Perpetual Motion

by Percy Verance; Henry Dircks

Article From Mechanics' Magazine

In 1831, the following article was contributed by an unknown correspondent to, and published in "Mechanics' Magazine":

"Yes; we shall conquer! All those dangers past
Will serve to enrich the future story."

The application to the subject, on my part, has been accompanied by continual experimental elucidations of the subjects considered, and comparisons of these with the axioms, theorems, and demonstrations of one of the best authorities, if I may be allowed so to call my favorite author, Emerson, whose I says are generally correct.

I disagree with Mr. B., and do trust that even a perpetual motion seeker might deserve encouragement, if it be found that such a character may exist in a person who is not so ignorant of first principles as Mr. B. supposes all are who have this bias; especially if it be found that the person's researches have been connected with subjects of a more tangible nature, relating to the improvement of the useful arts, and particularly to some modern inventions of high importance that are not perfectly correct in their construction.

In this article, Mr. B. advises those who are misspending their time in this pursuit, to consider the question in its most simple form, divested of more complicated operations, which simple form is that of a pulley accurately constructed so as to reduce the resistance to motion as much as possible. He says, "it will be found, as long as the weights are equal," there will be no motion produced, but wherever the weights are placed they will remain; and to produce vertical motion in the smallest degree, it will be necessary to add a weight to one of the former to create a preponderancy. This weight he calls the mechanical loss, and an insurmountable bar to perpetual motion, etc. We need not follow Mr. B. to his conclusion, as I think this insurmountable bar can be easily removed; and I shall be able to show that this equilibrium, for such it merely is, can be destroyed without adding to one of the weights, or absolutely taking from the other; though this may virtually be considered to be the case, inasmuch as we can at least produce an effect on the system as if the weight were reduced. Mr. B. says, under this arrangement, "wherever the weights are placed they will remain, unless an addition is made to one of them." We will therefore suppose the following diagram to represent the arrangement on a small scale, delicately constructed.

A B are the two weights connected to each other by the string passing over the pulley, and being nicely equalized in their weight, here would, of course, be an equilibrium on the principle of the lever. But take a flat piece of wood, such as a ruler, and place it obliquely in a way so as not to interfere with the pulley m in the direction d, and then bring the weight to impinge upon it in a way so as not to move the weight A m, C d, the least, or alter its position. What will be the consequence? Some would say, why, the weight A would then descend, and cause the weight B to ascend. But I should rather say, the reaction of the plane when acted on by the weight B, having destroyed the equilibrium of the forces, motion takes place. Now, if we attribute this motion to the reaction of the plane on the weight, though we will not go so far as to say motion is generated, yet if we say, by this simple arrangement the equilibrium is destroyed and motion takes place, the least we can admit is, that motion is communicated to the system, and that by the agency of part of the machine itself, the apparatus employed being considered as such. Then, why so much objection to the term self-moving machine in limited sense? But I will not dispute about words, which are but the images of things, and images may be strangely distorted by the medium through which they are received—of which distorting mediums, there is none equal to that of prejudice in favor of abstract notions—which notions perhaps, if rigidly examined, would be found to have no foundation in facts or in common sense.

Another demonstrator of the impossibility of perpetual motion, is Mr. Mackinnon (see "Mechanical Magazine," Vol. 1, Page 363). As no doubt the different attempts to produce, or communicate, continued and perpetual motion, at least, such as are often brought forward by persons unacquainted with the science of mechanics, are generally to those who are acquainted with that science, if not absolutely ridiculous, yet of a nature to excite a smile at their futility: still there are a few (perhaps a very few) who entertain an opinion that such a thing is not impracticable, and who have, from practical experience as well as study, acquired a tolerable insight into the laws of nature (so far as relate to this subject); who in their turn cannot help smiling at the weak reasoning of some other would-be philosophers, who gravely give their dictum in the case. In this class I include Mr. Mackinnon, who very gravely goes to work to prove, etc., and flatters himself he shall, if rightly understood, help to prevent much future waste of time on the subject. He then goes on to give us his definition of inertia, by which he informs us that a body in a state of rest will remain so until it is moved (wonderful!)—that it cannot move itself—that it has not that power—and that no mechanical contrivance can give it that power. (How profound!)

