BOMBAY, ETC.

At Bombay, Malta and Hong Kong regular annual regattas are held, besides numerous matches and races during the yachting seasons. British built or designed yachts, to say nothing of those produced by local talent, are to be met with in all three ports. At Malta and Bombay very flourishing Royal Yacht Clubs exist.

Lateen yachts, Bombay Club, 1887.

The yachts at Malta are principally cutter or Bermuda rigged vessels, and range from 20-tonners downward. The Royal Bombay Yacht Club possesses a house beautifully situated near the Apollo Bunda, or main pier, and the yacht anchorage is within hail of the club lawn. About two dozen or more yachts make use of it, among them being steamers and vessels of every method of fore-and-aft rig. Two or three are British built, and among these is the easily recognised little 3-tonner 'Senta,' so well known in Kingstown during the palmy racing days of the 3-tonner class. One of the latest additions to the fleet is a small Clyde-built yacht something under 5 tons, with the fashionable fiddle-headed bow. This boat the writer saw under way. There were a number of dhows, large enough to carry three or four such yachts inboard, making up harbour with a fine sailing breeze just a point abaft the beam, which placed them on one of their best points of sailing. They appeared to be slipping through the smooth water at a high speed, leaving it as clean as if it had never been disturbed, and everything was in their favour for making a quick passage. The little Clyde boat had been knocking about the harbour and was well astern of the dhows, when she was hove round and made to stand on after them. Favoured with the same wind, gradually she began to draw up to them, and bit by bit overhauled and passed each one, leaving them in a manner which made me doubt very much whether the rate of speed with which dhows are so often credited can really be so great. The dhow-rigged racing yachts make very good reckonings. They have considerable draught forward, with a small draught aft, and the foremast (the masts rake forward) has its step almost over where the largest body and the greatest draught happens to be. These yachts, like all vessels of a similar rig and build, are never tacked, but are always gybed, and naturally in a triangular course they lose much time when racing against cutters and schooners.

ROYAL BOMBAY YACHT CLUB.
1886. Sailing Course.

The rules of the Yacht Racing Association, with the measurements, regulations, and time allowances, have been adopted by most of, if not all, the clubs mentioned in the Australias and elsewhere, and nothing can equal the cordial reception accorded to all lovers of yachting who visit their colonial cousins. It is only to be desired that, as in rowing and cricket, so in yachting, a systematic and frequent interchange of friendly contests may soon be inaugurated between them and their mother-country which shall eventuate in a general enlightenment all round on things pertaining to yachting.

BERMUDA
By R. T. Pritchett

The Bermudian's hobby is going to windward, and to be really happy he must have a semicircular fin or plate on his keel like that described by Lord Pembroke. Bermuda has a Royal Yacht Club which gives prizes and holds regattas at Hamilton. There is also a Dinghy Club, of which the Princess Louise is Lady Patroness. Lord and Lady Brassey each presented a Challenge Cup when they visited Hamilton in 1883 in the 'Sunbeam.' One class here deserves special notice.

'Fitted Races' are the chief joy of the true Bermudian. The owner apparently gives up his boat to the fiendish devices of his 'pilot,' as the nigger boatman is called, who gets the biggest mast, spars and sails he can find, often a 50-foot mast in a 25-foot boat, and a 35- or 40-foot boom topping up with a huge square-sail as big as a ship's maintop-gallant-sail. He then collects all the other niggers he can find, dresses them in striped jerseys and caps, puts them up to windward, over a ton and a half of shifting ballast, serves out a lot of rum all round, and off they go, generally with the head of the mainsail lashed (no halliard) to the masthead, so that she must carry her whole sail all through the race or swamp. The present writer's experience is confined to many good dustings in that admirable craft the 'Diamond,' with her very able skipper Burgess, coloured gentleman (bien culotté), both of which were lent to Lady Brassey by Admiral Sir Edmund Commerell. She was built of cedar, and her lines and midship section are given in Dixon Kemp's 'Boat-sailing.'

Fitted races at Bermuda, 1863.

Dimensions of average Bermudian boat of 5 tons

Length25 ft.
Mast44 ft.
Boom33 ft.
Bowsprit19 ft.
Spinnaker boom25 ft.
General rule, greatest girth + length = height of mast and hoist.

Mr. Charles Ricardo, Secretary of Upper Thames Sailing Club, who sailed with the owner of the 'Cara,' a 28-foot boarder, kindly furnishes the following description of a Fitted Race.

The morning of the race it blew hard, and we sailed out to the leeward mark-boat half under water, the 'Cara' having only about 14 in. freeboard, and on board there were six hands, a big spinnaker boom, and some two dozen so-called sandbags for shifting. These had been apparently filled with mud, not sand, and as they rapidly got soaked, we looked more like navvies fresh from a clay-pit than boat sailers. There are many gradations of dirt and various degrees of saturation from salt water, but this combination is unapproachable. We caught a line from the mark-boat and shifted jib, owner going out on the bowsprit for this function, and getting a couple of green seas well in the small of his back—it didn't matter. We were well soaked already, so more or less was quite immaterial to us. We were hanging on to the stake-boat some time, waiting for the other craft to arrive, with nothing particular to do but bale out and try to dodge the things kicking about in the bottom of the boat. I had no shoes on, and there was one baler. I thought I had put it into a locker three times, and was watching the wretched thing edge out again and prepare to fall on my toes, sharp edge down of course, when the owner sung out lustily, 'Boat bearing down to hang on!' She was a regular Bermudian with 'fitted' gear, enormous spars, and her big sail up, a crew of coloured gentlemen crowded up to windward, and foaming through it like a tugboat after a homeward-bounder. She had to gybe under our stern and run lip alongside the mark-boat, and—Swish, over came the boom again; swish, went the end of it into the water. She heeled over tremendously, and did not seem to right, as she ought to have done. We guessed at once what had happened: her ballast was to leeward—those mud bags—it had not been shifted in time as she came round, and of course kept her on her beam ends; she gradually settled down and sank in about four minutes. The water was full of yelling niggers, who mostly swam for us; there seemed to be some hundred of them—anyway they yelled like it. They nearly swamped us scrambling in; finally we got rid of them on to the mark-boat, and very glad we were, as a few dozen damp niggers all asking at the same time for drinks are not much fun in a small boat with a bit of a sea on. At the time it was not enjoyable; still it is an episode in yachting experiences which grows more pleasant to refer to as it looms astern and becomes ancient history. When one starts for a day's sport, it is weak to allow a trifling incident like this to mar the even tenor of its way, and at Bermuda one dries so soon.

A great deal of dinghy racing is done at St. George's, and it will be well to notice here the peculiarity of these boats and their gear. The normal dimensions of the dinghy are as follows:—

Length14 ft.
Beam4 ft.6 in.
Draught2 ft.
Mast25 ft.to 30 ft.
Boom25 ft.
Bowsprit15 ft.

Dinghies are fearfully and wonderfully made things, with their plate on as in the big boats, the sails lashed up and set in. Five lunatics come next in the prescription; these embark very gingerly indeed—quite a bit of fancy work—while some one holds on to the mast from the top of the wharf to prevent accident, and when they think they are ready and balanced they are shoved off. Directly she feels the wind over she goes, and four hands stretch out to windward as far as possible, the fifth being busy baling, which is a most important feature of dinghy sailing. A very exciting amusement it is. As long as the boats can be kept right side up they do go a tremendous pace. Waiting about before the race and gybing are the most exciting and dangerous times, as three dinghies have been known to capsize in one race before starting. Bathing costume is considered the correct thing, and is well adapted to the climate; it is also desirable in this sport to be able to swim, as there is no room in the boats for such superfluities as life-belts. The 'Diamond' was a very fine boat, and splendid in a wind; as the mainsail represents the usual mainsail and jackyarder all in one, the whole sail-area forms the desirable equilateral triangle a little aft to send her up to the wind.

Bermuda rig.

The fitting of the boom is different from any other rig, as it passes on one side beyond the mast; a tail block hauls the boom right aft, and counteracted by the mainsheet gives a very flat sail indeed; great results are obtained, all the advantages of a standing lug on a large scale being secured, while the tension can be increased and the canvas made flatter. Space cannot be afforded for her lines, midship section and sail-plan, good as they are, still 'Diamond' is decidedly a good cedar-built representative craft:—

Length on water-line34 ft.
Beam11 ft.2.5 in.
Draught6 ft.6 in.

The extravagances of Bermudian water frolics have been given here as very extreme instances of yachting enjoyments; still Bermuda is a splendid place for sailing. You can leave the island on a Friday for New York, arriving on Monday; leave New York on Tuesday, and in a week more be back in the old country.

Dutch ice boat of present time.

CHAPTER IX
SOME FAMOUS RACES
By R. T. Pritchett

'Waterwitch,' 331 tons (Earl of Belfast) and 'Galatea,' 179 tons.
The start for a race for 1,000 guineas, September 1, 1834.

In former days, matches were made between yachts as between horses on the turf, and the stakes were often heavy, but such events are now almost unknown; the increase in the number of craft has divided the attention of the public, and the performance of each vessel is so well known that there are no dark sea-horses to bring out as a surprise. The records of bygone matches are, however, far from easy to obtain, if, indeed, they are obtainable. Newspapers were formerly less numerous than they are at present, nor did there apparently exist much thirst for information and minute detail on the part of the public. Accounts remain, however, of some few of the most important matches. One for a thousand guineas, August 29, 1771, sailed between the Duke of Richmond and Sir Alexander Smith, the course being from Brighton to Beachy Head and back, has been already mentioned, but from this date much search has yielded scanty results. The war must have interfered greatly with the sport, for there is a long lapse of time when yachting scarcely came at all under the notice of the press. The Royal Yacht Squadron's fine class of schooners and vessels of large tonnage, however, created and revived rivalry. On September 1, 1834, a great race for one thousand guineas took place between 'Waterwitch,' brig, 331 tons, belonging to the Earl of Belfast, and 'Galatea,' schooner, 179 tons; in this race Mr. Charles Ratsey sailed, and he is now hale and hearty in Cowes. The course was from the Nab Lightship, round the Eddystone Lighthouse, and back. The start took place at 10 A.M., on the Monday morning, when the weather was fine, wind tolerably fresh from south and west. The first day, in the afternoon, the wind fell light, almost a calm at 7 P.M., the yachts being then only off Dunnose, Isle of Wight. The schooner at this time was two miles to windward. On Tuesday, at 7 P.M., the two yachts were off Berry Head, Torbay, the schooner 'Galatea' still to windward. About this time, as the breeze freshened, she had the misfortune to carry away her jibboom, and got too close under Bolthead by the Start, thereby losing her tide. They rounded the Eddystone nearly together; from which point, both running large, the brig gradually drew away from the schooner, and finally reached the Nab Lightship at 2 P.M. on Wednesday, September 3, 'Galatea' coming in at 2.20 P.M. The course was about 130 miles, and the time occupied 52 hours. The race, in August 1842, also round the Eddystone, in an easterly gale, between 'Corsair,' 80 tons, and 'Talisman,' 84 tons, is justly celebrated. 'Corsair' won by 1 min. 30 secs. Two pictures of this race were painted by Condy, of Plymouth. Running down channel 'Corsair' is represented with a mizzen, which Mr. Charles Ratsey informed the writer was stuck in at the last minute and was carried away turning to windward; she is therefore shown without one on her return.

'Corsair' and 'Talisman' race round Eddystone, August 1842, 'Corsair' winning.

There was talk of a race between the Marquis of Anglesey's 'Pearl' and Mr. J. Weld's 'Alarm' for a thousand guineas, but it never came off; in fact, the Marquis never raced her from the time 'Pearl' was built in 1821 to the year of his death, 1854. The 'Mosquito,' with Captain John Nichols at the tiller, once came out on his weather, and the Marquis very politely dipped his ensign to the yacht that weathered him for the first time in all his years of cruising. The 'Arrow' and 'Mosquito' once finished a fine race, which was a marvellously close thing between them, 'Arrow,' 6 hrs. 59 mins. 30 secs., 'Mosquito,' 6 hrs. 59 mins. 31 secs.!

'Talisman,' 84 tons, and 'Corsair,' 80 tons, race, 1842.

A very good account is handed to us of how yachtsmen more than half a century since—in 1830—enjoyed a real rough day's sailing on the Thames. A cup had been subscribed for of the value of fifty guineas, and all the cracks of the day entered for it:—

tons
Matchless19
Vixen19
Lady Louisa13
Fairy13
Daisy19
Venus13
Rob Roy16
Brilliant8
Donna del Lago9
Ariel8

Lines and midship section of 'Corsair,' built by M. Ratsey, Cowes, 1832. Length for tonnage, 57 ft. 9 in.; breadth, 18 ft. 6 in.; tonnage, 8484/94.

'YSEULT'
10-rater (P. Donaldson, Esq.) Designed by Fife, 1892.

The race was from Greenwich to Gravesend and back, and it certainly was not lacking in interest. The sport began early. 'Matchless' carried away her boom, running into 'Lady Louisa's' quarter; 'Lady Louisa's' bowsprit caught 'Rob Roy's' backstay, and she followed 'Matchless' ashore, dragging 'Lady Louisa' after her. At this time 'Daisy' was leading. Soon after 'Brilliant' became first and 'Ariel' second boat. In Erith Reach on the return 'Venus' was waterlogged. 'Donna del Lago' carried away her bowsprit; 'Vixen' carried away outhaul, and when she got into Erith Roads 'Vixen's' mast went by the board. Finally 'Brilliant' won by 1 minute from 'Ariel,' who was second. They were both reefed down to the balance-reef, as shown in the illustration taken from an old print. Balance-reefs are seldom seen nowadays, although they are occasionally carried by fishing craft.

'Brilliant' and 'Ariel' race, 1830.

