The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century

by R. H. Tawney

INDEX OF PERSONS

• Abbey of St. Albans, the, improvement of wastes by, [87]

• Abbot of Cerne, the, agreement by to enclose, [181]

• " Glastonbury, the, agreement by to enclose, [181]

• " Malmesbury, the, agreement by to enclose, [180–181]

• " Peterborough, the, dispute of with copyholders, [360]

• " St. Peter's, Gloucester, the, agreement by to enclose, [181]

• All Souls College—
  • enclosing on estates of, [156]
  • scale of landholding, [69–70]
  • maps of, [163], [172], [221], [222], [223]
  • petition of in Chancery, [235–236]

• Ashley, Professor W.J.—
  • views of as to date of enclosing movement, [11]
  • " " " legal position of copyholders, [290–292]

• Aske, Robert—
  • evidence of as to agrarian grievances, [319]
  • " " " monastic economy, [383]
  • Pilgrimage of Grace led by, [134], [319]

• Bacon, Francis—
  • bills against depopulation introduced by, [387]
  • history of King Henry VII. by quoted, [28], [346]
  • ideal of government of, [398]
  • use of word “yeoman” by, [28]
  • views as to pauperism of, [274]

• Bath, the Earl of, property of villeins seized by, [42–43]

• Becon, views of as to agrarian changes, [6], [7]

• Bell, William, commons enclosed by, [373]

• Berkeley, Lord Thomas, agreement by to enclose, [181]

• Bolen, Sir William, enclosing by, [380]

• Bracton—
  • on assize of novel disseisin, [122]
  • villeinage, [292]

• Brudenell, Lord, fine imposed on for enclosing, [391]

• Buckingham, the Duke of—
  • enclosing by, [380]
  • park made by, [148]

• Burleigh, Lord, advice of to Queen Elizabeth, [341]

• Cade, Jack, [194]

• Captain Pouch, part played by in revolt of 1607, [318]

• Cecil, Sir Robert—
  • views of on poor law, [273–274]
  • " " military importance of ploughmen, [343]
  • " " Statute of Inmates, [4], [279]

• Cecil, Sir William, letter to concerning Somerset’s policy, [347–348], [368]

• Celys, the, wool purchased by, [196]

• Charles I., agrarian policy of government of, [391], [398], [399]

• Clarkson—
  • Northumbrian manors surveyed by, [5]
  • views of as to equal use of commons, [235]
  • " " " importance of commons, [160]
  • " " " importance of numerous tenantry, [189–190]

• Cobbett, view of as to social effects of reformation, [382]

• Coke, Sir Edward—
  • petition of tenants to, [412–413]
  • reports of, [247]
  • view of as to acts against depopulation, [379]
  • " " " copyholders, [289], [291]
  • " " " border tenure, [299]
  • " " " Statute of Merton, [248]

• Combe, William, enclosing by, [375]

• Cotton, Sir J., enclosing by, [380]

• Coventry, Lord, address of to Judges of Assize, [398]

• Cromwell, Thomas—
  • letter of to Henry VIII., [360–361]
  • " " Rich, [361]
  • responsibility of for agrarian distress, [360]
  • tenants protected by, [361]

• Crowley—
  • “Information and Petition against the Oppressors of the Poor Commons" by, [365–366]
  • views of as to agrarian changes, [6], [179]
  • " " " attitude of landlords, [384]
  • " " " excessive fines and rents, [307]

• Cunningham, Dr., account of origin of corn laws, [3]

• Cushman, Robert, remarks of on emigration, [270]

• Danbury, Lord, enclosing by, [380]

• Darcy, Lord—
  • dispute of with tenants, [380]
  • letter to from Commons of Westmoreland, [322]

• Darrell, William, complaints of tenants against, [374]

• Davenport, Miss—
  • evidence as to leasing of demesne, [209]
  • " " " progress of pasture-farming, [224]

• Dawney, Sir John, ordered to reinstate tenants, [361]

• De Malynes, Gerard, views of as to effect of rise in prices, [199–200]

• Defoe, “Giving Alms no Charity" by, [105]

• Delavale, Joshua—
  • account of depopulation at Hartley by, [258]
  • “Seaton Delavale,” 257

• Delavale, Robert, enclosing and depopulation carried out by, [192], [257–258]

