The Three Choirs: A Handbook to the Cathedrals of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester / A Complete Description of the Buildings, a History of Each Diocese and Biographical Notices of the Bishops

by R. J. King

WORCESTER CATHEDRAL.

PART I.

History and Details.

I. The chief authorities for the architectural history of Worcester Cathedral are—the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, and the Annales Ecclesiæ Wygorniensis, compiled by a monk of Worcester at the beginning of the fourteenth century[59]. From these it appears that in the year 1084 Bishop Wulfstan “began the work of the Minster;” into which the monks entered four years afterwards; and in 1092 Wulfstan held a synod in the crypt, which he had “built from the foundations, and by the mercy of God had dedicated[60].” Wulfstan died in 1095. In 1113 the city of Worcester, with the cathedral church and the castle, were greatly injured by fire. In 1175 the “new tower”—probably the central tower of the cathedral—fell, as many other Norman towers had fallen; and in 1189 another great fire destroyed nearly the whole of Worcester. On this occasion the cathedral escaped; but in 1202, at Eastertide, it was burnt, (igne conflagravit alieno,) together with all the buildings and offices attached to it. During the whole of the year before, however, great miracles had been manifested at the tomb of St. Wulfstan, and many sick persons were said to be cured there daily. Accordingly, on St. Giles’s Day, (Sept. 1,) 1202, Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, came to Worcester with other bishops to enquire into the truth of the reported miracles. Certain monks of Worcester took his favourable judgment to Rome; and in the following year, 1203, St. Wulfstan was canonized by Pope Innocent III., who so far honoured the new English saint as to compose a prayer for his Office.

From this time offerings poured in daily at the tomb of St. Wulfstan; and it was no doubt with the wealth thus acquired by the monastery that the cathedral was restored. In 1207 King John visited Worcester; and after praying at Wulfstan’s tomb, gave three hundred marks for the repair of the cathedral. He was interred in the church in the year 1216, (see § IX.); and in 1218 the cathedral was dedicated “in honour of the Blessed Virgin and St. Peter, and of the holy confessors Oswald and Wulfstan.” The young King, Henry III., was present, with a great company of bishops, abbots, and nobles; and after the dedication the body of St. Wulfstan was translated to its shrine near the high altar.

The cathedral, up to this period, had been a Norman and transition Norman building. In 1221, on St. Andrew’s Day, during a great storm, the two “lesser towers” of Worcester fell. There is no evidence that the Norman nave terminated in western towers; and Professor Willis has suggested that these “lesser towers” may have flanked the Norman choir of Worcester, like those still remaining at Canterbury. Their fall may have injured the choir, and the ruin thus effected may have assisted the determination of the Bishop and Convent to expend the wealth which was still pouring in before the shrine of St. Wulfstan, in the erection of a more sumptuous church. At any rate, in 1224 the existing choir and Lady-chapel were begun; Bishop William of Blois laying the foundations of the new work of the east front; (novum opus frontis[61]). In 1281 the sacrist of the monastery received from the executors of Nicholas of Ely, Bishop of Winchester, a sum of sixty marks, the Bishop’s legacy toward the “rebuilding of the tower,”—no doubt the central tower of the cathedral,—which was not, however, effected for nearly a century, (1374). In the meantime, the Norman nave was partly removed and rebuilt. Bishop Cobham vaulted the north aisle of the nave between 1317 and 1321; and in 1377 Bishop Wakefield vaulted the nave itself.

II. These dates will assist us in examining the existing cathedral. Of St. Wulfstan’s Church, begun as we have seen, in 1084, the crypt, which extends at present under the choir and aisles, is the only certain relic. But portions of Norman work, belonging, according to Willis, to the first three quarters of the twelfth century, remain in the nave, at the western end of the choir, and in the walls of the great transept. The two westernmost bays of the nave are transition Norman, and there is Norman work of the same period (the last quarter of the twelfth century) in the great transept.

The choir, retro-choir, and Lady-chapel, with the choir-aisles and the eastern transepts, are Early English, and were commenced in 1224. The nave, with the exception of the two western bays, is of later date, Decorated, (1317-1327,) on the north side; and Decorated with a strong tendency to Perpendicular (circ. 1360?) on the south. The central tower is also Decorated, and was no doubt the tower for which the legacy of Bishop Nicholas of Winchester (1281) was intended. The cloisters are Perpendicular.

The Early English portion of the cathedral (the whole of the church east of the central tower) is by far the most interesting, and affords some very good examples of design and sculpture. On the whole, however, although the entire building deserves, and will repay, careful examination, it can hardly be said to rank among English churches of the first class. The Norman cathedral, which covered nearly the same ground as that which now exists, terminated eastward (as appears from the crypt, § XXII.) in a broad apse, with small apsidal chapels attached at the sides. The ground-plan of the existing building forms a double or patriarchal cross[62], with a square eastern end. The whole north front of the cathedral is seen at once as the Close is entered from the High-street; but although the length (450 ft.) and general mass are imposing, the view is hardly picturesque [Frontispiece]. The transepts do not project far enough to break the long line satisfactorily, and the whole work of the exterior (including the central tower) is unusually plain. This view has, however, been greatly improved by the recent (1865) lowering of the ground on the north side of the church (including St. Michael’s churchyard) to the depth of at least four feet. No good general point of view can be obtained on the south side of the cathedral.

Since the year 1857 very extensive works, amounting in fact to a rebuilding of much of the eastern portion of the church, have been carried on under the superintendence of Mr. A. E. Perkins, architect to the Dean and Chapter. These will be pointed out as we proceed. It may be said here, however, that besides the great desecration and injury which the building suffered from the troops of Essex in 1642, and again from Cromwell’s soldiers after the battle of Worcester in 1651, it underwent much unfortunate “restoration” during the eighteenth century. Much of the work then done it was desirable to remove; and the condition of the stone in many parts of the cathedral was such as to render extensive repair absolutely necessary[63]. The stone used by the Norman and Early English builders was from the Higley quarries, near Bridgenorth; these quarries are in the sandstone; as are those at Holt, which were used by the builders of the Perpendicular period. For the repairs and rebuilding (1857-1863) stone has been brought from Ombersley, near Droitwich.

III. The entrance in the west front of the cathedral is said to have been closed by Bishop Wakefield, (1375-1395); who re-opened the original north entrance, which had been closed, and built the present north porch, through which we enter the cathedral. This is plain and of little interest. The details of the original composition, which had been much mutilated by injudicious repairs, have been carefully restored under the direction of Mr. Perkins; and the lowering of the ground on this side of the cathedral has permitted the removal of a flight of steps, within the porch, which formerly descended to the level of the nave. The roof is groined.

IV. The nave (which has undergone, 1863-1865, a complete restoration, externally and internally), is of nine bays, from the west front to the central tower. It covers the same ground as the original Norman nave, portions of which remain—at the north-east angle of the north aisle, (a shaft and capital); on the west side of the outer face of the north door, (a shaft and capital); and in the centre of the second piers from the west, from both of which great Norman shafts project. There is also a series of Norman arched recesses in the south aisle[64]. All these fragments are pure Norman, and belong to the first three quarters of the eleventh century. The two western bays are transition Norman, of the last quarter of the century, and remain in their original state.

The piers of the two western bays are recessed in three orders, and, together with the pointed arches that rest on them, have more Early English feeling than Norman. The capitals of the shafts are of plain Norman character. The triforium is very peculiar. A pointed arch (of which there are two in each bay) encloses three circular ones. Between and beyond these inner arches rise reeded shafts, from the capitals of which springs a zigzag moulding, repeating, in the tympana, the forms of the circular arches. Below and above the zigzag are placed knots of curled leafage, giving a dotted appearance to the whole composition, which has neither the dignity of the earlier Norman nor the grace of the Decorated work east of it. The clerestory has three arches in each bay; the central arch round, with the zigzag moulding, and much higher than the pointed side arches. The window openings, at the back of the central arch, are filled with Perpendicular tracery. “In the pier arches and triforium arches a plain round molding is employed, which runs without a base up the pier, and continuously over the arch, forming an external order or frame to it. A similar molding in front of this runs by the side of a triple group of vaulting-shafts up to the clerestory string, but is there cut off by the later vaulting-shafts.... Continuous moldings are in Norman work usually confined to the inner arches of doors and to windows. But I have observed the molding just described, as framing a group of shafted pier arches, in several cases in the west of England—as at Gloucester, the north side aisle of the choir at Lichfield, and at Bredon Church, near Worcester—the latter evidently the work of the architect of the western compartments of the cathedral[65].” The clustered vaulting-shafts terminate in capitals of transitional character, at the base of the clerestory. The vaulting itself is of the same apparent character (Perpendicular) as that eastward of these two bays; but Professor Willis has shewn that it must have been erected before (though perhaps not much before) the vaulting of the rest of the nave[66].

The west end of the nave was entirely altered by Bishop Wakefield, (1375-1395). He closed the western entrance; but the pointed arch, with a circular arch on either side, which, until the late restoration, were seen on the wall below the window, dated only from the last century. Traces of Norman doors, however, were discovered by Mr. Perkins at the ends of the aisles and in the central wall; proving that Bishop Wakefield retained the original wall, and shewing us the extent of the Norman nave. The space above the arches was entirely filled by a large debased window, the glass in which was inserted in 1792. This window has been happily replaced (1865) by an Early Decorated window of eight lights, of the same architectural character as the Decorated work on the north side of the nave, and equally enriched. (It is the gift of the Hon. and Rev. John Fortescue, Canon of Worcester.) The Norman portal beneath this window, the jambs of which were quite perfect, has been opened.

Beyond the two western bays the nave is Decorated on the north side, and early Perpendicular on the south, and the main arches rise much higher. The two sides differ in the capitals and bases of their piers, in the capitals of the vaulting-shafts, in the clerestory arches, and in the ornamentation of the triforium. The north side, which is the earlier, is also the richer.

Leland asserts that Bishop Cobham (1317-1327) vaulted the north aisle of the nave. This fixes the date of the Decorated work on the north side. The bases of the piers differ from those opposite, and the capitals of the shafts are enriched with excellent leafage, much undercut. This “runs continuously round the pier, being inflected around the shafts, so as to distinguish the groups without separating them, and with the richest effect.” At the angles of the exterior hood-mouldings are small heads of kings and bishops. The triforium has two pointed arches in each bay, each arch enclosing two smaller ones. The shafts which support these arches have capitals of leafage, and the tympana in the heads of the larger arches are filled with sculptured figures. These, before the late restoration, were so greatly decayed as to be quite undecipherable. They have been re-worked as carefully as possible, but in most instances the original subject was completely uncertain. The clerestory consists of three pointed arches, with leafage on the capitals of the shafts, and at the angles of the outer mouldings. The windows at the back are Perpendicular insertions. Professor Willis has been the first to point out that the triforium and clerestory of the two bays adjoining the transition Norman work on this side of the nave, differ from the rest, and are in fact Perpendicular, of the same character as the entire south side. “We may conclude, therefore, that the north side of the Norman nave was taken down first, and that when the portion in the Decorated style had been completed, a pause in the work or a change of architects happened, and the triforium and clerestory of these bays were then completed in a different style[67].”

The vaulting-shafts run upward between each bay in groups of three. The abacus from which the groining-ribs apparently spring, is partly a continuation of the stringcourse at the base of the clerestory, and is gracefully trefoiled.

The whole work on the north side of the nave is bolder and more effective than that on the south. We have no record of the construction of this side, but from its strong Perpendicular character it can hardly be earlier than 1360. The clustered pier-shafts have much smaller capitals of leafage than those opposite, and the leafage does not pass round continuously. The design of the triforium resembles that on the north side; but at the junction of the two smaller arches is a bracket, once no doubt the support of a figure which rose against the tympanum of the larger arch. All traces of these figures, however, had disappeared, and they have been replaced by modern sculpture, executed by Boulton, under the direction of the architect. Small ancient figures remain at the sides and intersections of the larger arches.

The clerestory is formed by three triangular-headed arches, of which the centre arch, much higher and wider than the other two, follows nearly the lines of the groining rib. The window at the back of the passage is filled with tracery of Decorated character. The triangular form, which is by no means usual, is that which prevails in the north transept of Hereford, (see the Handbook for that Cathedral,) built at the end of the thirteenth century for the reception of the shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe.

The groined vaulting of the nave—the work of Bishop Wakefield in 1377—has ridge and intermediate ribs, with bosses of foliage at the intersections. The nave, which was covered with whitewash by the “restorers” of the last century, has been thoroughly cleaned; and the rich foliage of its capitals is now properly displayed. The present flooring of the nave was laid down in 1748.

On the north side of the nave, in the fourth bay from the east, is the high tomb, with effigies, of Sir John Beauchamp, of Holt, in Worcestershire, (died 1388,) and his wife. The effigies, which are in alabaster, have been terribly defaced. The knight’s armour is a good example. The lady’s head rests on a swan with expanded wings—the crest of the Beauchamps. The panels of the tomb itself are filled with shields of arms. Immediately opposite, on the south side of the nave, is the tomb, with effigies, of Robert Wilde (died 1608) and his wife. His body rests in this cathedral, but his immortal part—

“Fœlices rapuere animæ, heroesque beati,
Illud ad æternas, Elysiasque domos.”

The sides of the tomb, divided into compartments by sun-flowers rising from vases, and the scroll-work at the lower end, deserve notice.

On the south side of the nave, toward the west, is the canopied tomb, with effigy, of Richard Eedes, Dean of Worcester, (died 1608). The Dean is represented with moustache and beard, skull-cap, ruff, and gown open in front, with hanging sleeves. Opposite, on the north side, is the tomb, with effigy, of Bishop Thornborough, died 1641,—the latest recumbent effigy of a bishop in the cathedral: he wears the rochet and chimere with full sleeves.

V. The two western bays of the south aisle of the nave are transition Norman, like the western bays of the nave. The vaulting is quadripartite. The rest of the aisle has late Decorated windows, filled with a kind of flowing tracery, high in the wall, on account of the cloister which runs outside; and into which there are two plainly-arched entrances—the prior’s door in the bay nearest the transept, and the monks’ door in the third bay from the west end. The vaulting of this part of the aisle is lierne.

The wall of this aisle is, however, that of the Norman nave, as is proved by a series of five Norman arched recesses, one opposite to each of the present pier-arches. “Two of these at the east end are filled up with monumental arches of the period of the present south architecture of the nave. This is enough to shew that the semicircular arches existed previously.... They were probably meant to receive the monumental arches of distinguished persons, in the same way as at Hereford[68].”