There was one day's racing in 1892 which should be handed down as a remarkable instance of what the new boats can do in a stress of weather. It was Largs Regatta, July 12, when the Largs men witnessed and took part in the kind of sport they so dearly love; they are severe critics, but give honour where honour is due, especially to weatherly craft and good seamanship. The wind was from the east, freshening up towards the time for the start. Unfortunately 'Meteor' and 'Iverna' were not competing, the former having damaged her gaff. The forties were there, four in number—'Queen Mab,' 'Corsair,' 'Varuna,' and 'White Slave'—the 'Mohican' was flagship, in line with a flag on Largs Pier. It was a truly wild morning, white squalls being frequent and severe. The Firth was all spoondrift; 'Queen Mab' and 'Varuna' had housed topmasts, one reef down, 'Corsair' topmast on end. Under Knockhill the squalls were tremendously heavy, very patchy and local. Off Skelmorlie the racers got the true east wind hard, and found the flagboat dragging her anchor. They rounded, however: 'Queen Mab' was timed 11 hrs. 8 mins. 16 secs., 'Varuna,' 11 hrs. 8 mins. 52 secs. Coming over towards Largs they got into a lull, when 'Corsair' set her gaff-topsail, 'Mab' and 'Varuna' getting topmasts on end; the latter set her topsail, the former did not. Soon a mighty rush of wind burst down from between Tomont End and Largs. At the 'Knock' again there was a kind of vacuum-cum-Mäelström. Soon after, in a wilder phase of Clyde weather, 'Mab' and 'Varuna' were caught by a fierce squall and laid down to it. 'Corsair,' unfortunately, was the victim of a squall spout, which carried away her mast close to the board—such was the strain that something must have gone. The 'White Slave,' belonging to Mr. F. W. L. Popham, was at this time off the Knock; she took in her topsail, and nearing 'Corsair' further reduced her canvas, lowering her mainsail to assist her. Ultimately 'Corsair' was towed by Duncan, of 'Madge' fame. Skelmorlie mark was rounded at 12 hrs. 42 mins. 30 secs. by 'Queen Mab,' at 12 hrs. 45 mins. 12 secs. by 'Varuna.'

After this all was flying spoondrift and canvas reduced to two sails—the wind harder than ever. Smoking bows were the order of the day, clouds of spray soaked the mainsails nearly to the peak, gaffs were like rainbows in curve, all hands were warily standing by to lower foresail or meet the next emergency. 'Queen Mab' finished in 1 hr. 43 mins. 35 secs., 'Varuna' 1 hr. 49 mins. 33 secs.

Parker sailed 'Queen Mab,' Gould 'Varuna,' Sycamore 'Corsair.' It was indeed a hard blow, and a fine display of yacht handling and good seamanship under most trying circumstances; the 'Yseult,' 10-tonner, lost her bowsprit, and everybody lost something. All credit to the skippers, who never lost their heads.

'IVERNA' (J. JAMESON, ESQ.) AND 'METEOR' (H.I.M. THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY).
Dead heat in the Clyde, July 4, 1892.

The '6-rater' match seemed to be the joy of Largs, especially on this occasion, when the weather enabled the crews to show what the Irish boats could do. So much damage had been done that three only were left to start: 'Red Lancer,' Col. Crawford, 'Savourna,' Mr. H. L. Mulholland, and 'Windfall,' Mr. Gubbins. They seemed to revel in the storm; 'blow high, blow low,' was all the same to them. More would have started had they not been unhappily crippled in one way or the other, but those that did were nearly blown out of the water. The maxim of 'Batten down' was in every case emphasised. After a tremendous experience of what the Clyde can do to encourage real seamanship and fearless daring 'Savourna' came in at 2 hrs. 3 mins., and 'Red Lancer,' 2 hrs. 3 mins. 39 secs; 'Red Lancer' taking 1st prize, 'Savourna' 2nd prize. Largs Regatta in 1892 will long be remembered; it was no flat racing, but real steeplechasing in the Clyde.

1892 also leaves us a dead heat between the two champions of the season, the 'Iverna' and the 'Meteor.' This occurred at the Royal Clyde Club, July 4, 1892; wind W.N.W., a fine breeze, both carrying jibheaders at the finish, as shown in the illustration. 'Iverna' led by 19 seconds—3 hrs. 25 mins. 28 secs., allowing 'Meteor' 19 seconds; 'Meteor' finished at 3 hrs. 25 mins. 47 secs. Dead heat.

This was sailed off, July 8, in the Wemyss Bay programme, and resulted in a very fine race, topmasts struck, first reef down in mainsail—real going, both vessels made the most of and thoroughly well handled. Mr. William Jameson and O'Neil were on 'Iverna,' and Gomes was at the tiller of 'Meteor.' It was a grand exhibition of yacht-racing, and finished, 'Iverna,' 4 hrs. 18 mins. 26 secs., 'Meteor,' 4 hrs. 21 mins. 22 secs.

CHAPTER X
RACING IN A 40-RATER IN 1892
By R. T. Pritchett

Most of the races described in these volumes are from the standpoint of the looker-on ashore, or else on board some vessel which was not competing; the present chapter describes a race from that point of vantage, the deck of the winning yacht.

Going aloft.

Cowes in the early morn is not generally known to visitors. The 'wood and brass work'—a term better known on board than on shore—is now in full swing, for this admirable function must be completed by eight bells. If cleanliness be next to godliness, surely yachts have very much to commend them, with their spotless decks, bleached runners, and immaculate canvas. In leaving the pontoon for the offing, the various craft increase in size as the water deepens. First the small raters are passed, ½-, 1-, 2½-raters, 'Wee Winn,' 'Polynia,' 'Hoopoo,' and 'Kitten'—described by 'Thalassa' in his Solent chapter. Passing the tens and twenties the French yachts are reached, for of late years the burgee of the French club is often seen at Cowes, and the American flag is more frequent than of yore. The Guard-ship now looms. The Royal yacht, 'Victoria and Albert,' is at her buoy, the Royal Yacht Squadron nobly represented. Eight bells now strike. Immediately the morning flutter of bunting flies to the mastheads, where all the burgees should arrive simultaneously, taking the time from the flagship—but they do not, unfortunately. (N.B.—Racing flags can be lashed before eight bells, as they have no halliards.) By this time we see the 40 just astern of a yawl and ahead of a Frenchman. 'Queen Mab' is basking and glistening in the bright morning sunshine, in perfect repose, yet rather fretting to be off, for with her colour she knows what is coming. Having come alongside very carefully, without touching the varnish, we are soon on board, and find all in motion. The business of the day has begun, the preliminary functions are completed, such as sending the gig away with the superfluous gear of squeegees, mops, oars. The 12-ft. dinghy is already lashed over the skylight, with the stem wedged up to the coaming abaft of the companion. The tyers are off the mainsail, and it is soon on the hoist. The crew are going aloft, to string down on the throat halliards; gradually the peak rises, well up, about 45°, and with the modern lacing down to the boom the sail soon becomes fairly set. Next, the gaff topsail. In America, in the 'Puritan' and other racers, photography shows that they start with two, jibheader and jackyarder or club foresail, so called from the club or yard at the foot. In the 'Vigilant,' the jackyarder was set most cleverly over the jibheaded topsail when running back in the final race. In joining a racer there is nothing so comfortable for host and guest too as being on board in good time. With a flying start it is very important to be under way to the minute, especially in light winds and with a tide running, such as the swill in Cowes Roads generally is, whether spring or otherwise. It is no joke for a boatman to catch a racer once under way, even without her head sails, in the offing, to say nothing of the anathemas of the owner, and the skipper's suppressed comments.

Soon comes the welcome of the owner of 'Queen Mab,' Col. T. B. C. West, well known in the yachting world in connection with that grand yawl 'Wendur,' 143 tons, T.M., built in 1883, his famous 10-rater 'Queen Mab' in the Clyde, and now the 'Queen Mab' of 1892. The forties are a very prominent class and justly so; they emphasise the sport of class racing over handicaps.

About this time the racing flags of other craft are a subject of intense interest, and the crew are immensely keen. Should an old adversary not be getting under way, the why and wherefore will be at once discussed; this generally brings out prominently any hand of the 'sea lawyer' class, if the owner has unfortunately shipped one. The head sails have now been set, and we are curvetting and pirouetting about waiting for preparatory gun. There is no doubt that wonderful skill is shown in the handling of the various craft. A dexterity and firmness are apparent which could never be secured with the American system of adjusted time: thus if 'Vigilant' were four minutes late at the start, that time would be deducted from the winner at the finish. Now comes the full excitement of the start. 'First gun, sir; fifteen minutes to go!' is the word, and for the next eighteen minutes all is extra wariness, sometimes fourteen yachts under way, manœuvring, and keenly watching each other. 'Blue Peter, sir, five minutes!' is next heard. The owner, watch in hand, by the skipper, records the fleeting moments as they pass, calling out the minutes: at length it comes to 1 min., 50 secs., 40 secs., 30 secs., 20 secs. 'How much, sir?' 'Ten seconds'; then 'Let her go!' and she goes—with her cranse iron over the line directly after the gun. Everyone now turns attention to the recall numbers. Are there any? There has been such a thing as three over the line out of four starters, so great is the eagerness for a lead.

Old Style.

New Style.

'Reverie,' 1891.

'Corsair,' 1892.

'Queen Mab,' 1892.

'Doreen,' 1892.

Among the larger classes everyone looks out for Mr. Jameson being first over line, with O'Neil at the tiller, famed for his special gift for quick starting and weather berths. A good start is a grand beginning. So long as one is leading no explanation is required why the good ship is not showing her best form, or how it is that she is not in her right trim. By this time the fleet is getting sorted; with a good sailing breeze the large craft draw out ahead in many cases, and it is well to do so; the large cutters are started, say, a quarter of an hour ahead, and the forties together. In 1892 the forties were very strongly represented, 'Thalia,' 'Reverie,' 'Queen Mab,' 'Corsair,' 'Creole,' 'Varuna,' 'White Slave.' This gave most interesting sport, far preferable to handicapping, which is only adopted to bring vessels of different tonnage together. A curious instance of this occurred at Cowes, when 'Irex,' 'Genesta,' and 'Lorna' all came in together within five minutes, and having brought up, stowed canvas and dined, it was discovered that 'Sleuthhound' was coming in, almost saving her time allowance of about 53 min. It is certainly most uninteresting to the spectators on shore to see the first fine craft come in close together, and returning from afternoon tea to perhaps discover that the real winner is just sailing in round the flagboat and getting the gun.

'Irex,' midship section.

By this time the 'sun is over the foreyard' and all are settling down for a fine race. Sailing in a race affords excellent opportunity for noticing the other competing craft and admiring the goodly company assembled around. The big cutters are leading, and some of the forties astern. That 'Queen Mab' will hold her own with the best is a point upon which we feel happily confident, her racing flags being proof of her capacity—thirty-six is the number she showed at the end of the season. This yacht, as mentioned elsewhere, was built with a centreboard, but instead of a huge partition in the centre of the saloon, the board came under the main companion, and was quite unnoticeable. As with Mr. Jameson's 'Irex,' 'Mab's' centreboard was discarded, and each became the crack of her respective season. 'Varuna,' also a new boat this year, designed by Mr. G. L. Watson with a Watson bow, as in 'Mab,' was a beautiful craft, really perhaps the designer's favourite. These bows, with those in 'Corsair' and others, elicited sighs and groans from the old school of yachting men; for what with the schooner bow, the Viking bow, the inverted Roman nose bow, the bottle-nose bow, the Fife bow, and the canoe bow, one's idea of what a bow should be became somewhat confused. However, overhang forward carries the day up to 200 tons. 'Corsair,' 40-rater, designed by Mr. Arthur Payne of Southampton, was a grand boat, with less beam than 'Mab,' beautiful counter, long boom, very workmanlike all round. She was built for that enthusiastic yachtsman, Admiral the Hon. Victor Montagu, a dear lover of all good English sports. 'Thalia' was a fine craft, by Fife of Fairlie, a splendid sea boat. Many is the good race Mr. Inglis has sailed in her, with Carter, who sailed 'Britannia,' 1893, at the tiller.

'Irex,' built for John Jameson, Esq., 1884.
Length B.P. 88'0"; length L.W.L. 83'6"; beam extreme 15'0".
Tonnage R.T.Y.C. Rule 88. tons; tonnage register 74.67 tons; Y.R.A. Rating 98 tons.

Longitudinal elevation.

Cabin plan.
Corsair (Admiral the Hon. Victor Montagu), 40-rater, 1892. Designed by Arthur E. Payne.

We live in an age of rather rapid development; 1892 becomes ancient history in 1893, still it seems sad that when one has a good vessel like 'Thalia,' she should so soon be outclassed. Fashion always runs to extremes; now that fashion has attacked yachting, the belle of one season is extinguished in the next. 'Sic tempora et naves mutantur.' In old days enthusiastic yacht-owners lengthened their pets, almost rebuilt them sometimes, as in the cases of 'Alarm' and 'Arrow'; the associations were retained and duly cherished.

'Corsair,' midship section.

We have started, it should have been said, for the Australian Cup, value 50l., presented by Mr. Gibson Miller for yachts exceeding 20 tons and not exceeding 40 tons. The second prize, 30l., is given by the Royal Squadron. The westerly wind turned out very light, and without a good sailing breeze racing becomes peaceful repose. Much interest, however, is felt in the performance of 'Irene,' 40-rater, designed by Mr. G. L. Watson for Prince Henry of Prussia, who was at the tiller all day, heart and soul in it, longing for a breeze, and probably keeping up the old superstition by giving an unintentional whistle for one; but still it would not come. At 4 hrs. 0 min. 35 secs. 'Queen Mab' came in the winner, 'Thalia' taking second prize.

For real racing a true wind, such as we had in the race for prizes given by the Royal Southampton Yacht Club, August 6, is indispensable. This was a small but sporting muster. 'Iverna' and 'Meteor' were sent away at 10.45 A.M., 'Iverna' crossing the line to a second. The forties, 'Corsair,' 'Queen Mab,' and 'Thalia,' were despatched half an hour later at 11 A.M., to a perfect start and a whole-sail westerly breeze, 'Mab' crossing two seconds after the Blue Peter was hauled down. The gun missed fire. We hailed the Committee Boat, 'Are we all right?' when the pleasant echo returned, 'All right, go on,' and away we went.

Our masthead man.

Lashing the Emperor's
racing flag.

