FOOTNOTES:
[254] Written from the pronunciation of the old Kutanä̍ Indian, Hómach-Ksáchkum, the Great Earth, of whom a most excellent likeness is given on Plate 79 of my Atlas. I have spoken of this people in several places in the first volume of this work. Parker (ibid., p. 304) says of the Kutonä̍s, Kutnehä̍s, or Kutanihs: "The Cootanies inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas along M'Gillivray's river, and they are represented as an uncommonly interesting people. They speak a language distinct from all the tribes about them, open and sonorous, and free from gutturals, which are common in the language of the surrounding tribes. They are neat in their persons and lodges, candid and honest, and kind to each other. I could not ascertain their numbers, but probably they are not over a thousand." In Ross Cox, (p. 242), there is also information regarding them; but the missionary Parker (ibid., p. 286) seems to call this traveller's truthfulness in question. From my carefully copied words of the Kutanä language, it is evident that it is not easy to pronounce on account of its lingual clicking; and that it has a large number of guttural tones.—Maximilian.
[255] The Kutanä̍s, or Kutunä̍s, also Kutnehä̍s, dwell in the Rocky mountains beyond the sources of Maria river; and on their mountains lives the white mountain goat. They are said to call themselves Kutonachä; the French know them as Coutonais; and the Blackfeet call them Kutanä̍. They are few in number, having only some forty lodges. Among their ornaments they highly prize cylinders cut from mussel-shells, especially those cut from the shell of the dentalium, which they obtain from the western seacoast. The Blackfeet, especially the Blood Indians, are their declared enemies. They do not live on the flesh of the buffalo, which is not found in their mountains; but in their country many beaver are obtained, excellent fish (trout), and several other species of animals, especially the orignal (cervus alces amer.), the white mountain goat, and the bighorn; also many kinds of roots and berries serve them as food. They raise large numbers of strong and handsome horses; they are well clothed; and are expert beaver hunters. They are skilful in making bows and arrows. Their language is difficult to learn. The words are spoken softly and indistinctly; in addition there are many clicking tones and hollow gutturals; and they also lisp.—Maximilian.
MANDAN, or Númangkake[256]
Abode (dwelling place), iwakschúntusch.
Above, a̍hkitta.
Abyss (precipice), pähúsch.
Ahead, untihä̍ddisch (un French, like oun).
Aim (v; take aim), mitáhrusch.
All (everything), ekúnhä (n French, like oun); all men, or people, a̍mbä (m French).
Alone, jï̍cha (ch guttural).
Always, amánkahu-sch (an French; husch run together as a final syllable).
American (n), Mánhichtä (an French; ch guttural); i.e., Long Knife.
Animal (quadruped), wáhockschukkä.
Another, táhonsch (on French; honsch lower and shorter than ta).
Anxiety (fear), wohkarachka (ch guttural).
Approach stealthily (v), cherúhradéhusch (che guttural; r with the point of the tongue).
Arm, a̍hdä.
Arrow, manna-máh-hä (the whole pronounced together).
Ashes, uáraschuntä.
Ask (v), kiimáhche-sch (ch guttural).
Awake (v, intr), i̍wakschuntusch (un German).
Awake (v, tr), kittáhrusch.
Axe, o̍hmanatä.
Back (n), (v; to move with a jerk?), nápp-chä (ch guttural).
Back (adv), kiri̍je (je French); i.e., he is back, (il est deretour).
Backward, naschi̍tta (ta short).
Bad, warákä-ächkasch (e full value).
Bald, pah-e-sérroko-sch (e ½ and barely audible).
Ball (for playing), mihp-toht-kisch (pronounce together); the game is called by the same name.
Ball (same word as for lead), uáhtöschemáhhä (o almost like e; e only ½).
Ball-game of the women, mi̍hptott-kä̍; ball, mi̍hptodä̍.
Basket (leather; used by women for carrying), chä̍hank (ch guttural).
Bear (v; give birth), éhtu-sch (eh long).
Beard, hi̍h.
Beautiful, schi̍naschusch.
Behind, náschitero (e distinctly pronounced).
Belly, ä̍hchi (ah long and accented; ch guttural).
Below (beneath), mánpeta (an French; e ½; ta short).
Bend (v), kihskóppohärrisch (arrisch barely audible).
Berdash, mi̍hdäckä.
Beside (near), mipä̍chtihsch (ach guttural).
Best (man), koschi̍sch (final sch slightly hissed).
Between, nastá.
Big with young, same word as for pregnant.
Bile (the yellow water on the stomach), wáh-sih-dä (da low and short).
Bill (bill or beak of a bird), same word as for nose.
Billiard game (Billard-spiel), skóhpe (e ½).
Bird, mándeck-sukkä̍ (an French); wild-fowl, menickä̍.
Bite (v), naschä-sch (run together; ch slightly hissed).
Bitter, páhrusch.
Black, psi̍h.
Bladder, i̍hdächä (ch guttural).
Blind (adj), istá-chädetosch (ch guttural; chade short; the whole run together).
Blond, pahi̍n-si̍hdusch (n French; hin like hi nasal).
Blood, i̍hdä (da short).
Bloody, i̍h-kerréje (je French).
Bloom (v), hóh-säddähosch (hoh accented; second word short; sch sometimes slightly hissed).
Blue, tohä̍.
Blush (v), stassä̍härreh (st with the point of the tongue).
Boil (v), umpä̍sch (sch sometimes slightly hissed).
Bone, wahúhdä.
Bough, does not occur in the singular; boughs, o̍hchancha (ch guttural).
Bow, woraërúhpa (e full, distinct, and short), or waraërúhpa; this is the bow of elm.
Bow (strengthened with elk or sheep horn), wahú-erúhpa.
Bow-lance, erúhpa-hichtä̍ (ich guttural).
Box on the ear, rotkä̍sch (r with the point of the tongue).
Braid (v), kaschkä̍-sch (sch slightly hissed).
Brain, nathenu (e distinctly pronounced).
Break (v; shatter), pä̍hrusch.
