FOOTNOTES:
[267] Written from the pronunciation of the Spanish interpreter, Isidor Sandoval. On the Snake Indians, or Shoshonés, see the reports of the missionary Parker (ibid., p. 300), Astoria, p. 163, and Captain Bonneville, p. 159, etc.—Maximilian.
Comment by Ed. For Sandoval, see our volume xxiii, p. 132, note 109.
[268] The Snake Indians (les Serpens) call themselves Shoshonés. They are allies of the Flatheads, and enemies of the Blackfeet and Crows. They dwell in the Rocky mountains and beyond, on the Columbia; they fall into two divisions—the true Shoshonés, and the so-called Gens de Pitié, or Radiqeurs (Root-diggers)—the Maradiços of the Spaniards. The former keep a great number of dogs, which they do not use as pack animals, but for food. They do not have as many horses as the Blackfeet; but employ them for carrying burdens. They live in leather tents. They are generally not so well formed as the Blackfeet; still there are many tall, well developed men among them. Their tribe is said to be very numerous, more so than the Dacotas. They carry on trade with the Spaniards, who exchange beaver and other furs for leather shirts and similar articles. They are not hostile to the whites. The Root-diggers, on the other hand, are a wretched people. They do not have leather tents; but merely set poles together which they cover with boughs, hay, and grass. Their physiognomy is said to be distinguished by rather flat noses. They are very poor and barbarous, go nearly naked, live chiefly on roots, and possess no weapons. They eat ants in quantities; scooping up a whole hill of these, they wash them, knead them into balls, bake these between coals, pulverize them, and then make a soup. Mr. Campbell of Fort William, who has often visited them, gave me the following account of them. They were so barbarous and so indifferent to their environment, that everything about him seemed new and ridiculous to them. At that time they did not know the value of the beaver skins, which they singed. Some of their huts, which he visited, had remained for a long time in the same place without their ever having looked about for a better region. He found a large number of mountain goat skins among them; and, as they were so little acquainted with the whites, it was possible to carry on a very profitable trade with them. The Comanches, who call themselves Jamparicka, are said to speak practically the same language as the Snake Indians. They live at the sources of the Rio Colorado (Rivière rouge). They decorate one arm of their shirts with tufts of hair, the other with feathers.—Maximilian.
Comment by Ed. For Robert Campbell and Fort William, see our volume xxiii, p. 198, notes 154, 155, respectively.
WASAJI, or Osage[269]
American (an), Manhi̍-tánga (an French).
Arm, ischtó.
Arrow, uan (an French).
Autumn, tandje (an and j French).
Avenge (v), gráschupä.
Beard, putain (tain French), or indjähin (j French; in nasal, like i).
Bird, uaschi̍nga.
Black, sábä.
Blind, ischtá-uä̍rabaje (j French; e distinctly pronounced).
Blood, uahpi̍h.
Blue, tóh.
Bone (bones), uah-huh.
Bow, minn-djä (j French).
Brave, uanompasche (sche German; distinctly pronounced).
Brave man, uassissigä (guttural).
Brook, uatschi̍ska.
Brother (older), uischiniäh.
Brother (younger), uissonga.
Child, schi̍nga-schinga.
Cold (adj), sni̍h; very cold, sni̍h-uatschä.
Copper (metal), mansä̍-sih.
Dance (v), uatschi̍.
Day, hambá (French).
Deaf, nihü̍tsche-ning-kä (e ½; the whole run together).
Devil (evil spirit), uakán-pi̍hschä (a short and ½).
Die (v), ts-ä̍h (ts is merely a fore tone).
Dish (of wood), i̍ntschipä (German throughout).
Dog, schong-gä (German).
Door, tischúpä.
Dream (v), hombra (German throughout).
Drink (v), latan (French).
Dumb, i̍ha-baje (j French; e distinctly pronounced).
Ear, natáh: hence mule, natáh-tánga; i.e., big ears.
Earth, makáh, or maniga (guttural, indistinct).
Enemy, okitsche (e ½).
Englishman, Sanganásch.
Evening, pah-set-tan (an French).
Eye, ischtá.
Father, indadjä (j French).
Feather, manschon (on French).
