FOOTNOTES:
[104] The g is sounded hard.
[105] As the French n in bon.
[106] Transactions of the British Association, &c., 1847, p. 121.
[107] United States Exploring Expedition.
[108] Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. p. 105.
[109] United States Exploring Expedition—Ethnology, p. 298.
[110] Pickering—Races of Men.
[111] From the Capital of Massachusetts.
[112] King George.
[113] Old Man.
[114] The name of a European who went mad.
[115] The Seal.
[116] Savage.
[117] Nootkan words.
[118] Chinúk.
[119] Pickering, from notes of Messrs. Agate and Brackeridge.
[121] Marked(?) because we find Paduca Kaskaias.
[122] A table of the chief affinities between the Bethuck and the other Algonkin languages (or dialects) has been published by the present writer in the Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1850.
[123] Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii.
[124] Ibid.
[125] Transactions of American Ethnological Society. II., cxiii.
[126] Transactions of Philological Society, 1849 and 1850.
[127] Marked(?) because we find Anies amongst the Iroquois (p. [333]), and Inies amongst the Caddos.
[128] The date of Gallatin's Synopsis.
[130] Transactions of the Ethnological Society, vol. i. Transactions of British Association for the advancement of Science.
[132] In Mr. Bollaert's list there only appears the name of Wacoes, who are said to be a branch of the Cumanches.
[133] Extracted from Prichard, vol. v. p. 304.
[134] Transactions of the Literary and Historical Department of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, vol. i.
[136] "The only reference we have to the mounds of Oregon is contained in a paragraph in the Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, vol. iv. p. 313:—We soon reached the Bute Prairies, which are extensive, and covered with tumuli, or small mounds, at regular distances. As far as I can learn, there is no tradition among the natives concerning them: they are conical mounds, thirty feet in diameter, about six or seven feet above the level, and many thousands in number. Being anxious to ascertain if they contained any relics, I subsequently visited these prairies, and opened three of the mounds, but found nothing in them but a pavement of round stones."
[137] Smithsonian Contributions, p. 2.
[138] Some of these have been published, e.g. in the Philological Transactions.
[139] Gallatin, in American Ethnological Transactions, cxxxi.
[140] As may be seen in p. [370].
[141] We have just seen that this, in the American languages, is the case even in words like John's hand, which would, there, be John he hand.
[142] For further criticism see the remarks on the Otomi language.
[143] Transactions of American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. pp. xxxviii. and li.
[144] Vol. iii. p. 3.
[145] The reasons for the italics and the(?) may be seen in p. [397].
[146] Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. p. 83.
[147] Prichard, vol. v. p. 423.
[148] New Mexico and California. By E. G. Squier, M.A.
[149] American Review, for November, 1848.
[151] From a short, but unique vocabulary of Lieutenant Emory's.
[152] The meaning of the Italics may be seen in p. [397].
[153] The meaning of the italics may be seen in p. [397].
[154] We have no vocabulary of the Pimos Indians of the Gila, north of the Apaches.
[155] Travels in the Interior of Mexico, p. 465.
[157] Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1835.
[158] Published by the Hackluyt Society.
[159] Dampier's Voyages.
[160] See Prichard, vol. v., p. 479.
[161] Of Easter Island.
[163] Schomburgk, Transactions of the Ethnological Society.
[164] Perhaps in such terms as Xanthus=Scamander, Briareus=Ægcon, we have the phænomenon of a second language.
[165] Ethnological Transactions, Vol. I.
[166] E.=Eskimo, A.=Algonkin, I.=Iroquois, S.=Sioux, C.=Cherokee.
[167] Of course, I mean Phonetic hieroglyphics; since it is only these that indicate a higher civilization than picture-writing.
G.
INDIAN MONGOLIDÆ.
The present notice of the Mongolidæ of Hindostan will contain little beyond an enumeration of their chief divisions. The further questions—too numerous, even in their proper place, to be considered in detail—will be found in the ethnography of the Iapetidæ.
THE INDIAN STOCK.
