THE ORIGIN AND TRANSMISSION OF ZYMOTIC DISEASE.

Whilst making experiments and taking observations five years ago, to trace the origin and transmission of some cases of zymotic disease, I formed an opinion that the theory as regards the transmission of zymotic disease by contagion was to a certain extent an erroneous one.

I mentioned this to some of my medical acquaintances at the time, but as it was so opposite to the prevailing ideas, I was advised not to publish or hold out such opinions, as they were contrary to the theories accepted by the medical profession.

Now that these theories have been severely shaken, and in many cases reversed by medical men themselves, during the past year, I shall plead no excuse, but insert them for the guidance of those engaged in sanitary work.

The source of zymotic diseases may be traced to persons inhaling or taking into the system poisons from putrid sewage matter, and those poisons are conveyed into the body, either in the food they eat, the water they drink, or the air they breathe. Whether they are organic or inorganic, they poison the blood, which becomes more or less diseased, according to their density or vitality, or whether each of the zymotic diseases is produced by distinct organic germs grown and developed from putrid matter under different atmospheric influences, it matters not to my mind in proving the true method by which zymotic diseases are transmitted.

On the origin or source from which these diseases are produced, I do not think there are two opinions, viz. that of poisons from putrid matter, and the question to be solved is in what manner these poisons are conveyed into the system. To do this it will be necessary to quote some cases of zymotic disease and the circumstances which surrounded them.

In a small district, a girl thirteen years of age was taken with diphtheria, and in two days after the younger brother was taken and the other children appeared sickly. From investigation it was certain that the poison had not been conveyed into the system by food or water. The children generally took their meals in the kitchen, the door of which opened into the yard, which was about 10 feet long by 8 feet wide, in the corner of which was the W.C. I tested the atmosphere entering the room at the bottom of the doorway, and found that it contained poisonous matter, and on testing the closet and drains I found a hole 3 inches by ¼ inch in the closet trap. Here was the source of poison which produced the disease. The gas in the drain was confined between two traps and in contact with putrid sewage matter, and when it was removed no poison from any other source could be detected. The first child that was taken ill died, but the other recovered.

Now it is quite evident that the second child did not take the disease from the first, as it had not time to develop. The atmosphere of the room and the breath of the child were not as poisonous as the atmosphere of the kitchen in a line between the kitchen fire and the door, and it was on this line both children sat at their meals, and thus inhaled the poison with their food. Had the gases in the other drains of the district been of the same density as in this one, and similar leaks existed in the sanitary fittings, diphtheria would have spread, and by the popular theory its transmission would have been attributed to contagion from this family, which in face of the above facts would have been incorrect.

Another case. In a large town diphtheria broke out, and some hundreds were attacked and over two hundred died. The source of the disease was not in the food or water, and the only disease-producing poison that could be found was in the gas issuing from the sewer gratings and sanitary fittings. Schools were closed and the usual remedies used to prevent contagion, but all to no purpose. The sewers being of an easy gradient had silted, forming at intervals masses of putrid matter, and in the best houses, where the disease was most prevalent, poisons from the sewers were laid on to them by the badly-constructed drains and sanitary fittings. The authorities at last took the matter vigorously in hand, cleansed and sweetened the sewers as much as possible, and then the disease abated and died out. Had contagion been the means by which the disease was transmitted, it would have continued as it existed in the town under almost every kind of atmospheric temperature.

Here we have evidence showing that putrid matter did exist from which poisons were given off and their mode of transit into the body, but not the slightest evidence to prove the poison passed direct from one person to another.

These poisons in the gas can be destroyed by washing the gas in a chemical solution on leaving the grating, and since this has been done medical men have cured the disease by washing the throat in a similar solution.

Numbers of typhoid cases could be mentioned where poisons from putrid matter were conveyed into the system by water, milk, and impure food, but I have never heard of a case where the poison was detected leaving one person for another.