It was a fine reach down Southampton Water, the three close together in single file. Passing Calshot Lightship we hauled our wind and stood over for Cowes, feeling the westerly breeze which came sweeping up from the Needles; below Egypt we went about and took our jumps merrily—a nasty sea, if the sea can be nasty; our working topsail relieved her somewhat—for 'Corsair' and 'Thalia' were carrying jackyarders. It was a grand beat down to Lymington; the rain was heavy, but after a few hard squalls the sun came out and the Lymington mark-boat was rounded, 'Queen Mab' 12 hrs. 45 mins. 10 secs., 'Corsair' 12 hrs. 46 mins. 20 secs., 'Thalia' 12 hrs. 47 mins. 35 secs. As the mark-boat was neared all were astir. 'Get your gear on your spinnaker boom, my lads, and top him as soon as you can. Will you take the time, sir, of "Meteor" and "Iverna" rounding?' Before this our masthead man George had gone aloft by an acrobatic performance which is always interesting to the beholder: on the port tack with the port foot on a hoop, and the starboard foot on the sail, as indicated in the illustration. George was a good compact cheery hand, and must have been born for this particular function. By this time we are round.

'All aft, my sonnies!'

'Another pull at the mainsheet, my lads!'

Close hauled.

'Down spinnaker boom,' and now every thread draws and the whole sail is pulling hard. 'All aft, my sonnies!' and the skipper Parker seems to smile upon his pet. At this time bread and cheese and beer are served out, and form a very pleasant pendant to 'all aft' except the look-out, who took his mid-day in solitude by the unfilled foresail. A splendid dead run from the Lymington mark back to Cowes now takes place. See! 'Corsair's' spinnaker is here suddenly taken in, Sycamore, her skipper, having discovered that her mast was sprung, and he therefore went into Cowes. This was a great disappointment to us, and must have been to Admiral Victor Montagu, who so dearly loves racing, especially in a true wind. We were now cracking on for the Warner, our enjoyment only once disturbed by a hail from the look-out, 'Boat right under bow, sir,' and in the same breath, 'Only a photogger, sir,' and on we sped. Rounding the Warner 'Thalia' carried away her throat halliards, but soon continued the race. Rounding mark-boats and lightships is thrilling work, and beautifully it is done on 'Queen Mab.' It is delightful to see the judgment and decision, and how cheerily the hands haul on to the mainsheet; truly this is sport and excitement not easily beaten. 'Queen Mab' bends gracefully to it, and well it suits her; we are hissing through it. It is generally supposed that racing yachts are regularly gralloched and cleared out below; it is so in America and was done to 'Navahoe' in her races; but it is not so here. Everything is in its place, and when the head of the steward appears at the companion with the welcome words, 'Lunch, sir!' we find that all is well—but look out for the swinging table: touch that and there will be a ghastly crash. The 40-rater has the owner's cabin and the lady's cabin, with a very comfortable one for a guest, to say nothing of accommodation for sea bachelors who do not require shore luxury. The ladies' conning tower is generally the top step of the companion, but in the 'Seabelle' Mrs. Taylor had an armchair swung like a gimbal compass, in which she knitted comfortably at whatever angle the yacht might be in a seaway. After lunch we are close-hauled lying for Calshot Castle, hissing through it with a pleasant swish of spray, ever and anon making some of the hands duck their heads as they lie up to windward. Many is the dry remark and cheery yarn that one hears under these circumstances; not many words but much to the purpose, old recollections are revived, and there is always something to be learnt.

Real business.

Each hand is on the look-out in calm weather, scouring the horizon for a wandering catspaw, or in bad weather, watching the other craft to see how they take it. To note the skipper's face is a study; his eye on every leach and every sheet, keen and ready for any emergency, entirely absorbed in 'her' and how she is going and how he can best cosset her. Such was the impression left of Ben Parker at the tiller of 'Queen Mab.' He had done good work in Mr. Hill's 'Dragons' of the 20's. His first command was the 'Ulidia,' Fife's 10-tonner, after having sailed for some years under Tom Diaper and O'Neil, and his Channel race from Dover in 1892 will never be forgotten. It was a merry close haul back from the Warner to Southampton Water. As the wind was drawing down the river we had a beat up to the Committee-boat, which was reached, 'Queen Mab' 4 hrs. 9 mins. 57 secs., winner, 40l. and silver medal; 'Thalia,' 4 hrs. 58 mins., second prize 10l. 'Thalia,' built by Fife of Fairlie, had a rare good crew, and Mr. I. A. Inglis has sailed many a famous race in her with his skipper, Carter, whose season of 1893 in H.R.H. the Prince of Wales's 'Britannia' speaks for itself. We get the 'gun,' that great joy at the end of a good race. 'Down foresail,' and round she comes. The cheering is over, so now to clear up. Unlash the dinghy, get back the cutter and gear, and fill in the Declaration, which has to be sent in by every owner or his representative immediately after a race is won. It runs thus:

Y.R.A. Declaration that Rules have been observed

I hereby declare that yacht whilst sailing in the Race this day has strictly observed the sailing Rules and Regulations.

Date . Signed

The gig is by this time alongside, and it must have been delightful to the owner as he stepped into her and left the side of the victorious 'Queen Mab,' to look up and see five winning flags flying, representing five first prizes in five starts in one week.

It is not the purpose of this chapter to record all 'Queen Mab's' victories, but it may be noted that she won the 40l. prize given by the Royal Dorset Yacht Club in August of this year—1892. The club was founded in 1875, and holds forth many inducements to yacht-owners to visit Weymouth. For small raters it is admirably adapted, as the Esplanade is of immense length, and the short courses can be seen from one end to the other.

Torquay.

At Dartmouth also 'Queen Mab' had two fine races, in a hard wind round the Skerries. The first, August 26, was very good, but the second, August 27, was better, though only one round, at the end of which we found the flagboat bottom up. 'Queen Mab' won first prize on both days. At Plymouth, in the following week, continuing the 'Westward Ho' procession, 'Mab' sailed over, with double-reef mainsail No. 3 and jib, no foresail, 'Thalia' and 'Corsair' not caring to start. Outside the Breakwater it was very grand, and outside Rame Head grander still, as the rollers came in after a 48 hours' gale. The pilot admired 'Mab' immensely, she made such good weather of it. The gale was great sport for us, and it was surprising to see how the small boats thrashed through it. 'Dis' carried away her bowsprit, and there was much harmless wreckage of gear. One lesson might be learnt, that with the short bowsprit produced by the overhang forward there is much strain taken off that very important spar. Plymouth often gets a hard blow about this time, which is the more to be regretted from the extraordinary variety of boats and classes, from the 'Britannia' class down to the rowing matches of the bum-boat women. Devonport and the Navy training brigs and colleges all join the water frolic, and great is the disappointment when the weather is unfavourable.

'QUEEN MAB'
40-rater (T. B. C. West, Esq.) Designed by G. L. Watson, 1892.

CHANNEL RACING WESTWARD.

A close finish, 'Queen Mab' and 'Corsair,' R.T.Y.C., May, 1892.

CHAPTER XI
YACHT RACING IN 1893
By H. Horn

An exceptional year, alike in regard to weather and sport, for not within living memory has there been so fine a spring, summer and autumn, and there is no previous record of such a sequence of eventful and stirring racing. It is highly gratifying that sport so truly national in character as yacht racing enlisted more general interest during the past season than has ever previously been the case; in fact, it can further be said that the doings of the 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita,' 'Calluna,' 'Navahoe,' and 'Iverna' arrested world-wide attention.

Lord Dunraven's commission, given in the fall of 1892, for a new 'Valkyrie' of about double the rating of his first cutter of that name, heralded a revival of big-cutter racing, and later on yachting enthusiasts were almost delirious with joy when authentic announcements were made that the Prince of Wales had given orders for a sister ship to the 'Valkyrie,' and that a big cutter was to be built at Southampton for Mr. A. D. Clarke, and one on the Clyde for a syndicate of Scotch yachtsmen.

Mr. G. L. Watson had a free hand in designing the 'Valkyrie' and 'Britannia,' which were built side by side at Partick by Messrs. Henderson, and parenthetically it may be said they fitted out, moored together, and kept singularly close company in all their matches. The 'Satanita,' which was designed by Mr. J. Soper to sail on a 94-feet water-line, was built by Fay & Co., while Mr. W. Fife, junr. was responsible for the 'Calluna's' model, and the vessel was built by Messrs. J. & A. Inglis of Pointhouse, Glasgow, in an incredibly short space of time. Although very certain that the 'Iverna' would be quite outbuilt by the new ships, Mr. John Jameson determined to bring her out, and 'Iverna's' well-tried antagonist, the 'Meteor,' was under orders to join the fleet later on.

Just before the advent of the new year, Lord Dunraven's challenge for the new 'Valkyrie' to sail a series of races for the America Cup was accepted by the New York Yacht Club, and about the same time came a notification from Mr. Carroll, a prominent American yachtsman, that he was having a sloop (the 'Navahoe') built by Messrs. Herreshoff, with which he intended to challenge for the Royal Victoria Gold Cup, and also make an attempt to win back the Cape May and Brenton Reef Cups.

The year was thus launched auspiciously enough in respect to big ship racing, and prospects were reassuring in regard to sport in all the other classes except the tens. There was a fining down however in number of the 40-rating division compared to 1892, and regrets were general that the sale of the 'Queen Mab' had led to her expatriation. But Admiral Montagu was replacing the absentee 'Corsair' with the 'Vendetta,' a fin-bulb and balance-rudder craft, with a beam of about 17 feet, and Mr. John Gretton, jun., who did not get much fun out of the 10-rater 'Doreen,' had determined on having a 40 from a Fife design, the outcome being the 'Lais.' 'Varuna' was being fitted out again by Capt. Towers-Clark, and the 'Thalia,' which had passed into the possession of Judge Boyd, was to be raced, but not to go all round the coast. The second class was thus virtually made up of 'Vendetta,' 'Varuna,' and 'Lais,' which verily proved a militant trio, and their owners had plenty of racing, and no end of exciting and eventful sport. With the new 'Dragon'—the third of that name Fife's had built for Mr. F. C. Hill—Lord Dunraven's 'Deirdré,' by 'Valkyrie's' designer, and the 'Vigorna,' by Nicholson—which Lord Dudley intended to take the place of the 5-rater 'Dacia'—there was promise of keen competition for the 20-rating prizes; but it was not in the best interests of sport that a joint arrangement was made that this class would not be raced outside the Isle of Wight—at least from the beginning of the season, until the Western meetings came on in the fall. The 'Zinita,' a new 20 by Fife, had things pretty much her own way on the Clyde, and it was a pity that she did not meet the new boats which starred in Southern waters. 'Idalia'—the first 'Dragon'—was the 'Zinita's' most formidable opponent on the Clyde, and the 'Molly'—'Dragon' the second—after a good spell of Solent racing, went North, but found the 'Zinita' as bad to beat as she did the 'Dragon' and the 'Deirdré.' There were no new boats in the 10-rating class, and racing in this division was confined to the Clyde, where the 'Dora,' 'Ptarmigan,' 'Maida,' 'Phantom' and 'Woodcock' had some good sport. The 6-raters, which were a feature in the Clyde and Irish regatta programmes in 1892, had gone out of fashion, and 23-feet 'lengthers' were the reigning favourites with small shipmen on the Clyde, Mr. Robt. Wylie's 'Vida,' a Watson design, being the crack in a fleet of eight. The Solent 5-rating class could not boast of a new boat, and the 'Dacia,' although she headed the list of prize-winners in the South, did not sail up to her 1892 form. The 'Red Lancer,' which went all round the coast, was the pride of the season of the fives, and she was equal to taking down 'Dacia' pretty easily. The 'Fleur-de-Lis' and 'Quinque' also frequently lowered 'Dacia's' colours, and honours were about easy with the trio at the end of the season. In the 2½-rating class the 'Meneen,' a Herreshoff boat, had a better average than the over-year Nicholson boat, 'Gareth,' and in the 1-rating class the 'Morwena'—another Herreshoff—was the principal winner. It cannot be said that the branch of the sport known as handicap sailing flourished during the season, though there were some keen and interesting battles with the ex-racers. The most successful vessels in this division were the 'Creole,' 'Castanet,' 'Columbine,' 'Mabel' and 'Samœna.'

The big-cutter contests were of such exceptional interest that a review of the season would not be complete without a history of all the races sailed, and the opportunity is embraced of embodying many unreported incidents in the subjoined résumé of the first-class racing.

'SAMŒNA'
94 tons. Built for John Jameson, Esq., by Inman, 1880.

There was a thoroughly representative assemblage of yachtsmen afloat the first day the big cutters had racing flags lashed up, and it may be said that never during the half-century the Royal Thames has been an institution has a more critical company, collectively, been present at a river match of the premier metropolitan club. A white haze was hanging about the lower Thames on the morning of Thursday, May 25, and when the 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia,' 'Calluna' and 'Iverna' were ready to answer the starting gun, a breeze from the west-north-west of balloon topsail strength was blowing. The quartet began the race at 12.5, and went reaching down the Lower Hope, with flowing sheets and carrying a swirl of ebb-tide with them. 'Valkyrie' had made a clever start, and keeping to the Essex side was first to square away in Sea Reach, and get spinnaker set to port. 'Britannia' had been edged off to the heart of the fairway, but about Thames Haven she was drawn in across 'Valkyrie's' wake, and straightened on a down-river course directly she had angled the latter's wind. 'Valkyrie's' first racing burst was satisfactory, inasmuch as she kept pride of place for about 14 miles, albeit she never held more than a clear length's lead of 'Britannia.' About a couple of miles below Southend the wind had a hank off the sands, and, with square canvas gathered and sheets trimmed in a little, 'Britannia' raced up broad on the weather beam of 'Valkyrie,' while wide away 'Calluna' was booming along with a rally of wind aft, and for a few minutes certainly led the fleet. On an easy reach 'Britannia' gave evidence that she had the foot of the sister ship, yet it was a marvellously close race, the Prince of Wales's cutter drawing by the wind round the Mouse at 2.10 with about three lengths lead of 'Valkyrie,' while the 'Calluna' was only 1 min. 11 secs. and 'Iverna' 2 mins. 5 secs. astern of the leader. With a beat back over a lee tide in perspective the lead round the lightship was an immense advantage, and, in order to keep weather gauge, 'Britannia' was kept shooting so long that 'Valkyrie' had no chance of a successful hug, and it would have been suicidal for her to have turned about in the body of the tide. The alternative was sailing hard to get the wind clear to leeward; but when 'Valkyrie' came round outside the edge of the tide rift, 'Britannia,' drawing a foot less water, was able to cast about dead in the wind's eye of her rival. A grand breeze squeezing trial went on right up Sea Reach, 'Valkyrie,' although the quicker of the pair in stays, getting now and again a staggering weather bower. It was a racing treat, however, and, despite the duel, the 'Calluna' and 'Iverna' were getting a hollow beating. The breeze freshened with the flood, and from off Shellhaven 'Britannia,' which was a bare hundred yards to windward of 'Valkyrie,' was, on starboard, pointing clear of the Blyth, and did not therefore follow her rival on an inshore cast. After passing the Lower Hope point, sheets were checked, jib topsails and balloon staysails were set, and, with a puffy breeze broad off the Essex side, they went straight up the fairway pushing on a big bow wave. 'Britannia' going thus free was dropping 'Valkyrie' a trifle, yet the race looked open until 'Valkyrie's' bowsprit snapped short off close to the stem head. She was eased in to the weather shore, and her topmast saved in a wonderful way, and eventually she followed 'Britannia' home. 'Calluna' had split her big jib across the diagonal seam in Sea Reach, but got another set, and looked likely—consequent on 'Valkyrie's' mishap—to gain second honours. An attempt, however, to pass inside the Ovens ended by 'Calluna' sticking deep in the mud, and 'Iverna' got home soon enough to save her time on 'Valkyrie.' This, the first race, was a fair trial to leeward and to windward, and it showed 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie' to be wonderfully evenly matched, while 'Calluna's' début was disappointing.

