AVERAGE DAILY EXCRETION OF METABOLIZED NITROGEN FOR THE LAST TWO MONTHS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
| grams | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G. W. Anderson | 8.81 | ⎫ | Grand average for this period = 8.81 grams of nitrogen per day. | |
| W. L. Anderson | 10.07 | ⎪ | ||
| H. S. Bellis | 8.45 | [42] | ⎪ | |
| W. H. Callahan | 9.52 | ⎬ | ||
| M. Donahue | 7.39 | ⎪ | ||
| C. S. Jacobus | 7.43 | ⎪ | ||
| H. R. Schenker | 9.82 | ⎪ | ||
| John Stapleton | 9.00 | ⎭ |
An excretion of 8.81 grams of nitrogen through the kidneys corresponds to the metabolism of 55 grams of proteid matter. Compare this average amount of proteid matter metabolized each day with the figures obtained during the preliminary period of ten days, when the men were living on their ordinary diet. Then, many of the men were excreting nitrogen at the rate of 17 to 22 grams per day. In a general way, we may safely say that all these men during the last two months of the experiment were living on about one-half the proteid food they were formerly accustomed to take.
Further, the average daily excretion of nitrogen for the preceding seventy-three days, i. e., from February 1 to April 13, was in most instances nearly, if not quite, as low as during the last two months of the experiment, so that we are certainly justified in the statement that these men—trained athletes, doing athletic work more or less strenuous—were able to practise during this long period marked physiological economy in the use of proteid food, equal approximately at least to a saving of full fifty per cent in proteid matter.
The individual tables must be carefully studied, however, in order to trace out the changes in detail in the rate of nitrogen metabolism, and in so doing much information will be obtained regarding modification in the excretion of uric acid, a matter to be discussed in another connection, later on. Further, it is interesting to note in the tables the changes in body-weight of the men. Some of the men, like Dr. Callahan, who were abundantly supplied with adipose tissue, lost very considerably in body-weight, but eventually came to a standstill, with establishment of body equilibrium, under the changed dietary habits. Some of the men reached this condition of equilibrium much more quickly than others. Dr. Callahan who suffered a large loss in body-weight—to his great gain, as he expressed it—dropped from 92.2 kilos to 83 kilos in two months, but from March 22 to June 15 his body-weight, while naturally showing fluctuation, did not fall again permanently.
What now was the amount of metabolized nitrogen per kilo of body-weight in these men toward the close of the experiment? Taking the average daily nitrogen excretion for the period from April 13 to June 15, and the body-weights of the men at this same period, as indicated in the accompanying table, we have the following figures:
| Body- weight. | Average daily Nitrogen excreted. | Metabolized Nitrogen per kilo of body-weight. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| kilos | grams | gram | |
| Bellis | 78 | 8.45 | 0.108 |
| Callahan | 83 | 9.52 | 0.114 |
| Donahue | 62 | 7.39 | 0.119 |
| Stapleton | 75 | 9.00 | 0.120 |
| Anderson, G. W. | 71 | 8.81 | 0.124 |
| Jacobus | 56 | 7.43 | 0.132 |
| Schenker | 73 | 9.82 | 0.134 |
| Anderson, W. L. | 61 | 10.07 | 0.165 |
These figures, with one exception, show as low a proteid metabolism per kilo of body-weight as was obtained with the soldiers on a prescribed diet, yet these men were athletes accustomed to vigorous muscular exercise, and likewise accustomed to the eating of relatively large amounts of proteid food. Theoretically, it might not be expected that these men would drop to as low a level as men who were not addicted to the consumption of excessive amounts of proteid foods, yet for two months, and practically for a period of four months, these University students easily maintained themselves at this lower level of nitrogen metabolism.
From April 26 to June 13, at the request of the students themselves, the daily diet was prescribed; not, however, as regards the quantity of food to be eaten, but merely as to its character. The men ate at the University Dining Hall, and it was a simple matter to have their table supplied with a special dietary. The following dietary was therefore prepared for their use.