The monuments in the south aisle are—in the second bay from the transept, the much mutilated effigy of an unknown ecclesiastic,—probably one of the priors of the monastery, represented as vested for the eucharistic office,—under a canopied recess. The date, according to Mr. Bloxam, is late in the fourteenth or early in the fifteenth century. In the third bay, within a Decorated recess, is the effigy of Bishop Parry, (1610-1616,) “wearing the rochet and the chimere, the latter reaching a little below the knees;” in the fourth is a Perpendicular altar-tomb, with panelled front, of some unknown personage; in the fifth is the tomb of Thomas Littleton, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, died Aug. 23, 1481. The brass, which represented him in his robes as Judge, was destroyed in the civil wars of the seventeenth century. This is the celebrated Judge whose treatise on land tenures was commented on by Sir Edward Coke in the reign of James I., and has still, in Fuller’s words, an “authentical reputation.” Littleton was born at Frankley in Worcestershire, and was in great favour with both Henry VI. and Edward IV. The Lords Lyttelton, of Hagley, are descended from this family. In the sixth bay is an altar-tomb in a recess for Bishop Freke, (1584-1591,) with inscriptions in Greek, Latin, and English. In the two last bays are mural monuments, both by Bacon, for Sir Henry Ellis, Colonel of the 23rd Regt., (Welsh Fusileers,) who fell at Waterloo; and for Richard Solly, Esq., (died 1804); neither of which deserve much notice. In the westernmost bay has been placed the monument of Bishop Gauden, (died 1662,) the probable author of the Icon Basilike. His effigy represents him with long hair, moustache, and beard, wearing the rochet and chimere. This monument was formerly against the wall on the north side of the choir, which has been removed. (See § VII.)

The two western bays of the north aisle are transition Norman, like those opposite; but the Decorated vaulting (plain quadripartite, with bosses) is carried throughout the aisle, and was the work of Bishop Cobham between 1317 and 1321. The rest of the aisle, including the windows, is Decorated. The west window contains some portions of ancient glass; but is chiefly filled with modern glass of the worst description. In the first bay counting from the west is a monument by Westmacott for the Earl of Strafford, and the officers and men of the 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment, who fell in the Indian campaigns of 1845-6. Unlike most memorials of this class, it possesses a little religious character. In the second bay is a monument for the wife of Godfrey Goldsborough, Bishop of Gloucester, (died 1613). In the third bay is a monument with small kneeling figures for the Moore family, of Worcester; date 1613.

The north porch opens from the fifth bay. From the eighth a small Decorated chapel, called the Jesus chapel, is entered; which was opened to the nave, as it now is, about 1750, when a new and singularly hideous font was placed in it. The Decorated window on the north side has been filled with stained glass by Wailes, as a memorial for the wife of the Rev. Canon Wood. The east window of the chapel has been closed. Against the walls are tablets for Bishop Fleetwood, (died 1683); for Bishop Blandford, (died 1675); and for Bishop Bullingham, (died 1576). The upper and lower portions only of the effigy appear, the intervening wall and inscription dividing them. (Similar monuments exist at Lichfield and elsewhere.) “The dress is not very clearly developed, but it certainly does not appear to have consisted of the episcopal robes. Perhaps he was one interested in the vestiarian controversy of 1564[69].” This monument was removed from the choir wall. (See § VII.)

VI. The piers of the central tower are Decorated, with small capitals of leafage, of the same date and character as the south side of the nave. It is certain, however, that a core of Norman masonry remains within them, since Norman work is visible on the choir side of the eastern piers, (see § VII.,) in the roof of the triforium of the choir, and at the south corner of the east end of the north triforium of the nave. The vaulting resembles that of the nave.

The great transept has undergone much alteration. The walls, as high as the level of the clerestory, are Norman; and, as appeared when they were stripped of their plaster, are built of “uncoursed rubble work, roughly laid with wide joints of mortar[70].” They may belong to the first Norman church; but after the fall of the great tower in 1175 many repairs and changes were made, to which the Norman work now apparent evidently belongs. Further alterations were made in the thirteenth, and again (perhaps by Bishop Wakefield, died 1395) in the latter part of the fourteenth century. The transept, like the rest of the church, is narrow (32 feet) in proportion to its height (66 feet), and projects only 28 feet beyond the aisle wall. Like the transept at Gloucester, it is without aisles. The circular staircase-turrets which project into the transept at the north-west and south-west angles are peculiar, and are far more decided features than those at Gloucester (see the Handbook for that Cathedral) in the same situations. These are Norman as high as the clerestory, where the change to Perpendicular is marked by a difference of masonry. The masonry of the Norman portion is unusually good, and should be noticed. The scraping of the walls of these towers “disclosed the fact that they are built of stones of two colours, the one a white or rather cream-coloured stone, the other a green stone. These are laid in bands at the lower part, not regularly; but above the doorway the courses are for a short distance alternately white and green in horizontal stripes, after the manner of the cathedrals of Pisa, Siena, and other Italian examples of the eleventh and twelfth centuries[71].” The transition Norman work at the west end of the nave, and the chapter-house, also display this particoloured masonry.

In the south transept, the south end has three divisions. The lowest is plain, and shews the Norman wall. In the second are two transition Norman window-arches, now closed. The capitals of the side shafts are of Early English character, and the arches have a broad hollow zigzag moulding. In the uppermost division is a fine three-light lancet window, deeply splayed, and with a passage through the jambs. This has been filled with stained glass, which can hardly be called good, by Rogers, from designs by Preedy, as a memorial of Queen Adelaide. The subject is a tree of Jesse. On the east side of the transept the arch into the choir-aisle is Decorated; and in the adjoining bay a very fine Norman arch, long closed, opens to an eastern chapel. This archway was re-opened in 1862, and through it a very picturesque view is obtained of the chapel beyond. The bays on this side of the transept are divided by a group of transition Norman vaulting-shafts, which terminate at the level of the clerestory, and support later groining.

The east and west walls of this transept were altered in the Perpendicular period, in a manner which recalls the work in Gloucester Cathedral, although the screen of tracery with which the Norman walls have been overlaid is not so complete. On the east side this work begins in the triforium, the openings in which are formed by a series of narrow pierced panels, with transoms and foliated headings. As at Gloucester, the wall behind this screen-work is Norman, and in the course of restoration here the remains of the ancient triforium were discovered, (1863). They are of transitional Norman character, much enriched. The clerestory above is entirely Perpendicular. A pierced parapet runs along at the base, and slender Perpendicular vaulting-shafts pass through both the triforium and clerestory stages. The west wall has been overlaid more completely with a Perpendicular screen-work, pierced for window openings in all three stages. There is also a Perpendicular clerestory window above the arch of the nave-aisle. Remains of two arches of the Norman triforium have been found on this side of the transept. They are plainer than those opposite, but may possibly be of the same date. The vaulting of the transept is a plain lierne.

On the south side of this transept is a monument designed by Adams, and executed by Nollekens, for Bishop Johnson, (1759-1774). The bust is fine. There is also a memorial of Bishop Hurd, (1781-1808.)

In the east wall of the north transept a Norman arch has been discovered during the late restorations, occupying the same position as that in the transept opposite, and of the same date. It now remains open, to the thickness of the outer wall. The vaulting-shafts here are Early English, banded, with capitals of Early English foliage. On the north side was a modern Perpendicular window, which has been removed, and replaced by a new window of early Decorated character. The east and west walls have been overlaid with Perpendicular work in the same manner as the opposite transept. The triforium panelling on the east side, which had been built up, has been re-opened and restored. The screen-work on the west wall is only pierced for a window in the clerestory stage.

In this transept are monuments for—(north wall), Bishop Stillingfleet, (1689-1699,) “jam tibi, quicumque hæc leges, nisi et Europæ et literati orbis hospes es, ipse per se notus;” and (east wall), Bishop Hough, (1717-1743,) by Roubiliac. A full-length effigy of the Bishop reclines on the top of a sepulchre, upheld by a figure of Religion. The inscription gives due praise to the “unbounded charity, the courteous affability, and the engaging condescension” of the Bishop,—the “ever-memorable President of Magdalen College, Oxford, who providentially for this nation opposed the rage of Popish superstition and tyranny.” A small bas-relief below the effigy represents the President’s expulsion from Magdalen. There is also a tablet for Dean Hook, (died 1828,) brother of the more celebrated Theodore Hook.

VII. A flight of steps, rendered necessary by the elevation of the crypt, which extends eastward from this point, ascends to the choir-screen, between the two eastern piers of the tower; an atrocious composition of lath and plaster, erected in 1812, and shortly, no doubt, to be removed. Some of the small figures in the frieze were taken from misereres in the choir, and will eventually be returned.

Passing beyond the screen, we enter the most interesting portion of the cathedral. The whole building, east of the tower, is far richer and better in detail than any part of the nave. The convent, in all probability, was receiving larger sums from the pilgrims to the shrine of St. Wulfstan during the thirteenth century, when the choir and the parts connected with it were built, than during the fourteenth, when the nave was erected. By that time the neighbouring churches of Hereford and Gloucester had each their great shrine[72], which must have attracted much of the wealth that would otherwise have found its way into the treasury of Worcester.

Bishop William of Blois is recorded as having “begun the new work of the front” in the year 1224. The plan of the new building involved a great extension of the cathedral eastward. Beyond the site of the crypt, the work was carried “to a length equal to double that of the Norman presbytery, (exclusive of the probable Lady-chapel of the latter,) and so adjusted as to place the central tower of the church exactly midway between the east and west extremities of the entire building[73].” Eastern transepts were also adopted. Professor Willis has been the first to shew the order in which, in all probability, this new work was erected. This is indicated by a difference in the moulding of the vaulting-ribs. “The transverse vault-ribs of the side aisles and centre of the work between the great tower and the small transepts (namely, the present choir) have a hollow mold in their soffits; and this is also the case

PART OF CHOIR AND LADY-CHAPEL.

in those pier-arches of the work which have the dog-tooth. But the transverse vault-ribs throughout the remainder of this work, namely, the eastern transepts and Lady-chapel, have a projecting rib in their soffit, corresponding to the moldings of their pier-arches[74].” “The ribbed soffit, in fact, is confined to the portion of Early English work which is founded upon the open ground of the cemetery, and was capable of being erected complete, without disturbing any more of the existing Norman presbytery than the circumscribing aisle and radiating chapels. The hollow soffit, on the contrary, is used throughout the part of the Early English work, which is based upon the walls of that portion of the crypt which was allowed to remain. I conclude, therefore, that the ribbed soffit-work was begun in 1224, and carried on without disabling the Norman presbytery and the high altar; so that the services of the Church continued in their original place, until the completion of this first portion of the work made it necessary to pull down the Norman presbytery, and erect the hollow soffit-work in its room, by which the Early English structure was connected with the tower[75].”

The choir, [Plate I.,] like all the cathedral eastward of the tower, has been restored under the direction of Mr. Perkins, architect to the Dean and Chapter. (A design has (1866) been supplied by Mr. G. G. Scott, for the stalls and fittings of the choir, a reredos and a western screen, to be of metal and wood combined. This, it is hoped, may soon be carried into execution.) The choir consists of five bays, the easternmost of which, in a line with the eastern transepts, is considerably wider than the others. The destruction of the Norman choir was not complete; a portion of its walls was allowed to remain; and in the present triforium, which extends over the aisles, Norman buttresses exist, of the same character as those in the triforium of the two western bays of the nave. Except at the southern surface of the north wall of the choir, however, where it joins the tower, whatever Norman masonry remained was entirely hidden by the rich Early English work of the new choir. This has been compared to the Early English of Salisbury Cathedral, begun in 1220, with which, no doubt, there is a certain general resemblance. On the other hand, Lincoln Cathedral—probably the first great Early English church built in England—was far advanced at the death of St. Hugh in 1200; and there are some peculiarities at Worcester—especially the ornamentation of the tympana in the triforium arches, and the sculpture in the spandrils of the wall-arcades—which strongly recall Lincoln. At any rate, Worcester Cathedral was one of the earliest churches in England built in the new style, which, there is much reason for believing, was invented by St. Hugh’s architect at Lincoln.

The design first seen in the transition Norman portion of each bay of the nave—one arch below, two in the triforium, and three in the clerestory, (see § IV.)—was followed in this Early English work, as it was in all the later portions of the cathedral. The octangular piers of the choir have large shafts of Purbeck marble, alternating with white stone; the Purbeck shafts ringed half way up. The shafts have foliaged capitals; and the dog-tooth ornament is used (as at Salisbury) in the mouldings of the main arches. The triforium in each bay consists of two large arches, each enclosing two smaller, divided by a slender shaft, with a plain capital of Purbeck. The groups of shafts between and at the sides of the larger arches have capitals of leafage worked in oolite, with Purbeck above. In the spandrils or tympana above the small central shafts are sculptured figures. At the back of the outer triforium arches is a wall, covered by an arcade with semi-detached shafts, so arranged that the crowns of the arches are nearly on a level with the capitals of the shafts in the main arcade. A very rich and intricate effect is thus produced, which may be compared with that of the double arcades in the choir-aisles of Lincoln Cathedral,—in all probability part of St. Hugh’s work. The triforium passage itself, which extends over the aisles, is shut out, by this arcaded wall, from the choir, which was no doubt rendered much warmer by this arrangement. The clerestory has in each bay three sharply-pointed arches; that in the centre being much higher than the two others, with slender shafts and capitals of Purbeck marble. The windows at the back, which had been filled with mean Perpendicular tracery, have been restored to their original Early English condition. A single vaulting-shaft of Purbeck rests on a corbelled head at the intersection of the main arches, and terminates in a capital of leafage at the base of the triforium. A second shaft rises through the triforium stage, and terminates in a small capital at the base of the clerestory. The vaulting itself is quadripartite, with carved bosses.

The restoration of the choir, under Mr. Perkins, was begun in 1859. Much of the stone-work was in so ruinous a condition that it was necessary to replace it with new; but although the building has thus lost something of its interest in the eyes of archæologists, it should here be said that the repairs have been made with good judgment, and that no unnecessary destruction of ancient work has taken place. Wherever it was possible the old stone-work has been carefully cleaned, and is otherwise untouched. This is the case with nearly all the leafage of the capitals, which is unusually good and varied. The greater part of the figures in the tympana of the triforium arches, however, were unfortunately sculptured in the local stone, and had crumbled away so completely, partly from the effects of time and partly perhaps before the matchlocks of Cromwell’s troopers, that their subjects were hardly to be deciphered. They have been restored, in accordance, as far as could be ascertained, with the original design, by Boulton of Worcester, under the direction of Mr. Perkins.

VIII. Evidences remain in the choir of earlier alterations and additions. The piers adjoining the north-east transept had been thrown greatly out of the perpendicular by the thrust of the arches. These piers have now been reconstructed with the old materials in a sound manner; and a wall pierced with quatrefoils, which had been built for their support, between the two easternmost piers on the north side, has been removed. The second pier from the organ, on the same side, also appears to have shewn signs of weakness, and has been re-cased and enlarged in Jacobean Gothic, with a curious base of masonry in the shape of a tulip.

