UNDERHILL.

Date.		Body-weight.	Urine.
Date.		Body-weight.	Volume. 24 hours.	Sp. Gr.	Nitrogen.		Uric Acid.		P₂O₅.
1903		kilos	c.c.		grams		gram		grams
Oct.	11	65.4	1300	1015		10.37		0.611		1.72
	12		700	1022		9.07
	13		1050	1022		12.35		0.820		2.15
	14		1400	1017		12.01
	15		870	1020		11.48		0.671		1.76
	16		1165	1013		12.09
	17		840	1020		11.24
	18		1150	1017		10.00		0.613		1.77
	19		678	1022		7.79
	20		1165	1018		10.76		0.603		1.60
	21		1460	1017		11.91
	22		950	1019		10.71		0.643		1.73
	23		1165	1017		12.82
	24	65.4	850	1025		12.49
	25		850	1022		11.07		0.645		1.76
	26		1025	1018	⎫	8.31 daily average		0.465 daily average		1.18 daily average
	27		775	1018	⎪
	28		1140	1015	⎬
	29		765	1020	⎪
	30		860	1019	⎪
	31		1150	1015	⎭
Nov.	1		750	1020	⎫	7.91		0.469		1.30
	2		675	1022	⎪
	3		955	1014	⎪
	4		1270	1012	⎬
	5		885	1015	⎪
	6		770	1020	⎪
	7		860	1021	⎭
	8		775	1020	⎫	7.86		0.537		1.40
	9		890	1018	⎪
	10		1070	1018	⎪
	11		755	1020	⎬
	12		950	1023	⎪
	13		1100	1017	⎪
	14		980	1015	⎪
	15		630	1020	⎭
	16	65.0	700	1020	⎫	7.82		0.467		1.49
	17		1000	1015	⎪
	18		940	1018	⎪
	19		770	1023	⎬
	20		770	1025	⎪
	21		790	1020	⎪
	22		770	1021	⎭
	23		590	1025	⎫	8.55		0.476		1.67
	27		710	1024	⎬
	28		1080	1017	⎪
	29		760	1019	⎭
	30		870	1018	⎫	7.72		0.506		1.43
Dec.	1		860	1017	⎪
	2		1120	1015	⎪
	3		1450	1009	⎬
	4		720	1019	⎪
	5		720	1019	⎪
	6		510	1027	⎭
	7	65.1	700	1018	⎫	7.36		0.474		1.44
	8		650	1018	⎪
	9		860	1013	⎪
	10		975	1020	⎬
	11		800	1021	⎪
	12		830	1018	⎪
	13		750	1019	⎭
	14		860	1018	⎫	8.11		0.497		1.35
	15		870	1019	⎪
	16		880	1015	⎪
	17		820		⎬
	18		760	1021	⎪
	19		860	1017	⎪
	20		520	1023	⎭
	21		1200	1014	⎫	7.18				1.05
	22	65.0	510	1025	⎭	7.18				1.05
	23		650		⎫	6.70		0.356		0.97
	24		670		⎪
	25		500		⎬
	26		550		⎪
	27		850		⎭
	28	65.2	930		⎫	8.70		0.626		1.21
	29		1200		⎪
	30		750		⎪
	31		1280		⎬
Jan.	1		750		⎪
	2		750		⎪
	3		870		⎪
	4		1230		⎭
	5		720	1023	⎫	8.23		0.530		1.24
	6		960	1020	⎪
	7		760	1022	⎬
	8		1000	1017	⎪
	9		720	1025	⎪
	10	65.1	730	1021	⎭
	11		700	1016	⎫	7.74		0.618		1.20
	12		650	1020	⎪
	13		700	1024	⎪
	14		660	1025	⎬
	15		610	1025	⎪
	16		710	1024	⎪
	17		660	1022	⎭
	18		770	1016	⎫	7.80		0.705		1.14
	19	64.8	700	1022	⎪
	20		1130	1018	⎪
	21		830	1020	⎬
	22		600	1019	⎪
	23		480	1021	⎪
	24		750	1019	⎭
	25		680	1020	⎫	6.85		0.500		1.07
	26		800	1018	⎪
	27		800	1020	⎪
	28		700	1020	⎬
	29	64.4	1010	1014	⎪
	30		980	1018	⎪
	31		820	1015	⎭
Feb.	1		990	1015	⎫	7.98		0.535		1.24
	2		660	1020	⎪
	3	64.4	1060	1015	⎪
	4		980	1017	⎬
	5		970	1014	⎪
	6		790	1019	⎪
	7		1120	1015	⎭
	8		715	1021		8.11
	9	64.4	1225	1014		7.49		0.450
	10	64.4	770	1018		6.14		0.505
	11	64.5	715	1022		8.02		0.568
	12		850	1021		8.82		0.539
	13		490	1028		7.17		0.505