• Derby, the Earl of, eviction of tenants by, [361]

• Durham, the Dean of, account of depopulation by, [261]

• Edward VI.—
  • agrarian policy in reign of, [352], [362–372]
  • Book of Private Prayer of quoted, [20]
  • Remains of quoted, [6]

• Elizabeth, agrarian policy in reign of, [14], [372–374]

• Ely, the Bishop of, letter of Lord North to, [349]

• Englefield, Sir Francis, enclosing by, [148], [251–252]

• Everard, diggers led by, [321]

• Firth, The House of Lords during the Civil War by, [38]

• Fitzherbert—
  • Book of Husbandry and Surveying by, [5]
  • " " " on commons, [242]
  • " " " borrowing, [109]
  • " " " duty of housewives, [112]
  • " " " enclosing, [151]
  • Surveying on commons, [249]
  • " " copyholders, [288–289]
  • " " enclosing, [150], [152]
  • " " land taken from demesne or waste, [285]
  • " " rack-renting, [150]

• Fortescue—
  • On the Governance of England by, quoted as to fiscal importance, [346]
  • " " " " " prosperity of peasants, [98], [133]

• Fowler, Dr. G.H., evidence of as to conditions at Aspley Guise, [73]

• Fuller—
  • The Holy and Profane State by, quoted as to yeomen, [36–37]
  • " " " " " fiscal importance, [346]

• Gairdner—
  • Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. edited by, quoted, [319], [322], [323], [324], [326], [327], [330], [334], [343], [347], [350], [361], [380]
  • Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution by, quoted, [399]

• Gardiner, History of England 1603–1642 by, quoted, [398]

• Gaskell—
  • Artisans and Machinery by, [106]
  • The Manufacturing Population of Great Britain, [106]

• Gasquet, Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries by, [383]

• Gay, Professor—
  • views of as to progress of pasture-farming, [10], [195], [224], [263–265]
  • " " revolt of 1607, [318], [320]
  • " " small disturbance caused by enclosure, [11]

• Gneist, R. von, [400]

• Gonner, Professor—
  • evidence of as to continuity of enclosures, [11]
  • " " " enclosures of eighteenth century, [263]
  • " " " fines for depopulation, [386]
  • " " " immigration into towns, [275]

• Grenvilles, the, lands of Buckland Abbey granted to, [194]

• Hales, John—
  • bills introduced by, [367], [385]
  • charge to juries by, [367]
  • departure from England of, [371]
  • evidence of as to enclosing by peasants, [151], [167]
  • " " " in fifteenth century, [11–12], [166]
  • " " population, [105]
  • " " rack-renting, [199]
  • " " rise in prices, [199]
  • part played by on Royal Commission of 1548–1549, [167], [360–367]
  • remarks of on commons, [7]
  • value of evidence of, [5–6], [386]
  • Warwick’s attack on, [368]

• Hammond, J.L. and Barbara, views of as to enclosures of eighteenth century, [3], [183]

• Harrington, Sir J.—
  • views of as to decay of feudalism, [191]
  • " " " effect of Tudor agrarian policy, [388–389]
  • " " " rise of middle-classes, [38]

• Harrison—
  • views of on copyholders, [49], [56–57]
  • " " depopulation, [105]
  • " " diet of artificers and husbandmen, [132–133]
  • " " Poor Laws, [271], [273]
  • " " prosperity of yeomen, [10], [21], [40]
  • " " superfluous trades, [19]

• Harry Clowte, [333]

• Hasbach—
  • quotation by as to advantages of copyhold tenure, [86]
  • views of on age of marriage, [106]
  • " " effects of Tudor commercial policy, [13]

• Henry II., Assize of Novel Disseisin established by, [122]

• Henry VII.—
  • commercial policy of, [112–113], [197]
  • demand of peasants for conditions obtaining under, [98–99]
  • enclosures made before reign of, [11–12], [166]

• Harrington on agrarian policy of, [38], [191], [388–389]

• Henry VIII.—
  • commercial policy of, [112–113], [197]
  • intervention to protect tenants under, [360–362]
  • letter of Cromwell to, [360–361]

• Herbert, Lord, History of King Henry VIII. by, quoted, [398]