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[SUMMARIZED TABLE OF CONTENTS]

	Page
Introduction	[3]
Contents	[5]–[6]
Preface	[7]–[10]
Introductory Essay	[11]–[21]
CHAPTER I—DEVICES BY MEANS OF WHEELS AND WEIGHTS—
Wilars De Honecort; A Repetition of Wilars Honecort's plan; Leonardo da Vinci; A. Capra's Device; The Device of Dixon Vallance; Furman's Device; Schirrmeister's "Mechanical Movement;" James Ferguson's Device; B. Belidor's Device; Desagulier's Proposition on the Balance; John Haywood's Device; Explanation of the Failure of Wheels and Weights Devices to Accomplish Perpetual Motion	[22]–[67]
CHAPTER II—DEVICES BY MEANS OF ROLLING WEIGHTS AND INCLINED PLANES—
Device by Mercury in Inclined Glass Tube and Heavy Ball on Inclined Plane; Series of Inclined Planes; Devices by Oscillating Trough and Cannon Balls; Unpublished Inclined Plane and Weights Devices Noted by the Author	[68]–[75]
CHAPTER III—HYDRAULIC AND HYDRO-MECHANICAL DEVICES—
Enbon and Anderson's Pump; Device of "Ed. Vocis Rationis;" Böckler's Plates; John Linley's Hydraulic Device; Device of Author of the "Voice of Reason;" An Italian Device; P. Valentine Stansel's Device; Vogel's Device; A Water Wheel-Driven Pump; "A Journeyman Mechanic's" Device; James Black's Device; Archimedean Screw and Liquid; John Sims's Problem; A Perpetual Pump, by an Unknown Inventor; Explanation of the Failure of Hydraulic and Hydro-Mechanical Devices to Accomplish Perpetual Motion	[76]–[117]
CHAPTER IV—PNEUMATIC, SIPHON AND HYDRO-PNEUMATIC DEVICES—
The Hydrostatical Paradox; Pickering's Device; Stuckey's Device; Prof. George Sinclair's Device; Jacob Brazill's Device; Läserson's Device; Von Rathen & Ellis' Device; Richard Varley's Device; Siphon and Funnel Device; Orchard's Vacuum Engine; Robert Copland's Device; Eaton's Perpetual Siphon; Legge's Hydro-Pneumatic Power Device; Waterblowing Machine; Device by Means of Buoyancy Through Media of Different Densities; Device by Compressible and Distensible Bags in Liquid; George Cunningham's Mercurial Pneumatic Device; Explanation of the Failure of Pneumatic, Siphon and Hydro-Pneumatic Devices to Accomplish Perpetual Motion	[118]–[162]
CHAPTER V—MAGNETIC DEVICES—
A Magnetic Pendulum; Magnetic-Driven Wheel; Mackintosh's Experiment; Spence's Device; Joannis Theisneri's Semi-Circle; Device of Dr. Jacobus	[163]–[174]
CHAPTER VI—DEVICES UTILIZING CAPILLARY ATTRACTION AND PHYSICAL AFFINITY—
Ludeke & Wilcken's Device; the Jurin Device; Sir William Congreve, Notice of; His Perpetual Motion Devices and Writings	[175]–[194]
CHAPTER VII—LIQUID AIR AS A MEANS OF PERPETUAL MOTION—
Liquefaction of Air; Explanation of Conservation of Energy Applied to; Perpetual Motion by Means of Liquid Air Pompously Heralded; Failure Explained	[195]–[196]
CHAPTER VIII—RADIUM AND RADIO-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES CONSIDERED AS A CONCEIVED SOURCE OF PERPETUAL MOTION—
Perpetual Emanation of Energy; Radium Clock by Lord Rayleigh (Hon. R. J. Strutt); Lord Rayleigh Not a Perpetual Motion Worker but Thoroughly Scientific	[197]–[199]
CHAPTER IX—PERPETUAL MOTION DEVICES ATTEMPTING ITS ATTAINMENT BY A MISCONCEPTION OF THE RELATION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY—
