Selected Essays of Plutarch, Vol. II.

by Plutarch

NOTE ON THE PLURALITY OF WORLDS AND THE FIVE REGULAR SOLIDS

The opinion that our World, or universe, is not the only one in the Whole, is attributed, in general terms, to many of the early Greek philosophers, notably to Anaximander. The exact meaning of a ‘Cosmos’, in this connexion, is perhaps not easy to fix. Aristotle is clear that the circle of the fixed stars is one and constant, but the author of the Stoical treatise on the Cosmos, found among his works, takes stars to be a part of the (one) Cosmos. An earth, such as ours with her atmosphere and moon, is essential, and a sun, or access to sunlight, and perhaps some planets. In the Dream of Scipio our solar system, with the earth in its centre, is described with great distinctness as a unit in space. The planets are always regarded as luminous points, stars somewhat out of place (see p. [268]), possessing no definite magnitude or solid substance.

In theory the number of Cosmi might be infinite, but a shrinking from the vague ‘Infinity’, in later times associated with the Epicureans, led Plato, for instance, to restrict the number to a possible five. That he based this number upon that of the five regular solids may seem fanciful, but the solid angles and forms observed in crystals might reasonably suggest the hypothesis that the ultimate constituents of the crust of the earth would be found in the most perfect solid structures known to theory. In theory there is much that is attractive in these five solids. To one coming fresh from a study of Plane Polygonal Figures, which exist in infinite number, and, when regular, approximate more and more closely to the Plane Circle, it comes as a surprise to find that, in the next higher degree, the number of solid bodies so approximating to the Sphere is five only. Again, it seems almost a paradox that, of these five, the nearest approximation to the Sphere is attained, not by the body with twenty fine faces, but by that which shews only twelve, and those comparatively blunted and unshapely (pentagons). It was perhaps from such considerations that the Dodecahedron was held of special importance by the Pythagoreans. Plato’s study of the several faces of these solids, as available for construction or reconstruction of a world, leaves nothing to be desired, assuming that a solid body can be built out of plane figures, an assumption which appears to belong to the same habit of thought as that which makes the point the square of unity, and the lineal measure corresponding to the number two the first rectangle. As the pentagon defies the analysis available for the equilateral triangle or for the square, the Dodecahedron remains over, a model or pattern of a stitch-work world, as viewed from outside (Phaedo 110 B and Timaeus 55 C; see also Burnet’s Early Greek Philosophy, p. 341 foll.). It may not be amiss to be reminded that Kepler, mathematician as well as astronomer, spent many toilsome years in the endeavour to arrange the members of our solar system upon a plan based on the five solids. ‘If Kepler went out “to seek his father’s asses”, he found a kingdom, for it was in the course of these speculations, and through them, that he discovered not only his own “Third Law”, but also the truth, overlooked by Copernicus, that the orbit of each planet lies in a plane which passes through the centre of the sun.’ (Dreyer, Planetary Systems, p. 410.)

The discussion of the plurality of worlds, in the modern sense, begins with the very attractive work of Fontenelle, brought out, in its original form, in 1686, a year before Newton’s Principia, being a series of conversations between the Author and a witty and accomplished Marquise, as to the habitability of the several members of the solar system. The argument which followed is distinguished by many great names, those of Newton himself, Bentley, Huyghens, the Herschels, Dr. Chalmers, till it was brought to a head in the middle of the nineteenth century by Dr. Whewell and Sir David Brewster, writing respectively against and for the hypothesis. The subject was then one (as readers of Anthony Trollope will remember) upon which any one might be called upon to take a side in a London drawing-room. In more recent times interest has been concentrated upon Mars, who now possesses the distinction of having two satellites. We are only concerned to invite the reader to compare the religious argument addressed to the Stoics by Plutarch (p. 142 foll.) with the religious argument drawn by Dr. Chalmers and Sir David Brewster from the enrichment of the providential scheme for man upon our earth which would follow the conception of other earths tenanted by other beings perhaps of a higher order.

But it is natural that any such speculation should begin with the moon, and in fact we find the question of her habitability discussed by Theon and by Lamprias (pp. 293-9). With the later treatises on this subject, beginning with Lucian’s witty flight of fancy, we are not concerned. But an exception must be made for the very able works of Savinien de Cyrano, known to us as Cyrano de Bergerac, whose Histoire comique des États et Empires de la Lune appeared, probably, in 1650, and was followed by a similar work about the sun. Cyrano appears to be familiar with Plutarch: thus he meets in the moon the ‘daemon of Socrates’, who has also been the tutelary spirit of Epaminondas, of Cato of Utica, and of Brutus. The idea (due in the first place to Heraclitus) of being fed on smells, is worked out with much vivacity. But with so original and daring a writer, it is not quite easy to settle how much is due to any hint from others and how much to himself. A modern reader will not need to be reminded that Cyrano was not a person of whom it was wise to give an outspoken opinion in his lifetime. But I had wished to speak with nothing but respect of a man of real learning and genius, who, from whatever cause, did not bring to perfection any work worthy of himself.

See, on the general subject, an Essay by the late Professor Henry J. S. Smith in Oxford Essays, 1855.

INDEX
OF PERSONS AND PLACES MENTIONED BY PLUTARCH IN THESE DIALOGUES

¶ In this Index the Greek spelling of ei (Lat. ī) has been usually retained.

All dates are B. C. unless otherwise stated.

The dates are often approximate and conventional.

Other numerals refer to pages of this volume.

For the speakers in each Dialogue see that Dialogue passim and the Introductions.

(The ‘Three Pythian Dialogues’ are quoted under that designation See p. [52].)