Breast, táchärächä (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue).
Breath, o̍nnihä.
Bridge (tree-bridge), mánna-achkini̍hnde (second word without emphasis; ach guttural).
Bridle (of a horse), mani̍ssikaskä.
Brilliant (splendid), éduchtukosch.
Broad, pchi̍hrusch (ch guttural).
Brook, passán-kschuck (an French); kschuck, narrow.
Broom, i̍ngka-gischka (ing German; second word low).
Brother (eldest), mong-ká.
Brother (youngest), pschong-ká.
Brown, tkópp: that is brown, anttkopposch (an French); it is brown, tkópposch.
Bud (n), aschi̍ngkohsch.
Burn (v), ratsiposch: the prairie burns, máh-ódisch; i.e., the prairie is colored black.
Burn (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), náchuhdusch (ch guttural).
Buttock, i̍h-ta (ta very short).
Buy (v), wikáhrusch.
Call (v; shout), ruhä̍rrisch (short).
Calm (n), i̍hpatta-häschkasch.
Canoe (of leather), minnánke (an French; ke short and low).
Carrion (a dead animal), kómmahä.
Catch (v; capture), owáschakosch.
Caught (taken prisoner), i̍hnissä.
Cave (house in the rock), mi̍hsánnakeh-kúhsta-auti-túhsch.
Chew (v), rapsáhkosch.
Child, suck-chámahä.
Chin, i̍hku.
Circle (n), o̍hkamischkakusch.
Clear, karáschäkosch (sch but slightly audible).
Clouds (masses of cloud), háhdä.
Coal, bä̍chchä (ch guttural).
Cold (adj), schi̍nnihusch.
Collar, warapening-gä (e ½; the whole run together).
Colt, u̍npa-manisini̍hka-sch (n French).
Comb, pai̍wachunkä (ch guttural; ai together; ka short).
Come (v), kuhóhsch, or kuhosch.
Come here (imperative), hú-ta (first syllable long; last syllable very short).
Console (v), kehápp-herrisch (e distinctly pronounced; herrisch short; the whole run together).
Convenient (comfortable), o̍hmannaka-schi̍hsch (second word spoken lower).
Corpse, uattä̍h-hädde (e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
Cough (v), hokä̍rukä.
Count (v), pakkiri̍hdusch.
Cover (v; ornament), a̍h-kuposch (osch barely audible).
Cowardly, wakarrachkáhsch (rr with the point of the tongue; ach guttural).
Crack (v; crack a whip), karaparaschusch (r full, with the point of the tongue).
Crooked, skóposch.
Crow (way of wearing the hair), pahi̍n-okaskäsch (sch slightly hissed).
Cure (v), kimikóh-sch.
Curly, minni̍menihsch (e ½).
Curry (v), ruhi̍ntu-sch (ruhintusch).
Cut (v), pauä̍-schusch (run together; paua short; a and u separated).
Cut down (v), pauïschosch (short).
Cut down (a tree), mánna-kassähherrisch (herrisch very short and run together; the last two words pronounced together).
Dance (n), uáhnapä.
Dark, hapä̍hreschka (pah long; ka half short).
Daughter, suck-mi̍h-husch; i.e., maiden.
Day, kaschä̍kosch.
Day after to-morrow, mahtke-óhmaestá (e barely articulated, heard only as a light sound).
Dead, ottä̍hrusch.
Deaf, nakóckä-sidikosch (ch guttural; the whole run together).
Dear (costly), i̍scha-hähónsch (on French).
Dearest (i.e., "the most beautiful"), suck-mi̍hä-koschi̍naschämi̍hkasch.
Death, tä̍hrusch.
Deceive (they say "he has not paid his debts"), i̍hscha-häuahma-kuï-néhchusch (ch guttural; e distinctly pronounced).
Decoy (v; an animal), wattáchakhuhrosch (ch guttural); i.e., because I imitate their call, I make them come.
Delay (v; make late), o̍hhi-kahunuahärrisch (hun run together, like French oun; the whole short and pronounced together).
Demolish (v; e.g., take down a lodge), ohséhrusch (rusch low).
Destroy (v; ruin, spoil), tellepóhsch.
Devil (evil spirit), o̍mahank-chikä̍ (an French; ch guttural).
Dew, béddädä (e distinctly pronounced; the whole short).
Die (v), tä̍hrusch.
Dirty (v), tkappoahärrisch (pronounced very short).
Dirty, warát-keddisch (run together; keddisch short; e full value).
Dish (of wood), mánna-pachä̍ (ch guttural).
Dive (v), kschi̍ppo-sch.
Divide (v), i̍hkappähdusch.
Do (v), isä̍kosch; do not do it, káhdä-isä̍ckta.
Door, béddähä (da and a short).
Double, náhta-sch (natusch; sch slightly hissed).
Drag (v), paschi̍h-husch (run together).
Draw (v; draw water), i̍nnisusch (run together; short).
Dream (n), same word as for verb.
Dream (v), chi̍ckhäddähsch (ch guttural).
Drink (v), hi̍hndosch (n French).
Drive (v), kochä̍hrutosch.
Drop (n; e.g., of water), sä̍hhusch.
Drown (v; to be drowned), numangkáke-kámahä.
Drum (n), mánna-berächä̍ (e distinctly pronounced; ch guttural).
Dry (adj), sáhkosch.
Dung, ä̍hde (e distinctly pronounced).
Dumb, uáhronächa (ch guttural).
Dust, uaratä̍; it is dusty, uaratä̍dachingkosch.
Ear, nakóchä (ch guttural and short).
Ear-ornament, uóhkaske (e distinctly pronounced and short).
Early (of time), koskäch-chámahä (ch guttural).
Earth, máhhankä (an French; ka short and low).
Egg (bird's), mándeck-suck-ni̍ï̍tka (an French).
Elbow, akschi̍sche-náhde (first e ½; final e distinctly pronounced).
Embroider (v), ni̍hhä-ohwaptäsch.
Empty (adj), okikóhhä.
