FOOTNOTES:

[184] For the meaning of this, see the note at the end of the volume.

[185] For the powers of this alphabet, see the note at the end of the volume.

[186] For the meaning of this, see the note at the end of the volume.

IAPETIDÆ.
DIVISIONS.

This is the section of our species which is the best known, and which has been the earliest described. Preeminently lying within the department of the historian and archæologist, the natural historical questions connected with it, are those of the minute rather than the systematic ethnographist.

Thus—the information, which would be so valuable in Africa or America, as to the general relations of a particular population, is useless here. All such facts are known; and in dealing with areas like Britain, or Italy, we ask—not to what great primary class the Englishman or the Italian belongs, but the subtler questions as to the differentiæ of their mental and physical characteristics, or the amount of foreign intermixture which in one case traverses the original Saxon, and in the other the primitive Roman stock—each stock itself being a complex product.

Ethnology of this sort has its proper exposition in a series of monographs, rather than in a work like the present.

So thoroughly are the Iapetidæ, populations who have encroached upon the frontiers of others rather than admitted encroachments on their own, that, with the exception of the Arab dominion in Spain, which has not, and the Turk and Majiar in Rumelia and Hungary, which have lasted till our own times, there is no instance of their permanent displacement by either Mongolidæ or Atlantidæ of any sort.

Within their own pale, the Celts were the encroaching family of the oldest, the Romans of the next oldest, and the Anglo-Saxons and Slavonians of the recent periods of history.

A.
OCCIDENTAL IAPETIDÆ.

Languages.—Separated from the common mother-tongue subsequent to the evolution of the persons of verbs, but anterior to the evolution of the cases of nouns. Evidently agglutinate.

Here, as with the Atlantidæ, we begin with an extreme, rather than a transitional division of the stock.

CELTS (KELTS).

Name.—Either native, Ligurian, or Iberian. In its limited sense confined to the southern Gauls. Possibly to some of the Iberians as well. At present, a general term comprizing populations very different from the original Keltæ (Κέλται). And adopted by the Greeks rather than the Romans.

Present area.—Brittany, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, the Isle of Man, Ireland.—In Brittany it is doubtful whether the Keltic occupancy represent original distribution or immigration.

Original area.—a. Undoubted.—The present the Scottish Low-lands, England, Gaul north of the Loire (there or thereabouts), and parts of Switzerland.

b. Probable.—Parts of Baden, and Bavaria, Northern Italy. In this latter case it is doubtful whether the Keltic occupancy represent original distribution or immigration.

c. Accredited (either in way of original distribution or migration).—The Tyrol (Taurisci), Illyria (Scordisci), Asia Minor (the Galatians), Spain (the Celt-Iberians), Jutland (Cimbri).

Frontier.—Preeminently receding; the encroaching populations being (1st) Roman, (2nd) Gothic.

Conterminous with—a. in the original area; Iberians, Italians, German Goths. b. in the present; English Goths, and French.

Chief divisions.—1. Kelts of Gaul, falling into, a. The proper Celtæ. b. The Belgæ. Extinct(?) or incorporate.

2. British Kelts, falling into, a. The Cambrians. b. The Picts. The latter either extinct or incorporate.

3. Gaels. a. Scotch Gaels. b. Irish Gaels. c. Manxmen, or Gaelic Kelts of the Isle of Man.

4. The Cisalpine Kelts of Northern Italy.

5. The Ligurians(?) extended from the Etruscan to the Iberian frontier.

Sub-divisions (more or less artificial) of the Cambrian Kelts.—a. Cumbrians of the kingdom of Strath-Clyde. b. Cymry of North Wales. c. Cymry of South Wales. d. Cornish Kelts.

Philological Classification of the known Keltic languages.—

Keltic Stock.
|
-----------------------------------------
| |
Cambrian (British) Branch. Gaelic Branch.
| |
------------------------------- ------------------------------------
| | | |
Welsh. Cornish. Armorican. Scotch Gaelic. Irish Gaelic. Manx.

Descent.—From the ancient tribes of Ireland, Scotland, England, Gaul (north of the Loire, and west of the Rhine), Helvetia, and the Agri Decumates(?). The Cimbri[187] and Teutones.

Physical conformation.—Preeminently (according to Retzius) dolikhokephalic. Cheek-bones, prominent; complexion, referable to—

a. The Silurian type.—Eyes and hair, black; complexion, dark, with a ruddy tinge; chiefly found in South Wales.

b. The Hibernian type.—Eyes, grey; hair, yellowish, red, or sandy; complexion, light.

Pantheon.—Teutates, Taranis, Hesus, Belenus (Belis), Abellio, Belatucadrus, Attis, Aufaniæ (Goddesses), Aventia, Bacurdus, Camulus, Onuava, Ogmius, Nehalunnia, Dusius (the Deuce), Salivæ (Sylphs)—Mithridates vol. iii.

To this, add the phænomena involved in the system of a. The Druids. b. The Bards. c. The monumental remains of the character of Stonehenge=Máenhír=long stones.

Antiquities.—Coins, images, tumuli, and their contents, Máenhír.

Habits.—In southern and central Gaul, and in southern and central England, at least, agricultural and industrial. On the coast, maritime.

Probable line of population.—To Ireland from the nearest part of Scotland, to Scotland from England, to England from the parts about Calais and Dunkirk.

This last observation has been made in order to guard against any false impression arising from the statement of Bede that the Scots came from Ireland. The evidence of this is, at best, but a tradition, apparently founded upon an inaccurate etymology. Even if true, it would apply only to some secondary migration, and be subject to the criticism applied to the relations between the Island of Sumatra, and the Peninsula of Malacca, as Malay areas.