Fire, pedje (j French; e distinctly pronounced).
Flesh, táh-tóhka.
Forest, schán.
Frenchman, Ischtáchä (ch German, guttural).
Friend, korá.
Go (v), grih-grah (German throughout; r with the point of the tongue).
God, uakán-tánga (first an French) or uakoͣ́nda.
Good, tanhä (an French); it tastes good, láhgenih.
Great (tall), tánga (German, guttural).
Gun, uahóta; rifle, minh-gi̍ng-graha.
Hair, pah-hah.
Hand, nompé (om French).
Head, páh.
Healthy, ansi̍ri.
Heart, nonn-je (j French; e distinctly pronounced).
Heat, (n), man-schtä (an French; schta German).
Horse, kawa; plural is the same.
House (lodge), ti̍h.
Hunger, nompä-anhin (om French likewise an and final in. nasal, like i).
Hunt (v), tábreh.
I, uïe (e ½).
Ice, tschácha (ch guttural).
Iron, mansä̍ (an French); yellow iron.
Kettle (iron), tschäckä̍.
Knife, manhi (an French).
Lame, ih-rá-ha.
Lance, uä̍h-schap-schäh (the whole run together).
Lead (n), mansä-man (an French).
Leader (chief), kahigä̍.
Leg, schä̍ga (German throughout).
Life, ani̍h.
Lightning, uakin-ala (in nasal, almost like i; the whole run together).
Man, niká; nika-schiga, several men, people.
Meal (or to eat?), uanúmbra (German throughout).
Medicine-feast, opä̍han-uakan (an French); or medicine-day, hámba-uakan (am and an French).
Medicine-lodge, kih-uakándagä.
Medicine-man, uakándagä (German throughout; g guttural).
Medicine-pouch, uahhóbä.
Moon, mi̍h, or mi̍h-ómba (om French).
Morning, han-bach-tschä (han French; bach German guttural).
Mother, ni̍h-tánga.
Mountain, pahha.
Mountain (great), pahha-tánga.
Mountain (small), pahha-schi̍nga.
Mourning (n), nanschischon.
Mouth, i-há.
Much (many), hühe (e ½).
Negro, ni̍ka-sabä.
Night, hán-dje (an and j French; e short).
Nose, pah-schu.
Pipe (tobacco), naniómba.
Powder (gun-powder), nichotsche (ch guttural; e distinct).
Quick, uasch-kan (kan French).
Quiver, uáh-onju (n and j French); this, as well as bow and arrow, no longer occurs among them.
Red, schúdja (j French).
Red (to paint red), schudja-gáhcha (ch guttural).
River, uatschi̍ska-tánga; i.e., great brook, or river; they call the Missouri, Nih-schodje (j French; e ½), i.e., the muddy water.
Sand, tschansemon (French).
Scalp (n), pahá.
Scalp (v; scalp an enemy), pahá-rüsá.
Scalp-dance (war-dance), tután-uatschi.
Shield (n), uágrä (short; r with the point of the tongue); to carry a shield, tschehá-uágrä.
Sick, itüh-häga (run together).
Silver, mansaskan (an French); i.e., white iron.
Small, uah-hohstia, or uah-hohta.
Smoke (n), schódiä.
Snow (n), wáh.
Speak (v), i̍hha-uaska.
Spirits (distilled), pädjini̍h.
Spring (the season), päädje (aa separated; j French).
Star, uïtscháchpe (ch German, guttural).
Stingy (greedy), uah-chrih (ch with the point of the tongue).
Stone, in (in somewhat nasal, like i).
Strong, uaschkan-gran-rä (an and gran French).
Summer, bellokellan (an French).
Sun, uin (u and i separated; in nasal, like i).
Teeth, hi̍h.
Thunder (n), gronhóta.
Tobacco (smoking tobacco), nanähü.
Tomahawk (with the pipe), manhispä-nani̍omba (an French).
Tongue, lähja (j French).
Toothache, hi̍h-hi̍h.
Trail, ohschángä (German).
Ugly, pih-sche (e ½).
Village, taman (an French).
War, tu-tan (an French).
War-club (casse tête, tomahawk), manhispä-schi̍nga.