	14	64.4	795	1020		7.73		0.543
	15		780	1021	⎫	8.27		0.558
	16		920	1023	⎪
	17		660	1021	⎪
	18		640	1027	⎬
	19		730	1023	⎪
	20		840	1027	⎪
	21		700	1018	⎭
	22		440	1025	⎫	7.47		0.556
	23		600	1023	⎪
	24		750	1022	⎪
	25		830	1017	⎬
	26	64.0	870	1021	⎪
	27		910	1015	⎪
	28		950	1014	⎭
	29		600	1021	⎫	7.15		0.526
Mar.	1		680	1021	⎪
	2		1120	1011	⎪
	3		640	1021	⎬
	4		1080	1016	⎪
	5		1220	1034	⎪
	6		890	1015	⎭
	7		1000	1014	⎫	8.18		0.682
	8		650	1020	⎪
	9		750	1020	⎪
	10		850	1018	⎬
	11		950	1014	⎪
	12		1000	1016	⎪
	13	64.2	860	1019	⎭
	14		840	1020	⎫	7.83		0.540
	15		920	1016	⎪
	16		750	1020	⎪
	17		820	1017	⎬
	18		1220	1012	⎪
	19		920	1015	⎪
	20		700	1022	⎭
	21		900	1015	⎫	8.04		0.733
	22		980	1013	⎪
	23		990	1014	⎪
	24		750	1020	⎬
	25		820	1017	⎪
	26		700	1021	⎪
	27		910	1020	⎭
	28		930	1017
	30		900	1020
	31		450		⎫	7.87		0.530		1.44
Apr.	1		500		⎪
	2		420		⎪
	3		600		⎪
	4		950		⎪
	5		930		⎬
	6		980		⎪
	7		600		⎪
	8		980		⎪
	9		800		⎪
	10		810		⎭
	11	65.2	940	1017	⎫	9.46	⎫	0.496
	12		710	1024	⎬		⎪
	13		750	1024	⎭		⎪
	14		740	1020		7.55	⎬
	15		590	1024		6.51	⎪
	16		900	1016		7.51	⎪
	17		1290	1009		5.11	⎭
	18	65.2	590	1017		5.96	⎫	0.527
	19		630	1024		6.39	⎪
	20		670	1022		7.48	⎪
	21		900	1021		8.10	⎬
	22		980	1017		7.00	⎪
	23		850	1019		7.60	⎪
	24		640	1023		7.33	⎭
	25	65.0	600	1021		8.23	⎫	0.490
	26		610	1014		5.82	⎪
	27		600	1023		7.27	⎪
	28		970	1015		7.05	⎬
	29		795	1017		5.91	⎪
	30		700	1021		6.80	⎪
May	1		795	1016		5.72	⎭
	2	65.2	860	1017		6.50	⎫	0.344
	3		1120	1016		6.92	⎪
	4		1090	1015		6.54	⎪
	5		580	1021		5.92	⎬
	6		700	1020		7.29	⎪
	7		895	1017		8.97	⎪
	8		800	1016		7.30	⎭
	9	65.2	895	1019		6.28	⎫	0.416
	10		850	1019		6.27	⎪
	11		960	1019		7.26	⎪
	12		690	1022		6.29	⎬
	13		990	1017		7.96	⎪
	14		690	1022		7.21	⎪
	15		900	1015		6.15	⎭
	16	65.1	945	1014		5.10	⎫	0.364
	17		1090	1016		6.15	⎪
	18		620	1020		5.21	⎪
	19		1110	1015		6.53	⎪
	20		895	1016		6.12	⎬
	21		810	1019		6.95	⎪
	22		1110	1016		8.72	⎪
	23	65.0	685	1020		7.07	⎪
	24		560	1021		6.78	⎭
	25		1090	1010		6.02	⎫	0.420
	26		610	1017		5.97	⎪
	27		790	1016		6.83	⎪
	28		1100	1014		7.65	⎬
	29		650	1021		6.12	⎪
	30	65.0	630	1021		5.21	⎪
	31		660	1018		5.07	⎭
June	1	65.1	920	1014		5.96
	2	65.1	800	1013		5.81
	3	65.0	950	1014		7.30
	4		790	1015		6.78
	5		780	1020		8.28
	6	65.1	890	1015		6.89
	7		720	1017		5.87
	8		950	1015		5.93
	9		1060	1014		4.96
	10		940	1017		5.92
	11		1050	1019		7.62
	12		1000	1017		6.66
	13		890	1021		7.26
	14		1340	1016		6.91
	15		1190	1015		6.86
	16		720	1025		7.99
	17	65.2	800	1017		7.25
	18		820	1018		6.99
	19		920	1014		6.18
	20		890	1015		6.03
	21		900	1016		6.37
	22		760	1018		6.79
	23		630	1020		6.06
Daily average from Oct. 26, 1903			833	1018		7.43		0.516		1.28

