265-270];

natural formations, [231], [232];

form and position of, [266], [267];

reason for shape of, [268];

associated with canals, [267], [269];

help in solution of riddle, [270];

act like oases, [333].

Cartouches of the canals, [289-303];

interpretation of, [291-293], [299-303], [344-347];

arranged by latitudes, [294];

showing first frosts, [299];

minimum points of, [297], [344];

maximum point of, [301];

mean canal, [297], [298].

Cenozoic times, [144].

Cerberus, obliterated by white spot, [75].

Change, [4], [281];

shown in polar caps, [37], [338];

in blue-green areas, [113], [114], [115], [120], [122-127], [163], [164];

in canals, [168], [169], [205], [283-285], [314], [337], [338];

in oases, [250-252], [330], [331], [337], [338].

Chromacea, [352];

plasm-forming beings, [353];

close to inorganic things, [357];

in hot springs, [357], [358].

Chryse, [90], [102].

Climate, [82-89];

one of extremes, [87];

temperature, theoretic and observed, [87];

non-glaciation the rule, [88].

Clouds, [55], [71], [73], [89], [163], [165], [283], [284];

but few exist, [83], [165];

none over blue-green areas, [92];

of tawny dust color, [106];

probably dust storms, [165];

prove existence of atmosphere, [167].

Cold, [87], [167], [299].

Coloe Palus, in connection with double canals, [257], [258], [263].

Color, [74], [148];

of Mare Erythraeum, [122].

Confervæ, in almost boiling geysers, [349], [358].

Cretaceous era of the earth, [136], [143], [151], [152].

Crystals, conditions of formation, [357].

Dana, [131], [139], [140].

Dark Regions, [122-125];

thought to be seas, [110], [111];

named in accordance, [110], [113];

change in aspect cast doubt on

marine character of, [113], [114];

change in, considered seasonal, [115], [120], [127], [163], [164];

marine character lost, [30], [115-118], [163], [164];

vegetation tracts, [119-127], [163], [164], [168], [169], [170];

below level of surrounding surface, [130], [164];

former ocean basins, [120], [129], [131];

latitudinal development in, [123], [124], [126], [127].

Dawes, [21], [23], [249], [250], [268].

Day, Martian, length of, [34], [160], [166].

Desert regions of the earth, [13], [149-155];

as observatory sites, [12], [13];

help explain Mars, [16], [17], [156];

color of, [149], [151];

compared with color of Mars, [150], [163];

vegetation in, [150];

position of, [153], [154];

due to winds, [154].

Desertism, [16], [89], [153-158].

Deserts (see Reddish-ochre regions).

Deuteronilus, [259-261].

Development of canals, latitudinal law of, [299], [302], [375];

follows melting of polar caps, [302], [338-340];

across equator, [373], [375].

Devonian era of the earth, [141].

Diaphragm, the great, [265].

Diplopia, [196].

Djihoun, narrowest double, [228-230];

embouchure of, [219-220];

connection with Luci Ismenii, [260], [262].

Double Canals, first seen by Schiaparelli, [28], [192];

impression of, [193], [204];

two classes of, [224];

require steady definition, [194];

phenomena of, [194], [205], [208], [212], [213];

physical bond between the constituents of, [226];

connection with bays, [232];

optical theories of, [196-203];

not illusions, [195-203], [209];

widths of, [205], [206], [221-224], [229], [230], [233];

length of, [205];

seasonal change in, [205];

constituents of, [204];

original line of, [216], [217];

number of, [205], [209];

list of, [210], [211];

gemination period of, [212], [213];

direction of, [234-236];

zonal distribution of, [236-239], [370];

distribution in longitude, [236];

tropical phenomena, [239], [240], [241], [242];

compared with single canals, [240];

convergent, [240];

avoid blue-green areas, [241];

connect with blue-green areas, [242].

Dust storms, [90], [165].

