CHAPTER XXXIV.

ON CERTAIN ADVERBS OF PLACE.

[§ 435]. It is a common practice for languages to express by different modifications of the same root the three following ideas:—

1. The idea of rest in a place.

2. The idea of motion towards a place.

3. The idea of motion from a place.

This habit gives us three correlative adverbs—one of position, and two of direction.

[§ 436]. It is also a common practice of language to depart from the original expression of each particular idea, and to interchange the signs by which they are expressed.

[§ 437]. This may be seen in the following table, illustrative of the forms here, hither, hence, and taken from the Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 199.

Mœso-Gothic	þar, þaþ, þaþro,	there, thither, thence.
	hêr, hiþ, hidrô,	here, hither, hence.
Old High German	huâr, huara, huanana,	where, whither, whence.
	dâr, dara, danana,	there, thither, thence.
	hear, hêra, hinana,	here, hither, hence.
Old Saxon	huar, huar, huanan,	where, whither, whence.
	thar, thar, thanan,	there, thither, thence.
	hêr, hër, hënan,	here, hither, hence.
Anglo-Saxon	þar, þider, þonan,	there, thither, thence.
	hvar, hvider, hvonan,	where, whither, whence.
	hêr, hider, hënan,	here, hither, hence.
Old Norse	þar, þaðra, þaðan,	there, thither, thence.
	hvar, hvert, hvaðan,	where, whither, whence.
	hêr, hëðra, hëðan,	here, hither, hence.
Middle High German	dâ, dan,dannen,	there, thither, thence.
	wâ, war, wannen,	where, whither, whence.
	hie, hër, hennen,	here, hither, hence.
Modern High German	da, dar, dannen,	there, thither, thence.
	wo, wohin, wannen,	where, whither, whence.
	hier, her, hinnen,	here, hither, hence.

[§ 438]. These local terminations were commoner in the earlier stages of language than at present. The following are from the Mœso-Gothic:—

Ïnnaþrô	=from within.
Ūtaþrô	=from without.
Ïnnaþrô	=from above.
Fáirraþrô	=from afar.
Allaþrô	=from all quarters.

Now a reason for the comparative frequency of these forms in Mœso-Gothic lies in the fact of the Gospel of Ulphilas being a translation from the Greek. The Greek forms in -θεν, ἔσωθεν, ἔξωθεν, ἄνωθεν, πόῤῥωθεν, πάντοθεν, were just the forms to encourage such a formation as that in -þro.—Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 199, &c.

[§ 439]. The -ce (=es) in hen-ce, when-ce, then-ce, has yet to be satisfactorily explained. The Old English is whenn-es, thenn-es. As far, therefore, as the spelling is concerned, they are in the same predicament with the word once, which is properly on-es, the genitive of one. This statement, however, explains only the peculiarity of their orthography; since it by no means follows, that, because the -s in ones and the -s in whennes, thennes are equally replaced by -ce in orthography, they must equally have the same origin in etymology.

[§ 440]. Yonder.—In the Mœso-Gothic we have the following forms: jáinar, jáina, jáinþrô=illic, illuc, illinc. They do not, however, explain the form yon-d-er. It is not clear whether the d=the -d in jâind, or the þ in jáinþro.

Anon, as used by Shakspeare, in the sense of presently.—The probable history of this word is as follows: the first syllable contains a root akin to the root yon, signifying distance in place. The second is a shortened form of the Old High German and Middle High German, -nt, a termination expressive, 1, of removal in space; 2, of removal in time; Old High German, ënont, ënnont; Middle High German,

ënentlig, jenunt=beyond. The transition from the idea of place to that of time is shown in the Old High German, nâhunt, and the Middle High German, vërnent=lately; the first from the root nigh, the latter from the root far.—See Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 215.