It will be seen by a study of the analytical data that Dr. Underhill had an average daily excretion of nitrogen through the kidneys from October 26, 1903, to June 23, 1904, of 7.43 grams. From October 26 to April 13, a period of nearly six months, the average daily excretion was 7.81 grams of nitrogen, while from the latter date to June 23 the average daily excretion amounted to 6.68 grams of nitrogen. Taking the body-weight at 65 kilos, the lower nitrogen figure would mean a metabolism of 0.102 gram of nitrogen per kilo of body-weight, closely akin to the figures obtained with the two preceding subjects.

An excretion of 6.68 grams of nitrogen corresponds to the metabolism of 41.75 grams of proteid matter, while the excretion of 7.43 grams of nitrogen implies the metabolism of 46.4 grams of proteid, being less than one-half the ordinarily accepted requirement for the healthy adult.

During this long period of eight months the body-weight was stationary, carrying with it the assumption that the body was in a condition of nitrogen equilibrium. It should be emphasized in connection with Dr. Underhill’s case, that throughout the entire period of eight months, and more, there was perfect freedom in the choice of food. Further, it will be noticed by a study of the dietary made use of in the balance experiments that Dr. Underhill did not reduce his nitrogen intake by any exclusion of meat. He practically made use of his ordinary diet, such as he had always been accustomed to, but with a decided diminution of the amount of proteid food, accompanied by a gradual reduction in the total amount of food consumed each day. His diet, therefore, was in no sense a vegetable diet. Meat was conspicuous in his daily food, but naturally in reduced quantities.

On February 9 a nitrogen balance was attempted, in which a careful comparison of the nitrogen content of all intake and output was made for a period of six days. By a study of the results of this balance period, shown in the accompanying tables, it will be noticed that not only was there no deficiency of nitrogen, but the body was laying on nitrogen at the rate of 0.158 gram per day. Further, it will be observed that the fuel value of the food per day averaged only a little over 2000 calories. Yet this amount of food, with its comparatively low fuel value, carried with it only 8.83 grams of nitrogen per day. Upon this quantity of food the body was able to maintain itself, with a little nitrogen to spare and with sufficient fuel value in the food to supply all the energy required for muscular contraction, mental effort, and the maintenance of body temperature.