It is not to be understood that the men took all that the daily list provided, but they made their selections from the menu, and in quantity took what they deemed necessary, or what satisfied their appetites. It may be added that the men were all well content with the variety provided and expressed themselves, many times, as better pleased with a simple dietary of this kind than with the heavier proteid foods of earlier days. It should be added that Dr. Callahan was compelled to be absent from New Haven during a large portion of the period covered by this dietary, hence his nitrogen excretions do not correspond in quantity with the nitrogen of the above rations.
Tuesday, April 26, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled hominy with sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Spaghetti, stewed tomatoes, potatoes, boiled onions, bread, butter, coffee, fried hominy with syrup.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, fried bacon with French fried potato, spinach, bread, butter, stewed prunes, lettuce-celery-apple salad, cream puffs, coffee.
STAPLETON
Photograph taken in the middle of the experiment, in April.
Wednesday, April 27, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, farina with cream, coffee, rolls, butter, baked potato.
Lunch.—Fried oysters, mashed potato, bread, butter, coffee, string beans, sliced banana with cream.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, codfish-cakes, boiled potato, boiled lima beans, lettuce-orange salad, ice cream, coffee.
Thursday, April 28, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, coffee, rolls, cream, butter, fried hominy and syrup.
Lunch.—Fried sweet potato, cold tongue, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee, baked apple with cream.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, Hamburg steak made with plenty of bread, etc., Lyonnaise potato, baked potato, spinach, pie, coffee.
Friday, April 29, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, Indian-meal, boiled, with sugar and cream, baked potato, rolls, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder with crackers, farina croquettes, stewed tomato, griddle cakes with syrup, coffee, bread, butter.
Dinner.—Soup, fish, mashed potato, radishes, string beans, cranberry sauce, bread, butter, lettuce salad, lemon pie, coffee.
Saturday, April 30, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, fried Indian-meal, syrup, baked potato, coffee, rolls.
Lunch.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, baked potato, sliced ham, baked apple and cream, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Soup, small sausage fried, mashed potato, boiled sweet potato, spinach, stewed tomato, strawberry short cake, coffee.
Sunday, May 1, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled rice, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, stewed chicken, cranberry sauce, boiled potato, boiled onion, stewed corn, water ice, coffee, bread, butter.
Supper.—French fried potato, bacon, Waldorf-salad, bread, butter, pie.
Monday, May 2, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, malto-rice, cream, coffee, rolls.
Lunch.—Baked beans, catsup, baked potato, stewed prunes, apple pudding.
Dinner.—Barley soup, string beans, boiled onion, mashed potato, fried bacon, cranberry sauce, bread, butter, sliced banana, cream, coffee.
Tuesday, May 3, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, baked potato, butter, rolls, coffee.
Lunch.—Baked macaroni, French fried potato, boiled spinach, stewed prunes, coffee, bread, butter, fried rice with syrup.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, fried sausage with Lyonnaise potato, boiled sweet potato, butter, lettuce-orange salad, baked apple with cream, coffee.
Wednesday May 4, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, farina with sugar and cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—One egg on toast, string beans, boiled potato, bread, butter, coffee, pie.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, codfish-cakes, baked potato, boiled lima beans, lettuce-apple salad, bread, butter, cream puffs, coffee.
Thursday, May 5, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled hominy, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Cold ham, fried sweet potato, baked potato, cream, butter, coffee, cabinet pudding, vanilla sauce.
Dinner.—Scotch broth, one lamb chop, mashed potato, fried sweet potato, spinach, bread and butter, baked apple and cream, coffee.
Friday, May 6, 1904.
Breakfast.—One apple, fried hominy with syrup, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder with crackers, potato croquettes, sliced tomatoes, bread, butter, griddle cakes and syrup, coffee.
Dinner.—Bean soup aux croutons, boiled halibut, mashed potato, boiled onions with cream, radishes, cranberry sauce, lettuce salad, bread, butter, coffee, one orange.
