ON A ZAZA VOCABULARY.
READ
BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
MAY THE 23RD.
The following vocabulary is one taken by Dr. H. Sandwith from a Kurd of the Zaza tribe, one of the rudest of the whole Kurd family, and one for which we have no philological specimens.
The meaning of the termination-min has been explained by Pott and Rödiger in their Kurdische Studien. It is the possessive pronoun of the first person = my = meus = [a]ἐμὸς], &c.; so that sèrè-min = caput-meum (or mei), and pie-min = pater-meus (or mei).
So little was the Zaza who supplied Dr. Sandwith with the list under notice able to conceive a hand or father, except so far as they were related to himself, or something else, and so essentially concrete rather than abstract were his notions, that he combined the pronoun with the substantive whenever he had a part of the human body or a degree of consanguinity to name. It is difficult to say how far this amalgamation is natural to the uncultivated understanding, i. e. it is difficult to say so on à priori grounds. That the condition of a person applied to for the purpose of making a glossary out of his communications is different from that under which we maintain our ordinary conversation, is evident. Ordinary conversation gives us a certain number of words, and a context as well. A glossary gives us words only, and disappoints the speaker who is familiar with contexts.
If this be true, imperfect contexts, like the combinations pie-min, &c. should be no uncommon occurrences. Nor are they so. They are pre-eminently common in the American languages. Thus in Mr. Wallace's vocabularies from River Uapes the list run thus:—
| English. | Uainambeu. | Juri. | Barrè. |
|---|---|---|---|
| head (my) | eri-bida | tcho-kereu | no-dusia |
| mouth (my) | eri-numa | tcho-ia | no-nunia. |
| &c. | &c. | &c. | &c. |
similar illustrations being found in almost every American glossary.
In his Appendix to Macgillivray's Voyage of the Rattlesnake, the present writer has pointed out instances of this amalgamation in the languages of the Louisiade. He now adds, that he has also found it in some of the samples of the ordinary Gipsy language of England, as he has taken it from the mouth of English Gipsies.
He considers it to be a personal rather than a philological characteristic, certain individuals having a minimum amount of abstracting power, and such individuals being inordinately common amongst the American Indians.
ON THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND NUMERALS OF THE MALLICOLLO AND ERROMANGO LANGUAGES.
BY THE REVEREND C. ABRAHAM.
COMMUNICATED WITH REMARKS
TO THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY
by Dr. R. G. LATHAM.
April 22. 1853.
Mallicolo or Sesok?
| Mallicolo. | English. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inau, | I. | |||
| khai-im, | you. | |||
| na-ü, | he. | |||
| na-mühl, | } | we two. | { | exclus. |
| drivan | inclus. | |||
| kha-mühl, | you two. | |||
| na-taroi, | you three. | |||
| na-tavatz, | you four. | |||
| dra-tin, | we three. | |||
| dra-tovatz. | we four. | |||
| si-kat, | one. | |||
| e-ua, | two. | |||
| e-roi, | three. | |||
| e-vatz, | four. | |||
| e-rima, | five. | |||
| su-kai, | six. | |||
| whi-u, | seven. | |||
| o-roi, | eight. | |||
| whi-vatz, | nine. | |||
| singeap, | ten. | |||
| urare, | child. | |||
| aramomau, | father. | |||
| nebök, | a man. | |||
| bauenunk, | a male. | |||
| rambaiük, | a female. | |||
| marīu, | the sun, also their name for God. | |||
| tepe, | worship. | |||
| nakambu, | fire. | |||
| ewoi, | yes. | |||
| emwe, | not. | |||
| nelumbai, | } | know. | ||
| tatanini, | ||||
| dratiban, | go. | |||
| utoi, | language. | |||
| ampreusi, | see. | |||
| tipen agene, | shoot arrows. | |||
| to perito na bara, | throw stones. | |||
| no kani wangas isank, | I eat good food. | |||
Erromango.