Earth, tilt of axis of, [34];

seasons on, [35];

polar caps of, [38], [41], [44], [45], [51], [54], [69];

rainfall on, [79];

viewed from space, [340];

vegetal quickening opposite to that on Mars, [344].

Eccentricity of orbit, effect on seasons, [46], [48], [52].

Elevations on limb, [96], [97];

measurement of, [98].

Elysium, white in, [75], [76].

Eocene era of the earth, [144].

Eopaleozoic era, [140].

Euphrates, [221], [231], [249], [258-261], [266], [267], [316];

continuously double, [213];

curious relation to the Portus Sigaeus and Phison, [218], [219].

Evolution, [362], [366], [367];

planetary, [363], [364];

advance in, dependent on environment, [145], [146].

Exploration, polar, [54].

Eye, relation to camera, [272-274].

Farms in Kansas and Dakota, [363].

Fastigium Aryn, [269];

origin of longitudes, [23], [74].

Fauna, [361];

of northern Arizona, [18];

linked with flora, [349], [350], [358].

Flagstaff, Arizona, [16].

Flammarion, [21], [23], [202].

Flora, [361];

linked with fauna, [349], [350], [358];

fixtures, [360].

Focal length, of objective in photographing canals, [275].

Franz Joseph Land, [45].

Frosts, first arctic, [299], [300], [345];

suggestive of, [87].

Galileo, [20], [39].

Ganges, [270];

peculiar development of, [226-228];

widest double, [228], [229].

Gemination, [214-221];

seasonal phenomenon, [212], [213];

conditioned by convenience, [218-221].

Geology, shows the growing of the land, [131-138].

Gigas, embracing the Ascraeus Lucus, [257].

Gihon, embouchure of, [232].

Gravitation, law of, [160].

Gravity, effect on atmosphere, [62];

force of, on Mars, [63].

Green, [21], [23], [24].

Habitability, [159].

Haeckel, [352], [353], [357].

Haze, at melting of caps, [56], [64-66], [90], [93], [165];

recurrent, [94].

Heat, [46], [47], [50], [146], [155].

Hellas, [81], [90], [91];

in winter, [58], [59];

ruddy color of, [148].

Herschel, Sir W., [34], [37].

Hibernation of canals, [313-324], [379].

Hiddekel, embouchure of, [232];

connection with Luci Ismenii, [260-262].

Hippalus, identical with rift, [326], [327].

Hoarfrost, [78], [79], [81];

at equator, [79];

in southern hemisphere, [80], [92].

Huyghens, [23], [26], [108].

Ice sheet, effect of, [52].

Illumination, oblique, [97];

for measuring elevations, [98].

Illusion theories of canals, disproved, [293].

Image of sun, not reflected from dark areas, [112].

Insolation, [47], [79], [91].

Intelligence on other worlds, method of making itself known, [364].

Islands south, [91], [244];

effect of, on isothermal lines, [92].

Jamuna, original line of, [216], [217].

Jaxartes, polar canal, [328].

Jupiter, [33], [372].

Jurassic era of the earth, [136], [143], [144].

Juturna Fons, a square oasis, [263].

Kaiser, [21], [23], [249].

Kinetic theory of gases, [83], [146], [147], [164].

Kison, convergent double, [240].

Lacus Hyperboreus, [246].

Lampland, [197], [225], [275].

Lick Observatory, [100].

Life, necessity of air and water to, [17], [166], [167], [341];

thin cold air no bar to, [18];

maximum temperature determinative of, [19], [378], [380].

Life on Earth, [349-353];

dependent on conditions, [349-355], [357], [379], [380].

Life on Mars, [169], [376];

vegetal, [348], [359];

probably of high order, [348], [359], [377], [378], [381], [382];

evidence of, [360-365].

Limb-light, evidence of atmosphere, [84], [162], [167].

Longitudes, origin of, [23], [74].

Lowell Observatory, Annals, [31], [81];

Bulletin, [201].

