FOOTNOTES:
[222] S. Delafield, Inquiry into the origin of the antiquities of America. Cincinnati, 1836.—Maximilian.
Comment by Ed. The author is John Delafield, Jr., and the work bears the imprint of New York, London, and Paris, 1839. A few copies are also marked Cincinnati, 1839.
[223] For d'Orbigny, see our volume xxiii, p. 300, note 273.—Ed.
[224] Chevalier Lorenzo Boturini Beneduci was an Italian scholar who came to Mexico in 1736 on a mission for a descendant of Montezuma. Becoming interested in Mexican antiquities, Boturini spent eight years in making a valuable collection of aboriginal manuscripts; but having incurred the suspicion of the government, he was imprisoned and his collection confiscated (1745). On his return voyage to Spain, whither he was sent for trial, the galley was captured by the English, and the last vestiges of his antiquities disappeared. In Spain he sought redress, which was granted him, but this of course did not restore his collection. While in Spain he published Idea de una nueva historia general de la America septentrionale (Madrid, 1746), in which appears a catalogue of this collection. A portion was recovered, and is now in the museum in the City of Mexico. The manuscript seen by Delafield was the property of William Bullock (for whom see our volume xix, preface), who was also a specialist in Mexican antiquities.—Ed.
[225] Consult Plate 55, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv; also the authorities quoted in note 53, p. 184, of Brackenridge's Journal, in our volume vi.—Ed.
[226] For Duponceau, see our volume xxii, p. 29, note 3.
John, eldest son of Timothy Pickering, the Massachusetts statesman, was born at Salem in 1777; being graduated from Harvard (1796), he began the study of law at Philadelphia, where his father was in residence as a member of the federal cabinet. The following year, however, John went to Portugal as legation secretary, being transferred to the embassy at London, where he remained until 1801. Returning to Salem, he again devoted himself to the legal profession, also to linguistic studies which he had diligently pursued abroad, making contributions to Greek philology, and publishing a lexicon of that language. He was offered chairs of both Hebrew and Greek at Harvard, but declined, preferring to live in Boston, whither he removed in 1829. His interest in North American linguistics was awakened (1819) by Duponceau's work, and the following year he published an "Essay on a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Languages of North America," in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Transactions, iv. He also edited, with copious notes, John Eliot's Indian Grammar, Jonathan Edwards's Observations on the Mohegan Language, and Father Sebastian Rasle's Dictionary of the Abnaki Tongue; and prepared the article on North American languages for the Encyclopædia Americana. Pickering was a member of many learned societies, at one time being president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was granted the degree of LL. D. by both Bowdoin (1822) and Harvard (1835). His death occurred at Boston in 1846.—Ed.
[227] See Archaeologia Americana, vol. 2. Cambridge, 1836. In this volume is Mr. Gallatin's Synopsis of the Indian tribes within the United States east of the Rocky mountains.—Maximilian.
[228] See our volume xxii, p. 29, note 3.—Ed.
[229] Mr. Gallatin (p. 151) expresses himself on this subject as follows:—"on the other hand, the great extent of ground necessary to sustain game sufficient for the subsistence of a very moderate population, compels them (the Indians) to separate and to form a number of small independent communities. It may easily be perceived that the perpetual state of warfare, in which neighboring tribes are engaged, had its origin in the same cause which has produced the great diversity of American languages or dialects. We may also understand how the affections of the Indian became so exclusively concentrated in his own tribe, the intensity of that natural feeling, how it degenerated into deadly hatred of hostile nations, and the excesses of more than savage ferocity, in which he indulged under the influence of his unrestrained vindictive passions."—Maximilian.
[230] Gallatin, Ibid., p. 142.—Maximilian.
[231] Ibid., p. 4.—Maximilian.
[232] See on these Indians, Franchère's Narrative, in our volume vi, p. 371, note 183.—Ed.
[233] Gallatin, Ibid., p. 4.—Maximilian.
[234] Ibid., p. 45.—Maximilian.
[235] For Dougherty, see our volume xiv, p. 126, note 92.—Ed.
[236] Johann Friedrich von Recke, born at Mitau, in Livonia, in 1764, early turned his attention to historical and linguistic pursuits. Educated under a brother of Emanuel Kant, he studied at Göttingen with Professor Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who later gave an impetus to Maximilian's investigations. About 1785 Recke retired to Mitau where for over forty years he was state archivist, with leisure to pursue his special investigations. As a philologist his fame rests on his Allgemeinen Schriftsteller und gelehrten Lexikons der provinzen Livland, Esthland, und Kurland (Mitau, 1827-32). It would appear that Maximilian consulted Dr. Recke upon the analogies of his Indian vocabularies.—Ed.