• A.
• Academy, Academic, the School founded by Plato in ‘the most beautiful suburb of Athens’ (Thuc. ii. 34), [65], [104], [178], [264].
• Acanthus, Acanthian, a town of the Chalcidice, [94], [95].
• Achaeans, [102].
• Achaeus, [95].
• Achĕron, a river of the lower world, [227].
• Achilles, [294].
• Admētus, king of Pherae in Thessaly, and husband of Alcestis, [132].
• Adōnis (‘Gardens of Adonis’ were cut flowers planted in pots), [199].
• Adrasteia, a name for Nemesis, ‘the unescapable’, [207].
• Aegīna, an island in the Saronic Gulf, opposite to Athens, [99].
• Aegon, [85].
• Aegos Potami, a river, and in later times a town, in the Chersonese, famous for the sea-battle of 405, in which Lysander defeated the Athenian fleet, [88].
• Aemiliānus, a rhetorician, [134], [135].
• Aeolian, [121].
• Aeolĭdae, [132].
• Aeschylus, tragic poet of Athens, (525-456), [67], [132], [162], [265].
• Aesop of Samos, writer of fables (fl. 570), a freedman of Iadmon of Samos, [94], [192].
• Aetna, Mount, in Sicily, [271].
• Aetolians, [92].
• Agamemnon, [125], [230].
• Agathŏclēs, [193].
• Agāvē, daughter of Cadmus, and mother of Pentheus, [226].
• Agenorĭdas, [13].
• Agesianax (or Hegesianax), a poet, probably of Alexandria, third century, [260], [261].
• Agesilaüs II, the lame king of Sparta, reigned 398-361 (see his Life) [11], [13], [91].
• Aglaonīcē, [130].
• Aglaŏphon, [166].
• Agrigentum (Acragas), a town on the south coast of Sicily, [184].
• Aïdoneus (Hades), [77].
• Ajax, [193], [230].
• Alcaeus, of Lesbos, lyric poet (fl. 600), [118].
• Alcibiădes 450-404, Athenian politician, [19], [183].
• Alcman, lyric poet of Sparta (fl. 630), [297].
• Alcmēna, wife of Amphitryon and mother of Hercules; (on her sanctuary, in a grove near Thebes, see Pausan. ix. 16. 4), [11], [12], [13].
• Alĕüs, [12].
• Alexander, the Great, [95], [192], [233].
• Alexis, of Thurii, poet of the so-called ‘Middle Attic Comedy’, fourth century, [137].
• Aloădes, Otus and Ephialtes, giant sons of Iphimedeia, wife of Aloeus (Od. xi. 307 foll., and Il. v. 385), [289].
• Alopĕcus, [109].
• Alphēüs, a river of Arcadia and Elis, [160].
• Alyattes, king of Lydia and father of Croesus (d. 560), [96].
• Alyrius, [100].
• Amēstris, [235].
• Ammon, the temple of Zeus Ammon in an oasis of the Libyan Desert to the N.W. of Egypt, [117], [120].
• Ammonius, an Athenian philosopher of the first century A. D., the instructor of Plutarch. A speaker in the First and Third Pythian Dialogues. See also [298], and cp. Sympos. 3, 1, 2; 8, 3; 9, 1, 2, 5, 14; and Life of Themistocles, end.
• Amphiaraüs of Argos, prince and seer, who accompanied the Seven Chieftains against Thebes, and was swallowed up by the earth there, [121].
• Amphictyons, ‘Dwellers around’, whose council met at Thermopylae and at Pylaea, a suburb of Delphi, [95], [110].
• Amphilŏchus, son of Amphiaraüs, worshipped at Malli in Cilicia, [163], [205].
• Amphīon, the district of Thebes between the rivers Strophia and Ismenus (Pausan. ix. 16 and 17), [10].
• Amphipolis, a town of Macedon on the Strymon, taken by Brasidas in 424, [175] n.
• Amphitheüs, a Theban patriot, imprisoned by the Polemarchs, [11], [29], [43], [50].
• Amphitryon, father of Hercules, [13].
• Anactorium, a town and promontory of Acarnania, [184].
• Anaxagoras, 499-427, a philosopher of Clazomenae in Ionia, [71], [165], [231], [277], [283].
• Andocĭdes, [16].
• Androcleidas, a Theban patriot, assassinated when a refugee in Athens, [46].
• Antichthon, [306].
• Antigŏnus, younger son of Demetrius Sotēr, king of Syria (d. 125), [204].
• Antipater, son of Cassander, king of Macedon, succeeded his brother Philip, and was himself murdered, [198].
• Antiphon, [18].
• Aphroditē, goddess of love, [189], [232], [272].
• Apollo, [59], [62], [67], [68], [73], [76], [77], [78], [88], [93], [94], [96], [99], [121], [132], [146], [160], [161], [170], [193], [210], [232].
• Apollocrates, son of Dionysius the younger, of Syracuse (d. 354), [198].
• Apollodōrus, tyrant of Cassandria (Potidaea) from 379, [189], [191].
• Apollonia, a town in Illyria founded from Corinth, [184].
• Apollonia, a town in Pisidia, [96].
• Apollonides, a speaker in the Face in the Moon. ὁ τακτικός (Sympos. 3, 4).
• Arabia, [297].
• Arcadia, Arcadians, [176].
• Arcĕsus, Lacedaemonian Harmost, [29], [51].
• Arcĕsus, of Sicily, [22].
• Archelaüs, king of Macedon, 413-399, friend and host of Euripides, [59].
• Archias, of Athens, the priest, [47].
• Archias, of Thebes. A member of the oligarchical party, and made a Polemarch by Sparta, [8], [10], [29], [32], [43], [44], [47], [48], [50].
• Archidāmus, an Athenian, [6], [7], [8], [44], [45], [47].
• Archilŏchus, 714-676, of Paros, lyric and iambic poet, [63], [199], [230], [282].
• Archīnus, [7].
• Archȳtas of Tarentum, mathematician and statesman, fl. 300 (see Life of Marcellus, c. 14), [14] n., [181].
• Argos, Argive, [85], [186].
• Aridaeus, [206].
• Aristarchus of Samos, astronomer and physicist (310-230), [98], [264], [269], [283].
• Aristarchus, critic, of Samothrace and Alexandria (fl. 156), [295].
• Aristocrătes, king of Arcadia (stoned to death 668), [176].
• Aristodēmus, king of Messenia (d. 723), [229], [230].
• Ariston, [186], [195].
• Aristonīca, [104].
• Aristotle, 384-322, founder of the Peripatetic School at Athens, [69], [84], [88], [143], [162], [283], [318].
• Aristotle (see p. [255]), a Peripatetic, who takes part in the Dialogue on the Face in the Moon.
• Aristyllus, an astronomer (fl. 233), [98].
• Arnē, a town in Thessaly, [158].
• Arsălus, [138], [139].
• Artĕmis, [146], [230], [232], [262], [295], [308].
• Artemisium, on the north coast of Euboea, where the Greek fleet defeated that of Xerxes in 480, [183].
• Asclepius (Aesculapius), [185].
• Assyrians, [288].
• Asterium, [92].
• Athămas, [190], [226].
• Athena (Pallas Athene), [16], [50], [102], [139], [193], [262], [294].
• Athens, Athenian, [7], [8], [17], [18], [19], [23], [40], [47], [49], [62], [65], [88], [95], [96], [99], [177], [183], [185], [195], [196], [197], [229], [303].
• Atlas, a giant son of Iapĕtus and brother of Prometheus, identified with a mountain in NW. Africa, [65], [265].
• Atrŏpus, [37], [308], [315].
• Attĭca, [162].
• Augeas, king of the Epeans; slain for bad faith by Hercules, and succeeded by Phyleus, [204].
• Ausonius, a Latin poet of Bordeaux (A.D. 310-90), [127] n.
• Autolycus, son of Hermes, and grandfather of Ulysses, famed for his cunning, [185].
• B.
• Bacchus, [209].
• Bacchylĭdas, [20].
• Bacis, an ancient Boeotian seer, connected in story with the Corycian cave, [90].
• Bakerwoman, the, [96].
• Basilocles, a speaker in the introductory part of the Second Pythian Dialogue.
• Battus, of Thera, founder of Cyrene (see Herod. 4, 150 foll.), [103], [108].
• Bessus, [186].
• Bias, sixth century; of Priēnē in Ionia; one of the Seven Wise Men, [61].
• Bion, a Scythian philosopher and wit of the third century, [86], [201], [229].
• Boeotia, [7], [9], [50], [65], [120], [194], [306].
• Boēthus, a young geometrician and Epicurean (probably an Athenian), a speaker in the Second Pythian Dialogue (cp. Sympos. 5, 1 and 8, 3).
• Branchĭdae, [193].
• Brasĭdas, the Spartan general (d. 422), [94], [95], [175].
• Briăreus, [135], cf. [299].
• Britain, Briton, [117], [133], [261], [299].
• Byzantium, [189].
• C.
• Cabirĭchus, [48].
• Cadmeia, the citadel of Thebes, [8], [10], [12], [30], [51].
• Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, [87].
• Caesar, the Emperor Augustus (63-A.D. 14), [62].
• Caligŭla, [233].
• Callias, a rich Athenian, see the Symposium of Xenophon and the Protagoras of Plato, [95].
• Callippus, [185].
• Callistrătus, of Athens, [49].
• Callistratus, archon of Delphi, [117].
• Calondas, [199].
• Capheisias, of Thebes, son of Polymnis and brother of Epaminondas; the chief speaker in the First Pythian Dialogue.
• Caria, [13].
• Carthage, Carthaginian, [91], [183], [184], [302], [316].
• Carystus, on the S. coast of Euboea, noted for its marble and asbestos, [162].
• Caspian Sea, supposed until Ptolemy to be an inlet of Ocean, though Herodotus describes it as an inland water (1, 202-3), [300], [305].
• Cassander, 354-297, king of Macedon, began the restoration of Thebes in 315: [184], [197].
• Cĕbēs, of Thebes, a companion of Socrates (see the Critias and Phaedo of Plato), [17], [35].
• Cecrops, [182].
• Cephisodōrus, [45], [47], [49].
• Chaereas, [233].
• Chaerēmon, an Athenian tragic poet (fl. 380), [104].
• Chaeroneia, in Boeotia, on the borders of Phocis; Plutarch’s native town, [35], [121].
• Chaldaeans, [62].
• Charillus, [17].
• Charon, a Theban patriot, [8], [9], [28], [29], [30], [32], [44], [45], [47].
• Charybdis, [218].
• Cheiron, the Centaur, instructor of Achilles, [65].
• Chersonese, the Thracian, [183].
• Chilon, one of the Seven Wise Men, [61].
• Chios, [275].
• Chius, [108].
• Chlidon, [31], [44].
• Cleanthes, a Stoic philosopher, b. 300, at Assos in the Troad, [264].
• Clearchus, a Peripatetic philosopher of Soli, pupil of Aristotle, [260], [262].
• Chonūphis, [13].
• Chrysippus (280-207), the Stoic philosopher, born at Soli in Cilicia, [134], [146], [147].
• Cilicia, [163], [205].
• Cimmerians, [231].
• Cimon, [183], [195].
• Cinaethon, [107].
• Cinēsias, dithyrambic poet of Athens (fl. 400), [232].
• Cithaeron, the mountain range between Attica and Boeotia, [8], [43].
• Clazomĕnae, a city in Ionia, [39].
• Cleander, of Aegina, [99].
• Cleisthĕnes, of Sicyon, [185].
• Cleobulīnē, [95].
• Cleobūlus, tyrant of Lindus in Rhodes, sixth century. One of the Seven Wise Men, [61].
• Cleombrŏtus, of Lacedaemon, a speaker in the Third Pythian Dialogue.
• Cleon, of Daulia, [169].
• Cleōnae, a city in the Peloponnesus, [94], [185].
• Cleonīcē, [189].
• Cleotīmus, [99].
• Clio, the Muse of History, [97].
• Clotho, one of the Fates, [37], [308], [315].
• Clytaemnēstra, [188].
• Cnidus, a city of Caria, [14], [88], [122].
• Conon, [7].
• Copreus, [185].