Enemy, uï̍hratandä (an French).
Englishman, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍mihsiháhkta; i.e., a Frenchman from the north.
Enough, a̍ntechksach (e ½; ech guttural).
Entangle (v; involve), i̍hki-ruhmenisch.
Even (flat), kahósta; really a level prairie or plain.
Evening, istúnhä-dähus (n French).
Everywhere, äkunhä-ahkskä-üahä̍rrisch (the two last words short and run together).
Expectorate (v; vomit), oksóhkusch.
Eye, istá; both eyes, istómmi.
Eyelid, istá-rupchä (ch guttural; the whole run together).
Face (sight), istá.
Fade (v; grow pale), sterruckäschä̍h.
Fade (v; wither), dachi̍hdusch (ch guttural).
Fail (v; miss), kakáhon-sch (kakahonsch; on French; honsch short and low).
Fall (v), dóhbchösch (chosch short and guttural).
Fall (v; of the leaves), haráhrusch (r with the point of the tongue): mánna-ahpöharáhrusch, the leaves are falling; mánna-ahpó, the leaves.
Fan, i̍hkärä-hädittä̍ (ka short).
Far (distant), téhhan-sch (tehhansch; an French).
Far (remote), ruhchäddäta (ta short).
Fat (melted), ihkiri̍.
Fat (stout), si̍hndä.
Father, kóhtä (o full; ta short).
---- (his), kóhtosch.
---- (my), wáhtosch.
---- (your), ráhtosch (r with the point of the tongue); the plural is never used, they say instead "the father."
Feather, si̍h.
Feel (v), paschkáttusch.
Female (of animals), mi̍hkasch.
Fin, póssi.
Find (v), onóppohsch.
Finger, ungkáh-hä (ha very short and lower).
Finger (fore), ungkóh-mihä̍ (mi short).
Finger (fourth), unghnátsä-mingkä̍.
Finger (little), ungkni̍-ingka (run together).
Finger (middle), ungknátka-kánachkah (ach guttural).
Fire, uáradä (ua nearly like wa; da distinctly pronounced and short).
Fire-brand uára-rakschä̍.
Fish, pó.
Fish (v; catch fish), póhru-pschikóhsch (first e with the point of the tongue).
Fish (v), póhrup-schi̍kohsch.
Fish-hook, poïkinnih (short).
Fist, ongkirrussa-nakä (russa-naka very short).
Flame, uára-kapi̍dihä.
Flat, pschi̍hdä (da short).
Flatter (v), i̍hkiri-áhkawaschusch (ch guttural).
Flea (insect), péschki.
Flee (v; escape), ptähó-sch (ptahosch; sch slightly hissed).
Flesh, mánskapö (an French).
Flint, máhkick-schukä̍.
Flood (v; overflow), mönnih-suckhä̍ddisch.
Flute (with holes for fingering), i̍h-wochka (och guttural).
Flute (without holes), i̍h-koschka.
Fly (v), kikárehdusch (r with the point of the tongue).
Foam, puchtä̍ (ch guttural; ta short).
Fog, masihsch.
Food (something to eat), wóhruté.
Foot, schi̍h.
Foot-path, nánko (n French).
Force (v; compel), si̍n-hin-kehde (e distinctly pronounced; in in both cases like i nasal; the whole run together).
Forehead, ithakä (ka short and low).
Forest, mánna-rucktá.
Forget (v), ikihanchikusch (an French; ch guttural).
Free (he is no slave), waïnihsi̍hnichosch (ch guttural).
Freeze (v), ktáhohsch.
Frenchman, Waschi̍, or Uaschi̍.
Friend, manuká (a ½).
Frost (hoar-frost), istúnhä-uáhätúhsch (n French; ua together).
Full, ohi̍hsch.
Full moon, mi̍hnangkä-okahi̍ (short and run together); it may also be written, mihnang-ga.
Fully, ráttacosch.
Game (play), ki̍hni.
Gay-colored, puhsä̍; it is gay-colored, or spotted, puhsä̍hsch.
Go (v), déh-husch.
Go hunting (v; go on a hunt), schánterähusch (an French; e ½; ra short).
God, o̍hmahank-numákschi (an French); literally the lord or chief of the earth.
Good, schihsch (sch often slightly hissed; but not regularly).
Grandchild, tauï̍hangka-sch (hankasch; sch slightly hissed), or tauï̍h-hangkasch.
Grape-vine, hasch-huhdä (a short).
Grass, chahä̍ (ch guttural).
Grave, there is no such word; burial scaffold, maschóttä; see below, under "inter."
Gray, chóttä (ch guttural).
Gray-haired, pahi̍n-chóttä (ch guttural).
Great (tall), haschkasch (sch slightly hissed).
Green, wi̍ïratohä.
Ground, mánpeterroh (an French; e ½; terroh short and low).
Grow (v), ini̍hndusch (first i rather long).
Gums, hiddó-sä (very short and run together).
Gun, wáhta-schirúhpa, or erúhpa (e sometimes pronounced like i); rifle, ehrúhp-achtä̍ (the whole run together).
Gut (intestines), sihpä.
Gut (v; gut an animal), pokkanáhhusch.
Hail (n), rakánnandeh (kannan short; an French).
Hair, pahi̍n (n French; somewhat like a nasal pahi).
Half, i̍hschanhä (an French).
Hand, ung-kä̍.
Hard, kahsäsch (sch sometimes slightly hissed).
Hate (v), woráttehusch (r with the point of the tongue).
Haul (v; fetch), kittáhhusch, or kichkararusch (ich guttural).
Head, pá (short).
Headache, panáhrusch (r with the point of the tongue).
Hear (v), ä-sch (run together; but sch is sometimes prolonged).
Heart, nátka.
Hearty (stout-hearted), kakáhhonsch (on French; sch often a little prolonged).
Heat (n), dádeschusch (e distinctly pronounced).
Heat (v; inflame), manassinko-sch (manassingkosch; sch slightly hissed); i.e., I am warm.