[237] In transcribing the Indian words of these vocabularies, the word divisions and diacritical marks of the German edition have been copied exactly as they stand, save when the division of a word at the end of a line has necessitated an additional hyphen. Most of the diacritical marks are explained by the author in his introduction. The vertical accent seems to be used to indicate secondary, or less emphatic stress; the horizontal superior ° appears, likewise, to be used to show that the sound is less prominent than when the usual superior ° is used.
Exact translation of the German words has been very difficult in some cases, owing to the entire absence of context. The parentheses following the English contain alternative or explanatory words. Some of these are given by Maximilian himself, some lie in the form of the German word, and some are supplied by the translator.—Translator.
ARIKKARAS (Rikkaras; French, Ris)[238]
American (an), Nehsikuss (Long Knife, the name which the Americans have among all Indian nations).
Arm, ui̍hnu (uih very long; nu very short and low).
Arrow, ni̍h-schu (nih with strong accent; sch very short and falling in tone).
Autumn, niskútsch.
Beans (the fruit), a̍ttika-hunáhn.
Beard, hakaráhnuch (uch guttural).
Bird, nix.
Black, tecati̍h.
Blind, tschirikarúch (uch guttural).
Blood, páhtu (u barely audible).
Blue, tischidanáhuisch.
Bone, dje̍h-schu (schu short and low; je French).
Bow, náhtsch (sch hissed softly at the end; German throughout).
Bow-lance, na̍hts-saha̍hn.
Brave, ui̍hta-nakóh.
Brave (n), ui̍hta-ti.
Bridle (horse), hah-karachkóhku (ach guttural; koh with strong emphasis).
Brook, taháhneni-kaki̍rihu.
Brother, ináhn (i barely audible).
Chief (leader), däscháhn.
Child, pi̍hrau (German throughout; r with the point of the tongue).
Cold, tipsi̍h.
Come here, schi-schá (both short); or, schi-schá-pisch, come here quickly.
Dance (v), tiráhnaui̍sch-uischu (very short; run together).
Day, tiuëne-sáhkaritsch (second e ½; the last word low and short).
Deaf, kaketschiesch (first e ½; otherwise German throughout).
Devil (evil spirit), sziri̍tsch (same word as for wolf).
Die (v), necksáhn.
Door, hihuattóhnin (nin short and low; hih together).
Dream (v), itcháhn (it barely audible; ch guttural).
Drink, metetschi̍hka.
Dumb, wakárru (u barely audible).
Ear, atkaha̍hn (at barely audible).
Earth, honáhnin (n barely audible; nah very long; German pronunciation throughout).
Enemy, páh-tu (like word for blood).
Englishman, Sáhnisch-takapsia (a low and short; i and a separated).
Evening, hinách (ach guttural).
Eye, tschiri̍hko (ko short and low).
Father, hiáchti (ti low and short; ach guttural).
Feather, hi̍h-tu (u barely audible; the whole run together).
Fire, ha-ni̍h-tu (ha short; tu barely audible; the whole run together).
Fish, tschiuátsch (t indistinct; ua like wa).
Flesh, sászsch.
Fog, uettetara̍nsa (e full value).
Forehead, nikakinn.
Forest, waráhkt (t barely audible; r with the point of the tongue).
Frenchman, Sáhnisch-táhka.
Friend, sih-nánn (German, run together).
Go (v), tiuáhwanuck.
God, pachkátsch (ach German guttural).
Good, tunahä.
Great, teüitschähs.
Green, same word as for blue.
Gun, tnáhku (t and u barely audible), or nahku.
Hair, u̍hchu (ch guttural; uh guttural sound; final u very short).
Hand, éschu (u barely audible).
Head, pá-chu (ch guttural; the whole run together).
Heart, ui̍ssu (u indistinct).
Heat, tah-weri̍stu (u short; the whole run together).
Horns (of stag), warikaráhn.
House (hut), akáhn.
Hunger, tiriuatä̍.
Hunt (v), tiráhuisch-kaë̍hsch (a and e separated; e and h together).
I, náh-tu (tu short; run together).
Ice, nachéhtu (ch guttural; u short and low).
Island, auáhk (a and u separated).
Jar (pot), kószsch.
Knife, nisi̍tsch.
Laugh (v), täwa̍chko (ko short and low).
Lead (ball), nischtiúidu.
Leg, káhchu (u barely audible).
Life, ti̍hko (ko short and low).
Lightning, hunachtschipsch.
Maize, nä̍hschü (schu very low and short).
Man, ui̍t-h (h prolonged as an aspiration).
Meal (to eat?), teuah (e and u separated).
Medicine, tiua̍hruchi (i and u separated; ti short; ah with strong accent; uch guttural).
Medicine drum, akadéhwuchnahch (ch guttural; wuch and ahch very indistinct).