If in 1883 a person had stated that cholera was not contagious, they would have been ridiculed, yet the principal physician and those in charge of the cholera hospitals of Paris last year, certified to the representative of one of our daily papers that cholera was not contagious. The cholera epidemic of last year proves that cholera poisons are produced by heat and atmospheric influences on putrid matter, and circumstances favour the theory that they are inorganic, and when inhaled into the system poison the organisms of the blood to such an extent as to produce the disease. Cases of cholera broke out in different parts of the Continent at the same date, clearly showing that contagion had nothing to do with producing or transmitting the disease. In England our ports were jealously watched to prevent any case from being landed. Had a case been landed, the excreta from that one case might, when mixed with the sewage of a large town, have been the means of spreading the disease through the whole district, as miles of sewers are so laid that poisons in the gases can be effectually distributed through the district in a very short time. Open ventilation to sewers would greatly assist this, and especially when the gases in the drains and the fresh air admitted into them were of a high temperature. It is very improbable that cases if imported would break out in two towns at the same time, or that the poison could be conveyed in the atmosphere which divides us from the Continent.

Fortunately, when the continental outbreak was known, the authorities in the metropolis and other towns used disinfectants on all known putrid matter, and especially at the sewer gratings. This was an expensive process, but it had the effect of preventing the atmospheric influences (which were similar to those on the Continent) from developing the poison to a vitality necessary to give the disease.

It would be an excellent preventive if the authorities of towns would thoroughly examine every part of their districts, and know for a certainty whether in their sewers, cesspits, vaults, or dust-bins there existed putrid matter, or gases from them similar to those which produced the disease on the Continent. The expense of such an examination and for remedying the evils cannot be an excuse for not doing this work, as the monetary loss experienced by the residents of those continental towns and cities by the outbreak was enormous. What the loss would be to the residents of the metropolis if a cholera epidemic were to occur, it is difficult to imagine, and yet in many of the districts cholera-producing elements exist from which in all probability the heat and atmospheric influences experienced during several weeks of excessive dry weather during the summer months will produce poisons of a similar vitality to those produced on the Continent during the past year.

Previous to the cholera epidemic, small-pox was very prevalent in London, and I very carefully noted the cases as they were reported, and visited the districts where the disease was most prevalent, for the purpose of testing the nature of the gases in the sewers, and observing how the sewers and sanitary fittings were constructed.

In many of these districts, and especially those of Homerton, Hackney, Bow, and Bromley, the drains are so laid and the fittings so constructed that a supply of sewer gas is pumped into the houses, and it is impossible for persons to live in the houses of these districts without inhaling gases that have been for a long time in contact with sewage matter.

Whether the small-pox poison is an organic one (which I believe it is), and is produced from a collection of matter in a high state of decomposition, with or without being mixed with the excreta of persons suffering from the disease, or whether it is of an inorganic nature, the poison is derived from this source rather than from the impurities thrown off through the skin of persons suffering from the disease. As a proof of this, as soon as the cholera broke out last year on the Continent, almost every gulley and grating in the metropolis where sewer gas passes was charged more or less with a disinfectant, which minimised the poison in the gas. The result was that small-pox abated in an epidemic form although the temperature of the atmosphere increased.

The disinfectants so placed could not, naturally, affect the gas in branch drains to houses, or putrid matter in various parts of the sewers, or if it had, judging from its beneficial effects at the outlets, small-pox would have disappeared.

If contagion were the means by which this disease was distributed, disinfectants at sewer gratings would not have prevented the disease continuing in an epidemic form.

Take the adjoining districts of Fulham and Putney. During the epidemic, the gases from the sewer gratings in the Fulham district were more dense than those at Putney. Fulham had many cases of small-pox, but Putney none, although persons from each district were in daily contact with each other; but the houses were not connected by the same system of sewers.

It must not be thought that I wish to advance the theories of the anti-vaccinationist. I have had my children vaccinated because it is the law, and in the opinion of medical men a preventive against the disease, but viewing the change of medical opinion with reference to cholera during last year, and comparing tests and observations that have been made, they will soon be convinced that vaccination is a futile remedy to use with a view of stamping out the disease.