Heaven (sky), cháre-toho-sch (ch guttural; e ½; the whole run together).
Heavy, tkä̍hsch.
Heel, schirúttä; plural, schirutosch.
Help (v), o̍hta-iuássakusch (pronounced together).
Hem (v; clear one's throat), háuikissekusch (the whole run together).
Hide (v), achawéhsch (ch guttural).
High, wáh-kohrusch.
Hoarse, hoh-chikóhsch.
Hole, o̍hoh-pusch (o full; the whole run together).
Hollow (adj), chówokosch (ch guttural).
Hoof, scháh-hä (ha short).
Hoop (of a barrel), mánna-bihduckä-i̍h-kamenihnde (first e ½).
Hope (v), iwatéhrusch.
Horns, ansä̍ (an French).
Horse, u̍mpa-meni̍ssä (m French; e ½).
Hot, dádähschusch.
House (lodge), oti̍.
Hunger, warúhtä-sch.
Hungry, wawarútä-sch; i.e., I am hungry.
Hunt (n), schántä (an French).
Hunt (v), wáhnin-déhusch (a full; nin German).
Hunter, kaschánteka (an French; e distinctly pronounced).
Hurricane, schächtä-sch (ach guttural), or schächtäsch.
I, mi̍h.
Ice, chóhde (ch guttural; de distinctly pronounced), or chóhdä.
In (come in), dóbcheta (ch guttural; e ½; ta short).
Incurable, o̍hkemick-härrächi̍hkusch (ch guttural).
Indistinct, ihi̍nnikosch.
Inter (v; place on the scaffold), omáhchä-dähhereje (ch guttural; hereje barely audible; je French; e barely pronounced); ohmáhchä, or maschótta, the burial scaffold.
Interior, kúhschta.
Intoxicate, russidi̍hrusch (r with the point of the tongue).
Iron, uáhtasche (e distinctly pronounced).
Island, uittká (ka short).
Itch (n), schirúhha (ha short).
Jar (of clay), berä̍chä (ch guttural).
Jaw, dóhhupa.
Joy, nettkaschi̍-sch (sch slightly hissed).
Kernel (of a fruit or seed), tsúhnta (n French; ta short; uhn somewhat nasal).
Kidneys, pi̍cksukkäh.
Kindle, raptähärri-sch (harrisch very short and indistinct).
Knee, súhpachä.
Kneel (v), súhpachä-natannakosch.
Knife, man-hi̍ (man French; often nearly ma with superior o).
Know (v), i̍hua-hähkohsch (ih together; ua separated).
Know (v; be acquainted with), i̍hwahäkosch.
Knuckle, assóh-keninde (first e ½; in German; final e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
Lame (limping), onni̍-ndächi̍kosch (ch guttural).
Lament (v; they say "he has pain, he weeps"), náhdä-irratahusch (ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue).
Lance, mánna-hiteruck-schukkä.
Land, same word as for earth.
Laugh (v), ihkchanhosch (ch guttural).
Lay (v), makhä̍rrähsch.
Lead, same word as for ball.
Leader (chief), numákschi.
Leaf, a̍hpä.
Leap (v; spring), skä̍-sch.
Leave (imperative; go out of the way), húh-ketá.
Left (adverb), nusúskasch.
Leg, oti̍h.
Lick (v), pédeh-sch (first e distinctly pronounced but short).
Lie (v; deceive), schähäkóhsch.
Life, nán-kesch (an French; kesch moderated; the whole run together).
Lift (v), ruhchóhku-sch.
Light (n), i̍ddä-ä̍chä (ch guttural).
Light (v), i̍hdä-chä̍waharisch.
Lightning, chä-kúhnde (ch guttural; e ½).
Like (v), wati̍hkidasusch.
Lip, i̍hchdobchi (ch guttural).
Little, sánkasch (an French).
Liver, pi̍h.
Long, hánschka (an French; ka short; usually pronounced haschka).
Loose (of clothes), pchi̍hdä (pchi guttural; da short).
Lungs, koppähk (o between a and o).
Maiden, suck-mi̍h-husch (the whole run together).
Maize, kóhchantä (ch guttural; an French).
Man, númangkohsch, or númangkosch.
Man, (human being), numangkáhkesch.
Marry (v), they say "he has taken a wife," or "she has taken a husband."
Meal (to eat?), warrutó-sch, (warrutosch; sch slightly hissed).
Medicine, chóppeni (ch guttural).
Medicine-feast, machóppenihuahäddisch.
Medicine-lodge, ti-chóppenisch (ch guttural; pronounced together).
Medicine-man, numánk-chóppenisch (ch guttural; e ½).
Melt (v), raschedä̍hsch.
Merchant, kaui̍kahka (aui separated; u short).
Messenger, kasäddä̍hsch; i.e., I employ him in order to send him.
Mirror, ih-mi̍ngkiäsch (run together).
Mistake (v; lose one's way), chi̍qua-härrisch (ch guttural).
Money, matáschä-schóttä; i.e., the white metal: or okihkikidasusoch; i.e., that which the white men love very much.
Moon, istú-menahke (first e ½; final e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
Moon (which is full), mi̍hnangkäokahi̍sch.
Moonshine, istú-menahke-iddäechosch (e ½; ch guttural; the last two words short and run together).
Morning, mámpsita (amp French; ta short).
Mother, kohúhndä (n French; da short).
---- my, mihúhndä.
---- your, nihúhndä.
---- his, ih-kohúhndä.
---- (plural), kohúhnka (n French).
Mountain, maháhk-chtä̍sch (ch guttural; sch slightly hissed).
Mouth, i̍h-hä.
Much, hunsch (un like French oun).
Murder (v; same word as for kill), tä̍hrusch.
Music, there is no such word; they say "song."
My, uawakáhrusch, or uáwaka-s.
Nails (on the feet), ung-ka-hä̍.
Nails (on the hands), ung-ka-hä̍.
Naked, ikara-súh-ninakosch (r with the point of the tongue; the whole run together).