• Cora (Persephone), daughter of Demeter, [302].
• Corax, [199].
• Corcȳra, Corcyrean, [193].
• Corētas, [161], [165].
• Corinth, [51], [61], [83], [92], [94], [95], [224].
• Corōnē (Crow), [122].
• Corybantes, priests of Cybele, [306].
• Corycium, the Corycian cave, on the slopes of Parnassus, 7-1/2 miles NE. of Delphi, and 3,500 feet above it (Pausanias x. 32, 2), [82].
• Cosmos, i. e. Apollo, [67].
• Crates, a Cynic philosopher (fl. 328), [94], [95].
• Crates, a critic, of Pergamos (born at Mallus in Cilicia, fl. 155), [295].
• Cratylus, a Dialogue of Plato, on etymology, [71].
• Crete, [131], [200].
• Cretīnus, [108].
• Critias, of Carthage, [234].
• Croesus, king of Lydia, d. 540 (see Herod. 1-3), [96], [192].
• Crŏnus (Saturn), father of Zeus, [135], [138], [183], [235], [299], [300], [301], [306], [308].
• Crotōna, a Greek colony in southern Italy, [21].
• Cyclops, a satyric play of Euripides, [164];
  • and see [193].
• Cydias, an early poet, [282].
• Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, [160].
• Cylon, Cylonians, [21], [22].
• Cymé (Cumae), a city on the coast of Campania, [90].
• Cypsĕlus, of Corinth, tyrant 655-625, father of Periander, [94].
• Cyzĭcus, a city of Mysia, [14].
• D.
• Dactyli, workers in iron, &c., of Mt. Ida in Phrygia, [306].
• Daïphantus, [194].
• Damocleidas, [43], [47].
• Daulia, a town of Phocis, [169].
• Deinomĕnes, of Syracuse, [99].
• Delium in Boeotia, battle of, 424 (see Life of Alcibiades, c. 7, and Plato, Apol. 28, and Sympos. 221 A).
• Dēlos, an island in the Aegean, sacred to Apollo, [13], [14], [60], [63], [77], [121].
• Delphi, [60], [62], [67], [85], [94], [101], [110], [117], [121], [132], [138], [161], [165], [185], [192], [196], [210], [307].
• Dēmētēr, [29], [302], [303].
• Demetrius, a speaker in the Third Pythian Dialogue.
• Demetrius, king of Macedon 294-287 (Poliorcētēs), [204].
• Democrĭtus, a philosopher, of Abdēra in Thrace (460-361), [134], [277].
• Diagŏras, of Melos, a disciple of Democritus (fl. 420), [234].
• Diës (plural of Zeus), [146].
• Dicaearcheia, the old name of Puteŏli, a city on the coast of Campania, [90], [211].
• Dicaearchus, a Peripatetic philosopher and writer on questions of literary history, contemporary with Aristotle, [59].
• Didymus, a Cynic philosopher (nicknamed Planetiădes), takes part in the opening of the Third Pythian Dialogue.
• Diogenianus, a speaker in the Second Pythian Dialogue. For his father, of the same name, cp. Sympos. 7, 7 and 8, 1, 2, 9.
• Diŏmede, [102].
• Dion of Syracuse (d. 356), see his Life, by Plutarch, [186].
• Dionysius, the Elder, 430-367, tyrant of Syracuse, [184], [197].
• Dionȳsus (or Bacchus), the wine-god, born at Thebes, [67], [68], [138], [139], [209].
• Diotŏnus, [45].
• Dircē, daughter of Helios, wife of Lycus, whose sons by Antiope, Amphion and Zethus, slew her and threw her body into a well at Thebes. The Fountain of Dirce was near the Crenaean Gate, [12].
  • R. Dirce was the westernmost of the three Theban streams.
• Dolon, [132].
• Dorian, Doric, [138], [140].
• Dryus, [138].
• E.
• Earth (temple of, at Delphi), [97].
• Echecrătēs, a ‘prophet’ of Tegyra, [121].
• Echinădĕs, islands off the coast of Acarnania, [134].
• Egypt, Egyptian, [11], [13], [14], [93], [117], [126], [140], [154], [184], [235], [283], [293], [296].
• Elis, Elean, a state of the Peloponnesus, [94].
• Ellopion, [13].
• Elysian, [302], [306], [317].
• Empedocles of Agrigentum, philosopher and poet (fl. 444), [16], [93], [98], [133], [134], [137], [235], [259], [263], [269], [272], [274], [278], [287].
• Endymion, [307].
• Epameinondas, son of Polymnis, brother of Capheisias, and friend of Pelopidas (fell at Mantineia 362), [1], [6], [9], [14], [15], [20], [21], [23], [24], [25], [27], [28], [32], [40], [43], [50].
• Epicharmus, of Cos and Syracuse, writer of philosophical comedies (540-450), [196].
• Epicūrus, of Samos, 342-270, philosopher and founder of the School of ‘The Garden’ at Athens, and Epicureans, [86], [87], [89], [92], [136], [137], [146], [163], [262].
  • A modern ‘Epicurus’ is introduced into the Dialogue on the Delays in Divine Punishment, but leaves before its beginning.
• Epicȳdēs, [191].
• Epidaurus, a town and state next to Argolis, [99].
• Epimenĭdes, of Phaestus in Crete, a poet and prophet (fl. 600), [117], [298].
• Epitherses, [134].
• Erĕbus, [230].
• Erĕsus, a city of Lesbos, [140].
• Eretria, a city on the west coast of Euboea, [96].
• Erianthes, [29].
• Eridănus, the river Po, [193].
• Erinnys, the, [207].
• Eriphȳlē, [186].
• Erōs (Love), [272].
• Erythrae, an Ionian city, [95], [99].
• Ethiopia, [196], [204], [222], [265].
• Euboea, [162].
• Eudoxus, of Cnidus, 408-355, astronomer and mathematician, and founder of the School of Cyzicus, [14], [97], [98].
• Eumētis, [95].
• Eumolpĭdas, [10].
• Euripides, 485 (or 480)-405, the Athenian tragedian, [59], [70], [78], [104], [107], [129], [156], [159], [160], [164], [176], [177], [178], [192].
• Eurycleis, [126].
• Eurymĕdon, a river in Pamphylia; in 469 Cimon defeated the Persians on its banks, [183].
• Eustrŏphus, a speaker in the First Pythian Dialogue.
• Euthyphron, a disciple of Socrates (see the Dialogue of Plato which bears his name), [16], [17].
• F.
• Fates, the, [37], [61], [308].
• Fortune, [89], [90].
• G.
• Galaxidōrus, [15], [16], [17], [19], [20], [32], [43].
• Galaxius, in Boeotia, [110].
• Gauls, [222], [234].
• Gedrosia, a district on the Indus and Indian Ocean (SE. part of Beloochistan), [296].
• Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 478), [99], [182].
• Getae, [190].
• Giants, [235].
• Glaucé, [87].
• Glaucus, [191], [230].
• Gorgias, of Leontini, 480-398, teacher of rhetoric (see the Gorgias of Plato), [22], [137].
• Gorgĭdas, [8], [12], [43], [50].
• Great Mother, the (Cybele), [107].
• Great Year, the, [138].
• Guides, the, of the temple and treasures of Delphi, apparently two in number, [83], [85], [88], [94], [96].
  • Cp. Sympos. 5, 3, and 8, 4.
• Gullies, the (cp. Rhetiste), [19].
• Gyrean, cape, [230].
• H.
• Hādēs, [37], [38], [225], [235], [299], [302], [304], [307].
• Haliartus, a town of Boeotia on Lake Copaïs, 15 miles NW. of Thebes, [11], [12], [109].
• Hamadryads, [127].
• Hecăte, [130], [305], [317].
• Hector, [230].
• Hecŭba, [130], [233].
• Hegētor, [130].
• Helĕnus, son of Priam, a prophet, [41].
• Helĭcon, of Cyzicus, mathematician and astronomer, mentioned in Plutarch’s Life of Dion, as having foretold a solar eclipse, [14].
• Helĭcon, a mountain (5,000 ft.) in Boeotia, [89].
• Hellas (Greece), [124], [125], [300].
• Hephaestus, the lame god of fire (see Il. 1. 590), [263].
• Hēra, [193], [232].
• Heracleia, probably a town in Phrygia, [189].
• Heracleidae, [195].
• Heracleitus, philosopher of Ephesus (end of sixth century), [73], [74], [87], [101], [127], [197], [218], [224], [304].
• Heraea, the, a festival at Thebes, [31].
• Heraea, a town of Arcadia, [169].
• Heracleon, of Megara, a speaker in the Third Pythian Dialogue.
• Hercules (Heraclēs), [13], [51], [65], [94], [100], [123], [131], [185], [193], [195], [199], [226], [300], [307].
• Hercŭlēs, Pillars of, [305].
• Herippĭdas, [29], [51].
• Hermes, [135], [139], [303].
• Hermodōrus, [39].
• Hermolaüs, [233].
• Herodĭcus, [187].
• Herodŏtus, the historian, of Halicarnassus (484-408), [100], [131], [166].
• Herophĭlé, [95].
• Hesiod, the ancient Boeotian poet, eighth century, [42], [86], [98], [123], [126], [127], [128], [130], [156], [157], [161], [186], [202], [218], [230], [272], [298].
• Hesperus (the Evening Star, or planet Venus), [154], [215], [268], [273].
• Hiĕro, of Syracuse, brother of Gelon (d. 467). A munificent benefactor of Delphi, [88], [99], [182].
• Hiĕro, the Lacedaemonian (killed in the battle of Leuctra 371), [88].
• Himĕra, a town of Sicily, [140].
• Hipparchus, the astronomer, of Rhodes and Alexandria, native of Nicaea in Bithynia (fl. from 160), [98], [261].
• Hipparchus (son of Pisistratus), [189].
• Hippocrătes, [182].
• Hippostheneidas, [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [44], [51].
• Hippys, of Rhegium, an early Greek historian, [140].
• Homer, [41], [63], [70], [76], [77], [85], [86], [87], [88], [93], [102], [126], [141], [148], [166], [199], [215], [230], [265], [282], [286], [288], [299], [302], [303], [307].
• Hoplītes, river in Boeotia, [109].
• Hyampeia, one of two cliffs above Thebes, [192].
• Hypătes, [47], [49].
• Hypatodōrus, [29].
• I.
• Iadmōn, [192].
• Ida, Mt., in Phrygia, [306].
• Iêïus, ‘invoked with the cry iē! (or iē paion!),‘ i. e. Apollo, [76].
• Ilithyia, [308].
• Ilium (Troy), [166].
• Indian, [140].
• Ino, daughter of Cadmus and wife of Athamas, a tragic heroine, [190].
• Ion Chius, a writer of plays, and anecdotist (fl. 450), [276].
• Iphĭtus, killed by Hercules, who had stolen the oxen of his father Eurytus, [185].
• Isis, [296].
• Ismenian, a name of Apollo, [60].
• Ismenias, a Theban of the popular party and Polemarch, arrested by Leontides, tried by a commission appointed by Sparta, on a charge of ‘medizing’, and executed (see Life of Pelopidas), 8.
• Ismenidōrus, [20].
• Ismēnus, the principal (most easterly) river of Thebes, [15].
• Isodaités, ‘equal divider,’ a name of Dionysus, [67].
• Ister, a Greek historian, or antiquarian, [100].
• Ister, the Danube, [148].
• Isthmus (of Corinth), Isthmian, [94].
• Italy, [15], [21], [27], [88], [200].
• Ithaca, [193]·
• Ixīon, [293].
• J.
• Jason, Tagus of Thessaly (d. 370), known as ‘Prometheus’; (see Plutarch On getting advantage from enemies, c. 6, p. 89 C, and Xenophon, Hellenica, 2, 3, 18) [23].
• Jews, [231].
• L.
• Lacedaemon, [51], [98], [99], [117], [179], [189], [229].
• Lachărēs, an Athenian demagogue (fl. 296), [195].
• Lachēs, Athenian general; fell at Mantineia, 418. A Dialogue of Plato bears his name, [19].
• Lachĕsis, one of the Fates, [37], [308], [315].
• Lamia, [89].