| Erromango. | English. |
|---|---|
| I au, | I. |
| kik, | you. |
| iyi, | he. |
| enn-iau, | my. |
| ennun-kik, | thy. |
| enn-ii, | his. |
| ennun-kos, | our. |
| ennun-kimi, | your. |
| enn-irara, | their. |
| sai-imou, | this. |
| sai-nempe, | that. |
| aramai, | good. |
| tagraubuki, | bad. |
| saitavan, | one. |
| du-ru, | two. |
| tesal, | three. |
| menda-vat, | four. |
| suku-ring, | five. |
| sikai, | six. |
| suku-rimnaro, | seven. |
| suku-rimtesal, | eight. |
| suku-rimendarat, | nine. |
| kosengu, | we. |
| kimingu, | ye. |
| irara, | they. |
| ngaraodlem, | ten. |
| nobu, | God. |
| natamas, | spirit. |
| etemen, | father. |
| tan niteni, | son. |
| tinema, | mother. |
| etemetallari, | man. |
| tiamesu, | thing. |
| ei, | yes. |
| taui, | no. |
| navang, | eat. |
| hamonuki, | drink. |
| akasè, | see. |
| nimint, | eyes. |
| lebetanlop, | finger. |
| warakelang, | nose. |
| telangunt, | ear. |
| lampunt, | hair. |
| kikome, | name. |
REMARKS.
Since these vocabularies were laid before the Society, a "Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific," by Capt. J. E. Erskine, R, N., has been published. This shows the sources of the preceding lists; since the bishop of New Zealand accompanied the expedition, and succeeded in taking back with him, on his return; some youths for the purposes of education.
The class to which these vocabularies belong has never been, sufficiently for the purposes of publication, reduced to writing, nor is any member of it known to scholars in general, in respect to its grammatical structure. This, however, will probably not be the case much longer, since Capt. Erskine has placed the materials for the study of the Aneitum (Annatom) language in the hands of Mr. Norriss, who is prepared for its investigation. Neither has the class been wholly neglected. A grammar of the Tanna (an allied language) was drawn up by Mr. Heath, but it has not been published, and is probably lost. Dr. Pritchard, who had seen extracts from it, writes, that it contained a trinal as well as a singular, a dual, and a plural number. The present list elucidates this. The trinal number (so-called) of the Mallicolo is merely the personal pronoun plus the numeral 3; each element being so modified as to give the appearance of an inflection.
The following tables exhibit the numerals of certain other islands in the neighbourhood. They are taken from Captain Erskine's work, in which reference is made to a "Description of the Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean, by A. Cheyne." This has not been examined by the present writer.
| Eng. | Tana. | Fotuna[29]. | Isle of Pines. | Uea. | Uea. | Yengen. | Balad. | Lifu. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | li-ti | ta-si | ta | tahi | pacha | hets | par-ai | chas. |
| two | ka-ru | rua | vo | lua | lo | he-luk | par-roo | lu-ete. |
| three | ka-har | lo:u | ve-ti | lolu | kuu | he-yen | par gen | kun-ete. |
| four | ke-fa | fa | beu | fa | thack | po-bits | par-bai | ek-ete. |
| five | ka-rirum | rima | ta-hue | lima | thabumb | nim | pa-nim | tibi. |
| six | liti (?) | ono | no-ta | tahi | lo-acha | nim-wet | par-ai | chb-lemen. |
| seven | ka-ru (?) | fitu | no-bo | lua | lo-alo | nim-weluk | par-roo | luen-gemen. |
| eight | ka-han (?) | varu | no-beti | tolu | lo-kunn | nim-weyen | par-gen | kun-engemen. |
| nine | ke-fa (?) | iva | no-beu | fa | lo-thack | nim-pobit | par-bai | ske-ngemen. |
| ten | ka-rirum? | tanga-fieru | de-kau | lima te-bennete | pain-duk | pa-nim | lue-ipe. |
Mr. Abraham's Mallicolo represents the same language with the Mallicolo vocabulary of Captain Cook's Voyages, with which it pretty closely agrees.