Medicine pipe, napàhruchti (uch guttural).
Moon, pa̍.
Morning, hina̍chtit.
Mother, scha̍chti (German; i indistinct).
Mountain, wáo-tiri̍huh.
Mouth, hah-ka̍u (kau together, with the accent).
Much, tiráhnehun (e full value; un like oun in French).
Negro, sa̍hnisch-kahtitt.
Night, uettekattih-si̍ha (e full value; final a short and low).
Nose, sini̍ht.
One-eyed, tschirikak-cho (ch like a guttural breath).
Partizan (leader of a war party), däschtschi̍ta (German throughout).
People (folk), sa̍hnisch.
Pipe (tobacco), nauschkatsch (German throughout).
Pouch (for ammunition), ischtachkóhku (ach guttural).
Powder (gun-powder), it-ka̍hn (it barely audible; otherwise German).
Pumpkin (the fruit), neka̍hse (first e full value; final e ½).
Quick, pi̍sch.
Quiver, uachtáss (ach low; uach very low, in the throat).
Rain, uettasuhe (e ½).
Rattle (sysyquoy, or gourd-rattle), atschihikúchtsch (uch guttural).
Red (color), tippaha̍ht (t barely audible).
Red (to paint red), tippaha̍hnu (u barely audible).
Revenge (v), uëuittetut-kaui̍ht (aui separated; likewise ue).
River, sahá-nin (German throughout).
Saddle, anari̍tschi-tauï (the whole low; ta together; a, u, and i separated).
Scalp, uittirah-hunnu (nu very short and barely audible; u and it separated).
Sick, tenáhchehu (ch guttural; e full value).
Small (short), kakirihuh.
Smoke, tira̍h-uchschka̍ (uch very short guttural; schka very strong emphasis).
Snow, huna̍ho (o short and low).
Speak, tihuáhwachtéhku (u short and low; ach guttural).
Spirits (distilled), séh-sannach (ach guttural as in German).
Star, sakka̍h.
Stingy, tähui̍ss-ch (ch guttural prolonged).
Stirrup, achkatatáu (ach merely a guttural sound, nearly ch).
Stone, kanéh-tsch (tsch merely hissed at end).
Strong, tetárach-tschisch (last word loud with emphasis; ach guttural).
Sun, schakúhn (German).
Sunflower (helianthus), stschüpünáh-núhchu (ch guttural).
Sweet, uettáh.
Teeth, a̍hna (a barely audible, thus nearly ahn).
Thunder, uaruchte-teuachnáho (e distinctly pronounced).
Tobacco, nahuischkáhn (nah together; uisch like wisch, merely a hiss).
Tobacco-pouch, nanochkóhku (och guttural; koh rather indistinct).
Tomahawk (with the pipe), katarátsch-nauschkatsch (German throughout).
Tomahawk (without the pipe), katarátsch.
Tongue, háhtu (u barely audible).
Toothache, tikuchkaráhnu (uch guttural; nu short and low).
Trail, hatúhn.
Ugly, kakúchne (ch rather indistinct; e ½).
Village, etúhn.
War, na̍minakohn, i.e., to fight.
War-club (with the iron head), akachtáhka (ach guttural).
Wash, tani̍h-karúhku (final u short and low).
Water, stóh-cho (st with the point of the tongue; ch guttural).
Weep (v), titschi̍ck.
White (the color), tetschéh-schauatá (together).
White-man, sáhnisch-thaka.
Wind, tihútt.
Winter, hunáhka (a merely a guttural aspirate).
Wood, náh-ku (u low and short; run together).
Wood (piece of), natsch (German throughout; same word as for bow, but pronounced shorter).
Yellow, tirachkatáh (ach German guttural).
Yes, haa (nasal).
Names of Animals
Antelope (general term), nanonatsch; the buck, arikatoch (och guttural); doe, achkahuahtaesch.
Bat, wa̍hch.
Bear (black), mató.
Bear (grizzly), kúhnuch (uch guttural).
Beaver, tschi̍ttuch (uch guttural).
Bighorn, arikússu; usually arikúss.
Buffalo (bull), hoh-kúss; the cow, watahésch.
Deer (black-tailed), tahkati̍tt.
Deer (common), nochnuna̍hts (noch barely audible).
Dog, chahtsch (ch guttural, German throughout).
Duck, kúh-ha (ha merely a breathing).
Eagle (bald-headed), ari̍chta (ich German, with the point of the tongue).
Eagle (war), dä̍htach-ka̍ss (ach guttural).
Elk (general term), ua̍; the stag, ua̍-nukúss; the doe, uaua̍taesch.
Fox (gray), tschiwakóh-kussohtara̍huisch (rah together; u and i separated).