Tuesday, February 9, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 22 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Macaroni 129 grams, fried sweet potato 85.5 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 15 grams, fig cake with wine sauce 115 grams, sugar 15 grams, coffee 210 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 27.9 grams, beef 48 grams, potato 207.5 grams, butter 19 grams, pie 272 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread	22 + 59 + 27.9 =	108.9	×	1.61	=	1.753	grams.
Tea		146.0	×	0.018	=	0.026
Macaroni		129.0	×	0.87	=	1.122
Sweet potato		85.5	×	0.28	=	0.240
Butter	15 + 19 =	34.0	×	0.088	=	0.030
Fig cake		115.0	×	0.69	=	0.793
Sugar	15 + 10 =	25.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Coffee (lunch)		210.0	×	0.09	=	0.207
Beef		48.0	×	2.64	=	1.267
Potatoes		207.5	×	0.36	=	0.747
Pie		272.0	×	0.49	=	1.332
Coffee (dinner)		210.0	×	0.15	=	0.315
	Total nitrogen in food					7.832	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.490

Fuel value of the food

2232 calories.

Wednesday, February 10, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 33 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 71 grams, butter 10.5 grams, apple fritters 119 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Roast pork 80 grams, bread 55.7 grams, butter 27.8 grams, cranberry sauce 150 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread	33 + 71 + 55.7 =	159.7	×	1.65	=	2.635	grams.
Tea		146.0	×	0.075	=	0.109
Butter	10.5 + 27.8 =	38.3	×	0.088	=	0.033
Apple fritters		119.0	×	0.45	=	0.535
Coffee (lunch)		210.0	×	0.11	=	0.231
Sugar	21 + 21 =	42.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Roast pork		80.0	×	4.80	=	3.840
Cranberry sauce		150.0	×	0.04	=	0.060
Coffee (dinner)		210.0	×	0.11	=	0.231
	Total nitrogen in food					7.674	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.140

Fuel value of the food

1694 calories.

Thursday, February 11, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 38.7 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 97.5 grams, butter 31.5 grams, sweet potato 108.7 grams, spaghetti 82.5 grams, peaches 89.4 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 75 grams, butter 21.5 grams, roast beef 116 grams, lemon pie 188.5 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread	38.7 + 97.5 + 75 =	211.2	×	1.75	=	3.696	grams.
Tea		146.0	×	0.084	=	0.122
Butter	31.5 + 21.5 =	53.0	×	0.088	=	0.046
Sweet potato		108.7	×	0.31	=	0.336
Spaghetti		82.5	×	0.47	=	0.387
Peaches		89.4	×	0.09	=	0.080
Coffee (lunch)		210.0	×	0.096	=	0.201
Sugar	21 + 21 =	42.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Roast beef		116.0	×	3.00	=	3.480
Lemon pie		188.5	×	0.61	=	1.149
Coffee (dinner)		210.0	×	0.13	=	0.273
	Total nitrogen in food					9.770	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.020

Fuel value of the food

2334 calories.

Friday, February 12, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 34 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 42 grams, butter 20 grams, codfish cake 72 grams, potato 100 grams, custard 100 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 46 grams, butter 25.5 grams, veal 53 grams, potato 75 grams, lima beans 50 grams, apple dumpling 120 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread	34 + 42 + 46 =	122.0	×	1.71	=	2.086	grams.
Tea		146.0	×	0.045	=	0.065
Butter	20 + 25.5 =	45.5	×	0.088	=	0.040
Codfish cake		72.0	×	1.57	=	1.130
Potato		100.0	×	0.41	=	0.410
Custard		100.0	×	0.83	=	0.830
Coffee (lunch)		210.0	×	0.078	=	0.163
Sugar	21 + 21 =	42.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Veal		53.0	×	5.51	=	2.920
Potato		75.0	×	0.37	=	0.277
Lima beans		50.0	×	0.90	=	0.450
Apple dumpling		120.0	×	0.72	=	0.860
Coffee (dinner)		210.0	×	0.12	=	0.252
	Total nitrogen in food					9.483	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					8.820

Fuel value of the food

1735 calories.