Area.—Hindustan, Cashmere, Ceylon, the Maldives and Laccadives, part of Beloochistan.
Conterminous with the Iapetidæ(?) of Beloochistan and Cabúl, the Seriform tribes of Little Tibet and the Sub-Himalayan countries of Bisahur, Nepaul, Sikkim, the Koch and Bodo country, the Garo country, Assam, and Aracan.
Political relations.—Chiefly either English or Independent. Partially French, Dutch, Danish, and Portuguese.
Religions.—Brahminism, Buddism, with a variety of eclectic and intermediate creeds, Parsi fireworship, Mahometanism, with creeds intermediate to it and Brahminism or Buddhism, Paganism, fragments or rudiments of Judaism and Christianity.
Physical condition of country.—Chiefly intertropical, with a. Fluviatile alluvia (deltas of the Indus and Ganges). b. Mountain and forest ranges (the Ghants, &c.). c. Sandy steppes (Ajmeer and the Punjaub). d. Portions of the Himalayan range (Cashmere).
Social and civilizational influences.—a. Ante-Mahometan; Persian, and Greek. b. Mahometan; Arabic, Persian, Turk, Mongol. c. Recent; Portuguese, Dutch, French, Danish, British.
Physical conformation.—The two extreme forms.—a. Colour dark, or even black, skin coarse, nasal profile flattened, cheek-bones prominent, lips thick, hair coarse and generally straight, beard scanty, limbs oftener slender than massive, stature oftener short than tall.
b. Colour brunette, sometimes of great clearness and delicacy, skin delicate, nose aquiline, eyebrows arched and delicate, frontal profile perpendicular, cranium dolikhokephalic, zygomatic development moderate, lips thin, stature sometimes tall, limbs often powerful, the whole body being well-formed, even when not muscular, and the face oval, with regular and expressive features.
Habits.—Agricultural and industrial. More rarely pastoral. Sometimes predatory.
Nutrition.—Varied. Sometimes nearly wholly vegetable; sometimes almost exclusively animal.
Social constitution.—Castes; the higher the caste, the more predominant the second type of physical conformation.
Intermixture.—Arabs on the western, Malays, Indo-Chinese, on the eastern coast. In earlier time, Turanian Turks, Mongols, Scythians(?), Persians.
Emigrant and Indians.—1. The Gypsies. 2. Hindu traders in different parts of Asia.
Frontier.—Partly encroaching on that of the Sub-Himalayan Seriform tribes (i.e., in Kumaon, Gurhwhal, and Bisahur), partly receding, i.e. in Nepaul.
Antiquities.—Rock temples, tombs, columns, coins, inscriptions in the Pali. Ancient literature in the Sanskrit language.
Epochs.—1. Ante-historical Persian, i.e. the epoch of the introduction of the languages represented by the Sanskrit, and the germs of the Brahminical system. 2. Macedonian, from the time of Alexander to the breaking-up of the Indo-Bactrian kingdom. 3. Mahometan. 4. European.
Alphabets.—1. With the letters more square than round, manifestly derived from the Sanskrit. 2. With the letters more round than square, derived from the Sanskrit, but not so visibly as the former.
Divisions.—1. The Tamul. 2. The Pulinda. 3. The Brahúi. 4. The Indo-Gangetic. 5. The Purbutti. 6. The Cashmirian. 7. The Cingalese. 8. The Maldivian.
THE TAMUL.
Area.—Continuous. The Dekhan, from Cape Comorin to an irregular line from Goa, west, to Chicacole, east.
Physical appearance.—Chiefly referable to the first type. Complexion oftener a black than a clear brunette; the latter, however, the case with certain hill-tribes (the Tudahs of the Nilgherries). A high stature and aquiline nose rarer than with Indo-Gangetic tribes. Lips often thick. Skull probably more dolikhokephalic than brakhykephalic. Maxillary profile often prognathic. The general physiognomy exhibiting many points common to the African.
Religion.—Paganism, and in the cases of Brahminism, with a considerable amount of the original Paganism intermixed.