At present the question is (with medical men) one of theory, but ere long I am certain that they will take a more practical view of the case and definitely fix the origin of this disease and its distribution.

Previous to vaccination being introduced, putrid matter in vaults, cesspits, and drains was allowed to reach a higher state of putrefaction, and thus the poisons from them became more virulent and produced the disease of a more virulent type.

If modern systems of drainage and sanitary arrangements were the means of preventing this high state of putrefaction, and of reducing the disease to a milder form, perfecting these arrangements should be the means of stamping it out altogether and rendering vaccination useless.

Unless it can be proved that poisons given off through the skin and from the lungs of persons suffering from the disease are as virulent as those from putrid matter alone, or from the excreta from those suffering from the disease, the theory of contagion[[2]] cannot be entertained.

[2]. The word contagion as here used is not intended to apply to cases where persons not affected sleep in the same bed, or wear the same clothes, or handle things from, or persons suffering from this disease, as this would be inoculation.

Many medical men will say that the facts to prove that small-pox is transmitted by contagion are so positive that there is no chance of disputing them.

Let us examine two cases to support this theory.

Small-pox is prevalent, say, in the north of London; a man is in business there from seven to eight hours each day, but his home is in the S.W. district. He is taken ill, and remains at home, calling in his medical attendant, who on his second visit pronounces it a case of small-pox, and orders his removal to the hospital. In a few days other members of the family are taken and removed, and similar cases occur in the neighbourhood.

The theory of the medical man would be that his first patient had contracted his disease in his place of business in the N.W. district and had conveyed it to the S.W. district, distributing it in the neighbourhood in which he lived. This is only theory, and the only thing the medical man has to rely on to prove his case is, that the man first taken was engaged three-fourths of each day where small-pox was prevalent. Against this theory, assume that the disease originated by the whole of these persons inhaling poisons from putrid matter in their own locality or at their own doors, or in their homes, but that the atmospheric influences to develop the poison was a few days longer completing its work in the S.W. district than in the north. Then test the sanitary conditions of both localities, and you will find similar matter producing poisons. These are facts that will support this view of the case, as well as the following evidence which cannot be contradicted. When sewage matter is allowed to remain in bulk undisturbed, and in connection with a system of sewers, it forms retorts for the generation of these poisons, and they are conveyed for miles in drains by atmospheric and other influences; and where these people lived the gases would probably be discharged with a greater facility than at any other point.

Take another case. A man leaves London for the country, and a day or two after his arrival he is taken ill with small-pox. There is no system of drains to the house in which he is located. People living in this and other houses are affected with the disease, and the medical officer of health in his report states that the disease was conveyed from London to the district by this man. He was certainly the first one affected, and at first sight this case appears to be conclusive in favour of contagion, for if he did not contract the disease in London and bring it into the country how was it that he was first affected?

It is certain that putrid matter from which the poisons are derived exists in villages similar to that in towns, consequently the poisons are there, and medical men agree that when a person leaves one locality for another, for what is commonly called a change of air, the system undergoes a change. This change had such an effect on the system of this man that the poison from the putrid matter of the village had a greater effect on him and poisoned the blood more quickly, than on those who were inhaling the poison during its various stages of development: but when it was fully developed by atmospheric influences the disease appeared in those other persons who were in contact with the poison.

The action of sewer poison on the system is similar to that experienced by persons taking cold. Persons occupied in rooms which have an equal temperature, or are not subjected to cold chilly winds, take colds and contract all sorts of complaints on being exposed to currents of cold air even for a short time. The draught from a window only, when a cold stream of air is playing upon it, will do this: the blood is chilled, hence the cold, fever, or one of the many complaints follow; but on persons used to exposure it has no effect. In the same way sewer poisons act on those who suddenly inhale them, only the blood becomes poisoned instead of chilled; but on those who are in constant contact with them they have not such an effect, yet on these persons the effect of them can be traced.

The medical profession have hitherto placed too much reliance on isolation as the sole means of stamping out this disease.