Works of Tyros Known to Author; Momentum Defined, Differentiated, Measured and Explained; Energy Defined, Differentiated, Measured and Explained; Explanation by Author of Common Misconception of the Relation of Momentum and Energy and Attempts to thus Realize Perpetual Motion; the Fallacy Explained by Illustrations of Energy Required for and Represented by Acceleration and Retardation of Velocity; Property of Numbers Relating to; Arithmetical Progression Illustration	[200]–[211]
CHAPTER X—THE ALLEGED INVENTIONS OF EDWARD SOMMERSET, SIXTH EARL AND SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER, AND OF JEAN ERNEST ELI-BESSLER (COUNCILLOR) ORFFYREUS—
Intense Interest Caused by; Notice of Marquis of Worcester and Councillor Orffyreus and Periods in Which They Lived; Description by Marquis of Worcester of the Essentials of His Claimed Inventions; Excerpts From Remarks of Councillor Orffyreus on His Claimed Invention; Dedication by Councillor Orffyreus to God, the Public, to Men of Learning and to Himself as the Discoverer; Article Concerning the Orffyrean Wheel Published 1720 in Gentlemen's Magazine; Criticism by "A Constant Reader" of Attitude of W. Kenrick Concerning the Orffyrean Wheel; Article by Rev. J. T. Desagulier Concerning the Device of Marquis of Worcester and the Orffyrean Wheel; Excerpt from Dr. William Kenrick's Lecture on Perpetual Motion; De la Hire's Remarks Concerning Perpetual Motion; Letter from Prof. 's Gravesande to Sir Isaac Newton; Animadversions of Prof. Alliman on the Neglect of the Orffyrean inventions; Dr. Charles Hutton's Scientific Works and Notice of the Orffyrean Wheel; Remarks by the Author on the Historical Celebrity of These Inventions	[212]–[255]
CHAPTER XI—CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. A DISCUSSION OF THE RELATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF PERPETUAL MOTION—
Statement of Doctrine of Conservation of Energy; Upon What Proof of Doctrine Rests; Not Mathematically Proved; Conforms to Natural Phenomena; Multiplied Illustrations; Inter-changeability and Convertibility of Heat with Mechanical and Other Forms of Energy; Explanation of Heat and Energy Units, and Their Relative Equivalents; British Thermal Unit, Foot-Pound and Horse-Power and Their Mutual Relationship Explained; Further Illustrations; Galileo's Famous Pendulum Experiment; Apparent Anticipation of the Principle of Conservation of Energy	[256]–[269]
CHAPTER XII—WILL PERPETUAL MOTION EVER BE ACCOMPLISHED?—
The Antiquity of the Problem; Remarks by Dircks, Newton, Galileo, Huyghens and Descartes; Generalizations of; Remarks by Author Concerning the Possibility of Perpetual Motion. Comments from Other Sources:
1 Denying the Possibility of Perpetual Motion,—Article by Dr. Papin; Article by Rev. John Wilkins; Article Based on Paradoxical Hydrostatical Balance; Article by P. Gregorio Fontana; Article by William Nicholson; Article Published in "The Artisan"; Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine."
2 Asserting the Possibility of Perpetual Motion,—Scriptural Argument; Article by John Bernoulli; Article by P. Christopher Scheiner; Article by T. H. Pasley; Article Published in "The Pamphleteer"; Article by J. Welch; Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine"	[270]–[357]