'Iverna,' 1890. (John Jameson, Esq.)

Lines and midship section of 'Iverna.'
Dimensions, &c.: Length (on L.W.L.), 83.50 ft.; beam, extreme, 19 ft.; depth, 10.70 ft.; tonnage, registered, 84.40 tons; tonnage, y. m. 152 tons; Y.R.A. rating, 118 tons. Designed by Alexander Richardson for John Jameson, Esq.

The valedictory match on the river on May 27 proved the best racing test, and furnished the most stirring sport of the trio. 'Valkyrie' was ready to join in, and the fleet was similarly constituted to the opening day. The race was under the Royal London burgee, and was sailed in gloomy weather and a smart north-east breeze. A sensation was served up before the contest proper had been started, and directly after the heavily freighted official steamer had got down to the Lower Hope, through 'Calluna's' mast breaking off short as a Jersey cabbage-stalk. With her whole canvas pile carrying away over the side it was feared some of the crew might be entangled; but luckily everything went clear and no one was hurt. It was 12.45 before the Commodore started the race, and at the time the Hope was full of trading craft. A bulky hopper barred 'Britannia's' way, and both 'Valkyrie' and 'Iverna' had to be shoved up in the wind; and while the two last named were hovering, 'Britannia' stood away for the Kent side into the full scour of the ebb, and came off on the starboard tack in weather berth. 'Valkyrie' had to short tack at the top of Sea Reach to clear her wind, and as a long leg could be made, 'Britannia' reached away with the lead, 'Valkyrie,' half a dozen lengths astern, pointing high for her weather quarter. The wind was puffy and both dropped 'Iverna,' but the two leaders were sailing a grand race, and made a long stretch as far as the East River Middle without breaking port tack. Hereabout, however, the wind suddenly shortened on them from the eastward, and the 'Valkyrie' most unluckily was thrown dead under the lee of 'Britannia.' With the tide soaking them bodily to windward, they both fetched under the Nore Sand, which had to be stood from for water, and by short turnings they then made a fine race to the Nore Lightship. Here they got in deep water, and after a short hitch and a rap-full stretch to clear had failed, 'Valkyrie' went in for short boards of about twenty seconds, and ended by being given lee helm directly she was full. This meant that 'Britannia,' being slower in stays, had not got sheets in before she wanted to go about again, and she would to a certainty have been weathered by 'Valkyrie,' before getting as far on as the West Oaze, had not the Prince of Wales's cutter been treated to longer boards. 'Britannia' then got away and weathered the Mouse, after as fine a display of short tacking as has ever been seen on the river, with a lead of 39 seconds, and the duel had let 'Iverna' get within 10 minutes of the leader. They ran back against the tide with spinnakers to port; but it was dead running, and 'Valkyrie,' edging in to the Maplins, got through into first place above the Admiralty mile. The wind then came off shore, and 'Britannia' at once began to luff in. 'Valkyrie' was determined to keep her weather wind clear, the pair had a match up to Southend, and on keeping away both touched the ground, the 'Britannia' bumping three times hard on the north head of Leigh Sand. The Prince of Wales's cutter, however, keeping wide, slipped past 'Valkyrie' about the Chapman, drew to, and came fair ahead. The pair kept up a grand race on the Essex side of the river, but 'Iverna,' greatly favoured by the wind and her opponents' jockeying, had got within a couple of minutes of the leaders when off Holehaven. Spinnakers were carried through the Hope, and a grand race finished with a free reach from Coalhouse Point home, 'Britannia' beating 'Valkyrie' by 73 seconds; but 'Iverna' won the prize by time.

THAMES, HARWICH, AND CINQUE PORTS COURSES.

A very fine open-water match was that of the Royal Thames Club on June 10 from the Nore round the back of the Goodwins to Dover. The usual tale of five of the national rig and the schooner 'Amphitrite' made up the entry, and all mustered at the rendezvous. It was a cheerless morning, the sky being heavy and of slaty hue, whilst a brisk north-easter blew cold off the water. The schooner had a yard-topsail set, 'Calluna' her No. 2 jackyarder, and the 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita,' and 'Iverna' their jibheaders. Reef-tackles were ready to pull earings down, but the breeze veered to the east north-east and did not harden. They had a beat to the Tongue with a swinging weather tide, 'Britannia' made a capital start, and twice crossed ahead of 'Valkyrie'; but exactly half an hour after the start, off the 'West Oaze,' 'Britannia' found her sister marching clear ahead. 'Calluna' had been in Tilbury Dock since her inglorious performance at Harwich; she was there lightened of tons of dead weight, and the syndicate ship was very much livelier, and infinitely more able at breeze squeezing; while the turnings were too short for 'Satanita' to be cutting a dash. 'Britannia' jumped up on 'Valkyrie' every time the long leg on port came, and at the entrance of the Alexandra Channel 'Valkyrie,' on the bearing tack, had to come about under the lee bow, the Prince of Wales's cutter thus becoming 'bell wether.' 'Valkyrie' stayed for 'Britannia,' which was however on port, but the former was clear enough ahead before getting abreast of the beacons on the Girdler. The two leading boats worked shorter tacks than the rest down the Alexandra to the southern pitch of the Shingles, and they were consequently getting picked up a little by 'Calluna' and 'Satanita.' After a long leg on port, the last tack was made for weathering distance of the Tongue Lightship, and on passing this mark after a beat of 19 miles with a weather tide, the 'Valkyrie' led 'Britannia' 2 mins., 'Calluna' 7 mins. 30 secs., 'Satanita' 9 mins. 30 secs., and 'Iverna' 15 mins. 30 secs. It may be said that the distance was covered by the leader in 2 hrs. 18 mins. After allowing for a sweep of fair tide they had a broad reach off to the North Sandhead, and although 'Britannia' raced up on 'Valkyrie,' she stopped directly she began to yaw about on the leader's quarter sea, and was half a minute astern at the North Goodwin Lightship. 'Satanita's' was a remarkable piece of sailing, as according to the 'distance table' it is 14¾ miles from the Tongue Lightship to the North Sandhead, and she was timed officially as taking just over one hour to do the distance; it should be added that the tide was running about two knots, and setting under the weather quarter, whilst it is worthy of note that between the marks 'Satanita' had two luffs with 'Calluna' and shifted her jibheaded topsail for a jackyarder. In a run to the East Goodwin main booms were carried to starboard, and 'Britannia,' running the nearer to the sands, was placed to cover 'Valkyrie,' when an inevitable gybe came off at the East Goodwin. 'Valkyrie' came over all standing just after passing the lightship, and unluckily for her the parts of the mainsheet got under the counter. 'Britannia' was also gybed in a hurry, and, covering her opponent, she slipped past into pride of place, while 'Valkyrie' was unable to pull her boom in and luff; oddly enough, however, 'Britannia' was in the same mess as her sister, and it was some time ere both had mainsheets running free through the blocks. With the North Sea tide swinging along hot, a fine head of speed was kept up, and about the Calliper head-sails were taking well and spinnakers were got in. Although the wind was quarterly from the Southsand Lightship home, 'Britannia' made but a very trifling gain on 'Valkyrie,' and, according to official clocking, crossed the line with a lead of 17 secs., and, having 13 secs. to allow, thus won with 3 secs. to spare—a remarkable finish of a grand race. 'Satanita' was 5 mins. 52 secs. astern of the leader, 'Calluna' 7 mins. 26 secs., and 'Iverna' 18 mins. 32 secs.

A smart easterly wind on the morning of the cross Channel match from Dover to Boulogne very naturally gave rise to anticipations that the time record for the course would be broken. The breeze came unsteady, however, and put a veto on the accomplishment of a fast journey either way, whilst a serious collision at the start, in which the 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia,' and 'Vendetta' were involved, had the effect of utterly spoiling the race. A fleet of eight responded to the starting gun—namely, 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Calluna,' 'Iverna,' 'Mabel,' 'Lais,' 'Vendetta,' and 'Varuna'—and they ran in close flight for the line before a north-east wind, with booms to starboard and having a gybe to make immediately after crossing. 'Vendetta' got away first and was reaching off on her course when 'Valkyrie's' bowsprit end took the 40 on the port quarter and forced her round until she filled on the starboard tack, her topmast being carried away as she was slewing. There was not much room between the outer flagboat and the port side of 'Valkyrie,' but 'Britannia's' helm was drawn down—after gybing—to give her a chance of finding a passage. She fouled the mark, however, and through 'Valkyrie's' way being deadened when she fouled 'Vendetta,' 'Britannia' had the alternative of steadying her helm and giving 'Valkyrie' a sliding blow, or of keeping it a little a-lee and crashing right through the 40. The 'Britannia's' helm was eased, and she put her bowsprit inside 'Valkyrie's' rigging, while 'Vendetta,' after getting her bowsprit broken off by 'Britannia,' got some of the gear foul and dropped alongside the Prince of Wales's vessel, with her counter up about level with the big cutter's main rigging, and the stem even with the taffrail. The three vessels, locked together, sidled away towards shore, 'Britannia,' listing to the wind, pressed her mainsail on to 'Vendetta's' port crosstree, and the sail split up from boom to gaff. The trio laid thus entangled for ten minutes, but meantime 'Valkyrie's' crew had chopped away at 'Britannia's' bowsprit and headgear; eventually the spar broke, and then the three vessels at once got clear. Meanwhile 'Calluna' and 'Iverna' had been racing away for the French coast with a fine leading wind, and twelve minutes after they had crossed the line 'Valkyrie' started in pursuit. The wind was shy and very puffy after getting inside Grisnez, and 'Valkyrie' picked up six minutes on 'Calluna,' which had beaten 'Iverna' only 3 mins. 45 secs. in going across, and 'Varuna,' the leading 40, by 24 mins. 'Calluna' hung on to her jackyard topsail in a wonderful way, as some of the puffs laid her over until the lee decks were full. 'Valkyrie' passed 'Iverna,' but 'Calluna' well kept her lead, the wind easting enough for all to fetch clean full home. 'Calluna' beat 'Valkyrie' by 5 mins. 27 secs., 'Iverna' by 8 mins. 52 secs., and 'Lais,' the first of the 40's, by 46 mins. 6 secs.

'Calluna,' 141-rater (Peter Donaldson, Esq.)

There was a full muster of the heavy-weight cutters at the Royal Southern rendezvous, the club having a first-class match on June 17, the second day of its 'Jubilee' Regatta. 'Satanita's' light blue banner was carried nearer the water-level than in her previous racing essays, owing to the lower mast having been clipped 3 feet, and additional lead had been put on her keel. 'Britannia' had made good the damage sustained at Dover, and with 'Valkyrie,' 'Calluna,' and 'Iverna' the fleet was brought up to normal strength. It was a lovely morning, glorified by fervent sunshine, and softened by a gauzy haze, but a southerly chill was not strong enough to 'carry' the smoke of the starting gun, and the surface of the Solent looked smooth as burnished steel. With flying airs filling jackyard topsails, they started the race, and ere going half a mile 'Calluna' got aground on the Calshot Spit. 'Valkyrie' was lucky to strike the first of a gathering breeze, and went reaching fast from the fleet down the West Channel. She afterwards gave a fine display by the wind, and showed matchless form on a dead run. 'Valkyrie' eventually beat 'Britannia' by 5 mins. 32 secs., and 'Satanita' by 16 mins. 4 secs., 'Calluna' and 'Iverna' both being miles astern. 'Valkyrie's' was a good performance, but she was distinctly lucky in getting the first of the wind, and she likewise was kindly treated subsequently by Dame Fortune.

Rather singularly the Jubilee Regatta of the Royal Southern Club was followed by the Jubilee of the Royal Mersey; but the latter meeting, on June 24, did not open under such exhilarating influences as the Solent gathering, particulars having just come to hand of the 'Victoria' disaster in the Mediterranean, while the weather was dismally dull, and a tearing north-north-west wind blowing. Consequent on the prevailing stiff breeze an alternative course—three times round the Formby—had been plotted off overnight—probably not, however, from any tender consideration whether the racing vessels could cross the bar safely, the anxiety more likely being in regard to the Committee-boat and her freight. The inside course was named on the day, but, in spite of foresight and precaution, the racing was disappointing. The 'Valkyrie,' which had come round from Cowes with her mainsail an underdeck passenger, could not get the sail bent owing to the rain and wind; then 'Calluna' got her anchor foul, and being 25 minutes late, did not start. 'Britannia' alone was near the line when the Blue Peter came down, yet she lost 1 min. 50 secs., while 'Satanita' came 2 mins. later, and 'Iverna' a minute after 'Satanita.' There was wind enough to warrant second earings being hardened down, all topmasts were housed, and with the tide flying to windward the ground was sidled over very fast. The start meant victory—barring accidents—in beating out of the narrow Mersey channel, and although 'Satanita' worked right up under 'Britannia,' she was kept safely pinned. There was a short jump of sea, and the two new ships were giving a free display of the fore body, smashing the tidal combers into blinding clouds of sea dust. 'Satanita' had a rare drilling from 'Britannia,' and although she also ran the faster, she could not get through in such a limited stretch of water. Thus the game was played to the end, it being a flog out from New Brighton to the Formby, and a run back each round. Had the 'Satanita' got her opponent's start, she would probably have beaten the Prince of Wales's cutter fully 5 mins., as in such a breeze she was clearly the faster to windward. 'Iverna' was very soon done with, and at the finish 'Britannia' finished 2 mins. 19 secs. before 'Satanita.'