• Lamprias, Plutarch’s brother (also the name of his grandfather); a speaker in the First and Third Pythian Dialogues and in the Face in the Moon. Cp. Sympos. 2, 2; 4, 5; 9, 15.
• Lamprocles, [35].
• Latōna, [232].
• Law Courts, the, [17].
• Lebadeia, near the western frontier of Boeotia, the seat of the oracle of Trophonius, [120], [157].
• Lēda, daughter of Thestius, and mother of Helen and Clytaemnēstra, Castor, and Polydeuces, [95].
• Lemnos, [290].
• Leontĭdes, one of the polemarchs at Thebes, [8], [10], [11], [12], [47], [49].
• Leontīni, a city of Sicily, [22].
• Lesbos, [194].
• Leschenorian, [60].
• Lēthē (‘Oblivion’), [209].
• Leucas, Leucadia, [184], [193].
• Leuctra, a village of Boeotia, between Thespiae and Plataea (famous for the battle between the Spartans and Thebans in 371), [88].
• Libya (Africa), [103], [108], [185], [296].
• Lindos, a town on the eastern coast of Rhodes, [61].
• Livia, the empress, wife of Augustus, and mother, by her first marriage, of Tiberius (d. A. D. 29), [62].
• Locris, [193].
• Lucania, [22].
• Lucius, a speaker in the Dialogue on the Face in the Moon.
• Lycians, [138], [139].
• Lyciscus, [177].
• Lycormae, [195].
• Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, ninth century, [99].
• Lycuria (an ancient name for the summit of Parnassus), a village near the Corycian cave, [82].
• Lydia, [121].
• Lydiădas, [183].
• Lysander, the Spartan naval commander who finished the Peloponnesian war. He fell in battle against the Thebans, 395, at Haliartus (see his Life, c. 29): [109].
• Lysanorĭdas, [8], [10], [12], [43], [51].
• Lysimăchus, [189].
• Lysis, a Pythagorean teacher, driven from Italy to Thebes, where he died, [7], [13], [15], [21], [24], [27].
• Lysitheides, [7].
• Lysitheüs, [48].
• M.
• Maeotic Bay (Sea of Azov), [300].
• Magi, the, [126].
• Magnesia, district of Thessaly, [96].
• Malis, [89].
• Marăthon, on the east coast of Attica (famous for the battle of 490), [183].
• Mardonius, the Persian general (defeated and killed at Plataea, 479), [121].
• Marius, [184].
• Medes, [288].
• Megalopŏlis, the chief town of Arcadia, [183].
• Megăra, a city on the Saronic gulf, [18], [96], [122], [124].
• Megasthĕnēs, a Greek writer on India (fl. 300), [294].
• Melanthius, an Athenian tragic poet (fl. 420), [181].
• Melētus, one of the three accusers of Socrates, a poet, [16].
• Melissus, [20].
• Mĕlon, [8], [30], [47], [48].
• Melos, an island in the Aegean, [166].
• Memphis, a city of Egypt, on the Nile, [13].
• Menaechmus, [14] n.
• Menelaüs, a speaker in the Dialogue on the Face in the Moon.
• Mercury (the planet), [154], cp. [268].
• Meriŏnēs, [131].
• Messenians, [176], [229].
• Metapontium (Metapontum), a Greek city in Southern Italy, [21], [88].
• Mētrodōrus, of Chios, a disciple of Democritus (fl. 330), [137], [275].
• Midas, a mythical king of Phrygia, [229].
• Milētus, a city of Caria, [23], [193].
• Miltiădes, son of Cimon, the victor of Marathon, [183].
• Mimnermus, elegiac poet, of Smyrna and Colophon (fl. 600), [282].
• Minos, son of Zeus, king of Crete, and afterwards a judge in Hades, [179].
• Mitys, of Argos, [186].
• Mnesarĕtē (Phryne), [94], [95].
• Mnesinoē, [95].
• Molionĭdae, the sons of Actor, by Molione, [94].
• Molus, [131].
• Mopsus, founder of Mallos in Cilicia, where he had an oracle, [163].
• Muses, the, [35], [86], [97], [98], [199], [226].
• Myrĭna, an Aeolian town on the west coast of Mysia, [96].
• Myron, [185].
• Myrtălē, [95].
• Mys, a Carian, employed by Mardonius to consult the oracles in Greece, [121].
• N.
• Nāïd, the, [127].
• Nauplia, the port of Argos, [192].
• Navel, the, at Delphi, [117].
• Naxos, an island in the Aegean, [199].
• Neleus, father of Nestor, [204].
• Neobūlē, [63].
• Neochōrus, [109].
• Neoptolĕmus, son of Achilles, [45].
• Nero, A. D. 37-68. The Roman Emperor. He visited Greece (the province of Achaia) in A. D. 67, and proclaimed its freedom at the Isthmian games: [60], [213].
• Nesĭchus, [108].
• Nestor, [204].
• Nicander, a priest of the temple at Delphi, [62], [63], [72], [170].
• Nicias, the Athenian general (d. 414 at Syracuse, see his Life), [23], [229].
• Night, [210].
• Night-watcher (Nycturus), the, an early name for the planet Cronus (Saturn), [300].
• Niŏbē, [232].
• Nisaeus, [197].
• Nisibeüs, [204].
• Nyctelius, ‘nightly’; used as a name of Dionysus, [67].
• O.
• Odysseus (Ulysses), [16], [102].
• Oechalia, a town in Euboea (according to the story followed by Sophocles) taken by Hercules, [131].
• Oeta, a mountain range in Thessaly, [186].
• Ogygia, the name given by Homer to the island of Calypso (Od. 1, 50, &c.), [299].
• Olympia, in Elis, [160].
• Olympias, mother of Alexander the Great, [95].
• Olympicus, a speaker in the Dialogue on the Delays in Divine Punishment.
• Olympus, a mountain (9,754 ft.) between Thessaly and Macedon, the seat of Zeus, [70], [93].
• Olynthus, a town in the Chalcidice (taken by Sparta 379), [8].
• Onomacrĭtus, an Athenian poet and antiquarian (520-485), [107].
• Opheltiădae, [194].
• Opus, Opuntian, a Locrian town, [96].
• Orchalĭdes, [109].
• Orchomĕnus, a city of Boeotia, [163], [176].
• Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytaemnēstra, [95].
• Orneae, a town in Argolis, [95].
• Orpheus, of Thrace, a minstrel, [98], [126], [193], [210].
• Orphic, [72].
• Orthagŏras, [185].
• Osīris, an Egyptian deity, [138].
• P.
• Paeonia, a district of Thrace, [186].
• Pallas (Athene); her image at Athens (Palladium) was believed to have been brought from Troy by Diomede. Another Palladium stood on the Acropolis (Pausanias i. 28-9): [88].
• Palōdĕs, the, [134], [135].
• Pan, [134], [135].
• Pandărus, a Lycian archer, [102].
• Parmenĭdes, of Elea in Italy, a philosopher (b. 513), [98], [272], [277].
• Parnassus, the mountain (8,000 ft.) above Delphi, the highest point of a range of the same name, [210].
• Parnēs, a mountain range near the northern frontier of Attica, [19].
• Path, the, the Peripatetic School, [260].
• Patrocleas; Plutarch’s son-in-law, a speaker in the Dialogues on the Delays in Divine Punishment and on The Soul. Cp. Sympos. 2, 9; 5, 7; 7, 2.
• Pausanias, (1) Spartan statesman and general (d. 470), [99] n., [189], [200];
  • (2) the slayer of Philip of Macedon, [233].
• Pauson, a Greek painter of the fourth century. Aristotle (Poet. c. 2) speaks of his style as that of caricature: [86].
• Paxi, two islands south of Corcyra, [134].
• Peace (a woman’s name), [99].
• Peisistrătus, tyrant of Athens, (d. 527), [182], [189].
• Pelopĭdas, Theban general and friend of Epaminondas; fell at Cynoscephalae 364 (see his Life), [8], [43], [45], [47], [49].
• Peloponnesus, [121], [283], [293].
• Penelope, [135].
• Peparēthus, an island in the Aegean, off Thessaly, [13].
• Periander, tyrant of Corinth from 625; one of the Seven Wise Men, [61], [184], [224].
• Pericles, Athenian statesman (d. 429), [185], [196].
• Persephŏnē, [37], [303], [306].
• Persia, [96], [121], [208], [229].
• Petraeus, of Delphi, [111].
• Petron, [140].
• Phaestus, in Crete, [117].
• Phaĕthon, a son of the Sun, [193].
• Phalanthus, a Lacedaemonian, founder of Tarentum (about 708), [108].
• Phalăris, tyrant of Agrigentum from 570: [184].
• Phanaean, [60], [77].
• Phanias, of Erĕsus in Lesbos, a Peripatetic philosopher, and pupil of Aristotle, who wrote also on history, [140].
• Pharnăces (see p. [255]), a Stoic, speaker in the Dialogue on the Face in the Moon.
• Pharsalia, [88].
• Pheidolaüs, of Haliartus, [11], [12], [13], [19], [32], [35].
• Pheneātae, [193].
• Phenĕüs, a town in Arcadia, [193].
• Pherecȳdēs, a learned man of Syros (fl. 544), [294].
• Pherenīcus, [8], [10].
• Philēbus, a late Dialogue of Plato, on Pleasure, [71].
• Philīnus, a speaker in the Second Pythian Dialogue. Cp. Sympos. 1, 6; 4, 1; 5, 10; 8, 7.
• Philip of Macedon (d. 336), [233].
• Philip, son of Cassander, king of Macedon (d. 296), [198].
• Philip V, 237-179, king of Macedon, [91], [92].
• Philippus, historian (of Prusa?), a speaker in the Third Pythian Dialogue. Cp. Sympos. 7, 8.
• Philippus, of Thebes, [43], [44], [48], [50].
• Philochŏrus of Athens, antiquarian and writer on legend (d. 260), [100].
• Philolaüs, an early Pythagorean, [22].
• Philomēlus, [88].
• Phlĕgyas, of Orchomenus, a mythical hero, slain for impiety, [185].
• Phocis, Phocians, [88], [95], [96], [100], [185], [194].
• Phoebĭdas, a Spartan general, who treacherously seized the Cadmeia in 382: [8].
• Phoebus, ‘The Bright’, an appellation of Apollo, [67], [76], [107], [138].
• Phoenissae, a play of Euripides, [107] n.
• Phosphor, Phosphorus (the planet Venus), [154], [268], [273].
• Phrygia, [126], [306].
• Phrynē, [95].
• Phyleus, [204].
• Phyllĭdas, [10], [11], [28], [29], [32], [43], [48], [50].
• Pillars of Hercules (on the Straits of Gibraltar), [305].
• Pindar, the Theban lyric poet (518-438), [7], [72] n., [77], [87], [98], [102] n., [104], [105], [108] n., [123], [127], [131] n., [179], [194], [202], [226], [227], [265], [273], [282].
• Pisa, a town in, or adjoining, Elis, [94].
• Pittăcus (652-569), patriot, and sole-ruler (‘aesymnete’) of Mytilēnē, one of the Seven Wise Men, [61].
• Planetiădes (see [Didymus]).
• Plataea, a city of Boeotia on the Asopus, near the frontier of Attica, [124].
• Plato, of Athens, 430-347, founder of the Academy, [13], [14], [63], [72], [104], [126], [129], [134], [137], [156], [181], [318], [319];
  • Cratylus, [71], [130], [235];
  • Laws, [186];
  • Minos, [179];
  • Phaedo, [165];
  • Republic, [167], [187];
  • Sophistes, [151];
  • Symposium, [130];
  • Timaeus, [69], [128], [139], [141], [149], [154], [155], [180], [226], [272], [279], [293], [295], [305].
• Plato, of Thebes, [12].
• Pleisthĕnes, son of Atreus and father of Agamemnon (but there are variations in the story), [188].
• Pleistoănax, a king of Sparta (d. 408), [99].
• Plutarch, introduced only into the Dialogues on the ‘E’ at Delphi (First Pythian Dialogue) and on the Delays in Divine Punishment, [232].
• Pluto, [77].
