FOOTNOTES
[1] Dalstrom’s Illustreret Verdenshistorie, vol. i., p. 122.
[2] A similar fragment was found at Cataractonium (see Archæological Journal, vol. iii., p. 296).
[3] Proc. Soc. Antiq. Newc. (O.S.), p. 155.
[4] In old German “Brunne.”
[5] Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, vol. i., p. 288.
[6] Where the rings have been hammered flat a decidedly double appearance is given to the mail.
[7] Demmin.
[8] These two figures are given in Hewitt.
[9] Since writing the above, I see from Mr. J. Starkie Gardner’s work that Mr. J. G. Waller, F.S.A., considers the insertion of the thong to constitute what is known as “banded mail,” and this would quite account for the appearance it presents on effigies. If this be so, there is an actual specimen at Woolwich, which has already been mentioned.
[10] On the brass of William de Aldeburgh, in Aldborough Church, Yorkshire.
[11] A kind of cloth.
[12] The words “helm” and “var-helm” appear repeatedly in the epic poem of Beowulf.
[13] The first attempt at a movable visor seems to have occurred in France, during the reign of Louis le Gros.
[14] This helm was given to Sir S. Rush Meyrick by the Dean: a flagrant instance of how such trust property was treated in his day.
[15] The term “men-at-arms” was often applied to knights on foot or on horseback, but its early significance was heavy-armed infantry. The grades mentioned in the army of Philip Augustus were: bannerets, knights, squires, and “men-at-arms.”
[16] “Notes on the Hanseatic League,” by the writer. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1893–94.
[17] These pieces will be referred to fully under the section “Maximilian Armour.”
[18] Johnes’s Froissart, vol. iii., p. 23.
[19] Archæologia, vol. li., p. 250.
[20] Nithard, the nephew of Charlemagne. Book III.
[21] The illustration occurs in “Paul Lacroix.”
[22] Vol. i., p. 169.
[23] The lance of the thirteenth century was always sharp, and, as mentioned more particularly earlier in this chapter, the coronal was a contrivance of the fourteenth century. The word “stechen” means to pierce, so its very designation carries the course back possibly to the thirteenth century.
[24] Very often the Grandguard and Volant-piece are screwed together.
[25] The piece usually called Pass-guard is the projecting guard over the shoulders for stopping pike-thrusts, but we have Viscount Dillon’s authority that the Tilting Elbow-guard is really the Pass-guard.
[26] Helmets and Mail, p. 84.
[27] The Redmarshal effigy is in the County of Durham, and the Downes effigy is in the North Choir Aisle of Macclesfield Church, in Yorkshire.
[28] Hewitt.
[29] Like many classifications of the kind, this is rather arbitrary, as we have many late instances of “bear-paw” sollerets.
[30] Caylus figures a Roman caltrop (Recueil iv., Pl. 98).
[31] The designation “Gothisch” (Gothic) seems as ridiculous and inappropriate when applied to armour as to architecture.
[32] The mentonnière is throughout referred to as the combined piece of gorget and chin-piece as used with the sallad.
[33] A specimen of the work of this great artist may be seen on a sword-hilt in the Armeria Reale, Turin.
[34] In the early chronicles “bills and bows” are often mentioned. It must be borne in mind, however, that the word “bills” often covered all long-handled weapons.
[35] In the Republican Library at Paris, a MS. written by Marcus Græcus, called “Liber Ignium.” It is dated 846.
[36] Proceedings, vol. v., p. 26.
[37] Demmin.
[38] Boeheim of Vienna says that he was born in 1530, and died about 1583.
[39] The father of Lucio, the great armour-smith.
[40] Archæologia Æliana, vol. xxii., pp. 1 et seq.
[41] Greener on the Gun, p. 3.
[42] This class of machine was termed “tormenta,” from the twisting of the ropes which supplied the propelling force.
[43] Encyclopædia Britannica, under “Fire.”
[44] Others in the author’s collection are stated to have been used by the Town Guard of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
[45] See Proceedings of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Society of Antiquaries, vol. ix., in a paper by the writer.
[46] Rénard, Liège.
[47] Johnes’s Froissart, vol. i., p. 145.
[48] Johnes’s Froissart, vol. i., p. 190.
[49] Vol. i., p. 278.
[50] This occurs in a part taken from two MSS. in the Hafod Library, “not in any of the printed copies.”
[51] Meyrick.
[52] The rough projectiles of this period would doubtless soon cause damage to the interior of cannon, necessitating its frequent renewal.
[53] The archives run: “Il nostre comune di Perugia fece fare ... 500 bombarde, una spanne lunghe,” etc. General Kohler mentions this in his book.
[54] Hollinshed.
[55] Maitland’s History of London.
[56] Small cases for holding measured charges of powder ready for loading.