Saturday, February 13, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 35 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 57.5 grams, butter 28 grams, sweet potato 100 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams, quince 105.5 grams, apple turnovers 153 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 35.5 grams, butter 11 grams, peas 70 grams, roast beef 50 grams, pie 169 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread	35 + 57.5 + 35.5 =	128.0	×	1.64	=	2.099	grams.
Tea		146.0	×	0.033	=	0.048
Butter	28 + 11 =	39.0	×	0.088	=	0.034
Sweet potato		100.0	×	0.37	=	0.370
Coffee (lunch)		210.0	×	0.15	=	0.315
Sugar	21 + 21 =	42.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Quince		105.5	×	0.047	=	0.049
Apple turnovers		153.0	×	0.96	=	1.468
Peas		70.0	×	0.96	=	0.672
Roast beef		50.0	×	3.22	=	1.610
Pie		169.0	×	0.43	=	0.726
Coffee (dinner)		210.0	×	0.11	=	0.231
	Total nitrogen in food					7.622	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.170

Fuel value of the food

2186 calories.

Sunday, February 14, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 31 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 70.5 grams, butter 29 grams, potato 123 grams, apple sauce 127.5 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 20.5 grams, butter 23 grams, chicken 101.5 grams, potato 80 grams, succotash 80 grams, chocolate cake 103 grams, ice cream 125.8 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread	31 + 70.5 + 20.5 =	122.0	×	1.75	=	2.135	grams.
Tea		146.0	×	0.063	=	0.091
Butter	29 + 23 =	52.0	×	0.088	=	0.045
Potato		123.0	×	0.41	=	0.504
Apple sauce		127.5	×	0.029	=	0.037
Coffee (lunch)		210.0	×	0.10	=	0.210
Sugar	21 + 21 =	42.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Chicken		101.5	×	5.08	=	5.150
Potato		80.0	×	0.37	=	0.296
Succotash		80.0	×	0.57	=	0.456
Chocolate cake		103.0	×	0.75	=	0.772
Ice cream		125.8	×	0.58	=	0.729
Coffee (dinner)		210.0	×	0.11	=	0.231
	Total nitrogen in food					10.656	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.730

Fuel value of the food

2231 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Underhill.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
		Nitrogen Taken in.		Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
Feb.	9	7.832	grams.	7.49	grams.	9.5	grams.
	10	7.674		6.14
	11	9.770		8.02		32.0
	12	9.483		8.82		9.5
	13	7.622		7.17		28.0
	14	10.656		7.73		24.0
						103.0	grams contain 6.52% N.
		53.037		45.37	+	6.715	grams nitrogen.
		53.037	grams nitrogen.		52.085	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days	=	+0.952	gram.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	+0.158	gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	2068.
Nitrogen per day	8.83 grams.