• Polycrătes, of Delphi, [111].
• Polycrătes, of Samos, [224].
• Polygnōtus, of Thasos, painter, chiefly of Homeric subjects at Athens and Delphi (fl. 450), [166].
• Polymnis, of Thebes, father of Epaminondas and Capheisias, [13], [14], [19], [20], [22], [27].
• Polystyle (e mute), the, [50].
• Polyxĕna, [95].
• Pompey the Great (d. 48), [185].
• Porch, the, the Stoic School at Athens, [93].
• Poseidon, [89], [146].
• Poseidonius, of Apamea in Syria, a Stoic philosopher who taught Cicero, [278], [283], [316], [317].
• Praxitĕles, the Athenian sculptor (fl. 364), [95].
• Priam, [41], [230].
• Procles, tyrant of Epidaurus and father-in-law of Periander, seventh century, [99].
• Promētheus, son of the Titan Iapĕtus, [65].
• Prōteus, a mythical king of Egypt (Herod. 2, 112), [13].
• Protogĕnes, [205].
• Prytaneum, the, [72].
• Ptolemaeus (‘Ceraunus’, the Thunderbolt), king of Macedon (d. 280), [189].
• Ptōüm, a mountain on the eastern side of the Copaïc lake, with a sanctuary of Apollo, [121], [124].
• Punic, [91].
• Pylaea, a suburb of Delphi, [110].
• Pyrilampēs, a kinsman of Plato, [18].
• Pythagoras, of Samos, sixth century, philosopher and traveller, [14], [16], [21], [27], [66], [123], [228] n., [231].
• Pythia, the, [72], [86], [100], [101], [103], [106], [110], [121], [164], [165], [169], [170], [199].
• Pythian, [59], [60], [64], [117], [122], [123], [185].
• Python, the serpent slain by Apollo, [138].
• Pythōnĕs (ventriloquists), [126].
• Q.
• Quintus, the friend to whom the Dialogue on the Delays in Divine Punishment is inscribed, also that on Love between Brothers, [175].
• R.
• Red Sea (Mare Erythraeum). Before Ptolemy, the term was used loosely to include the Persian Gulf, &c.: [117], [138], [305].
• Rhea, [154].
• Rhegium, a Greek town in South Italy, [140].
• Rhetiste (cp. the Gullies), [19].
• Rhodes, [95].
• Rhodōpis (see Herodotus ii. 134-5), [94].
• Rome, [91], [92], [135], [179], [184], [185].
• S.
• Samĭdas, [49].
• Samos, an island in the Aegean, [192], [224].
• Sappho, the great woman lyric poet, a Lesbian, of the seventh century, [87], [104].
• Sardis, the capital of Lydia, [192].
• Satilaeans, [194].
• Scythians, [189], [234].
• Scythīnus, of Teos, an iambic poet of unknown date, [96].
• Seleucus, king of Syria, assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus in 280: [189].
• Selīnus, a Greek colony on the S.W. coast of Sicily, [92].
• Selymbria, a town of Thrace, on the Propontis, [187].
• Semĕlē, the mother of Dionysus (Bacchus), [209].
• Serapion, or Sarapion, an Athenian poet, to whom the First Pythian Dialogue is inscribed, and a speaker in the Second.
• Serāpis, an Egyptian deity, [107].
• Shining-One, the, a name for the planet Cronus (Saturn), [300].
• Sibylla, the Sibyl, the name of an early prophetess of Delphi; in later times an official title, also applied to other prophetic women, localized in various countries, [87], [89], [90], [95], [104], [211].
• Siceliot, of the Greek colonies in Sicily, [99].
• Sicily, [18], [99], [140], [184].
• Sicyon, on the south shore of the Corinthian gulf, [95], [184].
• Simmias, a Theban, a companion of Socrates, and (with Cebes) present at his death (see the Crito and Phaedo of Plato), [8], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [19], [20], [21], [27], [32], [41], [42], [43].
• Simonĭdēs of Ceos, a lyric poet (556-467), [97], [190].
• Sisyphus, a knavish king of Corinth; some accounts make him father of Odysseus: [185].
• Skotios, ‘of darkness’, i. e. Hades (Pluto), [77].
• Socrates, of Athens (d. 399), [7], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [32], [35], [40], [95], [104], [180], [288].
• Soli, a city of Cilicia, [149], [205].
• Solon, 638-558, the Athenian law-giver; one of the ‘Seven Wise Men’, [61], [179].
• Solymi, a people of Lycia, [138].
• Sophistés, a Dialogue of Plato’s later period, [71].
• Sophists, the, [196].
• Sophocles, 495-405, tragic poet of Athens, [78], [103] n., [106], [125], [132], [266], [290] n.
• Sōphrōn (latter part of fifth century), a mime-writer of Syracuse, [63].
• Sparta, [11], [29], [88], [91], [106], [194], [200].
• Sparti, the, ‘sown men’, the armed men who sprang up out of the ground at Thebes, when Cadmus sowed the dragon’s teeth, [82].
• Spinthărus, [40].
• Sporădes, the, a group of islands, off Britain, [135].
• Statuaries, street of the, [17].
• Stesichŏrus (Tisias), 632-560, lyric poet of Himera in Sicily, [78], [188], [282].
• Stheneboea, a play of Euripides, [104] n.
• Stilbon (the planet Mercury), [154], [268].
• Stoics, the, [136], [146], [147], [264], [266], [285].
• Strabo, cognomen of the father of Pompey the Great, [185].
• Stratonīcē, [95].
• Styx, [37], [38], [97], [225].
• Suitors, the, i.e. of Penelope, [140].
• Sybaris, a Greek town of Lucania in South Italy, [193], [196].
• Syēnē (Assouan), taken by Eratosthenes to be directly under the sun at the summer solstice, [119], [296].
• Sylla, a speaker in the Dialogue on the Face in the Moon.
• Symbŏlum, the, [16].
• Syracuse, [88], [193], [197].
• Syrian goddess (Cybele?), [233].
• T.
• Taenărus, a cape and town in the south of Laconia, [199].
• Tantălus, [234], [293].
• Taprobăne (Ceylon), [265].
• Tarentum, a town in S. Italy, [40].
• Tarsus, in Cilicia, [117], [160].
• Tartărus, the penal region of the lower world, [40], [299].
• Tegyra, a village of Boeotia, near Orchomenus, [121], [122], [124].
• Teiresias, a blind prophet, of Thebes, [163], [226].
• Teletias, [185].
• Tempē, the gorge between Olympus and Ossa in Thessaly, through which the river Penēus flows, [132], [138].
• Tenĕdos, an island off the coast of the Troad, [92].
• Terentius Priscus, the friend to whom the Third Pythian Dialogue is inscribed, [117].
• Terpander, of Lesbos, the father of Greek music (fl. 700), [194].
• Terpsion, of Megara, a disciple of Socrates (see the Theaetetus of Plato), [18].
• Tettix, [199], [200].
• Thalēs, of Miletus (seventh and sixth centuries), an early philosopher, one of the Seven Wise Men, [12], [61], [98].
• Thamus, [134], [135].
• Thasos, an island in the Aegean off Thrace, [166].
• Theānōr, a young Pythagorean, who came to Thebes from Crotona, as a deputation, [21], [24], [27], [28], [40], [43], [315].
• Thebes, the Boeotian, [7], [8], [12], [22], [29], [30], [43], [44], [47], [48], [184].
• Thebes, the Egyptian, [296].
• Thĕmis, the goddess of Justice, for some time in charge of the oracle at Delphi, [138], [211].
• Themistocles, Athenian statesman (514-449), [183].
• Theocrĭtus, of Thebes, ‘the prophet’, [9], [10], [11], [12], [16], [17], [20], [28], [30], [32], [35], [40], [43], [44], [49];
  • see Life of Pelopidas, c. 22.
• Theodōrus, of Soli, in Cilicia, a mathematician, [149], [150].
• Theognis, of Megara, elegiac and gnomic poet (570-490), [84].
• Theon, of Hyampolis, a family friend of Plutarch, a speaker in the First and Second Pythian Dialogues, and in the Face in the Moon. Cp. Sympos. 1, 4; 4, 3; 8, 6, and the Dialogue Non posse suaviter, where the Epicureans are attacked.
• Theophrastus, born at Erĕsus, a philosopher of Athens, Aristotle’s successor, [136].
• Theopompus, a Theban patriot, [43], [48].
• Theopompus, of Chios, historian (d. 305), [100].
• Theōrius, a designation of Apollo, [77].
• Theoxenia, the, [194].
• Thera, Therasia, islands off Crete, [91].
• Thermopylae, the coast pass between Thessaly and Locris, famous for the defence of Leonidas in 480: [132].
• Thespesius (Aridaeus), [205], [206], [209], [210], [211], [213], [313], [314].
• Thespiae, a town of Boeotia, [29].
• Thessaly, [23], [24], [93], [95], [130], [158].
• Thrace, [126], [148], [193].
• Thrasybūlus, of Athens, [7].
• Thrasybūlus, tyrant of Syracuse after Hiero (467), [99].
• Thrasymēdēs, [169].
• Thucydides, the Athenian historian (d. 401), [98], [158] n., [176], [181], [196].
• Thunderbolt (Ceraunus), Ptolemy, king of Macedon (d. 280), [189].
• Thymĕlē, the altar of Dionysus in the theatre, [103].
• Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar, B. C. 42-37 A. D. (Emperor from A. D. 14), [135].
• Timarchus, of Athens, [99].
• Timarchus, of Chaeroneia, [35], [37], [38], [40], [41], [172], [314].
• Timochăris, [98].
• Timoleon, ruler of Syracuse (d. 357), [184]: see his Life.
• Timon, Plutarch’s brother, a speaker in the Dialogues on the Delays in Divine Punishment and on the Soul. Cp. Sympos. 1, 2, and 2, 5; and On Love between Brothers, c. 16.
• Timotheüs, an Athenian, [7].
• Timotheüs, of Miletus, musician and poet (446-357), [232].
• Tiribazus, satrap of western Armenia (d. 385), [229].
• Titans, giant sons of Uranus, [138], [272], [301].
• Tityus, a giant of Euboea, [307].
• Trench, battle at, [176].
• Troglodytes, cave-dwellers, about the Red Sea, &c., [117], [293], [296].
• Trophoniădes, [306].
• Trophonius, tutelary hero of Lebadeia and its oracle, [35], [40], [315].
• Trosobius, [138].
• Troy, [91], [102], [148].
• Trunkmakers’ street, [17].
• Tyndarĭdae, Castor and Polydeucēs (Pollux), [147].
• Typhons, [138], [235], [307].
• U.
• Udōra, [306].
• Ulysses (Odysseus), [16], [140], [185], [193], [217].
• Urănus (‘Heaven’), the father of Cronus, [138].
• V.
• Venus (the planet), [154], [268].
• Vespasian, [211] n.
• Vesuvius, [211].
• W.
• Wise Men of Greece, the (see the Dinner-Party of the Seven Sages by Plutarch, translated by Professor Tucker in this series), [6], [110].
• X.
• Xenocrătes, of Chalcēdon, 396-314, a philosopher, associate of Plato, [129], [134], [305], [315], [316].
• Xenophănēs, philosopher of Colophon, fourth century, [235].
• Xenophon, Athenian general and historian (d. about 359), [103].
• Xerxes, [235].
• Z.
• Zagreus, a name of the mystic Dionysus, [67].
• Zēnĕs (plural of Zeus), [146].
• Zeus, [96], [127], [139], [147], [148], [167], [179], [200], [226], [230], [272], [273], [297], [299], [301].
• Zeus Agoraios, [35].
• Zodiac, the, [293].
• Zones, the, [154].
• Zoroaster, Persian sage, of uncertain date, [126].