The Metropolitan Asylums Board have had ample means at their disposal since 1867 to test the soundness of this theory, yet after spending something like 480,000l. per annum, small-pox has increased 100 per cent. since that date! This fact alone is sufficient evidence to prove that other means than those of isolation must be used to effectually stamp out this disease.

It is of little use to have elaborate arrangements in hospitals and camps to minimise the effects on persons who have taken the disease, and at the same time allow the source from which it emanates to remain undisturbed. I admit that it is a question too complicated to be exhaustively dealt with in a work on the testing of drains and sanitary fittings, but it is inserted to show what a power those who are engaged in designing or executing sanitary works hold for good or evil in affecting the health of the community.

Experience proves that ninety-nine zymotic cases out of every hundred are caused through imperfect sanitary works and appliances.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

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Hydrodynamics: Treatise relative to the Testing of Water-Wheels and Machinery, with various other matters pertaining to Hydrodynamics. By James Emerson. With numerous illustrations, 360 pp. Third edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d.

Electricity as a Motive Power. By Count Th. Du Moncel, Membre de l’Institut de France, and Frank Geraldy, Ingénieur des Ponts et Chaussées. Translated and Edited, with Additions, by C. J. Wharton, Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. and Elec. With 113 engravings and diagrams, crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Hints on Architectural Draughtsmanship. By G. W. Tuxford Hallatt. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1s. 6d.

Treatise on Valve-Gears, with special consideration of the Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. Gustav Zeuner, Professor of Applied Mechanics at the Confederated Polytechnikum of Zurich. Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by Professor J. F. Klein, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

The French-Polisher’s Manual. By a French-Polisher; containing Timber Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving, Painting, Imitations, Directions for Staining, Sizing, Embodying, Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing, French-Polishing, Directions for Repolishing. Third edition, royal 32mo, sewed, 6d.

Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in various Countries. By P. L. Simmonds. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d.

A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas. By William Richards. Demy 4to, with numerous wood engravings and 29 plates, cloth, 28s.

Synopsis of Contents:

Introduction—History of Gas Lighting—Chemistry of Gas Manufacture, by Lewis Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S.—Coal, with Analyses, by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and G. R. Hislop, Esqrs.—Retorts, Iron and Clay—Retort Setting—Hydraulic Main—Condensers—Exhausters—Washers and Scrubbers—Purifiers—Purification—History of Gas Holder—Tanks, Brick and Stone, Composite, Concrete, Cast-iron, Compound Annular Wrought-iron—Specifications—Gas Holders—Station Meter—Governor—Distribution—Mains—Gas Mathematics, or Formulæ for the Distribution of Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq.—Services—Consumers’ Meters—Regulators—Burners—Fittings—Photometer—Carburization of Gas—Air Gas and Water Gas—Composition of Coal Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq.—Analyses of Gas—Influence of Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature on Gas—Residual Products—Appendix—Description of Retort Settings, Buildings, etc., etc.

Practical Geometry, Perspective, and Engineering Drawing; a Course of Descriptive Geometry adapted to the Requirements of the Engineering Draughtsman, including the determination of cast shadows and Isometric Projection, each chapter being followed by numerous examples; to which are added rules for Shading, Shade-lining, etc., together with practical instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, Printing, and general treatment of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter on drawing Instruments. By George S. Clarke, Capt. R.E. Second edition, with 21 plates. 2 vols., cloth, 10s. 6d.

The Elements of Graphic Statics. By Professor Karl Von Ott, translated from the German by G. S. Clarke, Capt. R.E., Instructor in Mechanical Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College. With 93 illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

The Principles of Graphic Statics. By George Sydenham Clarke, Capt. Royal Engineers. With 112 illustrations. 4to, cloth, 12s. 6d.

Dynamo-Electric Machinery: A Manual for Students of Electro-technics. By Silvanus P. Thompson, B.A., D.Sc., Professor of Experimental Physics in University College, Bristol, etc., etc. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals. By W. R. Kutter. Translated from articles in the ‘Cultur-Ingénieur,’ by Lowis D’A. Jackson, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

Practical Hydraulics; a Series of Rules and Tables for the use of Engineers, etc., etc. By Thomas Box. Fifth edition, numerous plates, post 8vo, cloth, 5s.