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[INDEX]

• Air (See [Liquid Air]).
  
• "A Journeyman Mechanic's" Device, [99]
  
• Allaman's Animadversions on the Neglect of Orffyreus's Inventions, [239]
  
• Anderson & Enbom's Pump, [76]
  
• Archimedean Screw and Liquid, Device by Means of, [104]
  
• "Artisan, The," Article Published in, [329]
  
• Bags in Liquid, Compressible and Distensible, Device by Means of, [155]
  
• Bellidor, B., His Account of Perpetual Motion Device, [46]
  
• Bernoulli, John, Notice of, [336]
  
  • Arguments Supporting Possibility of Perpetual Motion, [336]
• Black, James, His Device, [102]
  
• Böckler, George Andrew, His Plates, [81]
  
• Buoyancy Through Media of Different Densities, [151]
  
• Brewster, Sir David, Edited Lectures of James Ferguson, [44]
  
  • In Appendix to Ferguson's Lectures Gives Description of "Water-Blowing Machine", [148]
  • Is Attracted by Spence's Device, and Writes Letter Affording Description of Same, [170]
• British Patents, [58]; [120]; [121]; [125]; [127]; [129]; [132], [140]
  
• British Thermal Unit Defined and Explained, [264]
  
• Cannon Balls and Oscillating Trough, [71]
  
• Capillary Attraction and Physical Affinity, Devices by Means of (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Capra, A., His Device, [32]
  
• Compressible and Distensible Bags in Liquid, [155]
  
• Congreve, Sir William, Notice of;
  
  • His Perpetual Motion Devices, [182]
• Conservation of Energy, Its Relation to Possibility of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
  • Considered with Reference to Perpetual Motion, [269]
  • Proof and Illustration of, [200]
  • Anticipated by Newton, Galileo, Huyghens and Descartes, [272]
• Copland, Robert, His "Improved Method of Gaining Power", [140]
  
• Cunningham, George, His "Mercurial Pneumatic Device", [157]
  
• "Darius Green and His Flying Machine", [16]
  
• Desagulier, Rev. J. T., Proposition on the Balance, [47]
  
  • Article of, Concerning the Device of Marquis of Worcester and the Orffyrean Wheel, [222]
• Dircks, Henry, Title Page Mention, [3]
  
  • His Books Mentioned, [7]
  • Comments by Author on His Works, [8]
  • Information Furnished by, Rearranged, [9]
  • His Classification of Devices, [19]
  • His "Life, Times and Scientific Labors of the Second Marquis of Worcester", [213]
  • Excerpt from, [228]
  • His Statement Concerning Arguments For and Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, [270]
  • Arguments by Others For and Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, Published by Dircks, Copied in This Work, [274]
• Eaton's Perpetual Siphon, [145]
  
• "Ed. Vocis Rationis," His Device, [78]
  
• Ellis, George Henry (See [Rathen & Ellis]).
  
• Energy (See [Momentum and Energy]).
  
• Energy, Conservation of (See [Conservation of Energy]).
  
• Energy and Heat Convertible and Commensurable, [262]
  
• Energy Defined, Explained and Distinguished from Momentum, [203]
  
• Enbom and Anderson's Pump, [76]
  
• Explanation by Author of Failure of Hydraulic and Hydro-Mechanical Devices, [112]
  
  • of the Failure of Pneumatic, Siphon and Hydro-Pneumatic Devices, [159]
  • of the Failure of Momentum and Energy Devices, [206]
  • of Failure of Wheels and Weights Devices, [61]
• Failures (See [Explanation of Failures]).
  
• Ferguson, James; "Peasant Boy Philosopher," His Device, [43]
  
• Fontana, P. Gregorio, Notice of; His Arguments on the Impossibility of Perpetual Motion, [306]
  
• Foot-Pound, Defined and Explained, [265]
  
• Furman, George H., "A New and Improved Motor," U. S. Patent, [36]
  
• Gallileo, His Pendulum Experiment, [267]
  
• Gravesande, Prof. S., Letter to Sir Isaac Newton, [236]
  
• Haywood, John, His Device, [58]
  
• Heat and Energy Convertible and Commensurable, [261]
  
• Helmholtz, Notice of, [258]
  
• Honecort, Willars de, Account of His Device, [22]
  
• Horse-Power, Defined and Explained, [264]
  
• Hydro-Pneumatic Devices (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Hydrostatical Paradox, [118]
  
• Hydrostatical Paradoxical Balance, Article on, [305]
  
• Hydraulic and Hydro-Pneumatic Devices (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Inclined Planes and Rolling Weights (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Inclined Planes and Weights Devices, Unpublished. Noted by the Author, [73]
  
• Inclined Planes, Series of, [69]
  
• Italian Device, An, [92]
  
• Introductory Essay, [11]
  
• Jacobus, Dr., His Magnetic Device, [173]
  
• Joule, Notice of, [258]
  
• Jurin's Device, [176]
  
• Kenrick, Dr. William, His Remarks Concerning the Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester and Councillor Orffyreus and Perpetual Motion in General, [228]
  
• Langley, Prof. Samuel P., His Attempts and Labors at Heavier Than Air Flight, [14]
  
• Lardner, Ignatius, Attempts to Show Impossibility of Crossing Ocean With Steam Power, [14]
  
• Leonardo da Vinci (See [Vinci]).
  