Warmth, manschtä (an French).
Wash (v), gruschá.
Water, ni̍h.
Weep (v), hagä̍.
White (color), skáh.
Widow, ni̍hka-tombaschä (om French).
Wind (n), tadjä (j French).
Winter, páhletan (e short; an French).
Woman (wife), uakó (ua separated).
Wood, tschán (an French).
Yellow, si̍h.
Yes, hóh-uä.
Articles of Dress
Blanket (woolen), hahi̍n (in nasal, like i).
Deer's-tail (hair ornament), táhsinnja (j French).
Leggings, hü̍hninggä (German).
Moccasins, hómpä (om French).
Shirt, o̍ch-kiüera (ch guttural; e ½); i.e., white man's shirt, for they wear none, not even of leather.
Numerals
One, uïnchtschä (uinch nasal; u and i separated; n French; ch guttural).
Two, nombá (om French).
Three, lahbeni (e ½; ni short).
Four, toh-bá.
Five, sah-tá (s soft; ta short).
Six, schah-pé.
Seven, peh-umbá (German).
Eight, kih-atóba.
Nine, grä̍bena-tscheh-uïningkä̍ (the whole run together); i.e., ten less one; they also say, schangká.
Ten, grä̍bena (e ½; na short).
Eleven, grä̍bena-ahgenä-uächze (uach nasal; ach guttural; ze short).
Twelve, grä̍bena-agenih-nombá.
Thirteen, grä̍bena-lahbeni.
Twenty, grä̍bena-nombá; and so on.
Hundred, grä̍bena-hütanga.
Thousand, grä̍bena-itó-grabë̍na-hütanga.
I eat, uaranombra-tatsch, or uanumbra-minktsch.
You (thou) eat, uaranumbra.
He eats, same as I eat.
We eat, there is no plural form, the plural is expressed by using "many."
Eat (imper singular and plural), uanumbra.
I shall eat, nomp-eh-anhin-uaranumbra-tatsch (an and n French); i.e., I am hungry and shall eat.
Names of Other Tribes
Ayowas, Páhodjä.
Comanches, Baschtá.
Crows, Kahchä̍ (ch guttural).
Dacotas, Schauánn (a and u separated).
Foxes, given same name as Sahkis.
Konzas, Kansä̍ (an French).
Missouris, Waschóra.
Omáhas, Omahá.
Otos, Wadochtáta (och guttural).
Pahnis, Pani̍.
Sakis, Sáhki.
Animals
Antelope, tatóhka.
Badger, hogá (ga German, guttural).
Bear (black), uassábä.
Bear (grizzly), mantó (an French).
Beaver, tscháhbä.
Buffalo (bull), tschetoga.
Buffalo (calf), tschéh-schínga.
Buffalo (cow), tschéh.
Cat, mi̍hka.
Cat (European), ing-grong-grä̍scha (German).
Elk (general name), opán (an French).
Elk (calf), opán-schinga.
Elk (doe), opán-mi̍nga (second word German).
Elk (stag), opán-tánga, or hächága (ch guttural).
Fox, schongréscha (German).
Fox (prairie), schongréscha-schi̍nga.
Hare (white), manschtin-skah.
Lynx (felix rufa), mih-ká.
Muskrat, táh-si.
Opossum, sindiäschtá.
Otter, tochenángä (ch German, guttural).
Panther, ingróng-ga (German throughout; run together).
Panther-skin, ingrónggaha.
Rabbit (hare), manschtin-schi̍nga (an French; in nasal, like i).
Skunk, mang-gá.
Snake, uets-ah (u and e separated; the whole run together).
Snake (rattle snake), sin-diä̍-chala (ch guttural).
Spider, tschä̍büka.
Turkey (wild), súhka.
Wolf, schomikásse (e distinct).
The Months
July and August, tschetoga-ki̍rucha; i.e., the moon when the buffalo is in heat.
September, October and November, tah-kiruchä, i.e., the time when the deer is in heat.
December, tah-habrähka; i.e., moon of the thin hides.
January and February, mi̍hka-kiruchä; i.e., the time when the lynx is in heat.
March and April, oh-uä-gachä (ch guttural); i.e., the time of the maize.