Name, dássä.
Nape (of the neck), náhkuttä.
Narrow, kschukó-sch (sch slightly hissed).
Navel, dähp-ta-súh.
Neck (throat), itaïnú.
Needle (for sewing), mihstuheräóhhopä-túhsch (short).
Negro, waschi̍psi; i.e., the black man who has everything.
Nest (of birds), tachánde (an French; ch guttural; e distinctly pronounced and short).
Net (fish-net), pó-i̍kuhndä (n French; da very short).
New, nánkasch (an French).
New moon, mi̍hnangkä-nangkanakóhsch.
Night, istú-hunsch (istu very short; hun like houn in French).
Noon, hapánnatosch.
Northern lights, wauawáschirutä.
Nose, páhchu (pah a nasal tone between French ah and an, the same in mahchsi, eagle; chu guttural).
Nostril, páhchu-suh.
Not (nothing, none), mikóhsch; chosch (ch guttural) is the French pas, or not.
Old, chihósch (ch guttural).
Old man, wáratohka-chihósch (chi guttural).
Old woman, rokánka-chihénn (an French; ch guttural).
Oldest (the), koráttorusch.
On the other side, kutá.
Once, máchana-iï̍cha (ch guttural).
Over, a̍hkita.
Oversleep (v; neglect by sleeping), o̍wakinate-kahun-husch (first a distinctly pronounced; n French like oun; the whole short and run together).
Pain (n), wahúhde-náhdusch (e distinctly pronounced).
Paint (v), uå̍hkapusosch (a somewhat like å, or full).
Pair, nupschá.
Palate (roof of the mouth), nuti̍ske-okissángka (e distinctly pronounced).
Partizan (leader of a war party), karókkanakah.
Peace, herróhka-härri-sch (run together; lisped).
People (lowest people), wáhchikanaschä̍ (ch guttural); this is the most abusive word used by the Mandans.
Pinch (v; to carouse?), rúschkapusch.
Pipe (big medicine pipe), i̍h-hinkchóppenih (ch guttural; ihhink run together).
Pipe (tobacco), i̍h-hink-ossúhä (run together); usually ih-hingkä (the whole run together).
Pitch (rosin), ohruschkop.
Plant (v), uå̍hkihäddäisch (haddaisch short).
Play (v), meni̍cheni (ch guttural).
Pluck (v; feathers), pachkä̍ (ch guttural).
Point (v; with the finger), hä̍hmeni-häddisch.
Pointed, schi̍h-husch.
Poison, there is no word for it.
Polish (v), ihkich-kánusch (ch guttural; an French).
Pond (or pool), mö̍nnih-chä̍dochä (ch guttural).
Pouch (of leather), i̍hdukä.
Pouch (painted, of leather), i̍hwatarrackä.
Powder (gun-powder), waráschuntä.
Prairie, o̍h-karachtah (ach guttural).
Pregnant, ähchichtä̍ (ah rather long; ch guttural; ta short).
Press out (v; to express?), i̍hkastatusch.
Pretty, schi̍hnaschusch.
Prick (v; or sting), rápäsch.
Prisoner, iniss-hä̍ddisch.
Proud, tahuichtä-schi̍hkerisch (u and i separated; ch guttural; ta short; final e ½).
Pulse, katink-tink-kanáhgisch (run together).
Push (v; thrust), patkä̍h-sch.
Quarrel (v; fight), ráhpusch.
Quarter (of the moon), mi̍hnangkä-kaschúra-déhusch.
Quick, kattuscho-sch (scho-sch like a subdued schosch).
Quiver (for arrows), schuntháschk-ichti̍ckä (ch guttural).
Race (contest in running), pti̍hhing-kikéhrusch.
Rain (n), chä̍h-husch (ch guttural; the whole run together).
Rainbow, chä̍h-ikuhndä (ch guttural; da short).
Rattle (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), i̍nahdä (nah occasionally like nan in French, nasal).
Ready (completed), wakingkosch; it is not ready, wáuakin-ki̍nichosch (n French; ch guttural).
Reconcile (v), härróhka-härrisch (run together).
Red, sä̍hsch, or sä-sch.
Refuse (v; deny), rúhkahusch.
Revenge (v), taüi̍hscha-hätúhsch.
Rib, dút-huh-dä (da short; the whole run together).
Ring (v), ni̍hhä.
Ripe (of fruit), ráttakosch.
River, passan-hächtä̍ (an French; ch guttural; usually run together, then pronounced passachta, ach guttural).
Roast (v, or n), roki̍nni.
Rock (cliff), i̍hschanschekeh (an French; first e distinctly pronounced).
Rocky Mountains, Mi̍hndämánkä (an French).
Root, mánna-hissä̍.
Rot (v), tä̍rräpo-sch (sch slightly hissed).
Rotten (lazy?), natkachi̍hpo-sch (ch guttural; sch slightly hissed).
Round (adj), sánnakohsch.
Row (v; paddle), ihuachákasch (ih together).
Run (v), ptä̍-husch (run together).
Saddle (for a horse), mannissáhganakä (run together).
Salt (v; or sweeten), skuhóhsch.
Sand, mapúschakohsch (sch slightly hissed).
Scalp, padóbchi (ch guttural).
Scalp-dance, ui̍hskäkä-náhpisch (uihs long; kaka short).
Scar, ocha-túhsch (ch guttural).
Scratch (v), ungkáh-härrisch (harrisch low; the whole run together).
Scream (v), saráhrusch.
Sea, mönni̍h-kerre, or monni̍h-kärrä (kerre low, even, and without emphasis; e distinctly pronounced but short; r with the point of the tongue).
Secret (adj), achawä̍hsch (first ch guttural).
See (v), hä̍-sch.
Servant (marmiton, kettle-tender), kapä̍chka (ach guttural).
Shade (shadow), a̍hkunchä (n like French oun; ch guttural).
Shake (v; rock), kati̍dirischusch.
Shallow (water), mönni̍h-psi̍hkasch.
Sharp (keen), schi̍h-husch (run together).