A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and Vertical Waterwheels, specially designed for the use of operative mechanics. By William Cullen, Millwright and Engineer. With 11 plates. Second edition, revised and enlarged, small 4to, cloth, 12s. 6d.

Tin: Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, Dressing and Smelting it abroad; with Notes upon Arsenic, Bismuth and Wolfram. By Arthur G. Charleton, Mem. American Inst. of Mining Engineers. With plates, 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

Perspective, Explained and Illustrated. By G. S. Clarke, Capt. R.E. With illustrations, 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; based on the Principle of Work, designed for Engineering Students. By Oliver Byrne, formerly Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil Engineers. Third edition, with 148 wood engravings, post 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Contents:

Chap. 1. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without reference to a Unit of Time—Chap. 2. The Work of Living Agents, the Influence of Friction, and introduces one of the most beautiful Laws of Motion—Chap. 3. The principles expounded in the first and second chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies—Chap. 4. The Transmission of Work by simple Machines—Chap. 5. Useful Propositions and Rules.

The Practical Millwright and Engineer’s Ready Reckoner; or Tables for finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, diameter, weight, and power of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc. By Thomas Dixon. Fourth edition, 12mo, cloth, 3s.

Breweries and Maltings: their Arrangement, Construction, Machinery, and Plant. By G. Scamell, F.R.I.B.A. Second edition, revised, enlarged, and partly rewritten. By F. Colyer, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. With 20 plates, 8vo, cloth, 18s.

A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Starch, Glucose, Starch-Sugar, and Dextrine, based on the German of L. Von Wagner, Professor in the Royal Technical School, Buda Pesth, and other authorities. By Julius Frankel; edited by Robert Hutter, proprietor of the Philadelphia Starch Works. With 58 illustrations, 344 pp., 8vo, cloth, 18s.

A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, Riggers, etc.; for the use of Engineers. By Thomas Box. Third edition, with 11 plates. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Mining Machinery: a Descriptive Treatise on the Machinery, Tools, and other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. André, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. Royal 4to, uniform with the Author’s Treatise on Coal Mining, containing 182 plates, accurately drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 2 vols., cloth, 3l. 12s.

Contents:

Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and Hoisting—Ventilation—Pumping—Treatment of Mineral Products, including Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron, Coal, Sulphur, China Clay, Brick Earth, etc.

Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, Roads, etc., varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By A. Kennedy and R. W. Hackwood. Illustrated, 32mo, cloth, 2s. 6d.

The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement, with observations on some of its constructive applications. With 66 illustrations. By Henry Reid, C.E., Author of ‘A Practical Treatise on Concrete,’ etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 18s.

The Draughtsman’s Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing; including instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural, and Mechanical Drawings. With numerous illustrations in the text, and 33 plates (15 printed in colours). By G. G. André, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. 4to, cloth, 9s.

Contents:

The Drawing Office and its Furnishings—Geometrical Problems—Lines, Dots, and their Combinations—Colours, Shading, Lettering, Bordering, and North Points—Scales—Plotting—Civil Engineers’ and Surveyors’ Plans—Map Drawing—Mechanical and Architectural Drawing—Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical Formulæ, etc., etc.

The Boiler-maker’s and Iron Ship-builder’s Companion, comprising a series of original and carefully calculated tables, of the utmost utility to persons interested in the iron trades. By James Foden, author of ‘Mechanical Tables,’ etc. Second edition revised, with illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

Rock Blasting: a Practical Treatise on the means employed in Blasting Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By G. G. André, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. With 56 illustrations and 12 plates, 8vo, cloth, 10s. 6d.

Painting and Painters’ Manual: a Book of Facts for Painters and those who Use or Deal in Paint Materials. By C. L. Condit and J. Scheller. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth, 10s. 6d.

A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and private Rope-yards, with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of Weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways, Builders, etc. By R. Chapman, formerly foreman to Messrs. Huddart and Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford. Second edition, 12mo, cloth, 3s.