The stone pulpit, on the north side of the choir, was removed from the west end of the nave about the middle of last century. It is late Perpendicular work, with the emblems of the Evangelists placed on truncated shafts in the panels. The sculpture at the back of the pulpit apparently represents the Heavenly Jerusalem, with the Tree of Life in the centre. The ancient stalls were partly destroyed by the Puritan soldiery, the seats alone remaining. The present canopies date from the reign of Charles II., but are of no great interest.

It is proposed to replace the present (modern) reredos by one of better design and character; and to erect a low stone screen, allowing a view into the transept beyond it, between the piers on the north side of the altar.

In December, 1861, a leaden coffin, moulded to the shape of a body, which had been enclosed in an outer coffin of wood, was discovered beneath the flooring at the east end of the choir. It no doubt contained the embalmed body of William, fourth Marquis and second Duke of Hamilton, who was mortally wounded at the battle of Worcester in 1651, and was interred here,—since his body was not allowed to be conveyed to Scotland.

IX. The monuments of especial interest in the choir, are the tomb with effigy of King John and the chantry of Prince Arthur.

The tomb of King John [Title-page] stands in the centre of the second bay from the east, immediately before the step ascending to the sanctuary. In 1797 a coffin with the remains of the King, was found below the pavement. It is expressly said that King John was buried between the shrines of SS. Oswald and Wulfstan, (see Pt. II. for short notices of both saints,) and that a prophecy of Merlin (who is constantly mentioned by the chroniclers of this period) was thereby fulfilled:—“Et inter sanctos collocabitur.” The King was buried, it must be remembered, in the Norman presbytery, the apse of which terminated nearly in a line with the third piers (counting from the east) of the existing choir. On the reconstruction of the choir and presbytery by the Early English builders, the altar was removed to nearly its present position, and the King’s coffin and tomb were also carried eastward, so as to occupy the same position with respect to the high altar and the shrines as they had done in the Norman Church. In both the Norman and the Early English presbyteries the shrines of the two saints “were deposited in front of the high altar, in the same manner as St. Dunstan and St. Elfege in the cathedral of Canterbury[76].” In either case the King might be said to have been laid “between” them. King John died at Newark, October 19, 1216, commending his body and soul to God, and to St. Wulfstan, the last great English saint who had been canonized. His body, arrayed in royal apparel, was accordingly conveyed to Worcester, where it was interred by the Bishop, Silvester of Evesham[77].

The high tomb on which the King’s effigy rests is a work of the sixteenth century, and was probably constructed when Prince Arthur’s chantry was erected[78]. “The sides of the tomb are divided into three square compartments by panelled buttresses; each compartment contains a shield, bearing the royal arms, within a quatrefoil richly cusped; the spandrels are also foliated and cusped. Though of no unusual design it has a rich effect, and the base mouldings are numerous[79].” On this tomb rests the effigy of King John, the earliest effigy of an English monarch remaining in this country. It was no doubt originally the cover of the stone coffin in which the King’s remains were discovered in 1797. The effigy was evidently sculptured soon after the interment of the King; and represents him in the regal habiliments. “First, the tunic, yellow, or of cloth of gold, reaching nearly to the ancles, with close-fitting sleeves, little of which is apparent. Over the tunic is worn the dalmatic, or outer robe, of a crimson colour, with wide sleeves, edged with a gold and jewelled border: this is girt about the waist by a girdle, and buckled in front; the pendent end of the girdle, which is jewelled, falling down to the skirt of the dalmatic. At the back is worn the mantle; but little of this is visible. On the feet are sandals, to the heels of which are affixed spurs. On the hands are gloves, jewelled at the back; the right hand has held a sceptre, the lower portion of which only is left; the left hand grasps the hilt of the sword. On the head is worn the crown; the face has both the moustache and beard, and the hair is long. On either side of the head is the figure of a bishop holding a thurible or censer, perhaps intended to represent St. Oswald and St. Wulfstan. Roger de Hoveden, in his Annals, treating of the coronation of Richard I., enumerates the regal vestments, and how worn, and his description may be applied to this effigy. In the crown, in the mitres of the bishops, and on different portions of the robes appear cavities for stones, paste, or glass, imitative of jewels. The feet of the effigy rest against a lion, in whose jaws the point of the sword is inserted[80].”

The coffin in which the King’s remains were discovered in 1797 (at the beginning of some repairs in the cathedral) was found at the bottom of the tomb, level with the pavement. It was cut out of Higley stone, and only covered with two elm boards. “Part of the royal apparel was firm in texture, but the colour was gone; part of the sword and leather sheath were lying on the left side of the body, but much mouldered; the boots on the feet were more perfect; part of one of the robes appeared to have been embroidered: the head was covered with a close-fitting scull-cap, which appeared to have been buckled under the chin. A quantity of a sort of white paste, which lay in lumps, was, I think, the salt of which Matthew Paris speaks, used for preserving the body for a time. The tomb was shortly after closed. It is hardly to be doubted that the body of the King had been arrayed in the same apparel as that exhibited on his effigy[81].”

X. Prince Arthur, the eldest son of Henry VII., born at Winchester in 1486, died at Ludlow Castle April 2, 1502, and was brought to this cathedral for interment. His chantry fills the whole bay on the south side of the altar, and is a very rich example of late and elaborate Gothic. [Plate II.] The sides are formed of open and closed panel-work, enriched with figures and heraldic devices, among which occur the rose, fetter-lock, and portcullis. The small figures, however, are rudely executed, and have been greatly injured. Within, the chantry has a flat groined roof, with curious flying supports. In the central panel are the arms of the Prince, with stags as supporters. At the west end is a small seated figure of Henry VII. The east wall is covered by a rich mass of tabernacle-work, with niches. In the central niche is a small figure of the Saviour on the Cross, with censing angels at the head. On either side are figures of saints, one of which is apparently St. George. The whole has been terribly shattered, but the details deserve attention. In the centre of the chantry is the high tomb of the Prince, with shields and armorial bearings in the side panels. There is no effigy.

XI. Passing out of the choir we ascend from the transept into the south choir-aisle by a flight of five steps, rendered necessary by the crypt below. The aisle is of the same date and character as the choir, and an Early English chapel, which, has been restored in the same manner as the choir, opens from the two westernmost bays. The view into this chapel from the south transept has already (§ VII.) been noticed. From within the chapel the fine and lofty Norman arch, receding in three orders, which opens to the

CHANTRY OF PRINCE ARTHUR.

transept, is well seen. It is of late Norman character. A doorway in the south wall, close to this arch, now opens to the apartments formerly used as treasuries, over the narrow ‘slype’ or passage between the great south transept and the chapter-house.

XII. A descent of five steps, indicating the termination of the crypt, which extends only beneath the choir and its aisles, leads into the south-east transept. The bay on the north side is filled by the screen of Prince Arthur’s Chapel. The transept itself is Early English, of the same general character as the choir. The northern bay is precisely similar to the choir in the arrangement and design of its lower arches (opening to the aisles east and west), the triforium, and clerestory. The southern bay has its three sides pierced with two tiers of triple lancet windows set back in the wall, with a passage through the jambs. The inner arches are supported by clustered shafts of Purbeck marble, ringed. An arcade, with sculptures in the spandrils, runs below the windows. The vaulting is quadripartite, with bosses of leafage, of unusual beauty, at the intersections.

The south, east, and west walls, with the windows of this transept, were in so ruinous a condition before the late restoration, that it was found necessary to take it entirely down. Every stone was marked, and it has been rebuilt precisely as before. The sculptures in the spandrils of the arcade were also much shattered, and those on the east side are in effect modern works by Boulton of Worcester. They are, however, direct reproductions of the old ones, as far as they could be deciphered. It has been suggested, and apparently with truth, although the arrangement is by no means clear, that the entire series was intended to represent the life present, and that to come. Beginning at the north-west angle, the subjects are—A bishop giving his benediction; knights fighting with lions and centaurs, (the world and its temptations); St. Michael weighing souls; demons torturing souls over flames, (purgatory); the mouth of hell—demons drawing in souls. North side—Two figures carrying a body, (the burial of Adam?); the expulsion from Paradise; an angel dismissing souls to punishment(?). (From this point the figures look in the opposite direction.) The Resurrection; the dead breaking their coffin-lids; an angel sounding a trumpet; an angel bearing the cross; the Saviour in judgment. East side—An angel with a trumpet; a seraph; an angel with a lute; the coronation of the just(?); St. Gabriel with a lily; St. Michael with the dragon; an angel bearing a crown.

The sculptures may be compared, for both design and execution, with those on the west front of Wells Cathedral, which are nearly of the same date. The imagery used here is not of so refined or dignified an order as that at Wells, but the whole work deserves careful attention.

There is a piscina in the south wall, and aumbries remain in the walls east and west.

XIII. Against the south wall of this transept, and connected with the arcade in a remarkable manner, is the effigy of a knight, on a raised tomb of comparatively recent date. The effigy is that of a knight of the Harcourt family, and belongs to the early part of the fourteenth century. The armour is of ringed mail, with the exception of the poleyns at the knees, which are of plate. The shield has the arms of Harcourt—Gules, two bars or. The small brass plate below, with the inscription “Ici gist sur Guilliamme de Harcourt,” is not coeval with the effigy, which is slightly raised on the left side.

In the centre of the transept is a high tomb, of good character, from which the brasses had been removed, for Sir Gryffyth Ryce, (died 1523). The ancient inscription remains; and brasses by Hardman have taken the places of the originals.

Inclosed within the screen-work of Prince Arthur’s chantry are two high tombs, with effigies, which deserve especial attention. They are both apparently of the same date, (early in the fourteenth century,) and have been assigned, the westernmost to Bishop Giffard, (died 1302,) and the eastern to Audela, wife of John de Warren. The fronts of the tombs, which are of Purbeck, have quatrefoiled compartments, in which are sculptures, now much mutilated. Bishop Giffard’s effigy “represents the chin close shaven. The mitre is ornamented with quatrefoiled and other concavities, in which stones, glass, or paste have been set, to represent jewels.” The square apparel of the amice in front of the breast, the collar, and the episcopal boots, seem also to have been set with stones. “The folds of the chasuble are well and tastefully arranged[82].”

The effigy of Audela de Warren, “which is beautifully executed, represents her in the veiled headdress, and the wimple or gorget, ... the latter perhaps a sign of widowhood, leaving but a small portion of the face visible. The veil is very tastefully disposed.... Over the gown is worn a mantle, on the left side of which is a lozenge-shaped fermail, to fasten the mantle in front, in a somewhat unusual fashion. The left arm is gone; the right arm reclines on the breast, and in the hand is held a string of prayer-beads, or, as they were anciently called, a pair of paternosters, with larger ones at intervals; an early and singular instance of their being thus represented, the beads being gracefully disposed, and not hanging down formally. The feet rest against a whelp. The admirable manner in which this effigy is treated is worthy of all praise. The mantle and gown were formerly covered with painted shields, representing the arms of Warren, Checky, argent and sable, and those of Blanchminster, Argent, fretty gules[83].” Audela was the daughter and heiress of Griffin de Blanchminster.

XIV. Immediately beyond the transept a good general view occurs of the retro-choir and Lady-chapel. The aisles extend to the end of the retro-choir, which is three bays in depth. The Lady-chapel forms an additional eastern bay. All this part of the cathedral is of the same general design as the choir; but, as a result of the lower level, the main arches are loftier than those of the choir, and a much finer effect is consequently produced. Together with the eastern transepts, this part of the church was, as has been already shewn, constructed before the western end of the choir; and besides the difference of mouldings, it is distinguished by the rich wall-arcade which runs round below the windows. Bishop Giffard (1268-1302) is said to have ornamented the columns “of the east part of the church” with brass rings, (which still remain, occupying the usual place of stone bands in Early English shafts,) but the main work was probably completed long before his accession. The brass rings occur on the intermediate piers throughout choir, presbytery, and Lady-chapel. Similar rings occur in Westminster Abbey, (in that portion of the nave which contains the choir stalls,) where they are probably of the same date as those at Worcester. Professor Willis has shewn that the shafts in this cathedral were originally fixed to the piers by iron cramps, such as may still be seen in the church at Pershore; and that the brass rings were additions for covering the joint[84].

The dog-tooth moulding does not occur in the arches of the retro-choir, and there are some slight differences between the foliage of the capitals in this part of the cathedral and of those in the choir. The restoration has included this part of the church, and the sculptures in the spandrils of the triforium (which were little more than shapeless masses of stone) have been restored by Boulton, under the direction of the architect.

The windows in the aisles are triple lancets, at the back of inner arches, supported by slender shafts of Purbeck marble. The dilapidated Perpendicular tracery with which the lights were filled has been removed, leaving the windows in their original state. Under the windows runs a wall-arcade resembling that already described in the transept, with trefoiled arches, and sculptures in the spandrils. Many of these have been restored, but all deserve careful notice. The subjects are—masses of foliage; knights fighting with monsters; mystic animals, such as the basilisk and cockatrice, and others described in early bestiaries. In the north aisle is a bishop offering a church, and in the south the Crucifixion. Nothing like a definite arrangement can be traced throughout the series. The vaulting of both aisles is quadripartite, with small bosses.

The east window of the north aisle has been filled with very good stained glass by Hardman, in memory of the late Hon. and Rev. Canon Cocks. That in the south aisle is a memorial of the Rev. Allen Wheeler, B.D.

The eastern bay, in which stood the altar of the Lady-chapel, was disfigured by a large debased window, inserted early in the present century; and was, before the restorations, in a dangerous condition. It was found necessary to rebuild the east wall entirely; and two tiers of lancet lights, five in each tier, have been inserted, in strict keeping with the architecture of all this part of the cathedral. Two lancets, one above another, are placed in the north and south walls. A very beautiful wall-arcade, of the same character as that in the aisles and transepts, but more enriched, runs round below the windows. This is entirely new, and the very good sculptures in the spandrils were executed, under direction, by Boulton of Worcester. The subjects at the east end are—Isaiah; Abraham and Isaac; the selling of Joseph; the brazen serpent; Jonah; and Jeremiah. Foliage and grotesques, copied from the older spandrils, are repeated at the sides. The eastern lancets have been filled with stained glass by Hardman, given to the cathedral by the citizens of Worcester. In the central lower light is the Crucifixion; above, the Ascension. A series of medallions, representing the principal events in the life of our Lord, fill the remaining lancets. The glass is very good, though perhaps a little thin in quality. The spandrils above the lights in both tiers have been filled with sculpture by Boulton; chiefly figures of angels.

XV. On the north side of the chapel is a small mural slab, with flowers at the sides and an urn above, for Anne, wife of Izaac Walton, who no doubt wrote the inscription, which is as follows:—“Ex terris ... M.S. Here lyeth buried so much as could die of Anne, the wife of Isaac Walton, who was a woman of remarkable prudence, and of the Primitive Piety. Her great and generall knowledge being adorned with such true humility, and blest with so much Christian meeknesse as made her worthy of a more memorable monument. She died (alas that she is dead!) the 17th of April, 1662, aged 52. Study to be like her.” The wife thus commemorated was the sister of Bishop Ken. Walton himself survived until 1683, and was interred in Winchester Cathedral.