Shave (v), hi̍hkirukess.
Shed tears (v; or n, tears?), istámönni-húhrusch (the whole run together).
Shield (pare flèche), waki̍hdä.
Shin (shin-bone), dobkáhgä (g guttural; ga short).
Shiver (v; with cold), kachóhkahárra-wáhankisch (an French).
Shoot (v; with a bow), mánnamahni̍hndusch.
Shoot (v; with a gun), eruhpákahtä (run together).
Shooting-star, chkäkä-rohhankadéhhusch (the whole run together).
Shore (bank), mö̍nnih-wakáchta (kach a strong nasal sound).
Short, sánnakosch.
Shoulder, ahki̍ttä.
Show (v; instruct in a matter), i̍kikuhntäsch.
Sick, ahgä̍nnadusch (also with rusch instead of dusch).
Side (of the body), dóh-i̍schanhä (an French; the whole run together).
Sigh (v), i̍nihä.
Sing (v), wakanáhrusch.
Sister (youngest), ptánka (an French); eldest sister, menúkä (e ½).
Sit (v), ki̍kanakä.
Skin (hide of animal), dohbchi̍h (ch guttural).
Sledge (dog-sledge, travail), man-i̍ssischan (an French, but often like a).
Sledge (sled), mánna-uïratahne.
Sleep (v), hánnarusch.
Sleepy, hannaruck; I am going to sleep, wahánna-edúck-sanhúsch (an French; the whole short and run together).
Slow, chä̍hrusch (ch guttural; rusch low and short).
Small (short), chámahä (ch guttural).
Smell (v; sniff, scent), ui̍hhä.
Smoke (n), pi̍h-husch.
Smoke (v; tobacco), manóschhi̍hndusch (short and run together).
Smooth, sánhisch (an French).
Snarl (v; growl), channah-hahosch (ch guttural; the whole run together).
Snow, wáh-hä.
Sole (of the foot), schirokä.
Son, konickä̍.
Song, wakánnarusch.
Sore-throat, itäï-nunahrusch.
Spark, uarani̍hka (ua almost like wa in the word for fire).
Speak (v), róhdä.
Spirits (distilled), mönni-páhre (e short).
Spittle, óksohkä.
Spoon, mansä̍ (an French); if it is of the horn of the buffalo or bighorn the name of the animal is added.
Spot (v), a̍hksehusch (e distinctly pronounced).
Spring (the season), bäh-hinundä (n French; the whole run together).
Spring (source), mannahinni̍h.
Spy (v), mi̍nnakochä-uakärup-schä-sch (sch slightly hissed).
Squint (v), istáck-chä̍kohsch (ch guttural; a short).
Star, chkäkä (ch begins as a guttural).
Start (v; to start an animal), kachä̍rutosch (ch guttural).
Steep (adj), kascháppähschkasch.
Step-father, called father; likewise step-mother is called mother.
Sterile, o̍hro-mikohsch.
Stick (n), mánna-kschúkä.
Stifle (v; choke, repress), russi̍ng-ko-sch (russingkosch; sch slightly hissed).
Still, happoähärohn-nkúnihusch (r with the point of the tongue).
Stinginess, schi̍rukohsch.
Stirrup, maniss-iwachungkä.
Stomach, tachárachä (ch guttural).
Stop (v; stop up), pattarókosch (r with the point of the tongue; o accented).
Stone (n), mi̍sannakä.
Storm (they say "a bad day," or "bad weather"), hapä̍h-chikóhsch (ch guttural).
Straight, schóhrusch (sch often slightly hissed).
Strike (v), dótkihsch.
Strong (of drink or other things), páhrusch.
Strong (physical strength), sinhusch (in nasal like i).
Stump, sónkohsch.
Stupid, ochka-sch (ochkasch; och guttural; sch slightly hissed).
Summer, ráskikä.
Sun, maháp-mi̍h-nangkä (the whole run together).
Sunrise, mi̍hnangkä-ti̍hsch.
Sunset, mi̍hnangkä-opókkohusch.
Surround (v; enemies), ikisánpasch (an French).
Swallow (v; choke), oschárroposch.
Swamp (or lake), manichtä̍; a dirty place, tuntukosch.
Sweat (v), dássing-kohsch (run together).
Sweet, skunhó-sch (hosch abruptly ended; un like oun in French).
Swim (v), paschún (n French; un like French oun).
Swollen, páh-hosch (run together; sch slightly hissed).
Tail (of bird), i̍hpä (pa short).
Tail (of animal), schunntä̍ (ta short).
Teach (v), ikkikúhntä (ta short).
Tear (v; tear or break to pieces), ruchángkosch (ruchangkosch).
Tear out (v), pachkä̍; same as to pluck.
Tears, istá-mönni-húhrusch (the whole run together).
Teeth, hi̍h.
Testicle, asútka.
There (yonder), e̍tta.
Thick (stout), chtä̍-sch (ch guttural; sch slightly hissed).
Thin, pampi̍h-sch (pampisch; sch slightly hissed; am or an French).
Throat, nutiskä.
Thumb, umká.
Thumb, umpkä̍.
Thunder, chä̍-i-nihä (ch guttural; the whole run together).
Tickle (v), ruksicksikusch (r with the point of the tongue).
Tie (v; fasten), kaskéhje (final e barely audible; j French).
Tinder-box, mi̍hka-de (low and short).
Tobacco, mannaschä̍.
Tobacco (mixed with red willow), mánna-séka.
Tobacco (mixed with sakkakomi or bear-berry), mannaschot-kuschä̍.
Tobacco-pouch, mánnaschä-dockä̍.
Toe, schi̍-nihka.
To-morrow, máhtke (e distinctly pronounced, but short).
Tongue, dä̍hsike (e ½).
Toothache, hi̍h-náhrusch.
Top (summit), mahakáhgitta.
Toughness, käddä̍hrusch.
Track (of an animal), oni̍hnde (de short; e nearly full value).
Trade (n), uïh-karusch.