His Erromango is more peculiar. Sikai = six = the Mallicolo sukai, which is, itself, nearly the sikai = one. The -ring in suku-ring, too, is the Mallicolo rima. This we know, from the analogies of almost all the languages of Polynesia and the Indian Archipelago, to be the word lima = hand. Hence e-rima (Mallicolo), hand, and suku-ring (Erromango) = one hand. The vat in menda-vat is the Mallicolo -bats in e-bats, the Malay am-pat = four. Du-ru is the Mallicolo e-ry, there being in each case a prefixed syllable. The analysis of tesal and saitavan is less clear. Neither is it certain how ngaraodlen = ten. The other numerals are compounds. This, perhaps, is sufficient to show that the difference between the numerals of the Mallicolo and Erromango is a difference of a very superficial kind. So it is with the Tana, Fotuna, and the first Uea specimens. We must always remember that the first syllable is generally a non-radical prefix.
In the Tana of the preceding table, the words for 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, seem to be merely the words for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 repeated, and something of the same kind appears in the first Uea. Perhaps the representation may be imperfect. At any rate the Tanna of Cook's Voyage runs—
| Eng. | Tanna. |
|---|---|
| one | r-eedee. |
| two | ka-roo. |
| three | ka-har. |
| four | kai-phar. |
| five | k-reerum. |
| six | ma-r-eedee. |
| seven | ma-ka-roo. |
| eight | ma-ka-har. |
| nine | ma-kai-phar. |
| ten | ma-k-reerum. |
The same appears in the Balad of New Caledonia. Now Cooks New Caledonian runs—
| Eng. | New Caledonian. |
|---|---|
| one | wa-geeaing. |
| two | wa-roo. |
| three | wa-teen. |
| four | wa-mbaeek. |
| five | wa-nnim. |
| six | wa-nnim-geeek. |
| seven | wa-nnim-noo. |
| eight | wa-nnim-gain. |
| nine | wa-nnim-baeek. |
| ten | wa-nnim-aiuk. |
The Yengen and Lifu vocabularies are not so different but that the lu and kun of the one = the luk and yen of the other, as well as the lo and kiuu of the second Uea, and the roo and gen of the Balad.
The importance of these non-radical syllables in the numerals has been indicated by the present writer in the appendix to Mr. M'Gillivray's 'Voyage of the Rattlesnake.' There we find several well-selected specimens of the languages of the Louisiade archipelago. The fact of certain affinities between these and the New Caledonian is there indicated. Each has its prefix. In each the prefix is a labial.
| English. | Two. |
|---|---|
| Louisiade | paihe-tuan. |
| New Caledonia | wa-teen &c. |
Now the Tana and Mallicolo tongues have a prefix also, but this is not a labial. It is rather a vowel or k (guttural or palatal). Here lies a difference—a difference of detail. Yet the same change can now be shown to be within the pale of the New Caledonian itself, as may be seen by comparing par-roo and par-gen (pah-gen?) with he-luk and he-yen.
The change from r to l creates no difficulty. In one of the Tana vocabularies one = li-ti, in another r-eedee.
These points have been gone into for the sake of guarding against such exaggeration of the differences between the languages of the parts in question as the apparent differences in the numerals have a tendency to engender.
AMERICA
(NORTH).
ON THE LANGUAGES OF THE OREGON TERRITORY.
READ
BEFORE THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE 11TH DECEMBER 1844.
The languages dealt with are those that lie between Russian America and New California. It is only, however, such as are spoken on the sea-coast and on the American frontier that are fairly known to us. Concerning some of the latter, such as the Blackfoot, the notices are deferred. Little, in the present state of our knowledge, can be attempted beyond the mere verification of vocabularies. In his list, however, of these, the writer has attempted to be exhaustive.
It is convenient to enumerate these vocabularies separately and to proceed from North to South.
Queen Charlotte's Island.—The two chief vocabularies are Mr Tolmie's and Messrs Sturgin and Bryant's, in the Journal of the Geographical Society and the Archæologia Americana respectively. They represent different dialects.
With these, the few words in the Mithridates coincide
| Mithridates. | Tolmie. | |
|---|---|---|
| One | sounchou | squansung |
| Two | stonk | stung |
| Three | sloonis | klughunnil |
Chimmesyan.—Mr Tolmie's vocabulary—Journal of Geographical Society. Spoken between 53° 30´ and 55° 30´ N. L.
Billechoola.—Mr Tolmies vocabulary; ibid. Spoken on the Salmon River.