The Royal Northern Regatta opened on July 1 with a piping breeze strong enough for slab reefs to be pulled down; before noon, however, jackyard topsails were wanted, and calms and partial breezes made tiresome work afterward, flukes being as plentiful as motes in a sunbeam. The 'Calluna' put in an appearance, and when viewed broadside on her big sail-plan gave her quite an over-hatted look. 'Satanita,' 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' and 'Iverna' all made their number, and the match commenced in a rush of wind, 'Satanita' clearing out of Rothesay Bay faster than any steamboat ever left it—perhaps a madder burst of reaching was never seen. The Southampton boat was at the head of affairs for some time, but after some fluking 'Valkyrie' led. At the end of the second round, however, 'Satanita,' through a sheer slice of luck, got 3 mins. ahead of 'Britannia,' and as it was then 4.30 and clock calm in the Clyde, it was thought the match would be stopped. The Committee, however, wanted the distance done, and 'Britannia,' being the faster in light airs, got home late in the evening 1 min. 49 secs, before 'Satanita,' 'Valkyrie,' which was nearly 20 mins. astern of the latter at the end of the first round, getting in 1 min. 32 secs, after, and saving her time for second prize. The 'Calluna's' wide wings did not seem to help her as they should have done in flaws and catspaws.

The Mudhookers opened the ball on July 5 at Hunter's Quay, and a very capital sailing programme was put forward by the exclusive 'forty' which constitute the club, the leading event being a prize value 100l. for big cutters. With 'Britannia' and 'Calluna' disabled, the affair virtually resolved itself into a match between 'Valkyrie' and 'Satanita,' although the 'Iverna' was a starter. It was imperative that the helmsmen should be amateurs, and Mr. W. G. Jameson shipped for the day as timoneer of 'Satanita,' Lord Dunraven having Mr. George Watson to relieve him on 'Valkyrie.' Starting with a free sheet in a smart breeze, 'Satanita' went away so fast that 'Valkyrie' looked likely to have a stern chase; but the wind got baffling, in beating up the Firth from Ascog 'Valkyrie' worked up, and off Dunoon, in standing off on port, she had to come round under the lee bow of her rival. A wind-jamming trial then followed, and 'Satanita' either sidled away and dropped down on 'Valkyrie,' or the latter ate up under her rival, as the end of 'Satanita's' gaff hooked 'Valkyrie's' topmast shrouds, and Lord Dunraven's cutter was towed along for some minutes. After getting clear, it was thought 'Valkyrie's' topmast was slightly sprung, and there were cross protests at the finish of the round. A desperately close race was sailed on the second turn round the course, and 'Satanita,' which was only 27 secs. ahead at the finish, got beaten on time by 'Valkyrie.' 'Iverna' finished 26 secs. after the leader.

Amateur helmsmen were in request for the big ships on Clyde Corinthian Club day, when the 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita,' and 'Iverna' responded to the starting gun. The weather was very uncertain, the breezes being so light that only one round of the course could be sailed. 'Valkyrie' was the lucky ship as she rounded the Kilcreggan flagboat, two and a half miles from the Commodore, last boat. Standing off in the Firth, along the edge of a flaw, whilst her opponents were lying becalmed, she tacked into a breezy lane, and, passing 'Iverna,' 'Satanita,' and 'Britannia' in turn, carried her way up to the line, getting the winning gun 30 secs. before 'Britannia' struggled through, and 2 mins. 15 secs. in advance of 'Satanita.' The 'Valkyrie' was steered by her owner, the 'Britannia' by Mr. W. G. Jameson, and the 'Satanita' by Mr. R. Ure.

A more unfavourable racing day than that which opened the Royal Club Regatta has never been experienced even on the unutterably fluky Firth. Sudden spurts of wind, calms, a very long spell of what was quite a deluge of rain, deafening thunder, blinding lightning and depressing gloom, made up the sample of weather vouchsafed to the competitors during the time that the 'sport' was progressing. The big cutters mustered in full force, and had a light easterly breeze, which gave a reach down the Clyde. Just before the start, 'Britannia' on the port tack, with the wind pretty broad abeam, made 'Calluna,' which had run down from the eastward with boom over the port side, come round; and this was deemed cause for 'Calluna' to pursue a protest, on the ground that a breach of the rules of the road had been committed. 'Valkyrie,' too, made a mark of 'Britannia,' the latter getting the stem, and sustaining damage to the port bulwarks aft and the taffrail. After an unsatisfactory start, 'Britannia' and 'Satanita' went round the Ascog mark together, but just as the latter was stepping out in style, and apparently in first place, her bobstay pendant burst and the bowsprit broke off short to the stem-head. Topsails had been shifted, as there was a prospect of a strong breeze, but the outcome was a tempest without a rattle of wind. 'Britannia' sailed in fine form, and simply lost her opponents directly 'Satanita's' accident had put that boat out of the way. It was a wretchedly poor time, however, and, thanks to not a little good fortune, 'Britannia' beat 'Valkyrie' by 41 mins. 40 secs., and 'Calluna' by 62 mins. 17 secs., while 'Iverna' gave up. Protests were lodged against 'Britannia' on behalf of both 'Calluna' and 'Valkyrie.' The 'Calluna's' objection was considered, and about midnight the Sailing Committee decided to disqualify the 'Britannia,' only one witness, be it said, from the last-named vessel having been called. There was really not a semblance of racing on the second day of the Royal Clyde Regatta, which was the valedictory fixture in the so-called 'Clyde fortnight.' Flying chills and draughts out of every 'airt,' with long spells of calm, kept the vessels hanging about the lower part of the Firth until the shadows were well slanting eastward. An evening breeze helped 'Valkyrie' home, but it took her nearly seven hours and a half to cover one half the course, and she finished 54 mins. 9 secs. before the 'Calluna,' 1 hr. 31 mins. 30 secs. before 'Britannia,' and about 2 hrs. 40 mins. before 'Satanita,' the last named taking 10 hrs. to cover 25 miles.

Inspiriting racing marked the opening of the Irish fixtures at Bangor, and the Royal Ulster Regatta attracted all the big cutters. The wind was fresh from the north-north-east, slab reefs were down in mainsails and sharp-headed topsails set. A thrilling and eventful contest followed a perfectly judged start, and 'Britannia,' 'Satanita,' and 'Valkyrie' formed first flight in a plain sail round the Lough as far as the South Briggs flagboat, where the last named lost her place through one of her hands getting knocked overboard in a gybe. At the same mark in the second round 'Britannia' got the inside turn, when the main boom had to come over; but 'Satanita' at once began to luff, and with mainsheet blocks together on both they went heading out in the Lough. Foot by foot 'Satanita' came up, off Ballyholme Bay she had ranged broad on the weather-beam of her rival, and was thus able to claim room at the home flagboat, which she luffed round with 5 secs. lead, and Jay then kept her shooting almost as long as she would to keep weather berth. 'Britannia' unluckily got her mainsheet jammed, and as she could not in consequence be sprung to the wind—at once—so high as 'Satanita,' she dropped under the lee quarter, and got a severe blanketing all the way up the Lough. The pair sailed an exciting match round the rest of the course, and 'Satanita' travelling like a shooting star reached home winner with 5 secs. in hand. It may be said that the feat was accomplished in one third of the course, 16½ miles, and that she beat 'Britannia' 2 mins. 29 secs. in that distance, which was a very high tribute indeed to 'Satanita's' speed. 'Calluna' finished 7 mins. 19 secs. after the winner. 'Valkyrie' never regained any of the time lost in picking up the hand who got overboard.

ROYAL ULSTER YACHT CLUB BELFAST.

The breeze steadied down during the dark hours, and the 'Valkyrie' had a day just to her liking. 'Iverna's' well-known racing banner was missed for the first time in the season, owing to her rudder-head being twisted. Spectators were treated to a magnificent light-weather match between the 'Valkyrie' and 'Britannia.' The former took the lead directly after the flash of the starting gun, but she did not seem to ghost along in the usual peerless style. 'Britannia' was with difficulty kept pinned under the lee; in fact, it was evident that 'Valkyrie' could not allow her opponent a cross-tacking chance, or her quarry would certainly have slipped her. The breezes were paltry and patchy, with plenty of white water spots about, and the course was shortened to the extent of one third the distance, 'Valkyrie' eventually crawling home winner about three lengths ahead of 'Britannia,' although there was 1 min. 56 secs. difference between them in time. 'Calluna's' big sail-plan availed her little, and 'Satanita' never once really woke up in the prevailing zephyrs. 'Calluna' finished 16 mins. 53 secs. astern of 'Valkyrie,' and 'Satanita' struggled in against the tide 8 mins. 6 secs. after 'Calluna.'

There was a piping breeze from the westward on the opening day of the Royal Irish Regatta, and a stirring struggle with 'Satanita,' 'Britannia,' and 'Calluna' for Her Majesty's Cup was accordingly anticipated. 'Calluna' risked a whole mainsail, but 'Britannia' and 'Satanita' had the baby reef in and all set jibheaded topsails. Perfect judgment was shown on the 'Satanita' and 'Britannia' in manœuvring for the start, but 'Satanita's' skipper scored first honours as he gave his ship a wipe away at the nick of time, and she reached through the line, fairly foaming a length ahead of the Prince of Wales's cutter, 'Calluna' being about a hundred yards astern. They went along the wind at a tearing pace to the Muglins Mark, jib-topsails being cracked on, and on going to the Kish the wind was brought on the quarter, a nasty roll tried spars and gear, and an ugly gybe came on before making the Lightship. At this mark 'Satanita' had given a startling illustration of her speed with a free sheet, as she led the 'Britannia' 2 mins. 5 secs., with 'Calluna' only 19 secs. astern of the latter. A very fast piece of close reaching was done between the Kish and the Rosebeg, then came a dead peg across the Bay. 'Britannia' tried hard to get 'Satanita' into short tacking, and the latter, having to turn about more often than suited her, found 'Britannia' settling up, enabling 'Calluna' to profit by the game her opponents were playing. In a hard squall the second round commenced, and through a backing of the wind they had a run with spinnakers to the Kish. A gybe had to be made, and it was a heavy one. 'Satanita' and 'Britannia' got their booms over all right, but 'Calluna's' came in a hurry, and while the boom-end was buried deep in the water, the inner part came with a surge against the runner and broke off, the outer half of the spar launching in board and lying square across the deck. Luckily no one was hurt, which was simply a miracle. The 'Satanita' and 'Britannia' sailed a desperate race during the rest of the round, and this time the former had the better of her rival beating across the bay. In going free to the Kish on the last turn, 'Satanita' sailed in peerless form, and had a lead of 4 mins. 44 secs. at the Lightship. In a close reach to the Rosebeg, 'Satanita' lost a few seconds, and then followed a splendid race tack and tack home. 'Britannia' was the better on this point, but 'Satanita' kept her under the lee and weathered the line with a lead of 2 mins. 47 secs., winning the Royal trophy and scoring a brilliant victory with 69 secs. to spare.

The Royal Irish Regatta finished on Thursday, July 20, in changeable weather and baffling breezes. With 'Calluna' crippled, the 'Satanita' and 'Britannia' had a match for the club prize, and not at all unexpectedly 'Britannia' was winner. She scored by no means a bloodless victory, and her crew had a scare when 'Satanita' struck into a breeze about half water between the Muglins and Kish, and went streaking past like a flash of greased lightning. 'Satanita' was pluckily sailed, but had not wind enough to wake her up and, when the match was stopped at the end of the second round, 'Britannia' had a lead of 4 mins. 4 secs.

ROYAL IRISH YACHT CLUB. DUBLIN BAY.

'Navahoe,' 161-rater: N.Y.Y. Club (Royal Phelps Carroll, Esq.)

Most auspicious was the opening of the Cowes racing week in regard to wind and weather, there being every indication of the morning breeze of Monday freshening when the stream bent westward, and of lasting sunshine and a clear atmosphere. The match was under the Royal London burgee, and the club had adopted a new course of which it may be said that a better could not have been marked off inside the Isle of Wight. The big cutter entry included the 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia,' 'Satanita,' 'Calluna,' 'Iverna,' and the Gold Cup challenger 'Navahoe,' and there was general rejoicing on the morning of the day that the American would be certain to get a trustworthy test of speed in her first racing essay. Curiosity to see how she would acquit herself under the circumstances ran high. The match commenced with a free reach to the eastward on the back of a fair tide, and the wind followed and gave a run, but it came in streaks and the fleet were all together at the Warner, the 'Valkyrie' being leader, with 'Navahoe' 75 secs. astern. A nice breeze was found to windward, and in turning in to the Noman 'Valkyrie' worked away from the Yankee and then went for 'Britannia,' which, with 'Satanita,' stood away for the north shore. 'Valkyrie' was then left with 'Navahoe,' and the latter along Ryde Sands and on to the Motherbank got more wind and a slacker tide, inside 'Valkyrie,' and forereached so much the faster that on coming off she crossed comfortably ahead of Lord Dunraven's cutter. 'Navahoe' performed this feat 'on her uppers,' while 'Valkyrie' was stiff as a tree, perhaps through having less wind than there was to leeward. The breezes continued to be served out partially in strength and direction, and 'Britannia,' 'Satanita,' and 'Calluna' were having a bad time in working the north shore down. 'Valkyrie' picked up 'Navahoe' in beating on to Calshot, and went round that mark with just a clear lead. The breeze was unsteady and puffy in reaching to Lepe, but for the most part sheets were checked, and 'Navahoe's' big sail-plan dragged her by to windward of 'Valkyrie,' and she was first round Lepe buoy, but she made a wide sweep in the gybe and 'Valkyrie' ran on to the fore. With a leading wind 'Navahoe' slipped through to leeward into first place before getting to Cowes, and thence they squared away. 'Valkyrie' was not raced with the same spirit as 'Britannia' was on the first run eastward, or the 'Navahoe' would have been luffed out into Spithead; the latter was, in fact, allowed to keep the even tenour of her way, and she rounded the Warner with 10 secs. lead of 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia' having run up on both, while 'Satanita' had taken the American in nearly 3 mins. With a weather tide and truer and fresher breeze, they had a fair test to windward, and a couple of boards sufficed for 'Valkyrie' and 'Britannia' to weather the American. 'Valkyrie' was sailed to bother 'Britannia,' while the 'Navahoe' was fairly let run loose. Had the sister ships been simply sailing boat against boat, they could not have carried on a keener duel. 'Britannia' beat 'Valkyrie,' but instead of having a substantial lead at Calshot Lightship, she was only just to windward of 'Valkyrie,' and but 1 min. 33 secs. ahead of 'Navahoe.' In reaching to Lepe, 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie' gained in distance on the American, but nothing in time, owing to the rushing lee-tide. There was a smart breeze to blow them home against the boiling stream, and the 'Navahoe's' big sail-plan helped her. Both 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie,' however, kept to the fore, and 'Britannia' finished winner of a hard race, 63 secs. ahead of 'Valkyrie,' 1 min. 23 secs. of 'Navahoe,' 3 mins. 50 secs. of 'Satanita,' and 7 mins. 36 secs. of 'Calluna.' It may be said that 'Satanita' gained 4 mins. 34 secs. and 'Calluna' 6 mins. 18 secs. on the 'Navahoe' in sailing the second round; the pair picked up on 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie' simply owing to the suicidal tactics adopted in racing the sister ships.