Trap (for animals), a̍hchkatachka (ka short; ch guttural).
Tree, mannáh, or mánna.
Tremble (v), kati̍derischusch.
True, tkuschósch.
Turn (v, twist), mi̍h-nuptakohsch (run together).
Turn back (v, return), kiptáhanni-kuhosch (the whole run together).
Ugly, chikósch (ch guttural), or chikóhsch.
Unhealthy, uáhschi-chi̍hsch (run together; ch guttural).
Unripe, schánhohsch (an French).
Until (unto), o̍hdähä.
Urine, dä̍chä (ch guttural).
Valley, o̍wako-pä̍.
Vein (artery), ji̍dukkä, or hissä̍ (German throughout).
Void (adj; stale; or cool, moderate), nahnka-wawarut-tenech-osch (first e French and so somewhat nasal; e distinctly pronounced; ch guttural).
Wait (v, await), kiháhnakosch.
War, there is no such word; to fight, ki̍ddack-sahndusch.
War-club (of stone), mi̍h-kaské.
War-club (of wood), mánna-paui̍schä.
War-club (small iron tomahawk), o̍hmanat-tchámahä (ch guttural).
War-club (with iron point), mono-pschi̍hdä, or mánna-ókatanhä (an French).
Warm, dadéschusch (e distinctly pronounced).
Warmth, same word as for warm.
Warrior (a brave fighter), kirak-san-charakusch (an French; ch guttural; r with the point of the tongue).
War-whoop, scheddekóhsch.
Wash (v), kirúskikusch.
Water, mönni̍h; occasionally, menni̍h.
Water-jar, mönni-mi̍hnda (da short).
Wax, o̍hkerusche-schi̍pka-o̍hdä-chä (e in sche ½).
Weary, ïua-hatésch (iua separated; h barely audible; e distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).
Weather (fair), happe-schiéhsch (e ½; run together without break); i.e., it is fair weather.
Weep (v), rattachósch (ch guttural).
Wet, skapposch.
What (or how), taschká-tl (tl lisped as in Mexico).
Whip (for horses), i̍h-kaparaschä.
Whirlpool, mö̍nnih-ruhmenischka (e ½)
Whistle (v; or pipe), i̍hkoschä.
White, schóttä.
White-man, waschi̍, or uaschi̍; i.e., he who has everything, or everything good.
Whole, ekún-ha (n French; ha short).
Widow, they say "the husband is dead."
Wind (n), schä.
Wind (v; of game), i̍hkamenihn-dusch (e ½).
Wing (n), ahpcha (ch guttural; final a almost as if with umlaut, short and low).
Winter, máhna.
Wither (v), ráhsakosch.
Woman (wife), mi̍h-hä; this is a woman, mii̍h-husch.
Wood, mánna.
Work (v), wai̍sakosch (wai pronounced together).
Wound (v), u̍hsch.
Wound (v), o̍hcha-tu-kä̍rähusch (ch guttural); i.e., he went away wounded.
Wrap up (v), ikikáhmenisch (e ½).
Wrinkle (n), si̍hpo-sch (sihpohsch).
Yawn (v), ichbedä̍hrusch (ch guttural; sch slightly hissed).
Year, máhna: there is really no word for year; they say "winter,"—"I am so many winters old."
Yellow, si̍hdä (da short).
Yellowish, chi̍hdä (ch guttural).
Yes, hon (on French), or hau (pronounced as in German).
Yolk (the yellow in the egg), mándeck-suck-ni̍ïka-kuhschta-ossiidä.
Young, suck-chámahusch.
Young animal, koni̍hnka (second n French; ihn somewhat nasal).
Animals
Antelope (general term), kokä̍; the buck, kockberockä̍.
Antelope (with horns), kokástu.
Badger, mahtä̍ckä.
Bat, háhchurahdä (ch guttural).
Bear (black), ischii̍dda (da short).
Bear (grizzly), mató.
Beaver, uárapä, or wárapä.
Bighorn, ansechtä̍ (an French; e barely audible; ch guttural; ta very short; the whole therefore almost anschta).
Buffalo (bull), berockä̍.
Buffalo (calf), ni̍hka.
Buffalo (cow), ptihndä, orpti̍hnde.
Crane, tä̍hräcke (e distinctly pronounced).
Crane, (white), tä̍hräck-schóttä.
Crow, chóhchichanka (ch Dutch guttural throughout).
Deer (black-tailed), schumpsi.
Deer (common), máhmanakuh.
Duck, pattóhä.
Eagle (bald-headed), pattáckä.
Eagle (old war-eagle), kichká (ch guttural).
Eagle (war-eagle), máhchsi (mah almost like man, French nasal; ch guttural).
Eagle (young bald-headed), chtachtáha (ch and ach guttural).
Elk, o̍mpa, or u̍mpa (om French, um like oum in French).
Elk (doe), o̍mpa-mi̍hkasch.
Elk (stag), o̍mpa-berockä̍.
Fisher (mustela pennantii), ichti̍ck-psi̍h (ch guttural).
Fox (black), hirútt-psii̍h.
Fox (cross-fox), hirútt-chack-chäh (ch guttural).
Fox (grey), hirútt-chóttä (ch guttural).
Fox (prairie), o̍hcha (ch guttural).
Fox (red), hirútt-sä̍.
Frog, psánka (an French).
Goose (white), mi̍hhan-schóttä.
Goose (wild), mii̍hhan-kschukkä̍ (an French).
Gopher (arctomys hoodii, striped prairie squirrel), maschirónika.
Hare (white), máhchtikä (ch guttural; ti short).
Horse, u̍mpa-meni̍ssä (um like oum in French; e ½).
Horse, (young), u̍mpa-meni̍ssini̍hkasch (sch sometimes slightly hissed).
Humming-bird, manasch-chóhpkocháchka (ch guttural; the whole run together).
Lizard, mi̍hkanatka.
Lynx, schontä̍-pussä̍.
Magpie, uihkchák-chäkä (ch guttural).
Mink, mönnika-súnntackä.