Laxton’s Builders’ and Contractors Tables; for the use of Engineers, Architects, Surveyors, Builders, Land Agents, and others. Bricklayer, containing 22 tables, with nearly 30,000 calculations. 4to, cloth, 5s.

Laxton’s Builders’ and Contractors’ Tables. Excavator, Earth, Land, Water, and Gas, containing 53 tables, with nearly 24,000 calculations. 4to, cloth, 5s.

Sanitary Engineering: a Guide to the Construction of Works of Sewerage and House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating the calculations of the Engineer. By Baldwin Latham, C.E., M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., F.M.S., Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second edition, with numerous plates and woodcuts, 8vo, cloth, 1l. 10s.

Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists, giving the values of the different trains of Wheels required to produce Screws of any pitch, calculated by Lord Lindsay, M.P., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., etc. Cloth, oblong, 2s.

Screw Cutting Tables, for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing the proper arrangement of Wheels for cutting the Threads of Screws of any required pitch, with a Table for making the Universal Gas-pipe Threads and Taps. By W. A. Martin, Engineer. Second edition, oblong, cloth, 1s., or sewed, 6d.

A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide-Valve Gears by Simple Geometrical Construction, based upon the principles enunciated in Euclid’s Elements, and comprising the various forms of Plain Slide-Valve and Expansion Gearing; together with Stephenson’s, Gooch’s, and Allan’s Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to variable expansion combinations. By Edward J. Cowling Welch. Memb. Inst. Mechanical Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s.

Cleaning and Scouring: a Manual for Dyers, Laundresses, and for Domestic Use. By S. Christopher. 18mo, sewed, 6d.

A Handbook of House Sanitation; for the use of all persons seeking a Healthy Home. A reprint of those portions of Mr. Bailey-Denton’s Lectures on Sanitary Engineering, given before the School of Military Engineering, which related to the “Dwelling,” enlarged and revised by his Son, E. F. Bailey-Denton, C.E., B.A. With 140 illustrations, 8vo, cloth, 8s. 6d.

A Glossary of Terms used in Coal Mining. By William Stukeley Gresley, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Member of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers. Illustrated with numerous woodcuts and diagrams, crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users, comprising a variety of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government Inspectors, Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works and Slips, Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam-using Public. By Maurice John Sexton. Second edition, royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5s.

The Strains upon Bridge Girders and Roof Trusses, including the Warren, Lattice, Trellis, Bowstring, and other Forms of Girders, the Curved Roof, and Simple and Compound Trusses. By Thos. Cargill, C.E.B.A.T., C.D., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers. With 64 illustrations, drawn and worked out to scale, 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine, containing Plans and Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the Principles involved in Design and Construction. By Arthur Rigg, Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Demy 4to, copiously illustrated with woodcuts and 96 plates, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2l. 2s.; or cheaper edition, cloth, 25s.

This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history of the steam engine, but is intended to describe examples of Fixed Steam Engines without entering into the wide domain of locomotive or marine practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the most recent arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping, Winding, Portable, Semi-portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and other similar Engines, by the most eminent Firms in Great Britain and America. The laws relating to the action and precautions to be observed in the construction of the various details, such as Cylinders, Pistons, Piston-rods, Connecting-rods, Cross-heads, Motion-blocks, Eccentrics, Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and Equilibrium Slide-valves, and Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt with. In this connection will be found articles upon the Velocity of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode of Applying the Indicator, Heat and Expansion of Steam Governors, and the like. It is the writer’s desire to draw illustrations from every possible source, and give only those rules that present practice deems correct.

Barlow’s Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000. Post 8vo, cloth, 6s.

Camus (M.) Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels, demonstrating the best forms which can be given to them for the purposes of Machinery, such as Mill-work and Clock-work, and the art of finding their numbers. Translated from the French, with details of the present practice of Millwrights, Engine Makers, and other Machinists, by Isaac Hawkins. Third edition, with 18 plates, 8vo, cloth, 5s.