A breeze was wanting on the opening morning of the Royal Yacht Squadron Regatta to put animation in the scene afloat, still in the flood of sunshine it was a brilliant spectacle. There was a galaxy of private yachts, and quite a fleet of fighting ships of various nationalities riding on the Solent dressed in bunting, the German Emperor's new 'Hohenzollern' looming up a very Triton amongst the host, through which the racing fleet had presently to thread their way eastward. The starters for Her Majesty's Cup were the 'Meteor,' 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Viking,' née 'Wendur,' and 'Mohawk.' An alteration in the course had been made by substituting the Bullock patch buoy for the Nab, and with thoughtful consideration for the length of leg of the modern craft, the three-fathom North Bramble Channel was left out. A dreadfully slow run was made eastward, the 16½ miles from Cowes to the eastern limit of the course taking about 2½ hours to cover. The breezes came in puffs out of every cloud, but mostly from the north or north-west, and in this sort of weather it was absolutely humiliating that the aspirant for America Cup honours should be led round the lee mark by the seven-season-old 'Meteor.' With a better and fairly true breeze westerly 'Valkyrie' and 'Britannia' on a close reach in to the Noman passed the Emperor's cutter, and, from mark to mark eight miles, 'Valkyrie' beat 'Meteor' exactly 4 mins. After fetching well up to Cowes, they turned through the roads, and then got a northerly slant in the west channel; a flying weather-tide settled them bodily to windward, and at Lymington mark 'Valkyrie,' which had gone in grand form to windward, was 3 mins. ahead of 'Britannia' and 15 mins. 40 secs. of 'Meteor,' the time allowance of the last named having thus run out by 68 secs. The wind was breezing up, and they ran through a roaring ebb tide at a fair speed, the modern boats pushing out a tremendous bow wave. The 'Meteor' unquestionably had a stronger following breeze than the two leaders, and with about 3½ ft. less draught than 'Valkyrie,' she could be edged inside the tide rift on the north shore, the result being that she gained 50 secs. on 'Valkyrie,' yet with an allowance of 14 mins. 32 secs. she thus lost by 18 secs. On the question being raised that 'Valkyrie' had not followed the track marked on the official chart furnished, it was admitted that she had left the Nab on the wrong hand, and the Sailing Committee disqualified her and declared the 'Meteor' winner of Her Majesty's Cup. It may be said that the 'Wendur' after rounding Lymington mark attempted to set her spinnaker, but lost the sail, which was picked up by a pilot boat. Worse still, the boom was let drop in the water, and on it breaking two of the crew were badly hurt.

Wednesday, August 2, was chosen by the Royal Yacht Squadron for the match for the Meteor Challenge Shield presented by the German Emperor, the course being from Cowes round the Isle of Wight (outside Nab), thence round the Shambles Lightship and back through the Needles passage to Cowes, a distance of 112 miles. According to the conditions four yachts were to start or no race, but out of an entry of six only 'Britannia' and 'Satanita' went for the trophy. The start, which was fixed for seven o'clock, was delayed an hour owing to the card and sailing directions differing. At 8 o'clock, when 'Britannia' and 'Satanita' got away, the 'Valkyrie's' crew, which had made a show of getting the vessel ready, had proceeded as far as hoisting a jib in stops and lashing up the fighting colours, the vessel subsequently lying listless at anchor all day. A charmingly bright clear morning with a bonny breeze from the north-west sent the two ships scudding out in hot haste to the eastward. Spinnakers were on and jackyard topsails, and at the Nab 'Britannia' had run out a lead of 4 mins. Coming on a reach the east stream was faced, and 'Satanita,' doing a wonderful stretch of sailing, had almost drawn level with her rival, when the wind came ahead and gave a beat of about forty miles to the Shambles. In order to shun the tide the Island shore was worked, but 'Satanita' got too close and bumped hard several times on Atherfield Ledge. In working on a nasty short jump of sea was trying the vessels, and off Swanage the breeze came in such hard puffs that big topsails were got down. 'Britannia' worked away from her rival, and after a pretty considerable amount of pile-driving got round the Shambles at 4 o'clock with a lead of 10 mins. They had to face a west tide, and as the evening closed in the wind almost entirely failed. In the west channel it was mere tide-work, and at 9.30 'Britannia' drove across the line winner, 'Satanita' at the time being barely discernible astern. It was an uninteresting match, but a hard one for ships and crews, and in the heavy plunging which went on between the Needles and St. Albans 'Britannia' sprung her mast.

Thursday morning opened with a fine singing breeze from the west-south-west, and the match for the Cowes Town Cup gave promise of stirring sport. 'Britannia's' absence, owing to her mast being sprung, was generally regretted; but 'Navahoe,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita,' and 'Calluna' appeared under fighting flags. All had a single reef in mainsails, and 'Valkyrie's' topmast was struck, the rest keeping theirs on end. They were sent first to the westward, and had a clean reach to the first mark, a capitally judged start being made. 'Satanita,' nearest the Hampshire shore, was first on the line, with 'Valkyrie' overlapping the western quarter, and 'Calluna' and 'Navahoe' broad to windward. Laying down to the hard breeze, 'Satanita' was given the weight of it, and went smoking away, while 'Navahoe' in weather berth was getting comparatively very lightly sailed. A hard breeze, however, caught the Yankee, making her curl up to an ugly angle, and as she went off her helm, 'Calluna's' crew were getting scared that she would either drop down flat on them or make a wild shoot into their ship. A heavier slam than the first put the 'Navahoe' fairly out of control, and she went down on her side and wallowed helplessly in a smother of foam, until a gripe up to the wind relieved her and she came upright, when particular care was taken not to fill on her again. The weight of the wind had burst the mainsail at the clew, and, after getting the sail off the vessel ran away up Southampton Water, International rivalry thus coming to a summary end for the day. Owing to the strong wind and flood tide, the mark-boat had driven about a mile eastward, so it was soon reached down to, and 'Satanita' was first round, then 'Valkyrie' and 'Calluna.' It was a broad reach to the Warner, and cracking on a jibheaded topsail 'Satanita' was ploughing along at an astounding speed; in fact, she was doing 14½ knots when crossing the Admiralty mile. With a jibheader on, the leader was leaving 'Valkyrie,' which had lost 'Calluna's' close company through the latter, when careening to a squall, fouling the jibboom of the steam yacht 'Cleopatra,' the cutter getting mainsail split and gaff broken. 'Satanita' stayed round the Warner at 10.52, 1 min. 18 secs. before 'Valkyrie,' and the former had the benefit of a reach back as far as Cowes. Heavy squalls came off the Island, and 'Satanita' had lee decks full, 'Valkyrie' by comparison standing up manfully. Owing to the flagboat drifting, they went round Lepe buoy, and having to nip to fetch, 'Valkyrie' gained a trifle. Coming back free, 'Satanita' was driven along with jibheader, and she held a lead of 7½ mins. at the Warner. The homeward track could be laid clean full, and the wind coming off with canvas-splitting force, 'Satanita's' lee decks were washing like a porpoise's back, but she was travelling at a tremendous speed and would have gone much faster and on a more even keel had the topmast been struck. It was a wonderful display of fast sailing on her part, as she finished 8 mins. 13 secs. before 'Valkyrie,' and covered the distance, 48 miles, allowing for the drifted flagboat at Lepe, in 3 hrs. 40 mins. 50 secs., thus averaging a little over 12½ knots.

An exceedingly brilliant wind-up of an eventful regatta was made at Cowes on Friday, August 4, when the Royal Yacht Squadron prize was sailed round the Warner-Lepe course. The competitors were 'Satanita,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Calluna,' and 'Navahoe,' and they started on a short beat down the west channel in a rising breeze from the west-south-west, jibheaded topsails being set over whole mainsails. In the first board 'Navahoe' was weathered by each of her rivals, the Yankee being kept hovering in the wind, instead of being made to feel the weight of it, the previous day's experience perhaps being the cause. A heavy squall with sheets of rain passed over before the Western mark-boat was weathered, and they drove back to Cowes with spinnakers, all but the Yankee being run on the wrong gybe. From a run they came to a free reach off Osborne, and went streaking out at a great pace to the Warner, all except 'Satanita' cracking on jackyarders, but 'Valkyrie' shifted back to jibheader off the Sandhead buoy. The latter kept pride of place going east, but in coming back clean full the wind came off the Island in savage puffs and 'Satanita' was racing up. A regular flame of wind struck off above the Peel, and 'Satanita' went by the windward into first place, leaving 'Valkyrie' fairly stuck up. 'Navahoe' and 'Calluna' hung on to big topsails too long, the Yankee continuing whipper-in and falling down flat on her side in the hardest of the gushes. 'Satanita,' too, crabbed up badly, but did not heel to such an angle as 'Navahoe,' and was always lively and manageable in the puffs; she also got up a higher head of speed the fresher the wind piped. On the second round it was harder driving between 'Satanita' and 'Valkyrie' than with 'Calluna' and 'Navahoe,' and after the free reach to the Warner the first named was 2 mins. 2 secs. ahead or 3 secs. short of her allowance. It was just a clean reach from the Noman to Cowes, and some of the puffs came off the Island with the rush of a white squall. 'Satanita' was knocked down flatter than 'Valkyrie,' but she did not steady her speed, and finished a splendidly fought and most exciting race with 2 mins. 9 secs. lead of 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita' winning with 4 secs. to spare. 'Calluna' was 5 mins. 22 secs. astern of the winner, and 'Navahoe' 7 mins. 36 secs.

ROYAL SOUTHAMPTON YACHT CLUB.
1892. "Warner and Lymington Course".

Ill fortune has of late haunted each annual Saturday fixture of the Royal Southampton Club, and that of August 5, instead of attracting the fleet of heavy weights, was reduced to a match between the 'Navahoe' and 'Calluna.' The 'Britannia' had her new mast in, but was not ready, 'Satanita' was getting a strengthening band shrunk on her masthead, and 'Valkyrie,' which had come across from Cowes to Southampton Water, did not start, fearing there would be too much wind for her sprung main-boom. A north-wester came shooting down Southampton Water fresh enough for 'Navahoe's' small reef to be pulled down, 'Calluna,' however, had whole mainsail and both jibheaders. The Scotch clipper was unluckily sailed through the line too soon, and the 'Navahoe' got two minutes start; but 'Calluna' bringing quite a rattle of wind, nearly nailed her rival at Calshot Spit. The breeze got light in the west channel and came bare, while the tide had to be stemmed. 'Navahoe' kept sailing into the first of the wind, and, getting a fine lift near the Lymington Mark, led by 3 mins. 'Calluna' was sailed without heart or judgment in the run up the west channel, and so on to the Warner. She might well have carried her jackyard topsail going west, and certainly wanted it, coming back with sheets off. 'Calluna' was gybed in Cowes Roads for some reason; and while her opponent was running clean with boom the other side, the Scotch boat was 'by the lee.' 'Navahoe' at length was first to shift her big topsail, and had 6 mins. lead at the time, but when 'Calluna' did go to work sail shifting, it took her crew eighteen minutes to get down the jibheaded topsail and replace it with jackyarder. In the beat from the Warner up past Browndown there were some flukes lying under the north shore which might have been picked up for the seeking, and 'Calluna's' poor attempt at match sailing ended by 'Navahoe' weathering the line off Netley with a lead of 11 mins. 25 secs.

The racing fleet mustered in force on the Royal Albert Station, and cruisers swarmed thick as bees to do honour to the last of the Solent racing fixtures. A light gauzy haze in the early morning of Monday, August 14, did not bode well for sport, but an air came just before the starting hour for the Albert Cup, and stretched out the fighting flags of 'Britannia,' 'Navahoe,' 'Calluna,' and 'Satanita.' A south-east breeze of about weight enough for small jib-topsails to be carried with profit to windward was drawing in against the last of the east-going stream, when an eventful race commenced with 'Satanita's' bowsprit end showing first across the line; the others were close at hand, and a pretty start was made.

ROYAL ALBERT YACHT CLUB. SOUTHSEA.
1892.