Printed in England at the Oxford University Press

Footnotes

[1]. ‘Tout abregé sur un bon livre est un sot abregé.’—Montaigne, iii. 8.

[2]. Xylander reads οὐδέν, but οὐ before πολλά seems simpler, and makes better logic.

[3]. See, e. g., p. [266].

[4]. On this point, and on Plutarch’s life generally, see the buoyant and chivalrous pages of the late Mr. George Wyndham’s introduction to North’s Lives in the Tudor Translations.

[5]. See pp. [54], [253]. I have searched such numbers of the Dissertations as appear to have reached this country from Vienna since 1910, without coming upon the continuation of Dr. Adler’s argument. It will be of great interest when it comes to hand, but could not adequately be discussed here.

[6]. ‘Où je puyse comme les Danaïdes, remplissant et versant sans cesse.’—i. 25.

[7]. The Symposiacs were specially favourite reading of Archbishop Trench, whose bright little volume of Lectures is perhaps the best introduction for English readers to the Moralia.

[8]. The same argument might perhaps be applied to the Lives, even as far as that of Dion, but there is no elaborate dedication there.

[9]. Dr. Mahaffy has acutely pointed out that the tract De Tranquillitate animi must have been written before the accession of Titus in A. D. 79, because it contains a remark (467 E) that no Roman Emperor had yet been succeeded by his son. It is this sort of evidence of a date which we seek, but do not find, in the Symposiacs.

[10]. Some of Plutarch’s characters exemplify the ‘sternness of the judgements of youth’, as the younger Diogenianus.—See p. [94].

[11]. See Vol. I, p. 25.

[12]. See his Preface in Vol. I, p. xlii.

[13]. M. Chenevière’s study mentioned on p. [53] is very helpful but not easily accessible.

[14]. See p. [14]; see also Apollonius of Perga, by Sir Thomas Heath, F.R.S., Introd., p. xxi.

[15]. ‘Forte’ is always used where we expect ‘fortasse’, and ‘nisi’ often for ‘si non’.

[16]. Adrien Turnĕbus (i. q. Toranebus?) was a native of Les Andelys (Eure), near Rouen, and the name is said to be of local origin. Montaigne, who knew him personally, always writes Turnebus; the later form Turnèbe seems to be due to false analogy.

[17]. I may now name Mr. Walter Sumner Gibson, M.A. of Balliol College, formerly an assistant-master at Charterhouse, who died on the 20th January, 1918, having in recent years acted as a Reader to the Clarendon Press.

[18]. ii. 4.

[19]. 1514-93.

[20]. See, however, an article by Mr. R. F. Macnaghten in the Classical Review of September 1914 (vol. 28, p. 185 foll.).

[21]. Isthm. 1, 2.

[22]. So C. F. Hermann (ap. Ed. Teub.) for δυσί τῶν ἱερῶν.

[23]. Here several words of the text have been lost.

[24]. Many words have been lost (three separate lacunae).

[25]. Reading διεκώλυεν for διακούων.

[26]. Supplying προσδοκῶν, as Ed. Teub.

[27]. Many words are here lost, to the general effect of those in the brackets.

[28]. i. e. each of the four sides of each of the six faces. The Greek word for ‘side’ and ‘face’ is the same.

[29]. This problem (mentioned by Plutarch also in the E at Delphi, see p. [63]) was in fact solved by Menaechmus, a pupil of Eudoxus, through Conic Sections, and also by Archytas, whose method is much more elaborate. See Preface, p. [xiv].

[30]. Il. 10, 279; Od. 13, 300-1.

[31]. Il. 20, 95.

[32]. συμπιέσας for the MSS. reading συμπείσας (Reiske).

[33]. πταρμὸς ἤ (Ed. Teub.), for ἐφαρμόσει, is attractive, but it seems better not to anticipate the word.

[34]. ἐπὶ ῥειτοῖς is K. O. Müller’s reading for ἐπὶ ρητις της of the MSS. See Wordsworth’s Athens and Attica, p. 9.

[35]. Fr. 284 (the well-known fragment of the Autolycus about Athletes) l. 22.

[36]. Cp. Od. 1, 170, &c.

[37]. Od. 1, 27.

[38]. See Life of Nicias, c. 3.

[39]. Aeschylus, Prometheus, 545.

[40]. Cp. Bacchylides, Fr. 37 (Life of Numa, c. 4): ‘Broad is the road’, i. e. ‘there is room for divergent opinions.’

[41]. Compare Life of Coriolanus, c. 32, p. 229, with this difficult passage.

[42]. Of the participle so translated only the termination remains. Reiske’s μεταλλευόντων well completes this fine image.

[43]. This word is not in the Greek text.

[44]. See note on the Myths of Plutarch, p. [315].

[45]. Lucian (Musc. Encom. c. 7) tells the same story of Hermodorus. Plutarch has probably made a slip, as elsewhere, in names. See p. [99].

[46]. Il. 7, 44-5.

[47]. l. 53.

[48]. i. e. in the Wooden Horse, Od. 11, 526-32.