Language.—Containing Sanskrit words in proportion to the non-Pagan character of the tribe by which it is spoken; in no case, however, are they so numerous as to prevent the original non-Sanskritic character of the language from being admitted.
Alphabets.—Of the second class.
Quasi-Pulinda[168] sections of the population.—Tudahs, Buddugurs, Erulars, Curumbars, Cohatars.
Languages.—a. The Tamul Proper.—Falling into two varieties, a. The High Tamul or Literary Dialect, and, b. The Low Tamul.
Spoken. From the parts about Pulicat to Cape Comorin, and as far west as Coimbatoor, the south portion of Mysore.
Conterminous with the Telinga (Teluga), Kanara, and Malayálam.
b. Tbelinga (Telugu). a. High. b. Low.
Spoken, immediately to the north of the Tamul from Pulicat to about 18° north latitude on the coast, and as far inland as Bangalore south, and the head-waters of the river Tapti, north.
Conterminous with the Udiya, the Mahratta, certain Pulinda dialects(?), and the Kanara.
c. Kanara.—a. High, b. Low.
Central part of the Deccan from Beder, north, to the lower-third of Mysore, south.
Conterminous with the Mahratta, Telinga, certain Pulinda dialects, the Udiya, the Telugu, the Kanarese, and the Tamul.
d. Tulava.—A dialect of the Kanarese. Spoken on the western coast between Goa and Mangalore, i.e. chiefly in the province of Kanara.
e. Malayálam.—South-west coast, from the limits of the Kanara to Cape Comorin.
f. Coorgi.—Spoken in Coorg. Unwritten.
g. Tudah.—Mountaineers of the Nilgherri Hills. Unwritten.
The remarkable custom of polyandria,[169] which has been noticed as one of the characters of the Seriform Tibetans, reappears among the Tamuls of Malabar. "The marriages of the Nayrs" (the caste next in dignity to the Brahmins), "so termed, are contracted when they are ten years of age; but the husband never lives with his wife, who remains in the home of her mother or brother, and is at liberty to choose any lover of a rank equal to her own. Her children are not considered as her husband's, nor do they inherit from him. Every man looks upon his sister's children, who alone are connected with him by ties of blood, as his heirs."—Prichard, iv. 161.
THE PULINDAS.
Area.—Irregular, and in the present state of our knowledge, discontinuous. Nearly encompassed by that of the Indo-Gangetic Indians. Chiefly mountain-ranges.
Physical appearance.—Exclusively of the first type, approaching by an increased zygomatic development, with the northern tribes, that of the Seriform Mongolidæ.
Religion.—Absolute Paganism, or Paganism with the minimum amount of Brahminical influences.
Languages or dialects.—Numerous. All unwritten, and but partially known. Even when mutually unintelligible, evidently connected with each other. Evidently, also, connected with the Tamuls. Proportion of Sanskrit at the minimum.
Vocabularies.—1. Kol. 2. Larka-Kol. 3. Sontal. 4. Soar. 5. Bhumij. 6. Mandala. 7. Rajmahal. 8. Goandi.
Divisions.—A. Northern Pulindas. B. Eastern Pulindas. C. Central Pulindas.
Distribution.—A. The Ganges on the confines of Bahar and Bengal, in the mountain-range between Baghulpur and Rajmahal.
B. Orissa, the Northern Circars, and the Eastern part of Gundwana—Kóls, Khonds, and Soárs.
C. Western Gundwana—Goands.
RAJMAHALI.
Locality.—Mountains in the neighbourhood of Rajmahal, on the confines of Orissa and Bengal.
Physical appearance.—Average height about five feet three inches. "A flat nose seems the characteristic feature, but it is not so flat as that of the Cafirs of Africa, nor are their lips so thick, though generally thicker than the inhabitants of the plain." "Fairer than the Bengalese; have broad faces, small eyes, and flattish or rather turned-up noses; but the Malay, or Chinese character of their features, from whom they are said to be descended, is lost in a great degree on closer inspection."—Asiatic Researches.