Mole (gopher), machtóhpka (ach guttural; o full).
Moose, páhchub-ptaptá (ch guttural).
Mouse, mi̍htickä.
Mule, schúmpsi-mani̍sseh.
Nighthawk (goatsucker), pi̍hska.
Otter, pä̍hchtekeh (ch guttural; e ½; keh somewhat prolonged).
Owl (German uhu, strix bubo; western horned owl?), ichki̍hä (ch guttural).
Panther, schuntä̍-háschka; literally the long tail.
Pelican (great, or "scheteck"), nuthkuchtä (uch guttural); i.e., the thick throat.
Pigeon (passenger-pigeon), uárawit-chtä̍.
Pigeon (turtle-dove, columba carolinensis), uárawit-kschukä̍.
Rabbit (lepus americanus), máhchtikä (ch guttural; ti short).
Rat, mi̍htick-chtä (ch guttural).
Raven, kä̍hka.
Skunk, schóchtä (och German guttural).
Snake, wahchkeruchká (ch guttural; e distinctly pronounced and short).
Snake, (rattle-snake), matáh-chóppenih (ch guttural; e ½).
Swan, mandéh-chóppenih (an French; ch guttural); i.e., the medicine bird.
Swine, waschi̍ta-mató; i.e., the white man's bear.
Titmouse, patáhpsi.
Toad, chatká (ch guttural).
Troupial (red shouldered), a̍hpcha-sä (ch guttural).
Turkey (wild), máhnu (a rather full, almost as if with superior o).
Turkey buzzard, ruh-hah-deh.
Turtle, ki̍psandä (an French; da short).
Waxwing, o̍hpa-kótika (oh and o full).
Weasel (stoat), máhchpach-pi̍rakä (only slightly separated; ch guttural).
Weasel (the small weasel), machschipka (ach guttural).
Wolf (black), cháhratä-psi̍h.
Wolf (gray), cháhratä-chóttä.
Wolf (prairie), schähä̍ckä, or schähä̍cke (e short).
Wolf (white), cháhratä-schóttä.
Wolverene (gulo borealis), matóka (ka abruptly ended; run together).
Woodpecker, tóschka.
Plants
Ash, tapsá.
Birch, wáhchochä (ch guttural).
Negundo maple, mi̍hnchka-tah-manaka, (n French, barely audible; last word short and run together).
Oak, itá-huhdä.
Poplar, wáhchä (ch guttural).
Prairie turnip (pomme blanche), mahä̍ (short).
Reed, wi̍h-puhdä (puhda lower; da short).
Willow (salix), háchsä-huhdä (hach with emphasis and nasal; sa and huhda low; ach guttural).
Clothing and Implements
Bracelets of metal, u̍nki-tanhä̍ (n and an French; un like oun).
Breechcloth, nókkä.
Buffalo robe, mahi̍tu, or mi̍h-ihä.
Cache (hiding place), mochä̍ (ch guttural).
Girdle (belt), i̍chparakä (ich guttural).
Gloves (or mittens), ogi̍chtikä (gich guttural).
Hair-ornament (for the front part of head), itáhua-schúngkä (ua separated).
Head-dress (the long feather hood), máhchsi-akub-háschka (German throughout).
Leather shirt, wapánpi-i̍maschottä (an French).
Leggings, wapánpi-húnschi (an and n French, like oun).
Moccasins, humpä̍ (um like French oum).
Necklace of bear's claws, matóunknappi-nihudä (the last two words run together).
Place in a cache (v), mochdaráhkosch (och guttural).
Pouch (for ammunition), mánhä-i̍hdukä, or assóh-kacherúkkä (ch guttural).
Scraper (for cleaning hides), i̍hwachipka (ch guttural).
Snow-shoes, mánna-humpä̍.
War-whistle, i̍hkoschka.
Kinship
Cousin, same words as for brother and sister.
Daughter-in-law, ptaui̍h-hangkasch (au together; ih with emphasis).
Father-in-law, ptútt.
Father's brother, same word as for father.
Father's sister (aunt), kotóminikohsch.
Grandfather, táttä-chihä̍ (ch guttural).
Grandmother, nan-chihä̍ (an French; ch guttural).
Mother-in-law, ptó-hinix (run together).
Mother's brother (uncle), ratodé.
Mother's sister, same word as for mother.
Son-in-law, roh-hángkasch.
Names of Rivers
Cannonball, Passáchtä.
Chayenne (Great Chayenne), Passáchtä.
Grand, Wáraschunt-pássahä.
Heart, Nátka-pássahä.
Knife, Mánhi-pássahä.
Little Missouri, Máhtach-schukä̍.
Missouri, Mántahä (an French, rather nasal, like ah).
Muddy, Mattúhntu-pássahä.
Muscleshell, Tóhki-pássahä.
Rivière à Moreau, Pássahä-i̍htahi.
Rivière au castor, Mattúhntu-pássahä.
Rivière du rempart, Manáhmeni-pássahä.
Teton (Little Missouri), Mönnichä̍h-pássahä.
Upper White earth, Matáck-pássahä.
White, Mönni̍h-schott-pássahä; literally Water-white river.
Yellowstone, Mi̍hsi-pássahä.
Names of Tribes
Assiniboins, Hósika.
Blackfeet, Schipsi̍.
Chayennes (Chats of the French), Tamáh-ónruschkahpe (on French; e distinctly pronounced; last word low and short; the whole run together).
Crows, Hä̍hderuka (e ½).
Dacota, Hahä-numangkosch (run together).
Grosventres of the prairies, Arrapahó, or Ächichtä-numangkake (ich guttural).
Kayaüas, Káy-ua (the whole run together; u and a separated): the French call them Gens des ptat-côtés [sic].
Krihs, Schahi̍.
Omahas, O̍hmaha.
Otos, O̍hto.
Pánis, Cháratä-numangkä; i.e., the People of the Wolf, or of the Wolves.
Snakes, or Shoshonés, Wáhkiruchka-númangkä (uch guttural).