A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering Surveying, Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc., with a general description of the several Instruments required for Surveying, Levelling, Plotting, etc. By H. S. Merrett. Third edition, 41 plates with illustrations and tables, royal 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

Principal Contents:

Part 1. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land Surveying; comprising General Observations—The Chain—Offsets Surveying by the Chain only—Surveying Hilly Ground—To Survey an Estate or Parish by the Chain only—Surveying with the Theodolite—Mining and Town Surveying—Railroad Surveying—Mapping—Division and Laying out of Land—Observations on Enclosures—Plane Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling—Simple and Compound Levelling—The Level Book—Parliamentary Plan and Section—Levelling with a Theodolite—Gradients—Wooden Curves—To Lay out a Railway Curve—Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for Estimates—Cuttings and Embankments—Tunnels—Brickwork—Ironwork—Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description and Use of Instruments in Surveying and Plotting—The Improved Dumpy Level—Troughton’s Level—The Prismatic Compass—Proportional Compass—Box Sextant—Vernier—Pantagraph—Merrett’s Improved Quadrant—Improved Computation Scale—The Diagonal Scale—Straight Edge and Sector. Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers—Logarithmic Sines and Co-Sines, Tangents and Co-Tangents—Natural Sines and Co-Sines—Tables for Earthwork, for Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations, etc., etc., etc.

Saws: the History, Development, Action, Classification, and Comparison of Saws of all kinds. By Robert Grimshaw. With 220 illustrations, 4to, cloth, 12s. 6d.

A Supplement to the above; containing additional practical matter, more especially relating to the forms of Saw Teeth for special material and conditions, and to the behaviour of Saws under particular conditions. With 120 illustrations, cloth, 9s.

A Guide for the Electric Testing of Telegraph Cables. By Capt. V. Hoskiœr, Royal Danish Engineers. With illustrations, second edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d.

Laying and Repairing Electric Telegraph Cables. By Capt. V. Hoskiœr, Royal Danish Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

A Pocket-Book of Practical Rules for the Proportions of Modern Engines and Boilers for Land and Marine purposes. By N. P. Burgh. Seventh edition, royal 32mo, roan, 4s. 6d.

The Assayer’s Manual: an Abridged Treatise on the Docimastic Examination of Ores and Furnace and other Artificial Products. By Bruno Kerl. Translated by W. T. Brannt. With 65 illustrations, 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

The Steam Engine considered as a Heat Engine: a Treatise on the Theory of the Steam Engine, illustrated by Diagrams, Tables, and Examples from Practice. By Jas. H. Cotterill, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Applied Mechanics in the Royal Naval College. 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d.

Electricity: its Theory, Sources, and Applications. By J. T. Sprague, M.S.T.E. Second edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, 15s.

The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc., with Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required in the Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc.; also an Appendix on Ornamental Turning. (A book for beginners.) By Francis Campin. Third edition, with wood engravings, crown 8vo, cloth, 6s.

Contents:

On Lathes—Turning Tools—Turning Wood—Drilling—Screw Cutting—Miscellaneous Apparatus and Processes—Turning Particular Forms—Staining—Polishing—Spinning Metals—Materials—Ornamental Turning, etc.

Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with Warm Air by Self-Acting Suction Power, with Review of the mode of Calculating the Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By J. Drysdale, M.D., and J. W. Hayward, M.D. Second edition, with Supplement, with plates, demy 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present. By the Rev. H. L. Nelthropp, M.A., F.S.A. With 32 illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 6d.

Contents:

Definitions of Words and Terms used in Watchwork—Tools—Time—Historical Summary—On Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, Trains, etc.—Of Dial Wheels, or Motion Work—Length of Time of Going without Winding up—The Verge—The Horizontal—The Duplex—The Lever—The Chronometer—Repeating Watches—Keyless Watches—The Pendulum, or Spiral Spring—Compensation—Jewelling of Pivot Holes—Clerkenwell—Fallacies of the Trade—Incapacity of Workmen—How to Choose and Use a Watch, etc.

Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Compiled principally for the use of the Students attending the Classes on this subject at the City of London College. By Henry Adams, Mem. Inst. M.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Mem. Soc. of Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.