Pantheon.—Bedo Gossaik, Pow Gossaik, Davary Gossaik, Kali Gossaik, &c.
The tables of Hodgson show the affinity of the Rajmahali with the Kol, Bhumij, and the true Khond dialects of Orissa; as well as with the Goandi of Central India.
THE BRAHÚI.
Locality.—Beloochistan.
Conterminous with the Indians of Scinde and the Balooches (Biluchi) of Persia.
That the Brahúi numerals were liker those of Southern India than any others, is indicated by Lassen. That the language, in general, is Tamul, may be seen by a comparison of the vocabularies at large. To this fact the Brahúi locality, so far west and north, gives great importance. The date, however, of their occupancy still remains unsettled. They may be recent settlers, or they may be aborigines, for anything known from history.
THE INDO-GANGETIC INDIANS.
Area.—The systems of the Indus, and of the Ganges, Northern India. Continuous, but not uninterrupted; Pulinda populations being interspersed.
Physical appearance.—Often of the second type, and almost exclusively supplying the standard specimens of it.
Religion.—Brahminism, with a minimum amount of Paganism, Buddhism, Mahometanism. Sects, and intermediate creeds. Parseeism.
Language.—Non-Sanskritic in respect to its grammar, but so full of Sanskrit vocables as to appear to be Sanskritic in origin.
Alphabets.—Of the first class.
Quasi-Pulinda populations.—a. Bhils.—In the wider parts of the Vindhya chain, and northern part of the western Ghauts.
Kulis.—South of the Bhils of the Ghauts.
Ramusis, Berdars.—The Ghauts of the Mahratta country, south of the Kulis.
Waralis and Katodis.—The wilder part of the Concan.
Languages.—1. The Punjabi.—Conterminous with the Pushtú of Affghanistan. Literature recent, and of Hindu origin. The language of the Sikhs.
2. The Multani (Ooch).—Moultan; no native literature.
3. The Gipsy.—Considered here because, although spoken by Indians who are spread over Europe and Asia in general, rather than occupants of their natural soil, the Multan is the Indian dialect to which it is most allied.
4. The Sindi.—Locality Sinde; native literature little or none.
5. The Cutch.—Probably a dialect of the Sindi, or else of—
6. The Gujerati.—Spoken in Gujerat. Native literature considerable, especially in respect to writings on the Parsi religion, of which Gujerat is the chief seat.
7. Bikhaneer (Vikaneer).—Rajasthana.
8. Odipoor.—Ditto.
9. Jeypoor.—Ditto.
10. Haroti.—Ditto.
11. Mewar.—Ditto.
12. Malwah.—The province so-called.
13. Bundelcund.—Country round Allahabad.
14. The Hindi.—Agra, Delhi, Oude, said to form the basis of the Sub-Himalayan languages of Gurwhal, Sirmor, Kumaon, Bisahur, and Nepaul(?).
15. The Hindostani.—The Hindi proper converted by the introduction of Persian and other words into a sort of lingua Franca.
16. The Maithili.—Spoken in South Bahar.
17. The Bengali.—Bengal.
18. The Assamese.—South-western part of Assam. Not the indigenous language even to that district. Closely akin to the Bengali, of which it is, perhaps, scarcely more than a dialect. This and the Bengali are conterminous with the monosyllabic languages of the eastern Sub-Himalayan range, and the northern portion of the Transgangetic Peninsula.
19. The Udiya.—Spoken in Cuttack and Orissa, as far south as 18° south latitude (there or thereabouts); conterminous with the Bengali on the north.
The southern part of the Udiya area is irregularly bounded by portions of the country belonging to the first class, and its western by portions belonging to the second class of Indian languages. As the Udiya is the most southern of the Indian tongues belonging to the first division on the east, the—
20. Mahratta.—Is the most southern on the west side of the Peninsula; bounded on the north by the Satpura Mountains, as far as Nagpore; thence it follows the course of the Nagpore river as far as its junction with the River Wurda. Westward, the boundary between it and the Kanara (of the second division) runs in an irregular line to Goa.