On June 1, near the close of the experiment, a second nitrogen balance was attempted, with a view to seeing if under the existing conditions of life and activity it was possible to reduce the fuel value of the food, and at the same time diminish in still greater measure the quantity of proteid food taken. The results of this trial are seen in the accompanying tables, where for four days a careful comparison of output and intake is shown. It will be observed from these tables that the average fuel value of the food per day was reduced to 1785 calories, and that the average intake of nitrogen was restricted to 6.73 grams per day. The balance shown is a minus balance, although the deficiency per diem is not large. It is very obvious that both the nitrogen and fuel value of the food can be reduced considerably below the average maintained during the period of the first balance, but not to the degree attempted in the second balance, and secure nitrogen or body equilibrium. It will be noted in this last nitrogen balance, that the average daily output of nitrogen through the urine amounted to 6.46 grams, while the average nitrogen intake was 6.73 grams. The fuel value of the food, however, averaged only 1785 calories per day. It is quite evident, if the non-nitrogenous food had not been reduced quite so much, that a plus nitrogen balance would have been obtained. Still, it is obvious that under the conditions of life and activity, this subject needed to metabolize only about 40 grams of proteid per day, with the total fuel value of his food equal to about 2000 calories, in order to secure both body and nitrogen equilibrium. Here, again, we have an illustration of the possibility of physiological economy which shows itself in a reduction of the daily proteid food more than 50 per cent, with a reduction of the non-nitrogenous food fully 30 per cent, and with maintenance of health, strength and vigor equal, if not superior, to that which the subject has ever experienced.

Wednesday, June 1, 1904.

Breakfast.—Champagne wafer 21.5 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 67.4 grams, butter 15.1 grams, beefsteak 55.5 grams, potato 128 grams, asparagus 103.5 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams, banana 83.5 grams.

Supper.—Bread 15.7 grams, butter 11.8 grams, banana and nuts 106 grams, crullers 90.2 grams, coffee 145 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Champagne wafer		21.5	×	0.64	=	0.138	gram.
Tea		146.0	×	0.015	=	0.022
Sugar	15 + 15 + 15 =	45.0	×	0.000	=	0.000
Bread	67.4 + 15.7 =	83.1	×	1.46	=	1.212
Butter	15.1 + 11.8 =	26.9	×	0.10	=	0.027
Banana		83.5	×	0.28	=	0.192
Beefsteak		55.5	×	4.72	=	2.620
Potato		128.0	×	0.32	=	0.410
Asparagus		103.5	×	0.35	=	0.362
Tea		146.0	×	0.033	=	0.048
Crullers		90.2	×	1.04	=	0.938
Banana and nuts		106.0	×	0.69	=	0.731
Coffee		145.0	×	0.060	=	0.087
	Total nitrogen in food					6.787	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					5.960

Fuel value of the food

1913 calories.

Thursday, June 2, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 30 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Dinner.—Clam chowder 270.5 grams, bread 64 grams, butter 14.5 grams, lobster 36.5 grams, Saratoga chips 15 grams, caramel custard 79 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Supper.—Bread 35.2 grams, butter 13.8 grams, pineapple 148.7 grams, crullers 84.8 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread		30.0	×	1.46	=	0.438	gram.
Tea		146.0	×	0.045	=	0.066
Sugar	15 + 15 + 15 =	45.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Bread	64 + 35.2 =	99.2	×	1.44	=	1.428
Butter	14.5 + 13.8 =	28.3	×	0.10	=	0.028
Clam chowder		270.5	×	0.34	=	0.920
Lobster		36.5	×	3.73	=	1.361
Saratoga chips		15.0	×	0.97	=	0.146
Caramel custard		79.0	×	0.77	=	0.608
Tea		146.0	×	0.036	=	0.053
Tea		140.0	×	0.036	=	0.050
Pineapple		148.7	×	0.054	=	0.080
Crullers		84.8	×	1.04	=	0.882
	Total nitrogen in food					6.060	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					5.810

Fuel value of the food

1921 calories.

Friday, June 3, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 31 grams, tea 146 grams.

Dinner.—Fried ham 61 grams, asparagus 124.2 grams, baked potato 85 grams, bread 29 grams, butter 23.5 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams, pineapple 74.8 grams.

