FOOTNOTES:

[49] Terms applied to geographical distribution rather than to physical conformation; Malay and Negrito being terms expressive of physical conformation rather than of geographical distribution.

[50] History of Sumatra, p. 383.

[51] History of Sumatra, p. 41.

[52] Marsden's, History of Sumatra.

[53] History of Sumatra, p. 53.

[54] Prichard, vol. v.

[55] A division of the Kelænonesians.

[56] The g- pronounced as in get.

[57] Rajah Brooke's Journal, vol. i. p. 83.

[58] Brooke, vol. ii. p. 65.

[59] Description des Isles Philippines.

[60] From Prichard, vol. v. p. 220.

[61] Page [302], &c.

[62] United States' Exploring Expedition.

[63] According to the map and nomenclature of Dumont Durville.

[64] In Tahitian, Taaroa.

[65] Beechey.

[66] Amphi-nesian, from amfi=around, and næsos=island; Protonesian, from protos=first; Kelino-nesian, from kelainos=black. This last term is Prichard's. I am aware that all these forms are, etymologically, incorrect. The first part is Greek, the termination, -an, Latin; so that they are impossible words in the language from which they are supposed to be taken. Still the forms Polynesian and Peloponnesian, establish a convenient, though exceptionable, precedent.

[67] "This house resembled the smaller houses we afterwards saw in New Guinea, and it may have been erected merely in imitation of those the islanders have seen in that country. We afterwards saw, on Masseed, a solitary house like those of Darnley and Murray Islands."

[68] See page [168].

[69] Prichard. Vol. v., p. 232.

[70] Denoting that by some writers the Vanikoro tribes have been placed in another class. Their language has been considered as Polynesian rather than Papua.

[71] See p. [204].

[72] February 10, 1843.

[73] Vol. vi. p. 110.

[74] As the ch in chest.

[75] A work of Purkinje on the distribution of the sounds in different languages, I know only from the reference to it in Müller's Physiology. The beautiful application of this by Professor Graves, of Dublin, will be noticed when speaking of the ethnology of Ireland.

[76] Captain Gray; from Prichard. Vol. v.

[77] Qu?—Delawares.

[78] United States' Exploring Expedition, vol. vi.

[79] Parum fecundæ mulieres; apud quas quinta Lucina rarissimum. Viri inculpantur; quorum Venus plerumque præcox et effræna, ebrietas perpetua.

[80] Zoffany; Asiatic Researches, vol. ii.

[81] Marsden's Translation, p. 619.

[82] Asiatic Researches, vol. iv. p. 131.

[83] Page [185].

[84] Vol. ii. p. 251.

[85] See p. [193].

[86] Voyage of the Fly, p. 251.

D.
HYPERBOREAN MONGOLIDÆ.

We are now in Siberia rather than in Central Asia; along the courses of large rivers rather than at their head-waters; and in a region of tundras, or flat barren morasses, rather than on elevated steppes. We are also in the country of the rein-deer and dog rather than the horse and sheep. Fishing and fur-hunting, too, will form a portion of the occupations of the Hyperborean Mongolidæ. These conditions, different as they are in many respects from the general conditions of the Turk and Mongolian Turanians, have still been met with before, i.e. with the Northern Ugrians, the Northern Tungusians, and the Yakuts. One of the nations about to be enumerated, occupies the most northern portion of the inhabited world, i.e. the Samöeids of the Northern promontory of Asia.

HYPERBOREAN NATIONS AND TRIBES.

Physical conformation.—Undersized Mongols.

Languages.—-Agglutinate; neither monosyllabic nor pauro-syllabic.

Political relations.—Subject to either Russia or China.

Religion.—Shamanism or imperfect Christianity.

Distribution.—The coasts of the Arctic Ocean; the courses of the Yenisey and Kolyma. Area discontinuous.

Divisions.—1. The Samöeids, 2. The Yeniseians. 3. The Yukahiri.

The discontinuity of the Hyperborean area is to the following extent:—

a. The Samöeid class falls into two divisions, a northern and a southern; and these are separated from one another by Turk, Yeniseian, and Ugrian tribes.

b. The Yeniseians are surrounded by Ugrians, Turks, and Tungusians, with which they have less affinity than with the Samöeids, from whom they are separated.

c. The most western Yukahiri are separated from the most eastern Samöeids by Yakut Turks and Tungusians.

This discontinuity of area must be taken along with two other facts.

a. That the Hyperborean nations are nations of a receding frontier.

b. That the Turks, Tungús, and (in relation to the Hyperborean), the Ugrians, are nations of an encroaching frontier. These give, as an inference, the probability of the three separate divisions having once been continuous; so that the original Hyperborean populations must be considered to have been broken up, and partially superseded by the Turks and Tungusians, and to exist, at present, only in the form of fragments.

SAMÖEIDS.
SOUTHERN DIVISION (SOIOT).

Localities.—a. The parts around Lake Ubsa, within the limits of the Chinese Empire; the river Bashkus, which expands into the Lake Altin, or Teleakoi, and becomes one of the sources of the Obi.

b. Tunkinsk, on the south-west extremity of the Lake Baikal, within the Russian territory.

c. Abakansk on the left branch of the Upper Yenisey. From Abakansk, they moved eastwards in A.D. 1618.

d. The River Uda between the two branches of the Upper Yenisey.

Tribes.—a. Of the Lake Ubsa, the Uriangchai or Soiot.

b. Of the Uriangchai, the Bagari, the Matlar, the Tozhin, the Ulek.

c. Of Abakansk; the Matorzi, or Motori, and Koibal. Probably now extinct; since in 1722, only ten families of the Modori remained. The Kamash.

d. Of the Uda; the Karakash.