Friendly Village.—In Mackenzie's Travels, we find a few words from a tribe on the Salmon River. Their locality is called by Mackenzie the Friendly Village. By the aid of Mr Tolmie's vocabularies, we can now place this hitherto unfixed dialect. It belongs to the Billechoola tongue.
| English. | Friendly Village. | Billechoola. |
|---|---|---|
| Salmon | zimilk | shimilk |
| Dog | watts | watz |
| House | zlaachle | shmool' |
| Bark-mat | zemnez | |
| Cedar-bark-blanket | tzummi | |
| Beaver | couloun | couloun |
| Stone | dichts | quilstolomick |
| Water | ulkan | kullah |
| Mat | gistcom | stuchom |
| Bonnet | ilcaette | kayeete |
Fitz-Hugh Sound.—For these parts we possess only the numerals. They coincide most with the Haeltzuk, a language that will next be noticed. The termination in skum is common to the Fitz-Hugh Sound and the Blackfoot numerals.
Haeltzuk.—Mr Tolmie's vocabulary. Spoken from 50° 30´ to 53° 30´ N. L.—Journal of Geograph. Soc.
Quadra and Vancouver's Island—Nootka Sound.—For these parts we have several vocabularies.
1. The Numerals.—From Dixon—Mithridates, iii., 2, 115.
2. King George's Sound.—The Numerals, Mith., iii., 2; 115.
3. Mozino's MS. Vocabulary.—See Mith., iii., 2.
4. Captain Cook's Vocabulary.—This is comparatively copious. It represents the same language with the three preceding.
5. The Tlaoquatch vocabulary of Mr Tolmie. Journ. of Geog. Soc.—This certainly represents, as is truly stated by Dr. Scouler, the same language as the Nootka-Sound vocabulary of Cook.
6. Straits of Fuca.—A short vocabulary taken during the voyage of the Sutil y Mexicana—Archæol. Amer., ii., 306. Is not this Mozino's?
7. The Wakash vocabulary of Jewitt.—Archæol. Amer., ii. 306.
| English. | Fuca. | Tlaoquatch. | Wakash. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ihaac | tchaak | chahak |
| Sky | tacuihamach | naase | sieyah |
| Stars | uliusac | taastass | tartoose |
| Moon | ilajudshashitle | hopulh | oophelth |
| Sun | dagina | tlopil | oophetlh |
| Ear | pipi | parpee |
Kawitchen.—Spoken at the entrance of Trading River opposite Vancouver's Island. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.—See Journal of Geograph. Societ.
Noosdalum.—Spoken in Hood's Channel.—Ibid.
The Atna of Mackenzie.—This we may now place. It resembles the Noosdalum, with dialectal differences.
| English. | Atnah. | Noosdalum. |
|---|---|---|
| Man | scuynlouch | sohwieken |
| Woman | smosledgensk | sheeakatso |
| Beaver | schugh | skyauw |
| Dog | scacah | skacha |
| Water | shaweliquoih | kah |
| Plains | spilela | spilchun |
| Here | thlaelych | lilkaa |
| Iron | soucoumang | halaitan |
| Bow | isquoinah | schomotun |
| Arrow | squaili | ytsh tzimaan |
In Baer's Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten über die Russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste von Amerika, we find a second vocabulary named Atna. This is spoken on the Copper River in Russian America, and represents a different language from the Atna of Mackenzie. Both, however, belong to the same[30] group. The plausible mode of accounting for this coincidence, is to suppose that two tribes named themselves men, which throughout the Athabascar languages is expressed by the root t-n, as dinnie, tenni, tnain, &c.
Squallyamish.—Spoken at Puget's Sound. Mr Tolmie in T. G. S.
Chenook.—For the important languages of the Chenook or Flathead Indians on the river Columbia, we have the following data:
1. Franchere's vocabulary; Archæol. Americana, ii., 379.
2. Parker's vocabulary; communicated in M. S., by A. Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
3. Cathlascou of Tolmie, J. G. S.
4. Chenook of Tolmie, ibid.
Of these vocabularies the Chenook of Parker and Franchere coincide closely. Parker's Chenook, compared with the two vocabularies of Tolmie, agrees most with the Cathlascou.