The wind freshened at night after Weymouth Regatta, and on Sunday morning there was an ugly sea off the Bill. The yachts which made the passage to Torquay had a coarse time, some of them ran back, others did not leave the Dorset port, the consequence being that there was a poor muster in Torbay. The 'Satanita,' 'Navahoe,' 'Britannia,' and 'Calluna' were ready to answer the starting gun on Monday morning when the wind was piping loud from the westward. All had a reef in mainsails, and topmasts were housed when anchors were broken out, but 'Satanita's' was very unwisely got on end, and she subsequently set a jibheader. 'Satanita,' over-eager, sailed the line too soon, and her opponents had been racing for the off mark nearly 3 mins. before she followed them across. With the wind quarterly, she soon smoked out to the first flagboat, where 'Navahoe' was leader and 'Calluna' second. Then came a beat in a little head jump, and the full drift of the wind was felt. 'Navahoe's' performance in beating to Brixham was far and away her worst display, as she simply crabbed on her uppers and sidled away, while 'Satanita,' crippled as she was with jibheader, was—truth to tell—not shaping a whit better, and seemed to be simply wallowing in dead water. Off Brixham, 'Satanita' had another set back, through one of her extra hands slipping overboard, but a very smart job was made in picking the man up. 'Satanita' was punished with jibheader again on the second round, and 'Britannia,' 'Calluna,' and 'Navahoe' were waltzing away from her. On the third round the sail was pulled down and the spar housed, but it was too late in the day to pick up the first flight. 'Satanita,' however, began to tramp away, and in addition to reaching her rivals beat the lot going to windward. The wind fairly whistled off shore as they reached on for Goodrington, but 'Calluna' and 'Navahoe' did not lower staysails as on the second round. The 'Britannia's' jib, however, burst, and 'Navahoe' shifted hers. The latter was in the way of a regular canvas splitter as she kept away round the Goodrington mark, and falling down flat she swept the mark-boat with her mainsail, but continued the match. At the end of the third round 'Navahoe' was 8 mins. astern of 'Britannia,' and 4 mins. of 'Calluna,' while 'Satanita' had gained 4 mins. on the Yankee in 10 miles. The 'Navahoe's' mainsail was found to be damaged at the clew, and to be giving out at the reef lacing, and just as 'Satanita' was collaring her off the Imperial she drew to the wind and gave up. On the last round 'Satanita' gained 1 min. 42 secs. on 'Britannia,' the latter finishing an easy winner 4 mins. 30 secs. ahead of 'Calluna,' and 7 mins. 9 secs. of 'Satanita.'

TORBAY REGATTA RACE CHART TORQUAY.

The wind hardened during the dark hours, and was blowing a moderate gale from the south-west at sunrise. It had veered westerly and moderated a little an hour before the start, and the 'Britannia,' 'Calluna,' and 'Satanita' housed topmasts, got first reef in mainsails, and set third jibs in anticipation of a dusting. 'Navahoe' could not start, owing to her damaged mainsail; but had she joined in there is no reason to suppose that she would have shaped better than on the previous day, as the wind was about the same in strength and direction, and the course almost identical. 'Britannia' and 'Satanita' made a grand start, but with the wind abaft the beam the latter cleared out at once from under her rival's lee, and gave a really phenomenal display of speed going to the flagboat outside Hope's Nose, covering the distance in 13 mins. 50 secs. She was at the mark in the thick of a passing squall, and when the tiller was put down to bring her by the wind it broke off close into the rudder-head, Jay, who always steers from the lee side, being just saved from going overboard. The mishap was alike annoying to crew and spectators as the vessel would, without doubt, have established a record over the Torbay course. The 'Britannia' and 'Calluna' then had a match, and, curious to state, 'Calluna' in the hard wind which prevailed during the first, second, and third rounds, fairly beat 'Britannia' on each turn while sailing with a free sheet, the advantage gained by the latter being on the beat between the sea mark and Brixham. On the last round the wind took off a little and 'Britannia' made an all-round gain, eventually beating her antagonist by 4 mins. 17 secs.

'Satanita,' 162-rater (A. D. Clarke, Esq.)

In contrast to the tearing pipe-up at Torquay, variable breezes, flaws, catspaws, and calms prevailed in Start Bay when the Royal Dart matches were decided. Owing to the death of the Duke of Coburg the 'Britannia' did not start, but 'Navahoe' was under racing colours again, and she was opposed by 'Calluna' and 'Satanita,' Mr. Crocker, of New York, having arrived just in time to sail the American. All light kites were set, and 'Satanita' led the race on a reach to the Skerries buoy, at which mark 'Navahoe' was whipper-in. 'Calluna,' through luffing out to cover 'Satanita,' let 'Navahoe' through into second place, and the latter ran up close to the leader. The breeze got so soft that they could hardly gain on the tide, and getting a flaw first on one quarter and then on the other positions kept changing, till at the last mark 'Satanita' was just clear ahead of 'Calluna'; the tide, however, hooked the latter and set her on to the mark-boat, and she at once gave up. 'Satanita' and 'Navahoe' reached along in a trickling air with all light kites set, and 'Satanita' finished the first round with a lead of 1 min. 18 secs. Both got in the doldrums near the Start mark, but taking a chill 'Navahoe' got away with a long lead. 'Satanita,' however, brought enough wind to drag her by to windward, and give her a good lead at the east mark. 'Satanita' was lucky enough to get a new wind first, which kept pretty true and steady afterward, and she eventually beat 'Navahoe' in a fluky race by 7 mins. 45 secs.

The rising Start Bay Club, to its credit be it said, catered for the big ships, and in return secured the entry of the familiar quartet. After a breathless morning an opportune breeze from the south-east travelled in from sea and put a little life into the start. The 'Satanita,' however, had just before drove on to the outer flagboat and she was then kept lying with staysail to windward. 'Navahoe' crossed the line first, and in a soft breeze went clean full and by for the Torcross flagboat, 'Britannia' and 'Calluna' being sailed finer. 'Satanita,' when told by the Committee to 'go on,' crossed the line 11 mins. 20 secs. after 'Navahoe,' and getting a better breeze than the leaders she gained about 7 mins. on 'Navahoe.' The last named went stealing along in the gentle breeze and finished the first round 33 seconds before 'Britannia.' The breeze freshened and they came on a taut bowline, and after 'Navahoe' had tried her best to wind 'Britannia,' the latter squeezed through her lee and in the next board crossed ahead, while 'Satanita' closed up. After a run from the west to east mark, they had a broad reach home in a fine breeze, 'Britannia' keeping bell-wether. 'Navahoe' held second place in the beat to Torcross, but 'Satanita' went past in going down wind for the next mark. It was a curious finish, as after reaching in fairly foaming, the wind cut off within a quarter of a mile of the winning line, and 'Britannia' came upright. She then got a cyclonic cooler, which filled the lower sails one way and the topsail the other. 'Britannia's' long lead looked likely to be wiped out, as the 'Satanita,' 'Navahoe,' and 'Calluna' were meanwhile tearing in foaming. They in turn got stuck up, however, in the same vortex, and 'Britannia' was logged winner with a lead of 7 mins. 16 secs. of 'Satanita,' 9 mins. 20 secs. of 'Navahoe,' and 12 mins. 44 secs. of 'Calluna.' 'Satanita's' was a remarkably fine performance in such weather; but, after all, she had a bootless journey, the 'Navahoe' taking second prize.

START BAY YACHT CLUB DARTMOUTH.
4 Times Round.

The 'Navahoe' did not go further west than Dartmouth, but gave topsail-sheet for Cowes to get her wings clipped and a thorough brush up before the Gold Cup and other challenge cup matches with 'Britannia.'

Had the matches for the Royal Victoria Gold Cup been set for decision earlier in the season, and the challenger and defender not previously gauged their speed, deeper and wider interest would very naturally have been taken in the contests. As matters stood, the result appeared a foregone conclusion, yet many were warned by the 'Navahoe's' admirers that a little clipping and other alterations would be found to have wrought an improvement both in stability and speed, and that she would make a closer fight than was generally anticipated. The club arrangements for the first match of the series, on Wednesday, Sept. 6, appeared to be as perfect as possible, and excitement ran high on the morning of the day. There was a great crowd on Ryde Pier, and the official steamer which embarked ticket-holders at Southampton, Cowes, Ryde, and Southsea carried a large and critical company.

ROYAL DART YACHT CLUB. KINGSWEAR.

Friday was appointed for the final match over the long Victoria course, and it turned out a very coarse time, the wind coming in tearing squalls and the rain in sheets. 'Navahoe's' mainsail gave out at the eyelet lacings, and the second reef was got down, the start meanwhile being delayed. The American, however, eventually brought up, and Mr. Jameson, who was acting for the Prince of Wales on the 'Britannia,' declined, under the circumstances, to take advantage of a 'sail over,' it being mutually agreed subsequently to race on Monday. Monday opened with a rattling breeze from the eastward, but it had toned down at 11 o'clock, and was then a typical time to test the rivals under lower canvas with mainsails single reefed. As usual with the wind out there was a tumble of sea off Spithead. They started to the eastward at 11.5, and had a beat to the Nab, 'Britannia' having the best of it, as she was broad to windward at the flash of the gun. The west tide was going, and a long stretch was made across Spithead, 'Britannia' giving her rival a blistering for a time. She was too far ahead off the Warner to be spilling 'Navahoe's' head-sail, and, smashing through the short sea in peerless style, beat the American 9 mins. 5 secs.—or a minute a mile—turning to the Nab. Spinnakers Irish-reefed and hoisted to masthead were set after they had reached on to the Spit mark, and a gybe was made off Lee, the western flag being tacked round, and here 'Britannia' led by 9 mins. 7 secs. 'Navahoe' after rounding appeared to be starved for wind, while 'Britannia' was getting rammed along. Soon the jibsheets of the American ran out, and the sail had to be secured, sheets rove, and the sail reset, 'Britannia' meanwhile having hopped a long distance away; and she weathered the home flagboat and finished the first round with a lead of 17 mins. 7 secs. The Nab was turned to in a lighter breeze and smoother water, and 'Navahoe,' getting a northerly slant when off the Elbow buoy of the Dean, made a long leg out, while 'Britannia' had been pegging away at short turnings. The latter, however, weathered the lightship holding a lead of 14 mins. 5 secs., and she only added 10 secs. in going free to the western mark. The wind having backed to the eastward, they could lay clean for home, and with a fair tide the ground was covered very fast. 'Britannia's' masthead had gone aft, and the heel of her housed topmast was sticking out so far that it had torn the staysail just inside the tabling, and the sail split up from foot to head just before she crossed the line victorious in her defence of the Royal Victoria Gold Cup. The 'Britannia' finished at 4 hrs. 29 mins. 17 secs., and 'Navahoe' at 4 hrs. 44 mins. 25 secs.

After having finished the deciding match for the Royal Victoria Gold Cup, conqueror and conquered sailed away westward and rode the night out at anchor in Cowes Roads. Tuesday, Sept. 12, was fixed for the race for the Brenton Reef Cup, and it turned out a bright crisp morning, with a fine singing breeze easterly, and, gauged by the loom on the seascape, it appeared probable the wind would prevail from that quarter. According to conditions the course was from off the Needles Rocks round Cherbourg breakwater, passing in at the west end and out at the east, and returning to the Needles, the distance being computed at 120 miles. The antagonists were towed away after breakfast to the rendezvous, and going down the west channel a reef was put in mainsails, No. 3 jibs hoisted in stops, and flying jibs stowed at bowsprit ends, while jibheaded topsails were set after the last pull had been taken at purchases. The owner of the 'Navahoe's' wish that 5 mins. be allowed for crossing the line and the difference corrected at the finish of the match was acceded to, and about 11.30 the official steamer was in position, Mr. R. Grant, secretary of the Royal Yacht Squadron, being officer in charge. The imaginary starting line was formed by bringing the three Needles Rocks in one, and at noon the Blue Peter was lowered and the match commenced. 'Britannia' reached across the line at 12 hrs. 1 min. 6 secs. P.M., the 'Navahoe' at 12 hrs. 2 mins. 5 secs., the Prince of Wales's cutter thus having 54½ secs. to allow at the finish. Sheets were trimmed for a beam wind, and with flying jibs and balloon staysails set they went racing fast across the down-coming ebb. There was a nasty ground swell, and on getting clear from under the lee of the land the full weight of the wind was felt, the sea getting crested and heavy. Jibheaders were handed, flying jibs lowered, and working staysails set, and travelling upwards of twelve knots there was plenty of drift knocking about. 'Britannia' continued to keep 'Navahoe' astern, and two hours after the start 25 miles had been logged. The wind kept true and they continued to sail a punishing race, the vessels labouring a good deal in the lumpy sea, and yawing in all directions. Keeping up an even speed of about twelve knots, they made the breakwater about four and a half hours after the start, and up to this time 'Britannia' had kept her lead. When about five miles off, 'Navahoe' was let come up sharp across the leader's wake, and, making a shoot afterward off her helm, she looked like coming in to her opponent. 'Britannia' dropped back after being thus covered up, and then came into her rival's wake, and they raced on into the comparative smoothing under the land, with 'Navahoe' holding a few lengths lead. Topmasts were housed, and they passed into the breakwater ready for the two-miles beat through Cherbourg Roads. This was at 5 o'clock, and 'Navahoe' had a lead of 25 secs. 'Britannia' drew to close round the buoy, 'Navahoe' found her opponent beating out broad on her weather, and in the first board 'Britannia' held a clear lead. In the last tack 'Britannia' stood on until she could spoil her opponent, and it took 'Navahoe' a few minutes to recover the winding. 'Britannia' headed out of the eastern end with about 2 mins. lead, and on getting in the open the ebb was still going west. It was a clean fetch back, but the wind was heavier and the sea steeper than on coming over. When night closed in they were about half-way across Channel, the vessels then getting fearfully punished. They raced together, however, in a wonderful way, 'Britannia' keeping the lead, with 'Navahoe' about 150 yards astern, the latter running wildly about, pointing one minute wide of the leader's weather quarter and anon for the lee side. Foresails had with difficulty been lowered when the vessels were about two miles off the breakwater, but with the wind more moderate, when they were about five miles off St. Catherine's they were reset. The flood tide was streaming hard, but 'Britannia' on closing in to the Needles was hauled up a bit for fear the wind should draw off the land, while 'Navahoe' was sailed hard along and closed on the leader. As the club steamer could not be anchored in the fairway outside the Needles, she was brought into Alum Bay and moored, and according to official timing 'Britannia' showed 'on' with the Needles Light at 10 hrs. 37 mins. 35 secs. P.M., the 'Navahoe' at 10 hrs. 38 mins. 32 secs., 'Britannia' thus being winner on corrected time by 2½ secs. Mr. Carroll protested that the judge's steamer was not in position, and that the difference between the vessels at the finish was not so much as 57 secs. A meeting of the Royal Yacht Squadron Sailing Committee was called, and it was decided to adjudge 'Navahoe' winner. It need hardly be said that this ruling was thought hard on 'Britannia' after such a grand race, and no explanation of the finding was forthcoming. It was understood that the owner of the 'Navahoe' would not agree to the match being re-sailed.