• Läserson, Louis Diodor, His "Improvements in Production of Motive Power", [127]
  
• Legge's Hydro-Pneumatic Power Device, [146]
  
• Linley, John, His Hydraulic Device, [87]
  
• Liquid Air, as a Means of Perpetual Motion, [195]
  
• Lord Rayleigh (See [Rayleigh]).
  
• Mackintosh, F. S., Experiment by, [166]
  
• Magnetic Devices (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Magnetic-Driven Wheel, [164]
  
• Magnetic Pendulum, [163]
  
• Magnetic Semi-Circle, [172]
  
• Mechanic, A Journeyman (See ["A Journeyman Mechanic"]).
  
• Mechanics' Magazine, Article Published in, [278], [353]
  
• Media of Different Densities, Devices by Means of Buoyancy Through, [151]
  
• Mercurial Pneumatic Device (See [Cunningham, George]).
  
• Mercury, Inclined Glass Tube and Ball, [68]
  
• Momentum, Defined, Explained and Distinguished from Energy, [201]
  
• Momentum and Energy, Account and Explanation of Perpetual Motion Devices by Means of, [205]
  
• Momentum and Energy, Distinguished and Considered; Attempted Devices for Perpetual Motion by Means of (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Munro, R., Comments on Mackintosh's Experiment, [169]
  
• Newcomb, Simeon, Notice of, [15]
  
• Newton, Sir Isaac, Mention of, [135], [220]
  
  • Letter to from Prof. 's Gravesande, [236]
• Nicholson, William, Notice of, [315];
  
  • His Article Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, [316]
• Orchard's Vacuum Engine, [137]
  
• Orffyreus, Jean Ernest Eli Bessler (Councillor), His Perpetual Motion Labors (See Table of Contents), [5];
  
  • Remarks of Author Concerning Claims of, [252]
• Papin, Dr., Argument by Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, [275]
  
• Pasley, T. H., Article by, [347]
  
• "Pamphleteer, The," Article Published in, [349]
  
• Paradox, Hydrostatical, [118]
  
• Patents, U. S. (See [U. S. Patents]); Patents, British (See [British Patents]).
  
• "Peasant Boy Philosopher" (See [Ferguson, James]).
  
• Pendulum, Gallileo's Experiment with, [268]
  
• Perpetual Motion Defined, [11]
  
• Perpetual Pump, [109]
  
• Perpetual Motion, Its Possibility Considered with Reference to Conservation of Energy, [269]
  
• Perpetual Motion, Consideration of Its Possibility, [270]
  
  • Arguments Against Its Possibility—Article by Dr. Papin, [275];
  • Article by Rev. John Wilkins, [281];
  • Article Based on Paradoxical Hydrostatical Balance, [305];
  • Article by P. Gregorio Fontana, [306];
  • Article by William Nicholson, [316];
  • Article Published in "The Artisan," [329];
  • Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine," [278].
  • Arguments Maintaining Its Possibility—Scriptural Arguments, [335];
  • Article by John Bernoulli, [336];
  • Article by P. Christopher Scheiner, [342];
  • Article by T. H. Pasley, [347];
  • Article Published in "The Pamphleteer," [349];
  • Article by J. Welch, [351];
  • Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine," [353].
• Physical Affinity and Capillary Attraction, as a Means of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Pickering, Peter, His "Atmospheric Engine", [120]
  
• Pneumatic Devices (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Preface, [7]
  
• Proposition on the Balance (See [Desagulier, Rev. J. T.])
  