Kalapooiah.—This tribe is placed by Parker on the Multomah river. According to Tolmie, their language is spoken on the Wallamat Plains.
1. Tolmie's vocabulary. J. G. S.
2. Parker's vocabulary. M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
The two vocabularies represent one and the same language.
Okanagan.—Spoken on Fraser's River. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary. The Okanagan vocabulary enables us to fix the following one:
The Salish.—This is an anonymous vocabulary from Duponceau's collection. Archæolog. Americ., ii, 306. It is evidently closely akin to the Okanagan.
Kliketat. Spoken between Fort Nez Perce's, Mount Rainier, and the Columbia Falls.
1. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
2. Mr Parker's vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
These represent allied dialects of the same language.
Shahaptan, Nez Perce's.—It is truly stated by Gallatin that the Shahaptan and Kliketat languages are allied.
1. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
2. Mr Parker's vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
Jamkallie. Spoken near the sources of the Wallamat, Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
Umpqua.—On the river so called. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
This is the most southern point for which we possess Oregon vocabularies.
Four more vocabularies complete the enumeration of our data for the parts in question.
1. Shoshonie or Snake Indians.—The first is a southern or central one, the Shoshonie or Snake vocabulary, collected by Say, and representing a language south of that of the Nez Perces. Archæol. Americ., ii. 306.
2. Sussee.—The Sussee of Umfreville, is either spoken within the Oregon Territory, or within the districts immediately to the north of it.
3. The Nagail—See Mackenzie's Travels.
4. The Taculli—See Archæol. Americ., ii. 305.
Such are the vocabularies for the Oregon Territory of North America. In number they amount to forty-one. Dealing with speech as the instrument of intercourse, it is highly probable that these vocabularies may represent as many as nineteen different languages, that is, modes of speech, mutually unintelligible. Dealt with, however, ethnologically, their number is evidently capable of being reduced.
In the present state of our knowledge, it is convenient to leave the Shoshonie language[31] unplaced. All that we possess of it is the vocabulary noticed above. It consists of only twenty-four words. Their affinities (such as they are) are miscellaneous
It is also advisable to deal cautiously with the Sussee language. Umfreville's vocabulary is short, and consisting almost exclusively of the names of articles of commerce. Lists of this sort are of little value in ethnography. Still, upon the whole, it confirms the current opinion as to the place of the Sussee language, viz. that it is[32] Athabascan. At any rate, it has certain miscellaneous affinities.
Laying these two languages aside, and reserving the Blackfoot for future inquiries, the other vocabularies are referrible to two recognized groups. The Nagail and Taculli are what Gallatin calls Athabascan. All the[33] rest are what Prichard calls Nootka-Columbian. Respecting the former class, the evidence is unequivocal, and the fact generally admitted. Respecting the latter, the statement requires consideration.
At first glance, Mr Tolmie's vocabularies differ materially from each other; and only a few seem less unlike each other than the rest. Such are the Kliketat and Shahaptan, the Calapooiah and Yamkallie, the Kawitchen and Tlaoquatch, the Chenook and Cathlascou. Besides this, the general difference between even the allied vocabularies is far more visible than the general resemblance. Finally, the numerals and the fundamental terms vary in a degree beyond what we are prepared for, by the study of the Indo-European tongues.
Recollecting, however, the compound character of the most fundamental words, characteristic of all the American language; recognising, also, as a rule of criticism, that in the same class of tongues the evidence of the numerals is unimportant in the determination of differences, and comparing the sixteen Oregon vocabularies of Mr Tolmie with each other, we may satisfy ourselves as to the radical unity of the group. To these lists, and to the accompanying paper of Dr. Scouler, reference is accordingly made. The value of these groups (the Athabascan and the Nootka-Columbian) is a different and a more difficult question. The maximum difference between any two known languages of the Athabascan group is that between English and German. The maximum difference between the most unlike languages of the Nootka-Columbian group is that between the modern Greek and Portuguese, i. e. the most distant tongues of the classical stock of the Indo-European tribe. Hence, the terms in question are equivalent to the more familiar terms, Gothic, Celtic, Slavonic, &c. All this, however, is illustration, rather than absolute arrangement; yet it serves to give definitude to the current opinions upon the subject.