Supper.—Bread 34 grams, butter 17.8 grams, pineapple 158.5 grams, tomato 132.5 grams, cup cake 121 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread	31 + 20 + 34 =	94.0	×	1.44	=	1.354	grams.
Tea		146.0	×	0.039	=	0.057
Fried ham		61.0	×	4.90	=	2.989
Asparagus		124.2	×	0.50	=	0.621
Baked potato		85.0	×	0.55	=	0.468
Butter	23.5 + 17.8 =	41.3	×	0.10	=	0.041
Tea		140.0	×	0.027	=	0.038
Sugar	15 + 15 =	30.0	×	0.000	=	0.000
Pineapple	74.8 + 158.5 =	233.3	×	0.065	=	0.152
Tea		140.0	×	0.054	=	0.076
Tomato		132.5	×	0.150	=	0.199
Cup cake		121.0	×	0.85	=	1.029
	Total nitrogen in food					7.024	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					7.300

Fuel value of the food

2011 calories.

Saturday, June 4, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 32 grams, tea 140 grams.

Dinner.—Hash 133 grams, peas 151.5 grams, bread 61.4 grams, butter 16.1 grams, custard 150 grams, sugar 15 grams, tea 140 grams.

Supper.—Bread 62.5 grams, butter 17 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food.		Grams.	Per cent Nitrogen.			Total Nitrogen.
Bread		32.0	×	1.44	=	0.461	gram.
Tea		140.0	×	0.021	=	0.029
Hash		133.0	×	1.50	=	1.995
Peas		151.5	×	1.04	=	1.576
Bread	61.4 + 62.5 =	123.9	×	1.47	=	1.821
Butter	16.1 + 17 =	33.1	×	0.10	=	0.033
Custard		150.0	×	0.78	=	1.170
Sugar	15 + 15 =	30.0	×	0.00	=	0.000
Tea		140.0	×	0.033	=	0.046
Tea		140.0	×	0.030	=	0.042
	Total nitrogen in food					7.173	grams.
	Total nitrogen in urine					6.780

Fuel value of the food

1297 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Underhill.

		Nitrogen Taken in.		Output.
		Nitrogen Taken in.		Nitrogen in Urine.		Weight of Fæces (dry).
June	1	6.787	grams.	5.96	grams.	10	grams.
	2	6.060		5.81		10
	3	7.024		7.30		25
	4	7.173		6.78		6
						51	grams contain 5.81 % N.
		27.044		25.85	+	2.963	grams nitrogen.
		27.044	grams nitrogen.		28.813	grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for four days	=	-1.760	grams.
Nitrogen balance per day	=	-0.442	grams.

Average Intake.

Calories per day	1785.
Nitrogen per day	6.73 grams.

Dr. Arthur L. Dean, Instructor in Plant Physiology in the Sheffield Scientific School, twenty-five years of age, and weighing 64 kilos, likewise became a subject of study in this investigation. He is a man of strong physique, and as an undergraduate student at Harvard University trained for various athletic events. He began on the experiment October 13, 1903, and continued until April 3, 1904. From October 13th to October 27 he followed his usual dietary habits, simply reducing in some measure the amount of food consumed. During this period of fifteen days, the average excretion of nitrogen per day through the kidneys was about 12 grams. On the 28th of October he began to reduce in still greater measure the amount of proteid food eaten, and gradually diminished the extent of his proteid metabolism, although not to the same degree as the preceding subjects. He had full freedom of choice in the character and quantity of his diet, but his food was characterized by a predominance of vegetable matter, with an almost complete exclusion of meat.

For a period of nearly six months, or more exactly, from October 28 to April 3, the average daily output of nitrogen through the kidneys amounted to 8.99 grams, while the average daily output of uric acid was 0.386 gram. This daily excretion of 8.99 grams of nitrogen implies a metabolism of 56.18 grams of proteid. This, to be sure, means a reduction in proteid metabolism of about 50 per cent, as compared with the Voit and other standards, but does not show an economy equal to that practised by the preceding subjects. It is to be noted, however, in Dr. Dean’s case, that the body-weight did not show at any time in the experiment a tendency to diminish. In fact, all through the experiment his body-weight was a little higher than at the beginning.