• Herbert, William, Earl of Pembroke—
  • estates of, consolidation of peasant holdings on, [67–69]
  • " " demesne lands on usually leased, [203]
  • " " " " leased to capitalist farmers, [210]
  • " " " " " " small holders, [204–205]
  • " " " " " " village, [205–206]
  • " " " " proportion of pasture on, [225–226]
  • " " statistics of duration of tenure and of fines on, [298]
  • " " " " tenants on, [25]
  • " " villeins on, [42]
  • park of attacked by peasants, [194], [326]
  • rebellion in West put down by, [324]
  • share of in monastic estates, [324], [380]

• Humberstone—
  • manors of Duke of Devonshire surveyed by, [5]
  • remarks of, on relation of lords to tenants, [349–350]
  • " " on variety of manorial customs, [293]

• Huntingdon, the Earl of, request to elect his nominee, [387]

• Jack of the North, [333]

• Jack of the Style, [318]

• Jackson, Cyril, Report of on Boy Labour, [342]

• James I., agrarian policy of Government of, [374–375], [394], [398]

• Johnson, the Rev. A.H.—
  • views of, on decay of yeomanry in nineteenth century, [139]
  • " " enclosure of commons, [9]
  • " " entailing of land, [39]
  • " " geographical distribution of enclosures, [261]

• Kalm, Account of a Visit to England (translated by J. Lucas) by, on open field system, [389]

• Ket, Robert—
  • manor held by, [326]
  • programme of agrarian reform put forward by, [334–337]
  • rebellion in Norfolk led by, [331–333]

• King, Gregory—
  • statistics of as to population, [21]
  • " " " yield of an acre, [111]

• Kitchin, Court Leet by, on copyhold tenure, [289]

• Latimer, Bishop—
  • complaints of by landlords, [368]
  • remarks of on education of yeomen, [134–135]
  • views of on agrarian changes, [6], [134–135], [347], [365], [386]

• Laud, Archbishop—
  • activity of on Depopulation Commission, [391], [399], [420–421]
  • complaints of by landlords, [420–421]

• Lamond, Miss E.M., introduction by to The [Commonweal] of this Realm of England, [7], [11], [105], [263], [331], [364], [366], [367], [368], [377], [385]

• Leadam, I.—
  • evidence of as to independence of peasants, [120–121], [325], [330]
  • " " " protection of tenants by Government, [357], [360], [362]
  • " " " size of enclosures, [154–155]
  • " " " status of enclosers, [154–155]
  • views of on copyhold tenure, [289–290], [292], [293]
  • " " enclosing for arable, [10], [195], [224]
  • " " geographical distribution of enclosures, [8], [262]

• Lee, J.—
  • A Vindication of a Regulated Enclosure by, evidence of as to enclosures of
  • seventeenth century, [11], [151]
  • number of labourers employed, [22]
  • views of on uselessness of legislation, [319]
  • " " yardlands, [67]

• Leicester, the Earl of, manor purchased by, [302]

• Leonard, Miss E.M.—
  • evidence of as to exclusion of immigrants by towns, [376]
  • letter from Justices quoted by, [278–279]
  • views of on enclosures of seventeenth century, [11]
  • " " results of agrarian policy of Tudors and Stuarts, [348], [389–390]

• Lever, sermons by, [6]

• Lloyd, oppression of tenants by, [390]

• Locke, Two Treatises of Government by, quoted as to limits of Government action, [400]

• 
  Mackay, T., views of on origin of Poor Law, [266–267]

• Maitland, F.W.—
  • evidence of as to fixed copyhold rents, [119], [305]
  • view of as to nature of common rights, [244]

• Merton College—
  • letter to subwarden of, [30], [410–411]
  • rents on estates of, [119]
  • scale of landholding on estates of, [66–68], [73], [76], [85], [163]

• Moore, John—
  • evidence of as to enclosures of seventeenth century, [5], [11], [167]
  • " " " pauperism caused by enclosures, [278]

• More, Sir Thomas—
  • evidence of as to enclosing for pasture, [6]
  • " " " monastic economy, [382]
  • remarks of on condition of workmen and artificers, [45]
  • " " nature of Government, [274], [372]

• Nasse, view of as to objects of enclosure, [10]