To the current views, however, the writer takes exception. He considers that the groups in question have too high a value; and that they are only equivalent to the primary subdivisions of stocks like the Gothic, Celtic, and Classical, rather than to the stocks themselves. Still less can they have a higher and more exaggerated value, and be dealt with as equivalent to groups like the Indo-European.
Hence, the differences between the Athabascan languages of the Oregon and the Nootka-Columbian languages of the Oregon, are the differences between the Latin and Greek, the Welsh and Gaelic, the German and Icelandic, rather than those between the German and Russian, the Latin and Persian, the Greek and Lithuanic, &c.
In determining the higher and more comprehensive class, we must take in a third group of languages. These are those of Russian America. They have generally been referred to two groups of uncertain value, viz. the Kolooch and the Eskimo; the former, for the part about Sitca, or Norfolk Sound, the latter for the parts about the Island of Cadiack, and the Peninsula of Aliaska.
Now, the Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo; a fact stated by the writer, at the meeting of the British Association at York, and founded upon the comparison of the Athabascan vocabularies of Mackenzie and Dobbs, on the one side, with the Western Eskimo ones, on the other.
And the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan. This may be seen by reference to Lisiansky's vocabularies, and a comparison between the Sitca and Cadiack.
| English. | Sitca. | Cadiack. |
|---|---|---|
| Cry | kaáh | keyya |
| Drink | itanna | tanha |
| Hail | katelst | koudat |
| Knee | kakeek | chiskoohka |
| Lake | aaka | nanoak |
| Lips | kahaka | hlukha |
| Man | chakleyh | shook |
| Spark | heeklya | chatalahi |
| Wind | keelhcha | kyaeek |
Now, by taking in the Eskimo of the Aleutian Islands, this list might be doubled; and by dealing with the Kenay as Eskimo, it might be trebled.
Again, by attempting to fix the points whereat the Eskimo language ceases, and the Kolooch tongue begins, we may get further evidence that the difference between them is exaggerated; since the languages passed by gradual transitions into each other.
What follows, moreover, is cumulative evidence towards the same conclusion.
Over and above the vocabularies collected by Mr Tolmie that have already been dealt with, there is a seventeenth, viz. the Tunghaas. This is stated in Dr Scouler's accompanying paper to be the most northern dialect with which the Hudson's Bay traders come in contact. It is also stated to be Sitcan; and that truly.
| English. | Tunghaas. | Sitca. |
|---|---|---|
| Sea-otter | youchtz | youtch |
| River-otter | coostah | kooshta |
| Bear | hooctch | hoots |
| Whale | yioagh | yaaga |
| Woman | shewat | shavvot |
| Summer | kootaan | kootaan |
| He | yout | youta |
| Good | ahkeh | tooake |
On the other hand, the Tonghaas has affinities with the Haidah of Queen Charlotte's Island, and through it with the so-called Nootka-Columbian languages in general.
Cumulative, in the way of evidence to this, is the statement, with the verification of which we shall conclude, viz., that, besides the Athabascan, the other languages of the Oregon Territory have affinities with the Eskimo. With the Oonalashkan and Cadiack on the one side, and with Mr Tolmie's vocabularies (with Cook's occasionally) en masse on the other, we have at least the following words common to the two groups.
To this list a previous statement applies more especially. By treating the Sitca and Kenay vocabularies as Eskimo, the number of coincidences might have been doubled.
Besides this, it must be remembered that, in Tolmie's vocabularies, no terms expressive of the different parts of human body are given; and that several names of the commonest objects are wanting, e. g. fire, &c.
Neither have the vocabularies of Wrangell for the varied dialects of Russian America been made use of.
As the lists, however, stand, the author considers that he has shewn reason for believing that the Athabascan, the Kolooch, the Nootka-Columbian, and the Cadiack groups are subordinate members of one large and important class—the Eskimo; a fact which, coinciding with all his other inquiries in American Ethnology, breaks down, further than has hitherto been done, the broad and trenchant line of demarcation between the circumpolar and the other Indians of the Western Continent.