XVI. In the arcade of the south aisle are monuments for John Banks Jenkinson, Bishop of St. David’s, who died at Malvern in 1840; and for Prebendary Davison, Fellow of Oriel, who died in 1834, the author of a well-known work on Prophecy. On the floor of this aisle is the recumbent effigy of an unknown lady, of the fourteenth century. The head is covered with a veil. “The folds of the gown are disposed with great breadth, taste, and skill.... The feet rest against a whelp or dog. This effigy is sculptured in high relief out of a slab somewhat coffin-shaped, and is one of the most beautiful mediæval monumental relics in the cathedral. It is indeed well worthy of artistic study[85].” This effigy is not in its original position. The much mutilated figure near it, also of the fourteenth century, was found recently at the foot of the steps of the south-east transept.

At the back of the choir-screen, to which place it was removed within the last century, is a high tomb with an effigy, which probably represents the last Abbot of Evesham, Philip Ballard de Hawford, who died between 1550 and 1558. The tomb is of earlier date. The Abbot, who wears the mitra preciosa, is fully vested. The pastoral staff, placed on the left side, is covered with the veil. The effigy is of alabaster.

On the floor, and immediately in front of the easternmost bay which contained the altar of the Lady-chapel, are three episcopal effigies, two of which are of much interest. The most northernly, which according to Mr. Bloxam is the earliest episcopal effigy in the cathedral, is assigned by him to Bishop William of Blois, (died 1236,) who laid the foundation of this part of the church. “The effigy is sculptured in low relief, on a coffin-shaped slab, and was probably set originally on the stone coffin which contained the remains of the Bishop.... On the head is the low mitre; about the neck is seen the amice. In front of the breast, on the chasuble, is a lozenge-shaped ornament like a morse, in which stones, glass, or paste have been inserted.” Under the chasuble appears the alb, above which one of the fringed extremities of the stole is visible. The maniple hangs on the left arm. The pastoral staff crosses the body diagonally, from the left shoulder to the right foot. On each side of the head is Early English foliage. The southernmost effigy is assigned by Mr. Bloxam to Bishop Walter de Cantilupe, who died Feb. 12, 1266. It is sculptured in Purbeck marble, and represents the Bishop with a moustache and beard, wearing the low mitre, the alb, the stole, the dalmatic, and the chasuble. The amice is round the neck. “I believe,” writes Mr. Bloxam, “this effigy to have been originally placed as the lid to and on the stone coffin of Bishop Walter de Cantilupe, and to have been sculptured and prepared during the lifetime of that bishop. Great care has evidently been taken in its execution, and as a specimen of the monumental sculpture of the middle of the thirteenth century it is not without considerable merit[86].” A coffin, containing the remains of a bishop in his episcopal vestments, in all probability Walter de Cantilupe, was found in December, 1861, under the wall on the north side of the choir, near the east end. On measuring this coffin, and comparing it with the effigy described above, they were found to correspond exactly. The central effigy, which is much mutilated, is either that of Bishop Brian (died 1361) or Bishop Lynn (died 1373).

In the central bay of the north aisle is the effigy of an unknown lady, of the thirteenth century, and the earliest female effigy in the cathedral. It “is not of much merit as a work of art, but if the lady is here represented of the natural size, she must have been 6 ft. 3 in. in height. I think, however, from the examination of not a few examples, that many early sepulchral effigies were greatly exaggerated as to size[87].” In the adjoining bay is the effigy (also 6 ft. 3 in. in height) of an unknown knight, temp. Henry III. He wears mailed armour, with the long surcoat over it.

XVII. The north-eastern transept precisely resembles that opposite. The windows have been rebuilt, and restored where necessary, but without any alteration of the original design. The sculptures in the wall-arcade are curious and interesting, but no principle of arrangement is evident.

On a high tomb in the centre of the transept is a full-length figure, by Chantrey, of Charlotte Elizabeth, wife of the Rev. William Digby, who died in 1820. The sculpture is fine, but the design is scarcely appropriate, and suffers infinitely when compared with the repose and dignity of the earlier effigies in this cathedral.

Against the south wall of the transept, between it and the choir, under a Decorated arch, is an effigy which has been ascribed to Bishop Cobham, (died 1337). “The head, which is mitred, reposes on a square double cushion, supported by much mutilated figures of angels. The vestments, consisting of the chasuble, dalmatic, tunic, and alb, are not well defined[88].” Below this, “on a high tomb of the seventeenth century, and under a pointed arch of the fourteenth century,” is an effigy assigned to Bishop Wulstan Bransford, died 1349. He wears the chasuble, the dalmatic, and the alb. “The chasuble is enriched with the orfrey, or super-humerale, an ornament not unlike the archiepiscopal pall, hanging down in front, and fringed at the lower extremity[89].”

XVIII. The north choir-aisle, of the same general character as that opposite, has also been restored. The beauty of the capitals and bosses of foliage is here especially noticeable. In the last bay toward the west, on the west side of the window, and high in the wall, is a small oriel window, of Perpendicular date, formerly communicating with the sacrist’s lodgings. There is now no access whatever to it; but Norman arches in the wall (evident from without) indicate the existence of a sacrist’s chamber, and probably of a window afterwards replaced by that now existing, before the rebuilding of the choir in the thirteenth century. From the window the position of the great shrines at the head of the choir was commanded, and it perhaps served as a watching-chamber.

In this aisle (removed from the south transept) is the monument of Bishop Maddox, (1743-1759,) who had “an exact knowledge of the constitution of this national Church.”

XIX. In the easternmost bay of the south aisle of the nave a door (the Prior’s entrance) opens to the cloisters. These are of Perpendicular date, but their construction has not been recorded. They are (1866) undergoing a complete restoration, externally and internally; and the debased stone-work, inserted in the windows in 1762, has been removed. The exterior was so dilapidated that an entire re-casing was necessary; but the ancient details have been most carefully decyphered and restored. Although very perfect, however, the cloisters are of no great interest or beauty. The arrangement of the vaulting-shafts on the piers between the windows should be noticed, as well as the flowing tracery on the sides of the arches. The use of the squared openings in the piers, on three sides of the cloisters, is quite uncertain, and Professor Willis has suggested that it may have been a mere caprice of the builder[90]. The vaulting of the cloisters is lierne, with bosses of foliage. In the west walk the ancient lavatory remains.

In the north walk is the well-known sepulchral slab, with the single word Miserrimus. This “most wretched one” was the Rev. Thomas Morris, Minor Canon of Worcester, and Vicar of Claines, about two miles north of the city. At the Revolution he refused to take the oaths to William III., and consequently lost his preferments. He was supported by the richer Nonjurors, and in allusion to his destitute condition ordered this single word to be engraved on his tomb-stone. The inscription thus really intimates a very different feeling from that suggested in Wordsworth’s sonnet:—

“ ... Himself alone
Could thus have dared the grave to agitate,
And claim, among the dead, this awful crown.
Nor doubt that he marked also for his own,
Close to these cloistral steps a burial place,
That every foot might fall with heavier tread,
Trampling upon his vileness. Stranger, pass
Softly!—To save the contrite, Jesus bled.”

XX. Although the cloisters are not in themselves of any unusual interest, they afford one of the best illustrations remaining in England of the manner in which the chief monastic buildings were grouped about them. On the east side is a passage formerly leading to the prior’s house, and beyond it the chapter-house. On the south side is the refectory, now used as a school-room. On the west side, close to the lavatory in the wall, is the entrance to the dormitory, which has itself been destroyed; and beyond again is a narrow passage (in which are staircases communicating with the triforium of the nave, and with the upper part of the dormitory) by which the west front of the church was approached from the cloisters.

The slype, or arched passage in the east walk, is Norman, (with some details, on the north side, of very early character,) and separates the chapter-house from the south wall of the great transept. Between the entrance to this passage and the chapter-house are two recesses in the wall, which may be compared with those in a similar position at Norwich; (see the Handbook for that Cathedral). Their original use is unknown.

The chapter-house [Plate III.] is circular within, (as it was without until the Perpendicular casing was added,) but is divided into ten bays by vaulting-ribs which spring from a central column, and from shafts at the sides. Without, the building is decagonal, with a buttress between each bay. The lower part of the chapter-house, the central column, and the vaulting, are transition Norman, of nearly the same date as the two western bays of the nave. Early in the sixteenth century, however, a Perpendicular window was inserted in the upper part of each bay, and the exterior of the building was entirely cased with Perpendicular masonry. The doorway

THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.

opening from the cloisters is Perpendicular. A plain circular arcade, slightly recessed, runs round the interior, above a stone bench. A second arcade, of interlacing arches, covers the upper part of the wall, and is surmounted by a stringcourse with the billet-moulding, the whole being in alternate courses of grey and white stone. Above this are the Perpendicular windows. The chapter-house has shared in the late restoration.

XXI. At the end of the east walk of the cloisters is a passage under the refectory, to the Close beyond. The refectory (120 ft. long) extends the whole length of the south walk. There is an entrance to it near the south-west end. The lower part, or crypt, is early Norman; the room above, a long parallelogram, is Decorated, of the reign of Edward III. It is now used as the school-room of the “King’s school,” founded by Henry VIII. after the dissolution of the priory.

In the west walk is the lavatory (Perpendicular), already mentioned, and the entrance (Perpendicular) to the dormitory; this, like the refectory, was a long parallelogram. The foundations of the walls have been traced, and portions of a row of columns (Perpendicular) which ran down the centre of the undercroft.

At the north-west angle of the cloister is the monks entrance to the cathedral. The cloister terminates nearly in a line with the third bay of the nave. Parallel with the last two, or transition Norman bays, is a narrow arched and vaulted passage, also transition Norman, of very good character, with a doorway of the same date at the western end. On the south side of this passage there is a staircase which led to the dormitory, and at the north-west angle one which leads to the triforium of the south aisle of the nave.

Beyond this passage a view is obtained of the very plain west front, with its Norman portals and modern Decorated window.

XXII. On the north side of the cathedral, between the north porch and the west front, stood the “Carnerie,” or charnel-house chapel, built by Bishop William de Blois in the thirteenth century, and demolished in 1677. The crypt is still remaining, although no trace of it is visible above ground. The two transition Norman bays on this side had apparently shewn signs of weakness in the Perpendicular period, when the existing flying buttresses were erected. A third occurs between the two transepts, and close beyond it is the entrance to the crypt. [Plate IV.]

This is by no means the least interesting portion of the cathedral, since it is unquestionably the work of Wulfstan, and the only part of the building which can be assigned to him. In 1084 Wulfstan began the rebuilding of the monastery, and in 1094 he held a synod in the crypt of the cathedral, “which he had built from the foundation.” This was no doubt the existing crypt, which extends under the choir and its aisles. The main piers, which are solid masses of masonry, stand immediately below those in the choir. In the central division of the crypt, the vaulting is carried on three rows of pillars, with plain cushioned capitals and

THE CRYPT.

square abaci. There are also semi-detached shafts, of similar character, connected with the main piers on either side. In the aisles of the crypt the vaulting springs from semi-detached shafts on either side, and rests on a single row of columns in the centre. The east end of the central division (which remains entire) is apsidal; and the curious and intricate arrangement of the vaulting at this point (arising “from the complicated slopes which had to be adjusted there”) should be especially noticed. The aisles of the crypt terminate at present nearly at the bend of the apse, but they were originally carried quite round it, so as to form a circular procession-path. “There are but four apsidal crypts in England, which in chronological order are,—Winchester (1079), Worcester (1084), Gloucester (1089), and Canterbury (1096). In all these the side aisles run completely round the apse. Amongst them, Worcester is remarkable for the multiplicity of small pillars employed to sustain the vaults. The side aisle has a row of small pillars running along the centre, which are not employed in the other examples. The central portion has three rows of intermediate pillars, whereas Gloucester and Canterbury have but two rows, and Winchester but one. Yet the width of the central crypt of Worcester is less than the others. The increased number of pillars, by diminishing the span of the arches, and dividing the weight of the vault upon so many supports, enables the diameters of the pillars to be reduced, and gives greater lightness to the architecture. For the height of all these crypts is nearly the same; so that at Winchester and Gloucester the arches are flattened into ellipses, the pillars are low and squat, and the crypts appear as sepulchral vaults; while at Worcester, where the arches are semicircular and the pillars more slender, the crypt is a complex and beautiful temple[91].” It has been compared to the mosque (now the cathedral) of Cordova. We may re-people this crypt in imagination with the venerable abbots and priests of the synod convened by Wulfstan[92].

It is probable that small apsidal chapels flanked the crypt at its western termination, on both sides. On the south side such a chapel still exists, immediately under that which opens from the south aisle of the choir. The western, and part of the southern, wall of this chapel is Norman, as are the central pillars. The square eastern end, however, is Early English, of the same date as the chapel above it.

In the crypt are preserved the ancient north doors of the cathedral, removed about the year 1820. They date from the fourteenth century, and are coeval with Bishop Wakefield’s work. These doors are said to have been covered with human skin. Tradition asserts that a man who stole the sanctus-bell from the high altar was flayed alive for the sacrilege; and portions of skin, which the late Mr. Quekitt, Assistant Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, declared to be human, remain fixed to the inside of the doors, under the iron-work.

The west doors of Rochester Cathedral, and the north doors of Hadstock and Copford Churches, both in Essex, were also covered with skins, said to have been those of piratical Northmen. The Rochester doors have entirely disappeared. Those of Copford have been removed, but portions of them are still in existence. The doors of Hadstock Church remain in place. Fragments of skin from Hadstock and Copford were examined by Mr. Quekitt, who pronounced it human in both cases[93].

XXIII. The great Norman tower fell in 1175, “a circumstance of such common occurrence that there is some evidence against a tower being Norman work if it had not fallen down[94].” The existing central tower dates from 1374, but the general design alone remained before its restoration (still, 1866, in progress) was commenced. The soft sandstone of which it is built had crumbled away to such an extent, that all the details had perished. The tower, which is 196 ft. in height, is of good proportion. It was by no means improved by the modern parapet and pinnacles which were placed on it in the last century, and somewhat altered in the early part of this. A new peal of ten, or possibly twelve bells will be hung in the tower after its complete restoration.

Close beyond the north-east transept stood an octangular “clocherium,” or bell-tower, which was taken down in 1647. It was of very early character. The east end of the cathedral has been rebuilt, as already described, (§ XIV.,) by Mr. Perkins. The walls of the south-east transept have also been rebuilt, and its very fine buttresses with open turrets deserve special notice. A little west of this transept, and between it and the chapter-house, are the remains of the Guesten Hall. This was a very fine hall of the fourteenth century, built for the entertainment of noble guests of the priory and of the more illustrious pilgrims to the shrine of St. Wulfstan. Like “La Gloriole” at Canterbury, and the guest-chambers of other great monasteries, it closely adjoined the prior’s lodgings. These were assigned to the Dean on the creation of the Dean and Chapter after the dissolution, and the Guesten Hall formed part of the deanery until 1842, when the Ecclesiastical Commissioners made over the episcopal palace to the Dean, and the former deanery was pulled down. The Guesten Hall was then disclosed, and attracted much attention, not only from its own beauty, but as a very interesting historical relic. It was, however, much out of repair, and a considerable sum would no doubt have been required to effect its restoration. Accordingly, in 1860, the greater part of it was pulled down, and the roof was given by the Dean and Chapter to a new church which it is proposed to erect in the city of Worcester.