• Norden—
  • evidence of as to agriculture in Somersetshire, [110–111], [171]
  • " " constitution of a manor, [350]
  • evidence of as to copyhold and customary tenure, [47], [50]
  • " " " enclosure by peasants, [151]
  • " " " fixity of copyholders' rents, [118]
  • " " " relations between lords and freeholders, [30]
  • " " " rise in prices, [308]
  • " " " security of freeholders, [30], [35]
  • " " " unpopularity of surveyors, [349]
  • " " " villeinage, [46]
  • " " " wickedness of depopulation, [150]

• North, Lord, letter of to Bishop of Ely, [349]

• Northumberland, the Earl of—
  • fines on estates of, [299], [305]
  • letter to, [303]
  • petition to, [303–304]

• Page, statistics of as to commutation of labour services, [52]

• Paget, Sir William, letter of to Somerset on peasants' revolts, [319], [338–339], [368]

• Parker, Archbishop, address of to Norfolk rebels, [332]

• Pembroke, the Earl of, see Herbert, Sir William

• Petruschevsky—
  • The Rebellion of Wat Tyler by, on improvement of wastes, [87]
  • on land speculation by peasants, [81]

• Pollard, Professor, [264], [371]

• Pollock and Maitland, see Maitland

• Powell, E., The East Anglian Rising by, evidence of as to landholders, [21–22]

• Poyntz, Sir Nicholas, oppression of tenant by, [362]

• Pseudonismus—
  • Considerations concerning Common Fields and Enclosures and A Vindication of the Considerations concerning Common Fields and Enclosures, evidence of as to the abuse of commons, [171], 278 evidence of as to depopulation, [167]
  • " " " enclosing in seventeenth century, [11], [388]
  • " " " legislation checking conversion to pasture, [388]

• Pyrce Plowman, [202], [318], [333]

• 
  Raleigh, Walter (junior), on subsidies, [346]

• Raleigh, Walter (senior), part played in revolt of 1549, [194]

• Reyce, account by of prosperity of freeholders in Suffolk, [40]

• Rich, Lord—
  • enclosing by, [380]
  • letter of Cromwell to, [361]

• Rogers, Thorold, statistics of as to prices, [13], [196], [198]

• Rous, evidence of as to enclosing in fifteenth century, [12]

• Russell, Ket’s Rebellion in Norfolk by, quoted, [98], [321], [324], [335], [368]

• 
  St. John, Sir John, oppression of tenants by, [362]

• Sanders, part played by in agrarian dispute at Coventry, [326]

• Sandes, Richard, paper by on the evils of depopulation, [416–417]

• Sandys, Archbishop, letter of to Queen Elizabeth, [48–49]

• Savine, Dr. A.—
  • views of on copyhold tenure, [287], [292], [300]
  • " " monastic economy, [203], [225], [226], [383]
  • " " villeinage in sixteenth century, [41]

• Saye and Sele, Lord, name of returned among enclosers, [376]

• Schanz, Professor G., statistics of as to export of woollen cloth, [196]

• Seebohm, Dr. F., Domesday statistics quoted by, [27]

• Shakespeare, references to works of, [194], [343]

• Sheffield, Sir R., enclosing by, [380]

• Shrewsbury, the Earl of—
  • dispute of with tenants, [327]
  • enclosing by, [380]
  • letter from, [338–339]

• Slater, Dr. G.—
  • Summary of Depopulation Acts by, [353]
  • views of on effect of statutes against depopulation, [389]
  • " " geographical distribution of enclosures, [262]
  • " " policy of Clarendon, [400]

• Smith, Sir Thomas—
  • De Republica Anglorum by, on copyholders, [56–57]
  • " " " " Court of Star Chamber, [358]
  • " " " " villeinage, [46]
  • " " " " yeomen, [28], [32]

• Somerset, the Duke of—
  • Act giving security to tenants on demesnes of, [294], [365]
  • agrarian policy of, [362–370]
  • Commission on Enclosures appointed by, [366]
  • Court of Requests used by, [367]
  • execution of, [370]
  • proclamation issued by, [7], [367]

• Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on agrarian changes, [5]

• Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on encouragement of marriage, [105]

• Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on entailing of lands, [39]

• Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on relations between lords and tenants, [195]

• Steffen, Dr. G., statistics of as to price changes, [13], [198]

• Strype, J., Ecclesiastical Memorials by, quoted, [315], [331], [366], [367], [368], [370], [380]

• Stuarts, the, see Charles I., James I.