Lucus Ismenius, [19], [258];

only double oasis, [259];

association with canals, [260], [261].

Lucus Lunae, [330].

Lucus Moeris, [208].

Maedler, [21], [23], [26], [109].

Mammal, [349].

Maps, of Mars, [20-24], [26-29].

Mare Acidalium, [115], [242], [246-252];

white in, [80];

darker than the Mare Erythraeum, [127].

Mare Cimmerium, [267].

Mare Erythraeum, [113];

irregular lines in, [30];

in 1903, [122-124];

in 1905, [124-126].

Mare Icarium, [207].

Mare Sirenum, [92], [110], [114], [267].

Maria, on the moon, [109], [111];

not seas, [112], [113];

on Mars, [110];

not seas, [117];

southern hemisphere, [31].

Matter, distribution of, [355].

Mercator’s projection, [22], [344].

Merriam, [18], [19], [379].

Mesozoic times of the earth, [135], [142], [144], [151].

Meteorology of Mars, [63], [93].

Moisture, [86], [154].

Monera, [349], [357];

suggestive of crystals, [356].

Months, Martian, different from our own, [36].

Mountains, not visible on Mars, [100];

measurement of, [97-100];

limit of height visible, [100];

on Moon, [98], [99].

Naarmalcha, association with Luci Ismenii, [260], [261].

Nägeli, [356].

Nansen, [54].

Naval Observatory at Washington, [16].

Nectar, shows white, [59].

Neopaleozoic times of the Earth, [140].

Neptune, [33].

Nicks in the coastline (see Carets).

Nilokeras, double, [209];

photographed, [225].

Nilosyrtis, unlike other canals, [262].

Nitro-bacteria, [350], [353].

Nitrogen, [83], [164], [166], [341].

Nix Olympica, [74], [78].

North America, geologic history of, [133-137].

Oases, detected later than canals, [30], [249];

three stages in appearance of, [250-252];

number of, [252];

kinds of, [252-254], [263];

shape of, [253], [371];

position of, [254-257], [263];

connected with canals, [256], [257], [262], [371];

disprove diplopic theory, [258];

objectivity of, [263];

in dark regions, [163], [244], [263], [264];

kinematic character of, [330-333];

latitudinal progress of change in oases, [331];

evolution of, [331], [332];

intrinsic change in, [337], [338];

at junction of canals only, [255], [371].

Observations, mutual corroboration of, [165], [166];

among mountains, [7].

Organic Evolution, origin of, [356].

Orology, of Mars, [62].

Ovid, [25].

Oxygen, [83], [164], [166], [167], [341].

Paleozoic times on the Earth, [135].

Permian period, [142].

Personal equation, eliminated, [287].

Phenological quickening, on Earth, [342];

on Mars, [343].

Phison, [221], [231], [249], [258], [266], [267], [316];

continuously double, [213];

connection with Euphrates and Portus Sigaeus, [218], [219].

Phœnix Lake, [330].

Photographs of the canals, [225], [275-277].

Photography, celestial, [271-277].

Physiographic conditions, on Mars, [68], [128].

Pickering, W. H., [330].

Pierius, [71].

Polar caps, phenomena of, [37], [41], [61];

key to comprehension of planet, [37];

compared with those of earth, [41], [46];

composition of, [39], [161], [168], [339];

making of new, [94];

position of, [68];

aspect of, [56], [57];

maxima and minima of, [38], [41-44], [47-53], [55-57], [66-68], [162];

fission of, [61].

Polar seas (see Blue band);

fresh water, [162].

Poles, Martian, determination of, [36].

Pons Hectoris, [78].

Portus Sigaeus, nicks in the coastline, [207], [266], [267];

embouchure to Phison and Euphrates, [218].

Precipitation, [51], [79], [154], [155];

effect on glaciation, [52].

Presentation, a, defined, [287], [288].

Probability, law of, [160].

Projections on the terminator, [77], [81], [96], [100], [104], [165];

color of, [102];

cause of, [104-107];

great one of 1903, [101-104];

of 1900, [104].