The Guesten Hall was commenced in 1320 by Wulstan Bransford, then prior of the monastery, and afterwards Bishop of Worcester. The beauty of the Decorated tracery, which still remains in the windows, calls for especial notice; and the oaken roof was a very fine example. It is evident that nothing but absolute necessity could justify the destruction of such a relic. “This magnificent guest-chamber of the fourteenth century was an historical monument of considerable importance, as shewing the splendid hospitality of the clergy of those days, and as illustrating in a remarkable manner the manners and customs of the time of Edward III. It was the last of these structures that we had remaining, and with it we have erased a chapter out of the history of England[95].”

XXIV. The College Green, on the south side of the cathedral, is entered through an archway under the Edgar tower, which tradition asserts to have been erected by Ethelred II., son of Edgar. It may possibly occupy the site of an older building, but the present tower is late work, and of little interest. In a niche on the east front is a much shattered figure of King Edgar. The rooms in the tower are now used as the chapter library, and as offices of the diocesan registry. Among the MSS. of the chapter library is one of great interest—An Epitome of Roman Law by Vacarius, an Italian who was brought to this country by Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, and who introduced the study of Roman or “Civil” Law at Oxford in the reign of Stephen. This is the only copy of the work of Vacarius known to exist in England, and only four copies are known on the continent—in the libraries of Konigsberg, Prague, and Bruges, and one in the possession of the Emperor of Russia[96].

The deanery, north-west of the cathedral, was the episcopal palace until 1842. It contains a fine hall, and some ancient portions. The east front was built by Bishop Hough in 1723.

WORCESTER CATHEDRAL.

PART II.

History of the See, with Short Notices of the principal Bishops.

WORCESTER was one of five episcopal dioceses into which the great Mercian province was divided during the archiepiscopate of Theodorus of Canterbury, (A.D. 668-690). Peada, son of the fierce heathen Penda of Mercia, and son-in-law of the Christian Oswi of Northumbria, had established the first Mercian see at Lichfield (see that Cathedral, Pt. II.) about the year 653. Mercia then comprised not only the whole of central England, but the greater part of Lincolnshire; and in accordance with a design expressed at the Council of Hertford, (673,) but not then carried into execution, Archbishop Theodorus divided the unwieldy diocese, which must still have contained a vast number of heathen, into five. The original see remained at Lichfield. The see of Hereford was established in 676, those of Worcester and Leicester in 680, and that of Lindisse, or Lindsey, in 678. The two latter, Leicester and Lindsey, were afterwards incorporated in the great diocese of Lincoln. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 680-961.] Worcester, (Wigornaceaster,) a “ceaster” or stronghold of the Hwiccas, who occupied Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, had possibly been a Roman station, (although this is uncertain,) and was at all events situated on the line of a Roman road—a matter of no small importance to the earlier Saxon bishops, who, like the Saxon kings, were perpetually moving from manor to manor throughout their diocese[97]. A priest named Tatfrid,—“vir strenuissimus et doctissimus, atque excellentis ingenii[98],”—belonging to the monastery founded by St. Hilda at Whitby (Streaneshalch), had been chosen by Archbishop Theodore to be the first Bishop of Worcester; but he died before his consecration; and Bosel, of whose history nothing is known, was consecrated to the new see, A.D. 680. Before his death he became disabled by illness, (corporis infirmitate depressus,) and Oftfor was consecrated as his coadjutor and successor by Wilfrid of York, who was at that time directing the ecclesiastical affairs of Sussex and of Kent[99]. Oftfor, like Tatfrid, had belonged to St. Hilda’s monastery, but had gone for the sake of study, first to Archbishop Theodore at Canterbury, and thence to Rome. On his return he “turned aside to the province of the Hwiccas, and remained there a long time, preaching the word of faith, and affording a pattern of life to all who saw and heard him[100].” He held the bishopric for one year only. In 693 he was succeeded by Egwin, the founder of the monastery at Evesham. Egwin died in 717. Of his successors, Werefrith (873-915) was a man of considerable learning, a friend and assistant of King Alfred, by whose direction he translated into Saxon the Dialogues of Gregory the Great. St. Dunstan held the see of Worcester between the years 957 and 961.

[A.D. 961-992.] Oswald, the successor of Dunstan, the founder of the monastery, and one of the patron saints of Worcester, is best known from his unceasing patronage of the monks, in opposition to the secular clergy. Oswald, the son of Danish parents of high rank, was the nephew of Odo, the predecessor of Dunstan in the see of Canterbury; and was appointed by King Edgar to the see of Worcester at the request of Dunstan himself, with whose zeal for the monastic cause Oswald (who had passed some of the earlier years of his life in the famous monastery of Fleury) more than sympathized. In 972 Oswald became Archbishop of York, which see he held, together with Worcester, until his death in 992—in the same manner as Dunstan had held the sees of London and Worcester together, before his elevation to the primacy. Little is recorded “of what he did at York, although he presided over that see for twenty years. There was no Northern writer to speak of what he effected in Northumbria[101].” The condition of the province, “seamed and scarred” by the struggles of the native princes, and by Danish incursions, may have prevented him from working there. But at Worcester, and throughout the south, Oswald was active as a great ecclesiastical reformer. He was powerful enough to remodel the monasteries of Ely and St. Albans. The Church of Worcester had hitherto been served by secular canons. These Oswald determined to replace by Benedictine monks; “and succeeded by the following artifice. Having erected in its vicinity a new church to the honour of the Virgin Mary, he intrusted it to the care of a community of monks, and frequented it himself for the solemn celebration of mass. The presence of the Bishop attracted that of the people; the ancient clergy saw their church gradually abandoned; and after some delay, Wensine, their dean, a man advanced in years and of unblemished character, took the monastic habit, and was advanced three years later to the office of prior. The influence of his example, and the honour of his promotion, held out a strong temptation to his brethren, till at last the number of canons was so diminished by repeated desertions, that the most wealthy of the churches of Mercia became without dispute or violence, by the very act of its old possessors, a monastery of Benedictine monks[102].” Oswald is said to have introduced monks in the room of secular clergy, in six other churches of his diocese; and charges of extreme tyranny and arrogance have been brought against him in consequence. But there is every reason to believe that a severe ecclesiastical reform was necessary; and there is proof that the eviction of the canons from Worcester was very gradual, and was not completed in Oswald’s lifetime. It is also certain that, although he held the archbishopric of York during twenty years, “we we do not read that he introduced a single colony of monks, or changed the constitution of a single clerical establishment, within that diocese[103].”

The church and monastery of St. Mary, built by Oswald, were on the site of the existing cathedral, and were pulled down by Wulfstan to make way for his new minster. (See post, Wulfstan.) During the construction of St. Oswald’s monastery, says Eadmer, one large squared block of stone became all at once immoveable, and in spite of the exertions of the workmen, could not be brought to the place prepared for it. St. Oswald, after praying earnestly, beheld “Ethiopem quendam” sitting upon the stone, and mocking the builders. The sign of the cross removed him effectually.

A life of St. Oswald, by Eadmer of Canterbury, will be found in Wharton’s Anglia Sacra, vol. ii. This, however, is a compilation from a far more important life by an unknown monk of Ramsey, written within twenty or thirty years after Oswald’s death, and hitherto unprinted. This life (of which there is a MS. in the British Museum, MSS. Cotton, Nero, E. 1) is quoted among Mr. Raine’s numerous authorities for the very interesting life of St. Oswald contained in his “Lives of the Archbishops of York.” (London, 1863.) Oswald died at Worcester, and was interred in his own church there. His relics were translated, and placed in a rich shrine, by Aldulf, his successor in both sees. The portiphor of St. Oswald is still preserved in the library of C.C.C., Cambridge.

The two immediate successors of Oswald, Aldulf and Wulfstan I., held the see of York together with that of Worcester, probably because, Northumbria being ravaged by the Danes, the possession of the southern bishopric was found to be necessary for the maintenance of the northern primate. Wulfstan succeeded in 1003, and died in 1023. In 1016, seven years before his death, Leofsin was appointed to the bishopric of Worcester; Wulfstan retaining York.

[A.D. 992-1062.] Between the death of Oswald and the accession of Wulfstan II., the only remarkable bishops of Worcester were Living, the friend and minister of Canute, who held the see of Worcester together with that of Crediton; and Aldred, his successor, who was translated to York in 1061, and as archbishop of that see crowned successively both Harold and the Conqueror. In 1062 Edward the Confessor made a grant to Aldred of the church of Worcester, on account of the desolate condition of the see of York. The grant was, however, personal, and not in perpetuity; and Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester only remained a suffragan of York until the death of Aldred. The deed is to be found in Thomas’s “Worcester,” Appendix I.

[A.D. 1062-1095.] Wulfstan II., the founder of the existing cathedral, and the great patron saint of Worcester. Wulfstan was born at Long Itchinton, in Warwickshire. Both his father and mother had embraced monasticism in mature life; and their son, after having been educated in the great monastery of Peterborough, became himself a monk at Worcester, and, eventually, the prior of his convent. “An anecdote must be referred to this period, which is valuable, because it is characteristic of the man and of his times. Wulfstan enjoyed the pleasures of the table, and had a particular liking for roast goose. Boiled meats were generally placed on an Anglo-Saxon table; therefore special directions were to be given when anything roast or fried was to be prepared. The order was given by Wulfstan that a roast goose was to be prepared for his dinner. He then went about his ordinary business. There were many clients of the Bishop to whom he had to pay attention, and he was involved in secular duties. He had not broken his fast when he was called upon to officiate at the Mass. In due time he enters the church extremely hungry; he passes into the chancel, near to which, unfortunately, the kitchen is placed. A whiff of goose soon affects his olfactory nerves; the savour interferes with his devotions; his thoughts wander to his dinner, (studio culinæ tenetur); his conscience reproaches him. His resolution is immediately formed. Then and there before the altar he vowed that from that time forth he would never taste meat; and he remained a vegetarian all the days of his life, except on festivals, when he regaled on fish. What was a fast to others was a luxury to him[104].” On the translation of Aldred to the see of York, Wulfstan became Bishop of Worcester. “In right of his authority over the diocese of Worcester, Aldred took away from it twelve vills, and appropriated them to York. As that Archbishop had only a life-interest in the see, it is clear that these estates ought to have been restored to it at his decease. When he died, however, (1069,) they passed with his other estates into the hands of the King. Wulfstan was not disposed to give them up. He desired that they should be restored at the Council of Winchester, at Easter, 1070; but as the archbishopric of York was then vacant, the consideration of the question was deferred. When Thomas (the new Archbishop of York) went to Rome for the pall, he claimed the Bishop of Worcester as a suffragan. This question was left by the Pope to the determination of Lanfranc. It was settled in a synod which was held in 1072. Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, was on the side of Thomas, but Lanfranc decided against him. The twelve vills were to be given up, and Worcester was for the future to be subordinated to Canterbury, and not to York. In this judgment Thomas seems to have quietly acquiesced[105].” Lanfranc, however, looked with extreme doubt and jealousy on the Saxon clergy; and at the synod of Pedrede (Petherton in Somersetshire) in 1070, he charged Wulfstan with “insufficiency and want of learning,” intending to remove him from his see, as Egelmar had been deposed from the East Anglian bishopric in the early part of the same year. But Wulfstan’s competency was fully proved[106], and it is possible that the whole charge against him may have arisen from his ignorance of Norman-French. A later legend (first mentioned by Ailred of Rievaulx, who did not live till the next century) asserted that when Wulfstan was called upon to deliver up his pastoral staff, he refused to do so, unless to the Confessor, from whom he had received it; that he laid the staff accordingly on the Confessor’s tomb, which opened to receive it; and that no one could withdraw the staff from the tomb but Wulfstan himself, who was of course permitted to retain his see.

The simplicity, earnestness, and incessant labour of Wulfstan’s pastoral life—“vir magnæ pietatis et columbinæ simplicitatis,” says Malmesbury—are borne witness to by all the chroniclers; and especially by William of Malmesbury, in his Gesta Pontificum, and in his Life of Wulfstan. On his episcopal manors he built no halls or “dining chambers,” giving his whole attention to more important matters, and even in the churches which he built, he disapproved of rich and elaborate ornamentation[107]. The church and monastery of St. Oswald proved too small for the increasing number of monks. Wulfstan pulled them down, and laid the foundations of the existing cathedral. He lived, apparently, to complete much of his work; but all that now remains of his cathedral is the crypt. (Pt. I. § XXII.) Whilst witnessing the destruction of Oswald’s church, Wulfstan burst into tears, declaring that he was pulling down the work of a far holier man than himself—a church in which so many saints had served God[108].

In the year 1088, the Norman barons who had risen to support the cause of Robert of Normandy against the Red King, attacked Worcester. “The venerable Bishop Wulfstan,” says the Saxon Chronicle, “was sorely troubled in his mind, because the castle had been committed to his keeping. Nevertheless, the men of his household went out with a few men from the castle, and through God’s mercy, and through the Bishop’s deserts, slew and captured five hundred men, and put all the others to flight[109].” Wulfstan died, at a great age, in 1095, and was interred in his new cathedral. He was unquestionably one of the best and worthiest of the later Saxon bishops. The fullest and most important life of Wulfstan is that by William of Malmesbury, printed in the second volume of Wharton’s Anglia Sacra. A very interesting notice of his “Life and Times,” by the Dean of Chichester, will be found in the twentieth volume of the Archæological Journal.

Early in 1201, miracles were reported at the tomb of Wulfstan[110]. They continued throughout the year, fifteen or sixteen persons being healed daily, as it was asserted. On St. Giles’s Day, (Sept. 1,) 1202, Archbishop Hubert of Canterbury came, with other bishops, to Worcester, to enquire into the truth of the reported miracles. Certain monks of Worcester went to Rome with their report; and in the following year (1203) St. Wulfstan was duly canonized by the Pope, Innocent III. King John more than once performed his devotions, and made his offerings, before the shrine of the new saint; and in the hour of his death at Newark (October, 1216,) he commended his body and soul to “God and to St. Wulfstan.” He was buried in the cathedral. In 1218 the restored church (see Pt. I. § I.) was dedicated in honour of St. Mary and St. Peter, and of the Confessors Oswald and Wulfstan; and the relics of St. Wulfstan were translated into a new shrine. Miracles are again frequently recorded. Edward I. entertained a “special affection” for St. Wulfstan; and, besides many other visits, came to worship before his shrine in December, 1273, after the conquest of Wales[111]. The shrine of St. Wulfstan was placed, together with that of St. Oswald, in front of the high altar, one on either side. (See Pt. I. § IX.)