• Throgmorton, Sir John, oppression of tenants by, [373]

• Tom of Trumpington, [333]

• Tusser, Six Hundred Points of Husbandry by, evidence of as to agrarian changes, [5]

• Unwin, Professor G.—
  • evidence of as to formation of compact holdings by peasants, [84], [164]
  • " " " growth of capitalists in woollen industry, [186]

• Vermuyden, engaged to drain Great Level, [395]

• Vinogradoff, Professor P.—
  • Domesday statistics quoted by, [27]
  • rights of common explained by, [244]
  • views of as to equality of shares in fields, [77], [92]

• 
  Walter of Henley on yield of an acre, [111]

• Warwick, the Earl of—
  • attack of on Hales, [368]
  • " on Somerset led by, [380]
  • character of Government of, [371–372]
  • Ket’s rebellion crushed by, [324], [332]
  • share of in monastic estates, [380]

• Westmoreland, the Earl of, disputes of with tenants, [380]

• Willoughbys, the, [192]

• Wilson, Dr. Thomas—
  • views of on Canon Law, [307]
  • " " usury, [109], [147], [307]

• Winstanley—
  • diggers led by, [321], [337–338], [376]
  • views of, [337–338]

• Witte, Sir J., enclosing by, [380]

• Wolsey, Cardinal, agrarian policy of, [359–360], [397–398]

• Yorke, Sir John—
  • land speculation by, [381]
  • oppression of tenants by, [285], [390]

• Young, Arthur—
  • views of as to open field system, [401], [405]
  • " " " rents, [118]

---

THE END

Transcriber’s Note

Obvious punctuation errors and omissions have been silently corrected, while those requiring interpretation have been left open.

The following misprints have been corrected:

• “philosphical” changed to “philosophical” ([page viii])
• “engineeers” changed to “engineers” ([page ix])
• “For willsof husbandmen" corrected to “For wills of husbandmen" ([note 2])
• “he” corrected to “the” ([page 3])
• the closing parenthesis was added to "(19.04%)" in Table I ([page 25])
• “Christain" corrected to “Christian” ([note 94])
• Footnote [145] had no anchor in the text; placement is based on context ([page 69])
• A spurious “)” was removed following “No 324" in note 169 ([page 81])
• an unclear fraction was rendered as "6-1/8" ([page 107])
• “writtings" corrected to “writings” ([page 114])
• “Wordonand Bilton” changed to “Wordon and Bilton" ([Note 298])
• “Asslegge” was changed to “Asselegge” ([page 181])
• “Harrington’s The Art of Lawgiving" was corrected to “Harrington’s The Art of Law-giving" (page 191, [note 346])
• Footnote 399 had no entry in the text, its placement is speculative, based on the context ([page 211]page 211)
• “arbitarily” was corrected to “arbitrarily” ([page 248])
• “clases” was changed to “classes” ([page 282])
• “ntromittere” was corrected to “intromittere” ([note 511]) (page 292)
• “beantiful” was corrected to “beautiful” ([page 327])
• “protecting the clsss” was corrected to “protecting the class" ([page 340])
• “impoverishing the fines fighting material" was corrected to “impoverishing the finest fighting material" ([page 343])
• Footnote [670] had no entry in the text, its placement is speculative, based on context. ([page 371])
• “wasloste” was corrected to “was loste" ([page 411])
• “commonweath” was changed to “commonweal” ([page 461])
• The page reference for the Earl of Leicester of “502” was corrected to “302” ([page 461])

Hyphenation is sometimes inconsistent in the text. These inconsistencies have been retained:

• bye-laws/byelaws
• re-action/reaction
• reallotment/re-allotment
• sub-let/sublet
• land-holding/landholding
• over-stocking/overstocking
• sub-tenants/subtenants
• corn-fields/cornfields
• sub-letting /subletting
• foodstuffs/food-stuffs
• lease-holders/leaseholders
• countryside/country-side
• re-adjustment/readjustment
• sub-divided/subdivided
• re-arranged/rearranged
• re-arrangement/rearrangement
• over-estimated/overestimated

If the discrepancies is between the text and the indexes, the indexes have been corrected to match the text.

• “rackrenting” was changed to “rack-renting”
• “foldcourses" was changed to “fold-courses”