• Radium and Radio-Active Substances as a Means of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Rayleigh, Lord, His Radium Clock, Notice of, [197], [199]
  
• Rangley's Patent Roller Pump, Adaptation of, [97]
  
• Rathen and Ellis's Device, [129]
  
• Rationis, Ed. Vocis (See ["Ed. Vocis Rationis"]).
  
• Rolling Weights and Inclined Planes as a Means of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Scheiner, P. Christopher, Notice of; Argument by Supporting Possibility of Perpetual Motion, [342]
  
• Schirrmeister, Charles, His "Mechanical Movement", [38]
  
• Schott, Gaspar, Mention of in Connection with Perpetual Motion, [172], [173]
  
• Scriptural Argument, [335]
  
• Self-Motive Power Defined, [11]
  
• Semi-Circle, Magnetic, [172]
  
• Siphon Device for Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents).
  
• Sims, John, His Perpetual Motion Problem, [106]
  
• Sinclair, Prof. George, His Pneumatic Device, [124]
  
• Siphon, Eaton's Perpetual, [145]
  
• Siphon and Funnel Device, [135]
  
• Sleigh, Burrowes, Willcocks Arthur, His Perpetual Motion Labors, [111]
  
• Sleigh, William Willcocks, His Perpetual Motion Labors, [110]
  
• Sommerset, Edward (Marquis of Worcester) (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Spence, John, Notice of; His Magnetic Device, [170]
  
• Stansel, P. Valentine, Device of, [95]
  
• Strutt, Hon. R. J. (See [Rayleigh]).
  
• Stuckey, William Henry, His "Pneumatic Engine", [121]
  
• Theisneri, Joannis, His Magnetic Semi-Circle, [172]
  
• Trough, Oscillating and Cannon Balls, [71]
  
• U. S. Patents, [36], [38], [76]
  
• Vacuum Engine, Orchard's, [137]
  
• Vallance, Dixon, His Device, [34]
  
• Varley, Richard, His "New Perpetual Moving Power", [132]
  
• Vinci, Leonardo da, Notice of, [27];
  
  • His Perpetual Motion Labors, [29], [32]
• "Voice of Reason," Device by Author of, [88]
  
• Vogel, A. F., His "Hydrostatic General Mobile", [96]
  
• Water Blowing Machine, [147]
  
• Water-Wheel Driven Pump, [97]
  
• Welch, J., Article by, [351]
  
• Wheel, Magnetic Driven (See [Magnetic-Driven Wheel]).
  
• Wheels and Weights Devices (See Table of Contents), [5]
  
• Wilckens (See [Ludeke and Wilckens]).
  
• Wilkins, Rev. John, Argument Denying Possibility of Perpetual Motion, [281]
  
• Worcester, Marquis of (Edward Sommerset) (See [Sommerset]).
  
• X-Ray Machine, Notice of, [16]
  

[Transcribers' Notes]

Inconsistent spelling and punctuation have been retained, as this book quotes many sources.

Simple typographical errors were corrected.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

The original book copied illustrations from various sources and did not change the Figure numbers. This eBook retains those original identifications, so there are duplicate numbers.

Text usually spells "Galileo" as "Gallileo"; both forms have been retained here.

Mathematical equations have been expressed here in linear form. Accuracy of their transcriptions is questionable. Multiplication was indicated in various ways and has not been changed or standardized.

Page [73]: "phraseology" was printed as "praseology".

Page [76]: "1882" was printed as "182".

Page [222]: "misspent" was printed as "mispent".

Page [229]: "perseverance" was printed as "perserverance".

Page [220] and others: "'s Gravesande" was the person's name.

Page [241]: Removed unmatched double quote mark following "it only turns one way."

Page [252]: Removed unmatched double quote mark following "should be undeceived."

Page [268]: "horizontal from which" was printed as "form".

Page [284]: ☿ is the alchemy symbol for Mercury; ♃ is the alchemy symbol for tin (and for Jupiter).

Page [288]: "attracted" was printed as "attraced".

Page [313]: The p near the end of the equation shortly before "the distance of the" appeared to be only partly printed and may be a different symbol.

Page [326]: "preponderate" was printed as "perponderate".