Conterminous with the Mongols, Tungusians, Yeniseians, and Turks. Separated by the last two from the Northern Samöeids.

Vocabularies.—Of the Motori, Koibal, and Kamash.

NORTHERN DIVISION (KHASOVO).

Area.—From the Mezene, between the Petchora and Archangel, and falling into the White Sea, to the Chatunga in 105° east longitude, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, and on the lower courses of the Petchora, Obi, and Yenisey.

Southwards; on the Yenisey to Turokansk, on the Obi, as far as Tomsk. This is their nearest point to the Southern Samöeids.

Conterminous with the Yakuts and Tungusians(?) on the east, the Yeniseians and Turks on the south, and the Ostiaks and Russians on the west.

Name.—Of the northern Samöeids on the River Tas, between the Yenisey and the Obi, Mokase. Of those of the Lower Obi and White Sea, Khasovo=men.

Some of the Samöeid tribes are improperly called Ostiaks.

Called by themselvesNyenech=men.
"——————Khasovo=men.
"the Obi OstiaksJergan-yach.
"TungusiansDyândal.
"SyraniansYarang.
"WogulsYorran-kum.
"RussiansSamöeid.

Vocabularies.—1. From Pustoserk, at the mouth of the Petchora. The north-westernmost locality.

2. From Obdorsk, at the mouth of the Obi.

3. From the River Tym, on the right side of the Obi.

4. From the River Ket, ibid.

5. From Narym between the two.

6. From Pumpokolsk north of the Tym.

7. From Tomsk, the southernmost locality.

8. From the parts between the Obi and Yenisey, the Yurass, the Tas, Mangaseia vocabularies.

9. From Turuchansk.

10. From the east of Turuchansk. The Karass vocabulary.

11. From the parts about the Chatunga. The Tawgi vocabulary. These the most easterly specimens.

12. The Laak vocabulary.

Of all the tribes of Siberia the Samöeids are nearest to the Eskimo, or Greenlanders, in their physical appearance. Varieties, however, have been described; some tribes having been called tall, others fair. The general character is that of the Laplander, and the Eskimo—the other circumpolar divisions of the human species.[87]

The Koibals are in all probability the most advanced of the Samöeids—being the owners of herds, flocks, horses, and camels(?).

Fig. 9.

As early as A.D. 1096, the term Samöeid appears in the Russian chronicles, and it is to be found again in the Travels of Plan Carpin, a hundred and fifty years later.

YENISEIANS.

Locality.—Each side of Yenisey, limited by the Northern Samöeids between Inbask and Turuchansk, and by the Southern Samöeids and Turks, in the neighbourhood of Krasnoiarsk. On the west are the south-eastern tribes of the northern Samöeids. On the east Tungusians and Turks.

Native name.—Könniyüng.

Vocabularies.—1. Inbask. 2. Pumpokolsk. 3. Assan. 4. Kott. 5. Arinzi. 6. Denka.

YUKAHIRI.

Native name.—Andon-Domni. Called by the Koræki Atal=spotted, from wearing rein-deer skins.

Locality.—Valley of the Kolyma, originally of the Yana and Indijirka also.

Particular tribes.—1. Tsheltiere, on the River Omolon. 2. Omoki, on the Atasey. 3-4. Tshuvantsi and Kudinski on the Anisey. 5. Konghini, on the Kolyma. 6. Shelagi, on the promontory of Shelagskoi Noss.

Conterminous with the Yakut Turks, the Lamut Tungusians, and the Koriaks.

The Yukahiri, although said to have been, even as late as the beginning of the last century, a powerful people, are at present rapidly diminishing. The Omoki and Shelagi are either extinct, or nearly so. So also, most probably, are the Tseltiere, the Kudinski, and the Konghini. Laying out of the account the influence of Russia, the northern Koriaks on the east, the Yakuts on the west, and the Lamut Tungusians on the south, have been the chief encroaching tribes.

The writer who has paid most attention to the language of these three divisions of the Siberian population is Klaproth; who, I believe, was also the first who separated the Yeniseians from the Ugrians. With these they were confounded, from the fact of their being denominated by the Russians, Ostiaks; a term, which from being already applied to the Ugrians of the Obi, was equivocal. To obviate this ambiguity, it was necessary to speak of two kinds of Ostiaks, those of the Obi, and those of the Yenisey; and so the nomenclature became confused. All this, however, is remedied by adhering to Klaproth's term Yeniseian. And such is the present custom of philologists.

Respecting the extent to which the Yeniseian, the Samöeid, and Yukahiri, are isolated languages; the classification of the present writer is opposed to that of the Asia Polyglotta. Klaproth raises each to the rank of a separate family, and neither admits any definite relationship between the three, as compared with each other, nor yet between any one of them and any of the neighbouring languages. Still he indicates some important general and miscellaneous affinities; and Prichard does the same. The following table helps to verify the present classification.

A.

The Yeniseian of the Asia Polyglotta, and the Yukahiri of the Asia Polyglotta.

B.

The Yeniseian of the Asia Polyglotta, and the Samöeid of the Asia Polyglotta.

Nevertheless, the present class is provisional. All that is at present asserted, is that the three divisions which it contains, are not sufficiently distinct to be separated. Whether, however, the whole section may not, hereafter, become a sub-division of either the Turanian, or the Peninsular Mongolidæ, is doubtful. Most probably it will.