[49]. Perhaps rather ‘the Laconizing party’, as the Teubner editor suggests.

[50]. 8,000 feet above the sea. The Phaedriades rose to about 800 feet.

[51]. Fr. 960.

[52]. i.e. at draughts, with a play on words.

[53]. Fr. 71.

[54]. Il. 17, 29.

[55]. See p. [14].

[56]. Il. 1, 70.

[57]. So Emperius, whose reading is that of the Paris MS. E. (See Paton in loco.)

[58]. Fr. 22.

[59]. A reference to the complaint with which the first attempts of Aeschylus and others to give literary form to the popular hymns in honour of Dionysus were greeted.

[60]. i.e. ‘not many’.

[61]. See p. [76].

[62]. Fr. 392.

[63]. Terms used by Heraclitus (Fr. 24), adapted by the Stoics for the periodic conflagration and renewal of the universe.

[64]. Timaeus, 31 A and 55 E foll.

[65]. De Caelo, 1, 8-9, 276 a 18.

[66]. Il. 15, 190.

[67]. See Iph. Aul. 865 and Herc. Fur. 1221.

[68]. P. 409 A.

[69]. Pp. 255-6.

[70]. P. 23 D and p. 66 C.

[71]. Cp. Pindar’s:

All vocal to the hearing of the wise,

All voiceless to the herd.—Ol. 2, 152-3.

[72]. From Simonides, a favourite phrase with Plutarch.

[73]. Fr. 41.

[74]. Fr. 25.

[75]. See on this remarkable passage E. Norden, Agnostos Theos, p. 231 f., and the view of H. Diels, communicated to him. I have followed Norden in reading εἶ, ἤ (he suggests with hesitation προσεπιθειάζειν) (and so Paton and Diels). Diels thinks that οἱ παλαιοί may cover later philosophers such as Xenophanes.

[76]. Il. 4, 141.

[77]. Il. 15, 362.

[78]. Pindar (probably from a Threnos).

[79]. Il. 9, 158.

[80]. Fr. 149.

[81]. Suppl. 975.

[82]. Fr. 50.

[83]. Fr. 728, probably from the Thamyras.

[84]. Again quoted by Plutarch, p. 777 C.

[85]. Od. 7, 107.

[86]. Fr. 7.

[87]. In a lost ‘Hymn’, Fr. 32.

[88]. See H. Richards in Classical Review, vol. 29, p. 233.

[89]. Reading Ἑλλήνων as Ed. Teub. fr. Stegmann.

[90]. Rhet. 3, 11.

[91]. Puteoli.

[92]. πετρῶν καταφλεγομένων (J. H. W. Strijd in Class. Rev. vol. 28, p. 218).

[93]. Quoted by Menander, Fr. 243 (Meineke).

[94]. Quoted also in the Life of Agesilaus, c. 3, p. 597.

[95]. Palaea Kaumene, a volcanic island ejected in 196 B. C. See Tozer’s Islands of the Aegean, p. 97 foll.

[96]. Od. 3, 1.

[97]. Tim. 90.

[98]. See p. [283].

[99]. Xen. Sympos. c. 2.

[100]. Reading χώρας for δωρεᾶς with Emperius (ap. Ed. Teub.).

[101]. See Herod. 1, 51.

[102]. Fr. 44.

[103]. Here the text is defective.

[104]. Here the text is defective.

[105]. I, 118.

[106]. MSS. have ‘Pausanias’.

[107]. These words are supplied from the text of Thucydides, 5, 10.

[108]. The word ἀναγκαῖον is suggested by the Teubner Editor.

[109]. Fr. 11.

[110]. Od. 2, 372.

[111]. Il. 2, 169 foll.

[112]. Il. 4, 86 foll.

[113]. Il. 5, beg.

[114]. The MSS. have ‘Pandarus’, but ‘Pindar’ is a likely correction. Yet Plutarch cannot have supposed Pindar to have written this iambic line. It is quoted by Aristophanes, Peace, 699, in connexion with the stinginess of Sophocles or Simonides, and the scholiast quotes from Pindar a censure of that vice in a poet: so some confusion is possible.

[115]. Oeconom. 7, 4 foll.

[116]. In the Stheneboea.

[117]. Isthm. 2, 3.

[118]. Fr. 16 (Nauck).

[119]. Isthm. 1, 69.

[120]. Fr. 707.

[121]. So Cobet (for Cinesons).

[122]. Phoen. 958.

[123]. See Herod. 4, 155 foll. and Pind. Pyth. 4. There is something amiss with Plutarch’s text here.

[124]. See his Life, c. 29.

[125]. Od. 2, 190.

[126]. See additional note on p. [312].

[127]. Fragm. adespota, 90.

[128]. Whose account is, for convenience, somewhat recast and amplified. The fact is understated. ‘There cannot be more than five solids, each of which has all its faces with the same number of sides, and all its solid angles formed with the same number of plane angles.’ Todhunter, Spherical Trigonometry, c. 151.

[129]. Il. 10, 173, and Leaf’s note.

[130]. Od. 3, 367-8.

[131]. Il. 10, 394. See p. [265].

[132]. Herodotus, 8, 133-5. I have followed W.’s reconstruction.

[133]. See Life of Aristides, c. 19.

[134]. W. and D. 199.

[135]. See p. [231].

[136]. Fr. 149: see above, p. [77].

[137]. Herod. 9, 28 (and see ib. c. 21).

[138]. Fr. 729. Cp. O. C. 607.

[139]. The words ‘and here—heroes’ have been supplied from a quotation in Eusebius, Praep. Evan. 5, 4.

[140]. From a fragment, Gaisford, Poetae Minores, ii, p. 489 (cp. Ausonius, Id. 18; and Sir T. Browne, Vulgar Errors, 3, 9).

[141]. Fr. 165.

[142]. As Ausonius, loc. cit.

[143]. Fr. 87.

[144]. 1 + 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 + 2² + 3² + 2³ + 3³ = 54.

[145]. See Timaeus, 35.

[146]. Il. 20, 8-9.

[147]. See Heraclitus, Fr. 34.

[148]. Inserting, with Mezirius, ἢ δεκάκις before τεσσάρων.

[149]. The meaning is simply that 40 × 3⁵ = 9720, and ‘triangle-wise’ seems irrelevant.

[150]. Fr. 961 (from the Phaethon).

[151]. Sympos. 202 F.

[152]. W. and D. 125. Cp. Plato, Crat. 397.

[153]. 2, 171.

[154]. Pindar, Fr. 208 (cp. Sympos. 7, 5, 4).

[155]. Suppl. 214.

[156]. Fr. 730.

[157]. See additional note, p. [312].

[158]. Cp. Life of Timoleon, c. 1.

[159]. Cp. Herod. 2, 145.

[160]. See p. [54].

[161]. Reading οὐ πολλά (‘nihil secum trahit impossibile’. Xylander). See Preface, p. [vi].

[162]. Timaeus, 55.

[163]. As Aristotle, De Caelo, I, 8, 276 a 18.

[164]. Od. 21, 397.

[165]. Il. 15, 189.

[166]. Tim. 31 A, 55 C.

[167]. Reading, with Madvig (partly anticipated by Emperius) ... ὃ μὴ κοινῶς ποιὸν ἢ ἰδίως ἐστίν· ὁ δὲ κόσμος οὐ λέγεται κοινῶς εἶναι ποιός· ἰδίως τοίνυν ...

[168]. See e. g. De Caelo, 1, 6, 275 b 29, and Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, p. 397 note; see also p. 270 foll.

[169]. Inserting κάτω, with Meziriac.

[170]. Il. 13, 1 foll.

[171]. See p. [115].

[172]. Tim. 55 E, foll.

[173]. There is a play on the words for ‘fire’, ‘Pyramid’.

[174]. Soph. 249 B.

[175]. Is. et Osir. c. 12.

[176]. De Caelo, 2, 4, 286 b 10.

[177]. Tim. 55 C.

[178]. Tim. 57 C.

[179]. Tim. 52 E.

[180]. Fr. 925.

[181]. See p. [70].

[182]. W. and D. 124.

[183]. W. and D. 122.

[184]. μᾶλλον δὲ ὄντα. Cp. Plato, Philebus, 33, διὰ μνήμης πᾶν ἔστι τὸ γεγονός.

[185]. See Thuc. 1, 12.

[186]. Fr. 963.

[187]. Bacchae, 297-8.

[188]. Fr. 75.

[189]. The text is corrupt, but probably contained ὁμίχλην. Cp. Plato, Sympos. 736 A.

[190]. Theogon. 117.

[191]. Fr. 371.

[192]. Meteor. 1, 3, 340 b 29.

[193]. Cyclops, I. 332-3 (Shelley’s tr.).

[194]. Phaedo, 97 C.

[195]. 1, 25, where the work is ascribed to Glaucus.

[196]. Od. 9, 393.

[197]. Rep. 6, 18, 507 C.

[198]. Cp. Plato, Laws, 716 E.

[199]. See p. [313].

[200]. On the proverb ‘Post Lesbium Cantorem’.

[201]. i. e. in the battle of Amphipolis. See Thuc. 5, 10 and Plut. Life of Nicias, c. 9.

[202]. Orestes, 420.

[203]. 3, 38.

[204]. See Pausanias, 4, 17.

[205]. Fr. 969.

[206]. The author of this famous line is unknown.

[207]. Fr. 57.

[208]. Minos, 319 C.

[209]. No specific passage can be identified with the words in the text. For the sequel cp. Timaeus, 30 A.

[210]. Cp. Rep. 6, 508 A.

[211]. See p. [181] n. 1.

[212]. This line is a continuation of the quotation from Melanthius above.

[213]. Cp. Aesch. Cho. 313, &c.

[214]. Quoted several times as from Pindar (see Fr. 77), but perhaps rather Simonides.

[215]. Il. 15, 641.