[A.D. 1096-1112.] Samson, a canon of Bayeux, succeeded Wulfstan; “non parvæ literaturæ vir,” says Malmesbury, “nec contemnendæ facundiæ; antiquorum homo morum; ipse liberaliter vesci, et aliis dapsiliter largiri[112].” His elder brother, Thomas, was Archbishop of York; and a son of Bishop Samson (at what time born is not evident) became also Archbishop of York in 1109, during his father’s lifetime. Another son, Richard, was Bishop of Bayeux from 1108 to 1133.

[A.D. 1112-1123.] Theulf; also a canon of Bayeux, and Chaplain to Henry I.

[A.D. 1125-1150.] Simon, Chaplain and Chancellor to Adelais, queen of Henry I. “Affabilitate et morum dulcedine munificentiaque (quoad res Episcopatus angustæ pati possent) insignem habitum[113].”

[A.D. 1151-1158.] John de Pageham; died at Rome.

[A.D. 1158-1160.] Alfred, Chaplain of Henry II. For four years the see remained vacant.

[A.D. 1164-1179.] Roger Fitz Count, a natural son of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, himself son of Henry I. The piety and strict life of Bishop Roger are praised by Giraldus Cambrensis. He was the friend and steady supporter of Becket; and was chosen by Henry II., after the death of the Archbishop, to convey to Pope Alexander II. the King’s assurance that he had neither encouraged nor directed the murder. The Bishop died at Tours, August 9, 1179, on his homeward journey from Rome.

[A.D. 1180, translated to Canterbury 1185.] Baldwin, the preacher of the Crusade; who died (Dec., 1190,) in the camp of Cœur de Lion before Acre. (See Canterbury Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1186-1190] William Northall, Archdeacon of Gloucester.

[A.D. 1191-1193] Robert Fitz Ralph, Canon of Lincoln, and Archdeacon of Nottingham. Son of William Fitz Ralph, Seneschall of Normandy.

[A.D. 1193-1195] Henry de Soilli, Abbot of Glastonbury; from which great monastery he was removed, to make way for Savaricus, who held it together with the bishopric of Bath and Wells. (See Wells Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1196-1198] John of Coutances, Dean of Rouen: “cujus sanctitatis refulgent insignia. Nam corpus ejus sacrum cum indumentis Pontificalibus, usque hodie manet integrum et incorruptum[114].”

[A.D. 1200-1212] Mauger, Archdeacon of Evreux, and physician of Richard I. His election had been declared void by the Archbishop of Canterbury, on the score of his illegitimacy. But Mauger proceeded to Rome; and the Pope, Innocent III., “videns elegantiam tanti viri,” confirmed his election, “et illud pulchrum Decretale pro eo composuit quod sic incipit ‘Innotuit[115].’” It was during Mauger’s episcopate that St. Wulfstan was canonized. (See Pt. I. §§ I. and VII.) He was one of the bishops who, in 1208, pronounced the Interdict and the excommunication of King John; and, with the others, took refuge in France; where he died (1212) in the Cistercian Abbey of Pontigny, the same which gave a refuge to Becket and to Stephen Langton, and in which Edmund Rich, the sainted Archbishop of Canterbury, afterwards (1240) died. The death of Bishop Mauger occurred before the reconciliation of England with the Papacy.

[A.D. 1214, translated to York 1215.] Walter de Gray, was appointed to the see of Worcester after the removal of the Interdict. He had been King John’s Chancellor.

[A.D. 1216-1218.] Silvester of Evesham, Prior of Worcester. He interred King John; and shortly before his death he dedicated the Norman church, which had been restored, and translated the relics of St. Wulfstan. (Pt. I. § I.; and ante, Wulfstan.)

[A.D. 1218-1236.] William de Blois, Archdeacon of Buckingham, was intruded by the Legate Guala, in spite of the protests of the monks, who afterwards consented to receive him. The eastern portion of the existing Cathedral was built during his episcopate. (Pt. I. § XIV.)

[A.D. 1237-1266.] Walter Cantilupe, son of William, Lord Cantilupe; uncle of the sainted Bishop of Hereford. He was ordained deacon by the Pope at Viterbo, April 4; priest, April 18; and consecrated bishop, May 3,—in the same year, 1237. Bishop Walter was one of the most vigorous defenders of English liberty during great part of the reign of Henry III., when “England was held by successive Popes as a province of the Papal territory[116].” In 1237, the year of his consecration, he opposed the Cardinal Legate, Otho, at a council in St. Paul’s; and nearly twenty years afterwards, in 1255, made an equally firm stand against another Legate, Rustand, who had demanded an enormous subsidy from the clergy—nominally for the Holy Land, but really for the Pope and the King. Bishop Cantilupe declared he would rather be hanged on a gibbet than consent to such an extortion. He was one of the firmest adherents to the party of Simon de Montfort; and it was this Bishop who absolved the whole army of the Barons as it lay at Fletching, on the morning of the battle of Lewes;—bidding them fight boldly, and with as much certainty of salvation as if they were fighting in a crusade. With the other bishops who had espoused this cause, Cantilupe was excommunicated by the Pope; and was only reconciled and absolved on his deathbed. He died at his manor of Blocklewe, Feb. 12, 1265, and was interred before the high altar of his cathedral. His coffin-lid, with effigy, is now in the retro-choir, (Pt. I. § XVI.); and the coffin containing, in all probability, his remains was discovered during the late restoration. (Pt. I. § XVI.)

[A.D. 1266, trans. to Winchester 1268.] Nicholas, Archdeacon of Ely; Chancellor of England 1260, 1261; and again, 1263.

[A.D. 1268-1301.] Godfrey Giffard, Archdeacon of Wells; Chancellor of England 1267-1269. He was the brother of Walter Giffard, Archbishop of York; and was related to the King, Henry III. Bishop Giffard, in the year of his consecration, obtained a licence to build (ædificare) the castle of Hartlebury—which has ever since been the principal palace of the bishops of Worcester. The tomb of Bishop Giffard remains in the south choir-aisle. (Pt. I. § XIII.) He had constructed a tomb for himself, in his lifetime, “prope magnum altare, supra B. Oswaldi feretrum,” and had disturbed the remains of Bishop John of Coutances in preparing it: but Archbishop Winchelsea ordered the bones of Bishop John to be replaced in their old position; and Bishop Giffard’s were removed to the place they now occupy. According to Wharton, the Romanists after the Reformation took Bishop Giffard’s tomb and effigy for those of St. Wulfstan; and used to visit it “magna cum religione” on St. Wulfstan’s Day, Jan. 19[117].

[A.D. 1302-1307.] William de Gainsborough, a Franciscan of Oxford; intruded by the Pope.

[A.D. 1308, translated to Canterbury 1313.] Walter Reynolds. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1313-1317.] Walter Maidstone.

[A.D. 1317-1327.] Thomas Cobham, canon and subdean of Salisbury. In 1313 he had been duly elected Archbishop of Canterbury by the monks of Christ Church; but the King, Edward II., strongly supported Walter Reynolds, Cobham’s predecessor in the see of Worcester, and the elect of the monks was compelled to resign his claim. Bishop Cobham was a man of considerable learning, and of so great excellence of life that he was generally known as “the good clerk[118].”

[A.D. 1327, translated to Winchester 1333.] Adam Orlton; translated from Hereford. (See Hereford, Pt. II.) He was the third English bishop (Stigand, and Richard Poer of Salisbury, were the two former) who, up to this time, had ruled three sees successively. An ancient verse concerning him ran,—

“Trinus erat Adam; talem suspendere vadam.
Thomam despexit; Wlstanum non bene rexit.
Swithunum maluit. Cur? quia plus valuit.”

[A.D. 1334, translated to Ely 1337.] Simon Montacute. (See Ely, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1337-1338.] Thomas Hemenhale, a monk of Norwich.

[A.D. 1339-1349.] Wulstan Bransford, Prior of Worcester. He was the builder of the ancient Prior’s Lodgings, and of the Guesten Hall, recently pulled down.

[A.D. 1350, translated to York 1352.] John Thoresby, translated to Worcester from St. David’s. (See York.)

[A.D. 1352-1361.] Reginald Brian, translated to Worcester from St. David’s.

[A.D. 1362, translated to Bath and Wells 1363.] John Barnet. From Bath he was advanced to Ely. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1364, translated to Canterbury 1368.] William Whittlesey, translated to Worcester from Rochester. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.).

[A.D. 1368-1373.] William de Lynn, translated from Chichester.

[A.D. 1375-1395.] Henry Wakefield, Treasurer of England. It was this Bishop who altered the west front of his cathedral, and added the north porch. (Pt. I. §§ III., IV.)

[A.D. 1395-1401.] Tideman de Winchcomb, translated from Llandaff. A Cistercian, and the physician of Richard II.

[A.D. 1401, translated to London 1407.] Richard Clifford, had been nominated by the Pope to the see of Bath and Wells, but the King (Henry IV.) refused to confirm the nomination, and subsequently made Clifford Bishop of Worcester. He had been one of the “clerks,” and a special favourite, of Richard II.

[A.D. 1407-1419.] Thomas Peverell, translated from Llandaff. A Carmelite of much learning. Peverell had been made Bishop of Ossory by Richard II. in 1397, and in the following year was translated to Llandaff.

[A.D. 1419, translated to Ely 1426.] Philip Morgan, had been Chancellor of Normandy. (See Ely, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1426-1433.] Thomas Polton, translated from Chichester. Bishop Polton died whilst attending the Council of Basle, (Aug. 13, 1433,) and was interred in that city.

[A.D. 1435, translated to Ely 1443, and thence to Canterbury 1454.] Thomas Bourchier. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.) It is there stated that Archbishop Bourchier’s episcopate, of fifty-one years, is the longest on record in the English Church. This is only true so far as his predecessors are concerned. Bishop Wilson’s (fifty-seven years) is the longest English episcopate. (See Ely, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1444-1476.] John Carpenter, Provost of Oriel, and Chancellor of Oxford. He was born at Westbury, in Gloucestershire, and had so great a favour toward his native place that he restored and richly endowed the collegiate church there, of which the first Dean, under Bishop Carpenter’s foundation, was William Canynges, the great Bristol merchant, one of the principal contributors toward the building of St. Mary Redcliffe. Carpenter intended that the bishops of his see should henceforth bear the double title “of Worcester and Westbury;” “but,” says Fuller, “though running cleverly on the tongue’s end, it never came in request, because therein impar conjunctio, the matching of a cathedral and collegiate church together[119].” Bishop Carpenter was buried at Westbury. The collegiate buildings were destroyed during the civil war.

[A.D. 1476, translated to Ely 1486.] John Alcock. (See Ely, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1487-1497.] Robert Morton, Archdeacon of Winchester, and nephew of Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury.

The next four bishops were Italian intruders.

[A.D. 1497-1498.] John de Gigliis, a native of Lucca, the Pope’s collector in England. He was already Canon of Wells and Archdeacon of Gloucester.

[A.D. 1498-1521.] Silvester de Gigliis, nephew of his predecessor, and, like him, Papal collector.

[A.D. 1521-1522.] Julius de Medicis, uncle of Leo X., afterwards himself Pope Clement VII. He was made “perpetual commendator or administrator of the see of Worcester” by Papal bull, and resigned voluntarily in the following year.

[A.D. 1522-1535.] Jerome Ghinucci, succeeded by papal provision, but probably with the consent of Henry VIII., to whom this last of the Italian bishops of Worcester was of great service. He was employed on many embassies, both to Spain and Italy, and laboured much in both countries to procure from their universities and theologians opinions in favour of the King’s divorce. After Wolsey’s disgrace, however, and the marriage with Anne Boleyn, the Bishop fell into disfavour, and was removed from his see by Act of Parliament in 1535, as “an alien and non-resident.” At the same time Cardinal Campeggio was removed from Salisbury.

During this foreign occupation of Worcester the affairs of the see were administered by suffragan bishops, of whom several will be found recorded in Mr. Stubbs’ Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum, Appendix V.

[A.D. 1535, resigned 1539.] Hugh Latimer. The life of this most vigorous reformer belongs so completely to the history of his time that only the principal events in it can be mentioned here. Latimer was born at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire. The passage from his sermons in which he describes his father’s condition has been often quoted:—“My father was a yeoman, and had no lands of his own; only he had a farm of three or four pounds a-year at the uttermost, and hereupon he tilled so much as kept half-a-dozen men; he had walk for a hundred sheep, and my mother milked thirty kine. He was able and did find the king an harness with himself and his horse, whilst he came unto the place that he should receive the king’s wages. I can remember I buckled his harness when he went to Blackheath field. He kept me to school, or else I had not been able to have preached before the King’s Majesty now. He married my sisters with five pounds, or twenty nobles, a-piece; so that he brought them up in godliness and fear of God. He kept hospitality for his poor neighbours, and some alms he gave to the poor; and all this did he of the same farm where he that now hath it payeth sixteen pounds by the year or more, and is not able to do anything for his prince, for himself, nor for his children, or give a cup of drink to the poor.”

Latimer was educated at Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he was at first well known as a defender of the “old religion,” and afterwards, by the persuasion of his friend Thomas Bilney, became as zealous a reformer. He was more than once silenced by the University, but had powerful friends, and was introduced at court by the King’s physician, Dr. Butts, and by Cromwell, the latter of whom procured for him the living of West Kington, in Wiltshire. Here he was accused of favouring strange and novel doctrines touching the saints and purgatory, and was compelled to appear before Stokesley, Bishop of London. He escaped with some difficulty, the King himself interfering; and in 1535, after Ghinucci’s deprivation, Latimer was made Bishop of Worcester. In his diocese he laboured zealously, until the Parliament of 1539, which, by the influence of Gardiner, passed the famous Six Articles. For these Latimer would not vote, and at once resigned his see, as did Shaxton, Bishop of Salisbury. He was very shortly afterwards sent to the Tower, on a charge of having spoken against the Six Articles. He remained in prison during the last six years of Henry’s reign, but was set at liberty on the accession of Edward. He would not be reinstated in his see, however, but remained with Cranmer at Lambeth, occasionally preaching at Paul’s Cross, until the fall of the Duke of Somerset. He then retired into the country. On Mary’s accession he was apprehended by Gardiner’s order, and was sent to Oxford with Cranmer and Ridley, where he suffered Oct. 16, 1555.

The fullest and best account of Latimer will be found in Foxe, although, like the rest of the “Book of Martyrs,” it must be read with due caution. His sermons, with a life, were edited by Watkins in 1824, and with other remains, for the Parker Society, in 1844.

[A.D. 1539, resigned 1543.] John Bell, Archdeacon of Gloucester. The cause of his resignation is unknown. He died in 1556, and was buried in the church of Clerkenwell, London.