Propontis, the, [242];

canals in, [247];

oases in, [256].

Protonilus, association with Luci Ismenii, [260].

Pseboas Lucus, [207], [250], [253], [263];

anomalous position of, [262].

Quaternary epoch of the Earth, [137].

Reddish-ochre regions, [153], [155];

deserts, [149], [156], [163];

variations of tint in, [32], [148], [149], [151].

Rifts in polar cap, [61-63], [67], [162], [325-329];

permanent in place, [61], [62];

not depressions, [62], [63], [162];

coincide with canals, [326-328];

explanation of, [328], [329].

Rotation, early noted, [108], [109];

how determined, [34];

time of, [34], [160];

disclosed by markings, [32-34], [108].

Sabaeus Sinus, [23], [207], [268], [269].

San Francisco Peaks, [18], [19], [149], [379], [380].

Saturn, [33].

Scepticism, [27], [28], [204].

Schaeberle, [30].

Schiaparelli, [11], [15], [21], [23], [24], [26], [27], [29], [30], [31], [34], [68], [74], [75],

[81], [114], [115], [120], [121], [173], [177], [186], [192], [212], [217], [221], [247], [249],

[265], [282], [313], [314], [325], [337], [367], [373].

Seas (see Dark Regions).

southern, [92];

formerly on Mars and the Moon, [129];

internal absorption of, [147].

Seasonal change, metabolic, [169];

in canals, [168], [169], [285], [373].

Seasons, like our own, [34], [35], [166];

length of, [48], [79], [161];

of vegetal growth, [346], [347].

Secular change, in canals, [314].

Silurian era of the Earth, [134], [138], [140].

Sky, blotting out of, [14];

measure of extinction of, [16].

Sky, Martian, [89];

clear, [165].

Slipher, [101], [103].

Snow, [345];

limits of, on Earth and Mars, [108].

Solis Lacus, [23], [242].

Spring, Martian, [35], [48];

haze in, [94].

S.S. Challenger, concerning south polar cap of earth, [45].

S.S. Pagoda, [45].

Subsidiary snow patches, [67], [73].

Summer, Martian, length of, [35], [48], [381].

Surface, relatively flat, [62], [76], [97], [164];

covered by canal network, [243];

clear-cut in good air, [258];

in fluid equilibrium, [374];

indicative of thin air, [162], [167].

Surface features, reality of, proved, [26], [33].

Syrtis Major, [22];

first marking made out, [23].

Tempe, white in, [77], [80].

Temperature, [78], [147], [165], [166];

effect on life, [358].

Terminator, projections on, [77], [81], [96], [100-107], [114], [165];

depressions on, [164].

Terrane, [108], [265].

Terraqueousness, shown by earth, [128], [131].

Terrestriality, follows terraqueousness, [129], [131], [137], [144-146];

earth’s oceans contracting in size, [131];

inevitably, [131], [146];

as shown by Mars and the Moon, [128], [130], [131];

as shown by the geologic history of earth, [131-137];

as shown by paleontology, [138-144];

making a better habitat, [145], [146].

Tertiary times of the Earth, [137], [151].

Thoth-Nepenthes, peculiar course of, [208];

hibernation of, [315-324].

Titan, [305].

Triassic era, [136], [142], [152].

Trivium Charontis, canals and oases in, [251], [252], [256].

Twilight arc, shows thin air, [85], [162].

Uranus, [33].

Vegetation, [79], [119-127], [163], [166], [169], [301];

color of Mare Erythraeum, [122-126];

proof of, [170];

theory supported by rifts in polar cap, [329];

most satisfactory explanation of phenomena of canals, [339], [341], [344],

[345], [347], [348], [373];

two seasons of growth of, [346];

melts snow, [328].

Water, dearth of, [128], [161], [163], [166], [168], [169], [341], [366];

loss of, inevitable, [131];

speed of flow of, [375];

from polar caps, [340], [374].