Fox (prairie), tschiua̍hk (ua separated, accent on uahk, abruptly ended).
Fox (red), tschiwakúh-kuss.
Horse, chawa̍hruchtä (ch and uch guttural).
Moose, wah-sucha̍rut (ch guttural).
Mule, chawaka̍du (du barely audible; ch guttural).
Otter, tschita̍hpat, or tschittahpatte (e ½).
Skunk, nimbi̍tt.
Swan, scha̍htu (tu very short).
Turtle, tschi̍u-ha̍hn (i and u separated: i accented; hah very strong emphasis; the whole run together).
Wolf (gray), sziri̍tsch-tehunéhnoch (e full value).
Wolf (prairie), pachka̍tsch (ach guttural; same word as for god).
Wolf (white), sziri̍tsch-sta̍hka.
Articles of Dress and Implements
Breechcloth, mischa̍ch-kaë̍htu (ach guttural; ka and eh separated; tu short).
Buffalo-robe, sahóhtsch (German throughout).
Hair-ornament (the crow), nachkúch-katóch (ch guttural).
Head-dress (the long hood of feathers), pachta̍hruka-wüe (ach guttural; wu and e separated; e ½).
Leggings, gógutsch (go guttural; o full; German throughout).
Moccasins, chútsch (ch guttural).
Necklace (of bear's claws), kunúch-chwü̍tu (ch guttural).
Powder-horn, pah-ri̍h-ku (ku short).
Sledge, ta̍ruch-ta̍hsch (uch guttural).
Whip, pi̍nnuch (uch a strongly hissed, low guttural sound).
Wolf-tail (ornament for heel), ha̍chtit-kutawö̍ (hach merely a guttural sound like ch).
Numerals
One, a̍chku (u barely audible; ku merely a guttural aspirate).
Two, pi̍ttcho (o barely audible; cho merely a guttural aspirate).
Three, ta̍h-uitt (uitt very short and low; tt barely audible).
Four, tschetéhsch (e full value).
Five, si̍-huch (huch low and short; an aspirate).
Six, tscha̍hpis (pis short and low).
Seven, taui-scha̍hpis-uahn (the last two words run together; a and u separated).
Eight, tauischa̍hpis (a and u separated).
Nine, nochenéh-uahn (ch guttural; first e ½).
Ten, nochén (ch guttural).
Eleven, pitkóche-nëuahn (first e ½; ne and u separated; ch guttural).
Twelve, pitchóchin (ch guttural; in German).
Twenty, uïta̍.
Thirty, sauï (a and u separated).
Forty, pitkonane-nonchen (on French; chen as above).
Fifty, here they begin again with ten and count to one hundred by tens; fifty is thus five times ten.
Hundred, schucktahn; i.e., all the tens.
Names of Rivers
Bighorn, Arikúss-okaháhn.
Cannonball, Natschi̍o-háu (i accented; i and o separated; hau pronounced together as in German).
Grand, Sáchkau-waháhn (ach guttural; au together as in German, but barely audible).
Heart, Tostschi̍ta.
Knife, Ésitsch-kaháhn.
Little Bighorn, Ariksúh (really Arikússu)-kaháh-schiripáss.
Little Missouri (upper), Okaháh-tschiripáss.
Missouri, Swarúchti (uch guttural); or Hokaháh-ninn (nin German), i.e., Medicine-water.
Muddy (upper), Hohrutschítt (r with the point of the tongue; German throughout).
Musselshell, Skápedoch-saháhn (och guttural; e ½).
Powder, Kanáchtu-suhukaháhn (ach guttural; German throughout).
Rivière à Moreau, Kadi̍h-kahi̍tt.
Rivière au castor, Zitech-saháhn (zi German; ech guttural; e nearly the same as ü, and barely audible).
Rivière au rempart, Laráh-páhwi.
Rocky Mountains, Wagátti-stáhga (ga German; sta with point of the tongue).
Square Butte creek (Butte-carrée) Tschi̍h-issu (emphasis on the first word; the second word low; German throughout).
Teton, Sih-sawi̍h-tii; i.e., the stagnant water.
Tongue, Hatúhu-kaháhn (German, run together).
White (lower), Hokahach-kúss (ach guttural).
White-earth, Horúss-tuhusscháhn (German throughout; ch guttural).
Yellowstone, Wáh-hukaháhn.
Names of Neighboring Tribes
Arrapahos, Schahä̍.
Assiniboins, Pa̍hoak-sa̍.
Blackfeet, Chochkátit (ch guttural; last t barely audible).
Crows, Tuch-káh-ka (uch guttural; ka low and short).
Dacotas, Schaónn.
Minnitarris, Uïtatt-saháhn.
Pahnis, Tschi̍hrim (ri very short).