Saturday, May 7, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, sugar, cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Consommé, spaghetti à l’italienne, boiled sweet potato, bread, butter, cakes, preserves, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, roast beef, mashed potato, boiled spinach, boiled sweet potato, bread and butter, strawberries and cream, coffee.
Sunday, May 8, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, fried rice, syrup, coffee, corn bread and butter, baked potato.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, stewed chicken, cranberry sauce, string beans, boiled or mashed potato, water ice, bread and butter, cakes, coffee.
Supper.—French fried potato, bacon, lettuce-orange salad, bread and butter, cake, preserves, and coffee.
Monday, May 9, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled Indian-meal, sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Calf’s liver, baked potato, stewed prunes, boiled onion, bread and butter, coffee, apple pudding.
Dinner.—Consommé, baked macaroni, fried sweet potato, stewed tomato, preserves, lettuce, bread, butter, cakes, coffee.
Tuesday, May 10, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, farina, milk, sugar, baked potato, coffee, bread, butter.
Lunch.—Egg omelette with jelly, fried bacon, mashed potato, spinach, apple pudding, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, rice custard, lettuce-orange salad, bread, butter, coffee, baked apples with cream.
Wednesday, May 11, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana and cream, fried hominy, syrup, baked potato, coffee, bread, butter.
Lunch.—Cream of tomato soup, mashed potato, lima beans, bread, butter, prune soufflé, coffee.
Dinner.—Hamburg steak made with much bread, boiled sweet potato, boiled onions, lettuce, lemon pie, bread, butter, coffee.
Thursday, May 12, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, baked potato, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Consommé, French fried potato, one egg on toast, rice pudding, apple sauce, coffee, bread, butter.
Dinner.—One chop, boiled or mashed potato, string beans, apple-lettuce salad, lemon pie, bread, butter, coffee.
Friday, May 13, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana and cream, fried rice with syrup, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder, boiled potato, boiled onions, fried bacon, carrots, apple dumpling, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup (thick), frizzled beef, fried sweet potato, spinach, cranberry tart, bread, butter, coffee, cakes.
Saturday, May 14, 1904.
Breakfast.—Baked apple and cream, boiled hominy, with sugar and cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, with tomato sauce, stewed corn, mashed potato, bread, butter, coffee, fruit.
Dinner.—Fish, boiled potato, boiled onions, bread pudding, preserves, lettuce-tomato salad, small cakes, bread, butter, coffee.
Sunday, May 15, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, baked potato, boiled oatmeal with sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Consommé with croutons, fried rice with syrup, French fried potato, strawberry short-cake with whipped cream, bread, coffee.
Dinner.—Stewed chicken, fried sweet potato, cranberry sauce, celery, string beans, bread, butter, coffee, ice cream, cakes.
Monday, May 16, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, griddle cakes and syrup, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Fried bacon, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, rice croquettes with preserves, apple pie, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, one lamb chop, mashed potato, string beans, boiled onions, orange-lettuce salad, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.
Tuesday, May 17, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, farina, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Vegetable soup, French fried potato, one egg on toast, rice pudding, apple sauce, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, lima beans, lettuce salad, bread, butter, baked apples with cream, rice custard, coffee.
Wednesday, May 18, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, fried rice, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, tomato sauce, fried sweet potato, string beans, bread, butter, prune soufflé, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, Hamburg steak made with much bread, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, lemon pie, coffee.
Thursday, May 19, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Egg omelette, jelly, French fried potato, boiled onions, fried hominy, syrup, bread, butter, apple pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, fried bacon, fried sweet potato, spinach, bread, butter, Indian-meal pudding, coffee.
Friday, May 20, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced orange, fried hominy, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Fish cakes, boiled sweet potato, mashed potato, lima beans (boiled), bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, boiled halibut, mashed potato, string beans, bread, butter, rice croquettes, cranberry jam, coffee.
Saturday, May 21, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, cream, sugar, boiled Indian-meal, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One lamb chop, potato croquettes, fried Indian-meal, syrup, stewed tomatoes, bread, butter, coffee, water ice.