[216]. Cp. Aristot. Poet. c. 9.

[217]. W. and D. 266, 265.

[218]. Laws, 5, 728 C.

[219]. i.e. under Roman law. See Smith’s Dict. Ant., s.v. Crux.

[220]. Rep. 406 B.

[221]. See H. Richards in Class. Rev. vol. 29, p. 235, and, for the quotation, the Life of Lucullus, c. 1.

[222]. Fr. 42, and see Jebb’s Introd. to the Electra of Sophocles.

[223]. See Life of Aristides, c. 6. also Dion Chrys. Orat. 64.

[224]. See Life of Cimon, c. 6.

[225]. Again quoted, De Curiosit. 520 A.

[226]. Eur. Ino, Fr. 403.

[227]. Fr. 970.

[228]. See Herod. 2, 134.

[229]. i. e. Polyphemus. See Od. 9, 375 foll.

[230]. See Herod. 66, 74, and Pausan. 4, 252, and 8, 18.

[231]. From an unknown poet; Euphorion and Arctinus are suggested.

[232]. Fr. 123.

[233]. Hence a proverb applied to what was second-rate.

[234]. Arist. H. A. 9, 3, 610 b 29.

[235]. See Thuc. 2, 48; also Plague and Pestilence in Literature and Art, by Raymond Crawfurd, M.D., chap. 2 and Appendix.

[236]. Cp. Plato, Laws, 4, 715 A.

[237]. Fr. 41.

[238]. Il. 6, 146.

[239]. Fr. 211.

[240]. W. and D. 735-6.

[241]. Eur. Fr. 970.

[242]. I have transposed the verbs as suggested in Wyttenbach’s Commentary.

[243]. Cp. Dante, Purg. 3, 19 foll. The idea is Pythagorean (see Quaest. Graec. 40, p. 300).

[244]. Cp. Plato, Gorg. 524 D.

[245]. See H. Richards in Class. Rev., vol. 29, p. 236.

[246]. Cp. p. 215, n. 1.

[247]. Cp. p. 89.

[248]. Probably a Sibylline verse. See Suetonius, Life of Vespasian.

[249]. Reading ἅτε δή with C. F. Hermann.

[250]. Cp. Aristot. Hist. Anim. 2, 14, 505 b 13, and 10, 37, 621 a 6.

[251]. Where it is ascribed to Themistius. It was reclaimed for Plutarch by Wyttenbach in the Preface to his edition of the De Sera Numinum Vindicta—Leiden 1772.

[252]. In the Dialogue (Ne suaviter quidem, c. 26) in which the Epicureans are attacked, the ‘hope of eternal existence’ or ‘desire to be’, is spoken of as the ‘oldest and greatest of loves’.

[253]. θάνατος—ἀναθεῖν εἰς θεόν.

[254]. γένεσις—γῆ, νεῦσις. Cp. p. 210, l. 6.

[255]. γενέθλιον—γένεσις ἄθλων.

[256]. Reading ἂν δὲ ἔρῃ, καὶ σώματος for ἂν δὲ ἔρημαι σώματος. See the Lex.-Plat. s.v. ἔρομαι.

[257]. e.g. Od. 1, 423.

[258]. τελευτᾶν—τελεῖσθαι.

[259]. Od. 12, 432 foll.

[260]. W. and D. 42.

[261]. Fr. 122.

[262]. Polybius (6, 56) points to ‘Deisidaimonia’ as the force which has held the Roman Commonwealth together, and kept the Romans honest.

[263]. See Nauck, p. 910 (Hercules speaks).

[264]. δεῖμα—δέω: τάρβος—ταράσσω.

[265]. Cf. Aristot. Eth. Nic. 3, 7.

[266]. Eur. Or. 211-12.

[267]. Nauck, p. 910, Fragm. 375 (probably from Aeschylus).

[268]. Eur. Tro. 759.

[269]. Meineke 4, p. 670.

[270]. Fr. 95.

[271]. Nauck, Fragm. adespota, 376.

[272]. Dem. de Cor., s. 97.

[273]. A difficult passage. I follow W.’s suggested restoration.

[274]. Tim. 47 C, &c.

[275]. Pyth. 1, 25.

[276]. Or perhaps ‘that which knows no wrath’.

[277]. Fr. 143, quoted twice elsewhere by Plutarch.

[278]. Pythag. Carm. Aur. 42.

[279]. See Life of T. Q. Flamin. c. 20.

[280]. Life of Nicias, c. 23. Thuc. 7, 50, 86.

[281]. i.e. as the moon plunges into the shadow of the earth. See p. [269].

[282]. Archilochus, Fr. 54, Bergk.

[283]. Nauck, Fragm. adespota, 377.

[284]. W. and D. 465 foll.

[285]. Il. 7, 193 foll.

[286]. Il. 2, 382, 414.

[287]. 1 Maccab. 2, 32 foll.

[288]. Soph. O. T. 4.

[289]. See p. [123].

[290]. In the main from Wyttenbach’s reconstruction of this desperate passage.

[291]. Il. 24, 604.

[292]. Il. 24, 212.

[293]. Cp. Menander, Fragm. of Demiurgus, Meineke 4, p. 102.

[294]. Soph. Ant. 291.

[295]. Il. 22, 20.

[296]. Plat. Tim. 40 E.

[297]. See Strabo, 4, c. 4.

[298]. Cp. p. 183.

[299]. Herod. 7, 114.

[300]. Crat. 403 A, 404 B.

[301]. Cp. Arist. Rhet. 2, 23, 27, 1400 b 5, where the Eleatae are named.

[302]. In c. 22 Apollonides is made to state the angular diameter of the moon at 12 ‘fingers’, i. e. one degree.

[303]. See Note (1), p. [309].

[304]. See Note (2), p. [309].

[305]. Arist. Probl. 12, 3.

[306]. See Note (3), p. [309].

[307]. See Aristarchus, Magnitudes and Distances, Hypothesis 2.

[308]. See the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, 99-100, where the moon is the daughter of Pallas (‘the Pallantean orb sublime’, Shelley), cp. p. 294.

[309]. As Homer, Od. 23, 330; 24, 539; Hesiod, Theog. 515.

[310]. e. g. Il. 10, 394. Cp. Heraclides Ponticus, 15.

[311]. P. V. 349.

[312]. Fr. 88.

[313]. W. reads μένειν (E has κινεῖν), but renders by ‘cieri’.

[314]. Fr. 733.

[315]. See note (4), p. [310].

[316]. Professor Henry Jackson has pointed out that the words form a hexameter line. For the Greek word see p. [291]. Its introduction here is due to M. Bernardakis.

[317]. Reading τῇ γῇ, with Madvig.

[318]. See note (5), p. [310].

[319]. αἰρομένη MSS.

[320]. Prop. 7.

[321]. See note (6), p. [310].

[322]. Cf. Il. 9, 63.

[323]. Reading ὅλως (Emperius, ap. Ed. Teub.), for ὅμως.

[324]. See additional note, p. [312].

[325]. See e. g. Tim. 32 C.

[326]. Theog. 120, 195.

[327]. Pindar, Fr. 57: see p. [179].

[328]. Reading ἕξει, with Emperius.

[329]. See note (7), p. [310].

[330]. Reading ᾀἱδίου, with Emperius.

[331]. Ion Chius, Fr. 57 (Nauck).

[332]. Reading διίησιν, with Madvig.

[333]. I have followed the paraphrase of the Greek words suggested by Wyttenbach. For the physical facts see Ganot’s Physics, 516.

[334]. Timaeus, 46 A-C (Plato does not discuss plane folding mirrors).

[335]. Reading χωρεῖν for χωροῦντες.

[336]. Kepler has supplied such a diagram (in his translation, p. 131).

[337]. See p. [253].

[338]. Pindar, Fr. 107. Paean 9 (see Oxy. Pap. 1908, 841).

[339]. Od. 20, 352 and 357; 14, 162; 19, 307.

[340]. Reading τὸ ἕν for τόν.

[341]. Prop. 17.

[342]. De Caelo, 2, 13, 293 b 20.

[343]. See note (8), p. [310].

[344]. See note (9), p. [310].

[345]. Reading ἡ δὲ τῆς Σελήνης with Mr. W. R. Paton, see Class. Rev. vol. 26, p. 269.

[346]. Strictly speaking, both cases are of ‘overtaking’, but the results follow as stated.

[347]. Il. 9, 212.

[348]. See Plato, Phaedo, 110 B-C.

[349]. Od. 311.

[350]. Soph. (Lemnians), Fr. 348.

[351]. τραπέμπαλιν is due here to Meineke, ap. Ed. Teub., see p. 267.

[352]. Tim. 40 B.

[353]. See note (10), p. [311].

[354]. Aesch. Suppl. 937.

[355]. See p. [262] and note.

[356]. See n. (11), p. [311].

[357]. Il. 14, 246. The second line appears to have been added by Crates and is not in our texts.

[358]. Tim. 40 C.

[359]. Kepler would read ‘twelve’.

[360]. Fr. 48.

[361]. W. and D. 41.

[362]. Il. 20, 64.

[363]. Il. 8, 16.

[364]. Od. 7, 244.

[365]. See n. (13), p. [311].

[366]. Reading ἐπειδὰν παύσῃ, with Madvig.

[367]. See n. (14), p. [312].

[368]. Od. 9, 563.

[369]. i. e. the words τελεῖν, τελευτᾶν are allied, see p. [215].

[370]. Plato, Tim. 31 B and end.

[371]. Fr. 38.

[372]. Tim. 31 B.

[373]. Od. 11, 222.

[374]. Od. 11, 600.

[375]. From a note made in 1910, which cannot at present (1916) be verified.

• Transcriber’s Notes:
  • Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
  • Typographical errors were silently corrected.
  • Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book.
  • Footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are linked for ease of reference.