21. The Concani.—The strip of coast between the western Ghauts and the sea between Bombay north, and Goa south. The district of Concana interrupting the area of the Mahratta language, of which, perhaps, it is a dialect.
THE PURBUTTI(?) (MOUNTAINEERS).
Distribution.—The Sub-Himalayan range between Cashmir west, and the River Teesta on the borders of Sikkim, east.
Area.—Kumaon, Gurwhal, Sirmor, part of Bisahur, Kulu, Chambá, Mandi, Kangrah, Sukhet, Gulihur, Lahoul.
Physical appearance.—Hindu, modified by either Seriform intermixture or influences of climate and altitude, or both.
Language.—Indo-Gangetic(?). In many cases a near approach to the Hindi; in others, probably, to the Punjabi and the Cashmirian.
Religion.—Chiefly Brahminic.
Divisions.—1. Central Purbutti, or Khasiyas, in Gurwhal and Kumaon. 2. Eastern Purbutti, from Nepaul to the Bodo frontier; few and equivocal. 3. Western Purbutti, in the parts between the Sutlege and Cashmir.
The character of these populations is, as stated above, derived from either the influences of a mountain climate, or from intermixture with Seriform Tibetans, or both.
Admitting the latter as an important element, it then remains to be considered which of the two stocks is the original one. Were the sub-Himalayan terraces originally Seriform and afterwards peopled by Indians, or was the population originally Pulinda, with which was subsequently intermixed an Indo-Gangetic element. This is the uncertainty which is denoted by the note of interrogation(?).
The question which it involves is by no means answered by saying that the advent of the Brahminical Hindus of Gurwhal, Sirmor, and Kumaon, as conquerors and colonists, is a matter of history. Even, then, the nature of the primitive race remains uncertain, i. e. it is an open question whether they were southern branches of the Seriform stock, or northern Pulindas; to say nothing about the likelihood of their being intermediate to the two, or different for different parts of the frontier.
That they were Seriform is the likelier doctrine of the two. Still when we see, on the eastern side of the peninsula, how nearly the northern Pulindas of Rajmahal approach the southern Seriform Garos, the difficulties of the question become apparent.
The division of the Purbuttis into three groups is natural. The Khasiyas, in Kumaon and Gurwhal, are Indo-Gangetic Indians with the minimum of intermixture, it being stated that in those two countries the aboriginal impure race is extinct. On the east the extreme tribes are likely to pass into the Bodo and Dhimál, on the west into the Cashmirian type.
Again, the political relations of the eastern Purbutti are with Nepaul. Those of the west with Cashmir and the Punjâb.
As to the real phænomena of intermixture, they can only be ascertained by a great increase of our information for the parts in question; since they are preeminently irregular in their distribution, e. g. in Konawer, where the language is Seriform, and the physiognomy Tibetan, the religion is an imperfect Brahminism; whilst in Jobool (and probably elsewhere) we find by the side of a Hindu language and physiognomy the custom of Polyandria, common to both the Seriform Tibetans and the Tamul Malabars.
THE CASHMIRIAN(?).
Locality.—The Valley of Cashmir.
Language.—Indo-Gangetic.
Religion.—Mahometanism.
Physical appearance.—Referable to the second type, with clearness of complexion and regularity of features at its maximum.
The note of interrogation denotes that the non-Indo-Gangetic element of the Cashmirians is uncertain. It may be Tamul; it may be Seriform; it may, on the other hand, belong to the class represented by the Siaposh, and other Quasi-Iranian, or Iranian, populations.
THE CINGALESE.
Locality.—Ceylon.
Language.—So full of Sanskrit vocables as to be classed with the Indo-Gangetic rather than with the Tamul tongues.
Religion.—Buddhism rather than Brahminism. Paganism.
Quasi-Pulinda population.—The Vaddahs.
THE MALDIVIAN(?).
Localities.—The Maldive and Laccadive islands.
The note of interrogation indicates that the Maldivians are, perhaps, a sub-division of the Cingalese rather than a separate substantive section of the Indian Mongolidæ.