Water-vapor, from polar caps, [83];

in atmosphere, [162], [168].

Weather, [66], [89], [95].

Wedge of Casius, [242];

canals in, [247];

oases in, [251], [252], [256].

Welkin, man-manufactured, [13-15].

White spots, [32], [165];

similar in look to polar caps, [73];

location and season of, [74], [76-79], [80], [81];

White spots, permanency of, [73], [76];

indication of temperature, [80], [165].

Winds, [154].

Winter, Martian, [35], [48].

World, Mars another, [4], [5], [169];

evolution of a, [16], [128], [131], [155-158], [358].

Year, of Earth, [35];

of Mars, [35], [161].

A COMPENDIUM OF SPHERICAL ASTRONOMY

With its applications to the determination and reduction of positions

of the fixed stars

By SIMON NEWCOMB

Cloth 8vo $3.00 net

CONTENTS

PART I. PRELIMINARY SUBJECTS

Chapter I. Introductory. Notes and References.

Chapter II. Differences, Interpolation, and Development. Notes and References.

Chapter III. The Method of Least Squares. Section I. Mean Values of Quantities. II. Determination of Probable Errors. III. Equations of Condition. Notes and References.

PART II. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SPHERICAL ASTRONOMY

Chapter IV. Spherical Coördinates. Section I. General Theory. II. Problems and Applications of the Theory of Spherical Coördinates.

Chapter V. The Measure of Time and Related Problems. Section I. Solar and Sidereal Time. II. The General Measure of Time. III. Problems Involving Time.

Chapter VI. Parallax and Related Subjects. Section I. Figure and Dimensions of the Earth. II. Parallax and Semi-diameter.

Chapter VII. Aberration.

Chapter VIII. Astronomical Refraction. Section I. The Atmosphere as a Refracting Medium. II. Elementary Exposition of Atmospheric Refraction. III. General Investigation of Astronomical Refraction. Notes and References to Refraction.

Chapter IX. Precession and Nutation. Section I. Laws of the Precessional Motion. II. Relative Positions of the Equator and Equinox at Widely Separated Epochs. III. Nutation. Notes and References to Precession and Nutation.

PART III. REDUCTION AND DETERMINATION OF POSITIONS OF THE FIXED STARS

Chapter X. Reduction of Mean Places of the Fixed Stars from one Epoch To Another. Section I. The Proper Motions of the Stars. II. Trigonometric Reduction for Precession. III. Development of the Coördinates in the Powers of the Time. NOTES AND REFERENCES.

Chapter XI. Reduction to Apparent Place. Section I. Reduction to Terms of the First Order. II. Rigorous Reduction for Close Polar Stars. III. Practical Methods of Reduction. IV. Construction of Tables of the Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars. Notes and References.

Chapter XII. Method of Determining the Positions of Stars by Meridian Observations. Section I. Method of Determining Right Ascensions. II. The Determination of Declinations.

Chapter XIII. Methods of Deriving the Positions and Proper Motions of the Stars from Published Results of Observations. Section I. Historical Review. II. Reduction of Catalogue Positions of Stars to a Homogeneous System. III. Methods of Combining Star Catalogues.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

List of Independent Star Catalogues.

Catalogues made at Northern Observatories.

Catalogues made at Tropical and Southern Observatories.

APPENDIX

Explanation of the Tables of the Appendix.—I. Constants and Formulæ in Frequent Use. II. Tables Relating to Time and Arguments for Star Reductions. III. Centennial Rates of the Precessional Motions. IV. Tables and Formulæ for the Trigonometric Reduction of Mean Places of Stars. V. Reduction of the Struve-Peters Precessions to the Adopted Values. VI. Conversion of Longitude and Latitude into R. A. and Dec. VII. Refractions. VIII. Coefficients of Solar and Lunar Nutation. IX. Three-place Logarithms and Trigonometrical Functions.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York