[A.D. 1543, translated to York 1554.] Nicholas Heath, translated from Rochester. In 1551 Bishop Heath was deprived, for non-compliance with the new order introduced under Edward VI., and was imprisoned in the Fleet until Mary’s accession. He was restored by her, and was made President of Wales and Chancellor of England after the death of Gardiner. During the imprisonment of Heath, Bishop Hooper of Gloucester held the see in commendam, together with his own.

[A.D. 1554-1559.] Richard Pates, said to have been consecrated Bishop of Worcester in 1534, after the deprivation of Ghinucci, and to have been then removed to make way for Latimer. The proofs of this, however, are not evident, although Godwin asserts that Pates was present at the Council of Trent, and there signed himself Bishop of Worcester. He was, at any rate, placed in full possession of the see on the translation of Bishop Heath to York in 1554. On Elizabeth’s accession he was deprived, and died at Louvain after a life of some vicissitude.

The dates already given shew that five ex-bishops of Worcester, Pates, Latimer, Bell, Heath, and Hooper, were living at the same time.

[A.D. 1559, translated to London 1570.] Edwin Sandys, President of Catherine Hall, Cambridge.

[A.D. 1571-1576.] Nicolas Bullingham, translated from Lincoln.

[A.D. 1577, translated to Canterbury 1583.] John Whitgift. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1584-1591.] Edmund Freke, translated from Norwich.

[A.D. 1593, translated to London 1595.] Richard Fletcher, translated from Bristol. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1596, translated to Winchester 1597.] Thomas Bilson. (See Winchester, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1597-1610.] Gervas Babington, translated from Exeter.

[A.D. 1610-1616.] Henry Parry, translated from Gloucester.

[A.D. 1616-1641.] John Thornborough, translated from Bristol. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1641-1650.] John Prideaux, was born at Stowford, in the parish of Harford, in Devonshire. His family, although entitled to bear the arms of Prideaux, was in poor circumstances; and the future Bishop became a candidate for the place of parish clerk at Ugborough, and was disappointed. A friend sent him to school for a short time; and he then travelled on foot to Oxford, where he was employed in the kitchen of Exeter College. In 1596, when his abilities had become known, he was admitted a member of the college, of which he eventually became Rector. In 1615 he was made Regius Professor of Divinity, and in 1641 became Bishop. “If I could have been clerk of Ugborough,” he used often to say, “I had never been Bishop of Worcester.”

Bishop Prideaux was an unflinching Royalist, and excommunicated all in his diocese who took up arms against the King. He was of course severely treated in his turn; his palace was plundered, and he was obliged to sell his library as a last means of support. He died at Bredon, in Worcestershire, in 1650, in the house of his son-in-law, Dr. Sutton. An elegy on his death will be found among the works of the Cavalier poet Cleveland. A full account of Bishop Prideaux, with some interesting local anecdotes, is given by Prince in his “Worthies of Devon.”

[A.D. 1660-1662.] The first Bishop of Worcester after the Restoration was George Morley, translated to Winchester 1662. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1662, died the same year.] John Gauden, translated from Exeter. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1662, translated to Salisbury 1663.] John Earle. (See Salisbury, Pt. II.)

[A.D. 1663-1670.] Robert Skinner, had been consecrated to the see of Bristol in 1637, and had been translated to Oxford in 1641. During the civil war he was imprisoned by the Puritans. He died at the age of eighty, the last English bishop who had been consecrated before the Great Rebellion.

[A.D. 1671-1675.] Walter Blandford, Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, translated from Oxford.

[A.D. 1675-1683.] James Fleetwood, Provost of King’s College, Cambridge. Bishop Fleetwood was the seventh son of Sir George Fleetwood of Lancashire, and whilst all the rest of his family joined the Puritans, he alone remained a Royalist.

[A.D. 1683-1689.] William Thomas, translated from St. David’s. Bishop Thomas was a Nonjuror; and, with the other nonjuring bishops, would have been deprived of his see, had not his death occurred, June 25, 1689.

[A.D. 1689-1699.] Edward Stillingfleet, “a man deeply versed in ecclesiastical antiquity, of an argumentative mind, excellently fitted for polemical dispute.... In the critical reign of James II. he may be considered as the leader on the Protestant side[120].” Stillingfleet was, however, strongly tenacious of the authority of the Church, and was decidedly opposed to the “latitudinarian” theology of his time. He was born, 1635, at Cranbourne, in Dorsetshire, was educated at St. John’s, Cambridge, and afterwards became Rector of Sutton, in Nottinghamshire, where he wrote and published his Irenicum, and (1662) his “Origines Sacræ, or, A Rational Account of the Grounds of Natural and Revealed Religion;” a book of considerable importance, which brought him into great notice. Passing from one preferment to another, he became in 1689 Bishop of Worcester. In 1699 he died at his house in Westminster. His body was conveyed to his own cathedral for interment, when the monument which still remains (Pt. I. § VI.) was erected by his son. The inscription was written by Dr. Bentley, who had been the Bishop’s chaplain.

The Origines Sacræ is the most important of Bishop Stillingfleet’s works; but his entire writings, collected and reprinted in 1710, fill six folio volumes. After he became Bishop of Worcester, he wrote a “Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity,” in answer to some parts of Locke’s Essay.

[A.D. 1699-1717.] William Lloyd, translated from Lichfield. In 1680 he had been consecrated to the see of St. Asaph, and was one of the seven bishops sent to the Tower by James II. He died in 1717, aged ninety-one; and was buried in the parish church of Fladbury, near Evesham, of which his son was rector. Bishop Lloyd’s learning was considerable, although few of his works are now remembered.

[A.D. 1717-1743.] John Hough, translated from Lichfield. Bishop Hough was the famous President of Magdalen College, Oxford, forcibly dispossessed in 1687 by James II., who had ordered the Fellows to elect Samuel Parker, Bishop of Oxford, and a Romanist. The story, which will best be read in Macaulay’s “History of England,” (vol. ii.,) need not be repeated here. Dr. Hough was restored to the presidency in 1688, together with the twenty-five fellows who had been expelled at the same time. In 1690, King William made him Bishop of Oxford, with liberty to retain the headship of his college. In 1699 he was translated to the see of Lichfield, and thence in 1717 to Worcester. On the death of Archbishop Tenison in 1715 the primacy had been offered to, and declined by, him. All who mention Bishop Hough bear witness to the simplicity and excellence of his character.

[A.D. 1743-1759.] Isaac Maddox, translated from St. Asaph. Bishop Maddox is best known as the author of “A Vindication of the Government, Doctrine, and Worship of the Church of England, established in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.” He was the founder of the Worcester Infirmary, to which the story of the Good Samaritan on his monument refers. (Pt. I. § XVIII.)

[A.D. 1759-1774.] James Johnson, translated from Gloucester.

[A.D. 1774, translated to Winchester 1781.] Brownlow North, translated from Lichfield.

[A.D. 1781-1808.] Richard Hurd, translated from Lichfield. Bishop Hurd is now best remembered as the friend and biographer of Warburton; but he was himself conspicuous among the scholars of his time. He was born, the son of a small farmer, at Penkridge, in Staffordshire, in 1720; was educated at the grammar school at Brewood, and was sent as a sizar to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he afterwards obtained a fellowship. Ten years later he made the acquaintance of Warburton, whose friend he remained through life. In 1763 he was elected Preacher of Lincoln’s Inn; and in 1765 Warburton made him Archdeacon of Gloucester. George III., who greatly admired his “Moral and Political Dialogues,” made him Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1774: and in 1776 Preceptor to the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York. In 1781 Hurd was translated to Worcester; and declined the see of Canterbury on the death of Archbishop Cornwallis in 1783.

Some curious anecdotes are told of Bishop Hurd’s bad temper, the sharpness of which is sufficiently evident in his letters. Madam D’Arblay, however, says of him,—“Piety and goodness are so marked on his countenance, which is truly a fine one, that he has been named, and very justly, the ‘Beauty of Holiness.’ Indeed, in face, manner, demeanour, and conversation, he seems precisely what a bishop should be,—and what would make a looker on—were he not a bishop, and a see vacant—call out, ‘Take Dr. Hurd!—that is the man.’” George III. spoke of him as the “most naturally polite man he had ever known.”

Bishop Hurd died in 1808, at Hartlebury Castle, where he had built a library for the reception of Warburton’s books, which he left as a legacy to the see. A life of Bishop Hurd, containing some interesting selections from his correspondence, has been published by the Rev. Francis Kilvert. (London, 1860.)

[A.D. 1808-1831.] Ffolliott H. W. Cornewall, translated from Hereford.

[A.D. 1831-1841.] Robert James Carr, translated from Chichester.

[A.D. 1841-1861.] Henry Pepys.

[A.D. 1861.] Henry Philpott.

PRINTED BY JAMES PARKER AND CO., CROWN-YARD, OXFORD.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A volume of excellent plans and sketches, illustrative of Gloucester Cathedral, has been published by Mr. F. S. Waller, Architect to the Dean and Chapter, (London, 1856). To it we are indebted for the plan of the cathedral contained in this volume.

[2] Froucester’s Chronicle.

[3] Fergusson.

[4] The transepts of Oxford (102 ft.) and Rochester (122 ft.) are shorter: but neither of these cathedrals at all approaches the general dimensions of Gloucester or Worcester. The tower of Malvern Priory Church much resembles that of Gloucester, and was perhaps an imitation of it. “In dignity the central tower of Gloucester is perhaps surpassed by that of Canterbury, and in expression by that of Lincoln.”—G. A. P.

[5] Comparing the relative proportions of Gloucester and Norwich, the difference will be found greater than could be conceived compatible with the same style. They are—

	Norwich.		Gloucester.
Height of piers	15	feet.	30	feet.
Diameter of piers	7	”	6	“
Height to base of triforium	25	”	40	“
Height of triforium	24	”	10	“
Height of clerestory	25	”	24	“

Thus at Norwich the three great divisions are nearly of equal height; at Gloucester the lower portion is more than equal to the other two. At Norwich the piers are about two diameters, at Gloucester nearly five in height.

[6] “The painting may be thus generally described. The hollow of the abacus of the capitals red, the lower member of the same, green; the whole of the bell red, the leaves alternately green and yellow, with the stalks running down of the same colour into the red bell of the capital; the vertical mouldings between the marble shafts red and blue alternately; the lower shafts green or blue, with red in the hollows: the foliage on these also is green and yellow. Some of the horizontal mouldings are partly coloured also. The bosses in the groining are yellow and red, as in the capitals. All the colouring, which was very rich, was effected with water-colours; in one instance only has any gold been discerned, and that upon one of the bosses in the roof.”—F. S. Waller.

[7] The Norman towers or turrets had, however, been rebuilt in the Early English period. “From an account of an accident which occurred between 1163 and 1179, we know that the west front was flanked by two towers; for while Roger, Bp. of Worcester, was celebrating mass before the high altar, the north-west tower, owing to a defect in its foundation, fell. It may be a question, however, whether these towers were not rather turrets, like those at Tewkesbury. The very fact that at Tewkesbury we have turrets rather than towers, is sufficient to make the suggestion very probable, for there is a great resemblance between the two churches. Moreover, if Abbot Morwent found a design with towers, properly so called, he substituted for it one provokingly inferior. This is hardly likely.”—(G. A. P.) The rebuilding of the north-west tower was commenced in 1222, and its companion was also rebuilt between the years 1228-1243. These were the towers or turrets destroyed by Abbot Morwent.

[8] “In the interior this wall falls outwards eleven inches in its full height; and on the exterior the more recent work inclines not more than four inches; from which it is evident that the Norman wall must have been out of perpendicular seven inches, prior to the erection of Abbot Thokey’s work.”—F. S. Waller.

[9] “The south aisle has this great advantage, which other altered buildings do not possess;—in other buildings the proportions very often constrain the designs in the new work, and give it a mixed character, spoiling both,—giving, for example, heaviness to the Norman, and flimsiness to the Decorated. But this is not the case at Gloucester.”—Willis.

[10] The attention of the public was first called to this fact in a paper read before the meeting of the Archæological Institute at Worcester, in the summer of 1862, by the Rev. Samuel Lysons, F.S.A.

[11] Froucester’s Chronicle asserts that Abbot Wygemore re-cased the “aisle of St. Andrew,” and Abbot Horton “the aisle of St. Paul.” These aisles are identified with the south and north transepts, by comparing the Chronicle with an account given by one of the monks which Leland has recorded in his Itinerary. See Willis’s notice of the cathedral at the meeting of the Archæological Institute at Gloucester in 1860, Gent. Mag., Sept. 1860.

[12] Report of Professor Willis’s lecture at Gloucester, Gent. Mag., Sept. 1860.

[13] Willis.

[14] It has, however, been suggested that this structure may have been a lavatory, and the work of Elias de Lideford, sacrist during the early part of the thirteenth century, who, it is recorded, (by Froucester,) brought an “aqueduct” into the church. A lavatory in a church is not uncommon.

[15] This is the most probable explanation of this lectern. There was perhaps a desk in Canterbury Cathedral, in a similar position, from which the pilgrims were exhorted as they approached Becket’s shrine. At all events, in later times, the desk for the Bible and “Fox’s Martyrs” was erected in that cathedral, at the angle of the stairs ascending to the choir-aisle.

[16] Willis.

[17] Willis.

[18] The restoration of this window is the result of the untiring energy and able administration of the Chapter revenues by the Treasurer, Dr. Jeune, Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Canon of Gloucester. A new Chapter school has been built, extensive repairs and restorations made in the cathedral, and the ground round it thrown open, by special funds derived from the same source.

[19] C. Winston, Stained Glass of Gloucester, &c., in the Bristol volume of the Archæological Institute. (For some further important remarks on this window, see Note at the end of Part I.)

[20] It has been asserted that this Sir John Powell was one of the judges who tried the seven bishops. This is an error. There were three Judge Powells living at the same time; two “Sir Johns,” and one “Sir Thomas.” Sir John who tried the bishops was of Caermarthenshire; the Sir John buried in this cathedral was of a Gloucestershire family. See “Gloucestershire Achievements” by the Rev. S. Lysons, 2nd edit., note, pp. 42, 43.

[21] F. S. Waller.

[22] Gent. Mag., Sept. 1860.

[23] F. S. Waller.

[24] Other traditions connect Lucius with Kent, and make Chilham Castle, near Canterbury, his principal stronghold. Besides Gloucester, he is the traditional founder of Canterbury and Winchester Cathedrals, and of many churches. Another legend asserts that he resigned his crown, and after preaching Christianity throughout France and Germany, became Bishop of Coire in the Grisons, where he died, and where his relics are still shewn.

[25] Hist. Eccl., lib. i. cap. 4.

[26] See the whole discussion in Collier’s Church History, Pt. II. bk. iv.

[27] Fuller’s Worthies—Herefordshire.

[28] Worthies—Denbighshire.

[29] Church Hist., bk. xi.

[30] William of Malmesbury. No work of this early period now remains at Aix.