Dinner.—Bean purée, scrambled egg, bacon, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, farina pudding, prunes, bread, butter, coffee.
Sunday, May 22, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced orange, sugar, boiled oatmeal, cream, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Boiled macaroni, fried rice, syrup, mashed potato, boiled onions, bread, butter, ice cream, cake, coffee.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, French fried potato, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, cranberry sauce, strawberry short-cake, cream, coffee.
Monday, May 23, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, griddle cakes, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One egg on toast, consommé, French fried potato, lettuce, rice croquettes, syrup, apple sauce, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, baked macaroni, fried bacon, potato croquettes, string beans, bread, butter, water ice, coffee.
Tuesday, May 24, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, tomato sauce, boiled onions, mashed potato, bread, butter, stewed prunes, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, Hamburg steak made with much bread, French fried potato, spinach, farina croquettes, bread, butter, lemon pie, coffee.
Wednesday, May 25, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, lettuce salad, fried hominy, syrup, bread, butter, apple sauce, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, scrambled eggs, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, lima beans, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Thursday, May 26, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One egg on toast, spinach, mashed potato, apple sauce, bread, butter, rice pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, boiled macaroni, boiled onions, French fried potato, lettuce, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.
Friday, May 27, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, rolls, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder, potato croquettes, lima beans, bread, butter, strawberries, cream, coffee.
Dinner.—Bean soup, boiled halibut, mashed potato, string beans, rice croquettes, cranberry jam, bread, butter, water ice, coffee.
Saturday, May 28, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One boiled egg, French fried potato, stewed tomatoes, fried Indian-meal, syrup, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, baked beans, Boston brown bread, lettuce-orange salad, stewed prunes, bread, butter, ice cream, coffee.
Sunday, May 29, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Boiled spaghetti, mashed potato, boiled onions, fried rice, syrup, bread, butter, strawberries, cake, coffee.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, boiled potato, spinach, bread, butter, cranberry sauce, custard pie, coffee.
Monday, May 30, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Consommé, French fried potato, bacon, lettuce-orange salad, wheat griddle cakes, syrup, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Barley broth, one lamb chop, mashed potato, fried sweet potato, apple sauce, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Tuesday, June 7, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Vegetable soup, French fried potato, one egg on toast, apple sauce, rice pudding, bread, butter, tea.
Dinner.—One small fried sausage, boiled potato, lima beans, lettuce-orange salad, bread, butter, ice cream, cake, coffee.
Wednesday, June 8, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, potato croquettes, string beans, two slices bacon, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, boiled halibut, mashed potato, asparagus, bread, butter, cream pie, coffee.
Thursday, June 9, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Egg omelette, jelly, French fried potato, boiled onions, bread, butter, wheat griddle cakes, syrup, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, dried beef stewed with milk, boiled potato, spinach, bread, butter, Indian-meal pudding, coffee.
Friday, June 10, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, fried hominy, syrup, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder, mashed potato, boiled lima beans, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, bluefish (broiled), Lyonnaise potato, asparagus, bread, butter, cranberry jam, lemon pie, coffee.
Saturday, June 11, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled Indian-meal, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Barley broth, corn fritters, mashed potato, two slices bacon, bread, butter, stewed tomatoes, strawberries, cream, coffee.
Dinner.—Bean purée, scrambled egg, rice croquettes, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, stewed prunes, bread, butter, farina pudding, coffee.
Sunday, June 12, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Boiled macaroni, string beans, mashed potato, farina croquettes, water ice, cake, coffee.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, French fried potato, lettuce salad, bread, butter, strawberry short-cake, cream, coffee.
Monday, June 13, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Vegetable soup, one egg on toast, fried potatoes, apple sauce, rice croquettes, bread, butter, cottage pudding, tea.
Dinner.—Clam broth, beef stew, with potatoes, carrots and onions, boiled potatoes, bread, butter, apple-lettuce salad, apple pie, cheese, coffee.