Algebra Self-Taught. By W. P. Higgs, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Author of ‘A Handbook of the Differential Calculus,’ etc. Second edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.

Contents:

Symbols and the Signs of Operation—The Equation and the Unknown Quantity—Positive and Negative Quantities—Multiplication—Involution—Exponents—Negative Exponents—Roots, and the Use of Exponents as Logarithms—Logarithms—Tables of Logarithms and Proportionate Parts—Transformation of System of Logarithms—Common Uses of Common Logarithms—Compound Multiplication and the Binomial Theorem—Division, Fractions, and Ratio—Continued Proportion—The Series and the Summation of the Series—Limit of Series—Square and Cube Roots—Equations—List of Formulæ, etc.

Spons’ Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical, Military, and Naval; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish, 3100 pp., and nearly 8000 engravings, in super-royal 8vo, in 8 divisions, 5l. 8s. Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5l. 5s. Bound in a superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 6l. 12s.

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Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and processes such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking, Crayons, Paste Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware, Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others too numerous to mention.

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Pigments, Paint, and Painting: embracing the preparation of Pigments, including alumina lakes, blacks (animal, bone, Frankfort, ivory, lamp, sight, soot), blues (antimony, Antwerp, cobalt, cœruleum, Egyptian, manganate, Paris, Péligot, Prussian, smalt, ultramarine), browns (bistre, hinau, sepia, sienna, umber, Vandyke), greens (baryta, Brighton, Brunswick, chrome, cobalt, Douglas, emerald, manganese, mitis, mountain, Prussian, sap, Scheele’s, Schweinfurth, titanium, verdigris, zinc), reds (Brazilwood lake, carminated lake, carmine, Cassius purple, cobalt pink, cochineal lake, colcothar, Indian red, madder lake, red chalk, red lead, vermilion), whites (alum, baryta, Chinese, lead sulphate, white lead—by American, Dutch, French, German, Kremnitz, and Pattinson processes, precautions in making, and composition of commercial samples—whiting, Wilkinson’s white, zinc white), yellows (chrome, gamboge, Naples, orpiment, realgar, yellow lakes); Paint (vehicles, testing oils, driers, grinding, storing, applying, priming, drying, filling, coats, brushes, surface, water-colours, removing smell, discoloration; miscellaneous paints—cement paint for carton-pierre, copper paint, gold paint, iron paint, lime paints, silicated paints, steatite paint, transparent paints, tungsten paints, window paint, zinc paints); Painting (general instructions, proportions of ingredients, measuring paint work; carriage painting—priming paint, best putty, finishing colour, cause of cracking, mixing the paints, oils, driers, and colours, varnishing, importance of washing vehicles, re-varnishing, how to dry paint; woodwork painting).

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Mechanical Drawing—Casting and Founding in Iron, Brass, Bronze, and other Alloys—Forging and Finishing Iron—Sheet-metal Working—Soldering, Brazing, and Burning—Carpentry and Joinery, embracing descriptions of some 400 Woods, over 200 Illustrations of Tools and their uses, Explanations (with Diagrams) of 116 joints and hinges, and Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, rough furniture. Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building—Cabinet-Making and Veneering—Carving and Fretcutting—Upholstery—Painting, Graining, and Marbling—Staining Furniture, Woods, Floors, and Fittings—Gilding, dead and bright, on various grounds—Polishing Marble, Metals, and Wood—Varnishing—Mechanical movements, illustrating contrivances for transmitting motion—Turning in Wood and Metals—Masonry, embracing Stonework, Brickwork, Terracotta, and Concrete—Roofing with Thatch, Tiles, Slates, Felt, Zinc, &c.—Glazing with and without putty, and lead glazing—Plastering and Whitewashing—Paper-hanging—Gas-fitting—Bell-hanging, ordinary and electric Systems—Lighting—Warming—Ventilating—Roads, Pavements, and Bridges—Hedges, Ditches, and Drains—Water Supply and Sanitation—Hints on House Construction suited to new countries.

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