[31] Report of a Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Hereford Cathedral, in the year 1841. By Professor Willis. Hereford, 1842.

[32] The Norman triforium, which was a mere wall-arcade without a passage, consisted of two circular arches in each bay, each arch circumscribing two smaller ones. The clerestory had one lofty circular arch in each bay, and had a passage throughout.

[33] “The oxe-eye masonry is so termed because the centre of it is pierced by an opening in the form of the ancient vesica piscis, called by workmen an ox-eye.”—Willis.

[34] Willis’s Report on Hereford Cathedral, p. 20.

[35] This brass is engraved as the frontispiece to Haines’s “Manual of Monumental Brasses.”

[36] See Pt. II. for the confirmation of this date.

[37] Dean Merewether’s Memorials.

[38] A translation of M. D’Avezac’s paper will be found in the Gentleman’s Magazine for May, 1863. The division of France from Flanders, and “an inscription, most significant, placed across the Saone and the Rhone, marking, between Lyons and Vienne, the separation of France from Burgundy,” are the indications on which M. D’Avezac relies for his date.

[39] D’Avezac.

[40] For a further notice of this map, see Mr. Wright’s paper in the Gloucester volume of the Archæological Association, and that by M. D’Avezac already mentioned. One of the earliest mediæval maps accompanies the text of the Periegesis of Priscian, an Anglo-Saxon MS. of the end of the tenth century, (Cott. Lib.) “A map of the world, in a MS. of the thirteenth century in the British Museum, contains a curious note, in which the author refers to four maps which were then looked upon in England as being of chief authority. These were, the map of Robert de Melkeleia, that of the Abbey of Waltham, that in the King’s Chamber at Westminster, and that of Matthew Paris.”—Wright.

[41] “Mobiliers.”

[42] “This may account for the omission of any recorded founder or benefactor in connection with either the work of the north transept or of this tower; for it may be generally observed, with respect to the buildings of the Middle Ages, that, when they were carried on by their monasteries no record is preserved of the work, but only when some considerable portion of it, as a tower, a transept, or the vaulting of an aisle, was undertaken at the expense of an individual.”—Willis’s Report, p. 10.

[43] “The English eastern crypts are Canterbury, Winchester, Gloucester, Rochester, Worcester;—all founded before 1085. After this they were discontinued, except as a continuation of former ones, as at Canterbury and Rochester. The Early English crypt of the Lady-chapel at Hereford is an exception.”—Willis, Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, p. 71, note.

[44] “Port strictly means an enclosed place for sale or purchase—a market.”—Kemble.

[45] Angl.-Sax. Chron., ed. Thorpe, s. ann. 1055. Another version of the Chronicle asserts that the minster was burned, and it is probable that it was greatly ruined. (See post, Bishop Losing.)

[46] Sax. Chron., ad ann. 1056.

[47] Milman, Hist. of Latin Christianity, iii. 455.

[48] Collier, Eccles. Hist., bk. v. cent. 12.

[49] Wilkins, Concil. Mag. Brit. i. p. 76, quoted by Britton.

[50] Reg. Orleton—quoted by the Rev. John Webb, in his notes on the Swinfield Roll. It was in the time of Bishop Orleton that the canonization was decreed.

[51] Worthies—Herefordshire.

[52] Collier, Eccles. Hist., bk. vi. cent. 14.

[53] Britton.

[54] Worthies—Devonshire. Fuller gives Churchill, in the parish of Bratton, as Stanbery’s birthplace; but the bequest in his will renders it certain that he was born at Stanbery in Morwenstow.

[55] Worthies—Gloucestershire.

[56] See Procter’s Hist. of the Prayer-book, p. 23, note.

[57] Worthies—Northamptonshire.

[58] Worthies—Derbyshire.

[59] The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester ends with the year 1117, but has been carried on by an unknown Continuator as late as 1295. It has been printed by the English Historical Society. It is not so valuable for the architectural history of Worcester as the Annales Ecclesiæ Wygorniensis, which will be found in the first volume of Wharton’s Anglia Sacra.

Professor Willis’s most valuable and elaborate “Architectural History of Worcester Cathedral” will be found in the twentieth volume of the Journal of the Archæological Institute. In the “Gentleman’s Magazine” for October, 1862, is printed Mr. Bloxam’s paper on the “Sepulchral Remains and Monuments” in the cathedral. Great use has been made of both these papers, and especially of the latter, in preparing the following account. Professor Willis’s dates and conclusions have been adopted throughout. Some very interesting features of the building are pointed out, for the first time, in his “Architectural History.”

[60] “Ego Wlstanus ... decrevi synodum congregare in monasterio S. Mariæ, in cryptis, quas ego a fundamentis ædificavi, et per misericordiam Dei postea dedicavi.”—Anglia Sacra, i. p. 542.

[61] “Caput, the ‘head’ of the church, was exclusively applied to the altar end thereof. Frons, the ‘front,’ however, can be shewn by many examples to have been employed for either end of the building.”—Willis’s Architectural History of Canterbury, p. 45, note. There can be no doubt, as Professor Willis himself pointed out at Worcester, that in this instance the east end, or front, is intended.

[62] The eastern transept, forming the second transverse limb of the cross, was an addition of the Early English builders. Such a transept, “equal in height to the central alley of the presbytery, is only to be found elsewhere in England in the late Norman of Canterbury (c. 1096), and York (c. 1160); and in the Early English of Lincoln (c. 1186), Salisbury (c. 1220), Beverley, and Rochester. On the Continent the only known examples of this feature are S. Benoit sur Loire (c. 1080), and Cluny (c. 1089), the former of which was doubtless the prototype of the English examples.”—Willis’s Architectural History of Worcester Cathedral.

[63] On this subject it may be well to quote the remarks of Professor Willis:—

“In criticizing these repairs and restorations, it is necessary to recollect that the crumbling material of the cathedral had decayed to such an extent on the exterior as to destroy the whole of the decorative features; and that, in the interior, settlements of the piers and arches in the Early English work had attained so alarming a magnitude as to threaten the stability of the structure. Attempts had been made to mitigate these settlements by the introduction of walls and arches in 1712; but these, beside disfiguring and obstructing the interior, were themselves giving way, having served rather to change the direction of the settlements than to stop them.

“The outside of the cathedral had been also overloaded and disfigured by additional buttresses to prop up its falling walls. Most of these have been removed or repaired, and the walls themselves thoroughly and skilfully restored to soundness by renewing the whole of the exterior ashlar, and pointing the interior, resetting it when required. This process has necessarily destroyed all appearance of antiquity in the exterior of the choir and Lady-chapel; but it must be remembered that all the decorative features of the original had vanished long since, and given place to the mean and uninteresting botchings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; and that we have now a reproduction of its original aspect, as far as that can be determined.”—Archit. Hist. of Worcester Cathedral, p. 123.

[64] These relics of the Norman nave have been carefully pointed out by Professor Willis, Arch. Hist. of Worcester Cathedral, p. 93.

[65] Willis.

[66] See Arch. Hist. of Worcester Cathedral, p. 112.

[67] Willis, p. 110.

[68] Willis, p. 94.

[69] M. H. Bloxam.

[70] Willis.

[71] Willis, p. 97. The white oolite was obtained from Bredon Hill at Bath; the green stone from Higley on the Severn.

[72] That of St. Thomas de Cantilupe at Hereford—translated 1287; and of King Edward II. at Gloucester, circa 1330.

[73] Willis, p. 100.

[74] Willis, p. 102.

[75] Id., 103.

[76] Willis.

[77] “Et his ita gestis, sciscitatus est ab eo Abbas de Croestuna si ipsum mori contingeret, ubi vellet eligere sepulturam. Cui Rex respondens, dixit, Deo et Sancto Wlstano corpus et animam meam commendo. Qui postea in nocte quae diem sancti Lucæ Evangelistæ proxime sequuta est, ex hac vita migravit. Cujus corpus regio schemate ornatum ad Wigorniam delatum est; et in ecclesia Cathedrali ab Episcopo loci honorifice tumulatum.”—Matt. Paris, p. 288.

[78] Leland (Itin.) thus notices the tomb:—“In presbyterio, Johannes Rex, cujus sepulchrum Alchirch, sacrista, nuper renovavit.” The time at which Alchirch was sacristan has not been ascertained, but it cannot have been long before Leland’s visit.

[79] M. H. Bloxam, “On the Sepulchral Remains and Monuments in Worcester Cathedral,” read before the Archæological Institute at Worcester, in 1862. (Gent. Mag., Oct., 1862.)

[80] Bloxam.

[81] Id.

[82] M. H. Bloxam.

[83] Id., Gent. Mag., Oct., 1862.

[84] Willis, p. 106.

[85] Bloxam.

[86] Bloxam.

[87] Id.

[88] Bloxam.

[89] Id.

[90] Gent. Mag., Sept. 1862. “It was said to be for the purpose of the monks conferring with each other; but he had seen such openings in places where no such construction could be put upon them.”

[91] Willis, p. 90.

[92] An account of this synod, drawn up by Wulfstan himself, is printed in the Anglia Sacra. The Dean of Chichester thus translates the commencement:—“I, Wulfstan, by the grace of God Bishop of Worcester, determined to hold a synod in the Minster of St. Mary’s, in the crypt of the church, which I built from the foundations, and by the mercy of God afterwards consecrated. This synod was held in the year of our Lord 1092, the fifteenth indiction. There were assembled all the wisest men invited from the three shires in our diocese, Worcester, Gloucester, and Warwick; because that I, being full of days, sensible of my bodily weakness, and perceiving the end of my life approaching, was desirous of disposing canonically the ecclesiastical affairs committed to our charge, and by their wise concert, of correcting and amending whatever required amendment.”

[93] See Mr. Albert Way’s paper on “The Tradition of Flaying Inflicted in Punishment of Sacrilege,” Archæological Journal, vol. v. The Worcester doors are said to have been fixed originally in the west entrance, and to have been removed thence by Bishop Wakefield. The Dean of Chichester (Life of Wulfstan, p. 7,) remarks that the west side of the cathedral, fronting the Severn, was that from which a Danish attack might naturally be expected; and suggests that the doors are as old as the eleventh century, when the citizens of Worcester, like other Englishmen, resisted the imposition of the Danegelt, and killed (May, 1041) Feadu and Thurstan, the huscarls of Hardicanute, who had been sent to Worcester to collect it. Their skins may have been stretched on the church doors. In the following November a Danish army plundered the town and ruined the cathedral, from which the monks had fled. The sight of the skins, it is suggested, may have been the especial cause of this latter act of vengeance.

[94] Report of Professor Willis’s Lecture in Gent. Mag., Sept. 1862.

[95] J. H. Parker, Gent. Mag., Oct. 1862. Professor Willis considered the hall to be “in so ruinous a state that the expense of restoring it would have been greater than justifiable on such an object (especially as there would have been no use for it when done), and the Dean and Chapter had to keep up and maintain the cathedral in a state worthy of its original purpose.”—Gent. Mag., Sept. 1862.

[96] Rev. C. H. Hartshorne.

[97] See Kemble, Sax. in England, i. p. 300; and Exeter Cathedral, Pt. II.

[98] Bede, Hist. Eccles., 1. iv. c. 23.

[99] Archbishop Theodore died in 690. The see of Canterbury remained vacant for two years after his death.

[100] Bede ut sup.

[101] Raine’s Lives of the Archbishops of York, p. 123.

[102] Lingard’s Anglo-Saxon Church, ii. 294, quoted and accepted by Kemble.

[103] Lingard, ut sup. On the whole question of the dispute between the secular and regular clergy, see the excellent chapter on “The Clergy and Monks” in Kemble’s “Saxons in England,” vol. ii.

[104] Dr. Hook, Life and Times of Wulfstan; Archæological Journal, vol. xx.

[105] Raine’s Archbishops of York, p. 150.

[106] “Qui non ita hebes in literis ut putabatur, cætera sciebat, præter fabulas poetarum, et tortiles syllogismos dialecticorum, quæ nec nosset, nec nosse dignaretur.”—W. Malmes., De Gest. Pontif., l. iv.

[107] “Nusquam enim in villis suis aulas, nusquam triclinia fecit. Nimirum qui non solum in istis forensibus, sed etiam in Ecclesiis operosâ gravaretur architecturâ. Magis enim deputabat talia humanæ pompæ et jactantiæ quam divinæ voluntati et gratiæ.”—W. Malmes., Vita S. Wulfstan., l. iii. cap. 10.

[108] “Stabat ipse in cæmiterio tacitus, et subinde congemiscens. Scaturibat quippe in animo ejus cogitatio; quæ ingentem imbrem lacrimarum ferens, tandem erupit. ‘Nos, inquit, miseri Sanctorum destruimus opera, pompatice putantes nos facere meliora. Quanto præstantior nobis S. Oswaldus qui hanc fecit Ecclesiam? Quot sancti viri religiosi in eâ Deo servierunt?’ Et licet astantes referrent non debere illum tristari, sed potius lætari, quem Deus ad hanc servâsset gratiam ut sic videret magnificari Ecclesiam, in lacrimarum proposito tenax fuit. Nec desunt qui dicant prædixisse illum Ecclesiæ novæ incendium, quo subsequentibus conflagrata est annis. Sed non placuit pro vero præsumere, quod discrepat. Tunc autem et novam Ecclesiam perfecit; nec facile invenias ornamentum, quod eam non decoraverit. Ita erat in singulis mirabilis, et in omnibus singularis. Quocirca ut magnificentiæ nihil deesset, lxxii. marcas argenti scrinio innexuit; in quo beatissimi Oswaldi prædecessoris sui exuvias, simulque multorum Sanctorum locavit.”—W. Malmes., Vita S. Wulfstan., l. iii. cap. 10.

[109] Sax. Chron., ad ann. 1088.

[110] “1201. Miracula de S. Wlstano incæperunt xiv. Kal. Februarii; quæ per totum annum et amplius adeo crebrescebant, ut nunc xv. nunc xvi. uno die curarentur ab omnibus languoribus.”—Annales Eccles. Wigorniensis. Anglia Sac., i. 479.

[111] Annales Eccles. Wigorn., ad ann. 1283. “Rex Edwardus subjugata totaliter Wallia, venit Wigorniam gratia visitandi S. Wlstanum, erga quem amorem habuit specialem.”

[112] Malmes., De Gest. Pontif., lib. iv.

[113] Ibid.

[114] Annales Eccles. Wigorn., ad ann. 1198.

[115] Id., ad ann. 1199.

[116] Milman.

[117] Wharton’s note to Annales Eccles. Wigorn., s. a. 1268; Anglia Sacra, i. p. 497:—“Tumulum namque ejus magna cum religione Pontificii die 19 Januarii, quæ S. Wlstano sacra est, hodienum visitare solent, Wlstani esse perperam credentes.” The Anglia Sacra was published in 1691.

[118] Walsingham.

[119] Worthies—Gloucestershire.

[120] Hallam, Literary History, Pt. IV. chap. ii.

---