It was arranged to sail for the Cape May Cup on Friday, Sept. 15, under precisely similar conditions to those which governed the Brenton Reef Cup, and over the same course. In order to obviate any difficulty about timing in the dark, it was agreed that the start and finish should be from Alum Bay, and Col. J. Sterling undertook the duties of starter and time-keeper. Seven o'clock was named for a beginning, but the vessels could not move out of Cowes Roads until 9.30, owing to a dense fog choking up the west channel.

On getting down to Alum Bay a further wait had to be made, owing to a glass calm prevailing, and it was not until 12.30 that the preparatory flag was broken out. There was a soft westerly breeze at the time, which gave a short beat out to the Needles. Fine generalship was displayed on 'Britannia,' which was intentionally sailed through the line before the gun, and 'Navahoe' was allowed the honour of showing the way. 'Britannia' followed 10 secs. later, and on meeting 'Navahoe' standing off on port tack put her round, and presently stayed dead in her wind. 'Navahoe' got a terrible shake-off, and was 2½ mins. astern at the Needles. They then had a close reach off into the Channel, and with the light breeze narrowing only slow progress was made. An hour and a half after the start 'Britannia' held a lead of about a mile, and at 7 o'clock she was judged to be three miles ahead. At 8 o'clock there was not a breath of wind, the vessels laid in a perfect calm for about two hours, and it was reckoned that 'Britannia' was then about twenty miles off the Wight. At 10.15 a north-east breeze gathered in, 'Britannia' ran away with it, and in the pitchy darkness 'Navahoe' could not be made out.

The breeze kept up, and the spinnaker was carried on 'Britannia' until Cape Barfleur lights were made out right ahead. Owing to an alteration in the character of the lights not being noticed on the chart for a time, it was thought 'Britannia' was too far to the westward, the spinnaker was then got off, and the vessel hauled up a little. The western end was made in the grey of the morning, and on entering at 5.29 'Britannia' was holding about three miles lead, but 'Navahoe' was closing up fast. The wind was drawing through Cherbourg Roads, a few boards were made to get weathering distance of the east end, and 'Britannia' was going out at the one end while 'Navahoe' was about entering at the other, the distance between them being a trifle over two miles. The breeze, which came from the northward by east, was growing, and jib topsails were pulled down when about ten miles off. 'Britannia' was sailed to keep her opponent fair in her wake, and she might have been made fetch Christchurch head, but Durleston was the landfall, and the leader tacked off the Dorset headland at 10.15, 'Navahoe' following at 10.45. It was a beat hence home with a weather tide, and 'Britannia' at this game made a terrible exhibition of her opponent, weathering the line winner of the Cape May Cup with a lead of 36 mins. 13 secs. The official timing was, 'Britannia' 12 hrs. 57 mins. 19 secs. P.M., 'Navahoe' 1 hr. 33 mins. 32 secs. P.M. It may be said that 'Britannia's' sail-area in the Gold Cup, Brenton Reef, and Cape May races was 10,327 square feet, and the 'Navahoe's' 10,815 square feet, the latter having been clipped to the extent of 270 feet.

In summing up this review it may be said there is little reason to doubt that the 'Britannia' was the best all round vessel of the fleet; the 'Valkyrie' was a trifle the quicker in stays and in light breezes, the better vessel to windward, or even on a long close reach, and also in a dead run. In hard winds and plain sailing the 'Satanita's' 10 ft. greater length on the load-line gave her the mastery over the Prince of Wales's cutter, but on any point and in any weather 'Britannia' was equal to lowering the 'Calluna's' colours. The 'Britannia' and 'Navahoe' were desperately close matched whenever the latter could get a broad reach or run and keep the lee rail out of water, but the Prince of Wales's cutter was immeasurably her superior on the all-important point—going to windward. Perfect handling contributed not a little to 'Britannia's' success, and, sailed as she was by John Carter and Mr. W. G. Jameson, it is certain nothing was given away or lost. She had a peerless record in her class—namely, 33 prizes in 43 starts; the gross value of the prizes won, including challenge cups, being in round numbers 2,500l.

It must have been highly gratifying to the 'Valkyrie's' designer that the vessel excelled in the very weather and sailing points desired—namely, going to windward and dead running. Her trials with 'Britannia' showed how wonderfully evenly matched the vessels were in moderate weather, and artistic handling was always conspicuous whenever Lord Dunraven's cutter was under a racing flag. 'Valkyrie' made her mark in the short season she had in home waters, her record being 15 prizes in 24 starts, her winnings amounting to 955l.

The 'Satanita' was a particularly unlucky boat, and on the Clyde her ill fortune passed into a proverb. After breaking the spell with a victory in Belfast Lough, she, however, scored several notable victories, and it was a great feat to win two events at a Royal Yacht Squadron regatta. Her fastest reaching display was no doubt in the Nore to Dover race, but for a short burst the speed she attained in going from the New Pier, Torquay, to the flagboat outside Hope's Nose has perhaps never been equalled by anything of yacht kind. 'Satanita' was not such a handy boat to get round marks or herring-bone through a crowded roadstead as 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie,' but Jay is deserving of the highest praise for the able way he sailed his charge. 'Satanita's' winnings included a Queen's Cup and the Albert Cup, and in 36 starts she won 13 prizes, value 760l.

The 'Calluna' was a disappointing boat; indeed, her designer got into a way at last of calling her 'My unlucky boat,' for which expression there was all-sufficient reason. The best of 'Calluna' perhaps remains to be got out of her, yet she went by fits and starts in a wonderful way, but could rarely maintain her form to a finish. She had very strong opposition in 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' and 'Satanita,' but likely enough she would have been an all-round better boat, and perhaps a real flier, with 2½ ft. less beam and 2½ ft. more load-water length. Her skipper, A. Hogarth, is exceptionally smart in handling a small craft; 'Calluna' was his first charge of the heavy-weight line, and she certainly was not the sort of craft to serve an apprenticeship in. The Clyde cutter managed to win 10 prizes in 36 starts, but it was only on two occasions that she sailed home in the van.

To small details in a racing vessel's outfit the Americans give much more consideration than British yachtsmen think necessary. Many a wrinkle might have been picked up, however, in making a careful study of the 'Navahoe's' outfit, and there is no doubt that much of the gear and ironwork in English yachts is too heavy. 'Navahoe's' failing was want of stability, and this was found out on the other side before she set out from home. Her iron skin was not in her favour, and we, on this side, have yet to learn that a vessel can be properly laid on a wind when steered with a wheel. The 'Navahoe' started 18 times and won 6 prizes. Including the Brenton Reef Challenge Cup, her gross winnings amounted to 445l.

The record of broken masts and other spars in connection with first-class vessels was a remarkable one. It is likely that poor quality wood brought about the majority of the breakages; in fact, last season's spars were a rank bad lot. The case was different in 'Thistle's' year, that vessel having a really splendid lot of sticks. It may be said that the 'Britannia' had no fewer than three masts in her forty-three racing essays, one topmast, two bowsprits, and one gaff; 'Calluna' two masts, one main boom, and one gaff; 'Valkyrie' one mast, one topmast, one boom, and one bowsprit; and 'Satanita' one bowsprit and one boom.

Referring to the 40-rating class, it was feared at the outset of the season that neither 'Lais' nor 'Vendetta' was any improvement on the over-year 'Varuna.' The last named had quite a triumphal march at the outset, winning four class matches right off. It was at Lowestoft that 'Lais' first gave 'Varuna' a taste of her quality, as she beat the latter by 13 mins. 34 secs. in moderate weather. 'Lais' was afterwards victorious at Dover, Southampton (R. Southern), Largs Regatta, Royal Western of Scotland, Mudhook, Royal Ulster, Royal Irish, Royal Alfred, Royal Yacht Squadron (Australian Cup), Royal Victoria. Altogether she made up a string of 29 prizes in 39 starts, and the gross value of her winnings was 827l. 'Varuna' gained first honours in the Royal London match (Thames), Brightlingsea Regatta, Royal Harwich (both days), Royal Mersey (both days), Royal Clyde, Royal Ulster, Royal Cornwall (S.O.), Royal Southampton (2), Royal Albert (2), Royal Dart, and Royal Western, her winning total being 23 prizes in 40 starts, value 605l. The 'Vendetta' won her maiden race, and only one more (R. Southern), before leaving the Channel. She was an improved boat when she joined in on the Clyde and won round the Royal Northern course, and she was subsequently to the fore in the Clyde Corinthian Regatta, Royal Clyde, Royal Irish, Royal London (Cowes), Royal Yacht Squadron, Royal Dorset and Torbay (2). In all she gained 18 flags in 33, and the value of her prizes amounted to 490l. The 'Thalia' only carried Judge Boyd's colours ten times, and won six prizes, value 150l.

The 'Dragon III.' was crack of the 20-rating class, and she had a very brilliant record—namely, 31 prizes, value 445l., in 34 starts. The 'Dragon' did not go through the season without a little doctoring, her formidable opponent, the 'Deirdré,' being found very hard to beat after being shortened about 10 in. on the water-line, and getting 45 square feet more sail-area; so 'Dragon' was altered in like manner, and 'Deirdré' had again to take second place. The new 'Vigorna' was a failure, and 'Dragon' and 'Deirdré' were too good for the 'Molly' ('Dragon II.'). The 'Zinita' would perhaps have proved equal to tackling the 'Dragon III.' by the wind, but Mr. Hill's boat would certainly have been able to score heavily with checked sheets. 'Deirdré's' record was 21 prizes in 35 starts, and the 'Zinita's' 18 in 24 starts. The 'Phantom' was the crack of the tens, with 14 prizes in 24 starts; and the 5-rater 'Red Lancer' in going round the coast managed to win 24 flags in 34 racing essays.

Mr. Hill's 'Dragon III,' 20-rater.

This review would not be complete without some reference to sails, and it may be said that those made by the joint firms of Laphorn and Ratsey were really wonderful and perfect specimens of the art. Still, 'Valkyrie's' canvas elicited the greatest praise in America, and especially from General Paine, who said her suit 'fitted like a glove; the most perfect canvas he had ever seen in America.' The quality of the material and workmanship was strikingly evident in 'Britannia's' mainsail, which lasted a season through, and after all the fagging and rough work it had, it kept its shape to the end of the season. The 'Valkyrie' had a mainsail made of Sea Island cotton for the America Cup matches, but most people would vote flax good enough after seeing such a sail as 'Britannia's.' The 'Satanita,' 'Calluna,' and 'Valkyrie's' mainsails stood equally well as 'Britannia's,' and those of the 40-raters 'Lais' and 'Vendetta' could not have been better. The twenties were quite as well done by; but the plan of giving the last-named class wide cloths in a measure spoils the beauty of the sails. The patent jibs introduced by T. Ratsey were very pretty sails, but they seemed liable to go across the diagonal seam in a gusty wind.

CHAPTER XII
THE AMERICAN YACHTING SEASON OF 1893
By Lewis Herreshoff

The yachting season of 1893 was inaugurated by the laying of 'Navahoe's' keel in the autumn of 1892, at the construction shops of the Herreshoff Company, in Bristol, R.I.

Interest was soon centred in her, for it was clear that she was intended for some unusual service, and when her owner Mr. R. P. Carroll, announced his programme for the season of 1893, of going to England to try for the American cups there, and to take part in what racing he might, there was an astonishing awakening of enthusiasm on both sides of the Atlantic, which culminated in the international contest off New York in October 1893, that being without question the most exciting and interesting series of races ever witnessed. Early in December 1892 the challenge from Lord Dunraven was finally settled and adjusted, creating a patriotic ardour in all English and American yachtsmen.

Almost simultaneously the 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia,' 'Calluna,' and 'Satanita' in England, and 'Colonia,' 'Vigilant,' 'Jubilee,' and 'Pilgrim' in America, were begun, the last three English yachts being expressly intended to defend the American and other trophies against the attack of 'Navahoe,' as well as more fully to test the value of 'Valkyrie,' on which rested the herculean task of returning the America Cup to its native shores. The early months of 1893 were spent by the yachting circles of both England and America in discussions on and comparisons of the merits of their favourite design and construction, rig and so forth.

All attempts by the designers and builders to keep their work secret were utterly futile, for all essential information as to dimensions and chief characteristics found their way into the newspapers, giving zest to the public interest and discomfiture to the builders, who set seals on the mouths of their workmen and watchmen, and blocked every door and window where the prying public might steal a view of the coming wonder; but seals and watchmen could not evade the desire to know what was to be the form and outline of the 'Defenders,' as the American yachts were popularly called. The table on p. 402 gives important information concerning the five American yachts of 1893, to which is added 'Valkyrie,' her dimensions being important for comparison with the American vessels. 'Navahoe' was built under restrictions that precluded all expectations of attaining the highest speed; she was intended for a cruiser which in the event of necessity could be rigged and sailed so as to make a good show with yachts then in existence. Her performance in English waters, although disappointing, was but little below the anticipations of those who knew her and understood the value of her opponents, whose lines were not drawn when 'Navahoe' was begun.

The yachts 'Navahoe,' 'Colonia,' and 'Vigilant' are all after the type of 'Gloriana' and 'Wasp,' but differing widely in some points, the first and last being centreboard vessels, and 'Colonia' a keel, but of not sufficient lateral plane, rendering her windward work faulty.

'Vigilant' represents perhaps more nearly than the others the so-called American type; she combines a broad beam with good depth, and with her centreboard down draws about 23 ft.

CutterOwnerDesignerBuildersLength
over all		L. W. L.BeamDraughtSail-areaSail-makers
ft.ft.ft.ft.ins.ft.
NavahoeR. P. Carroll, N.Y.N. G. HerreshoffHerreshoff
Manufacturing Co.		123—23130—Wilson and Silsby
230
ColoniaArch. Rogers and others, N.Y.""12885.482415311,340"
VigilantE. D. Morgan and others, N.Y.""12786.122614011,312Wilson and Griffen, N.Y.
240
ValkyrieLord DunravenGeo. L. WatsonHenderson117.2585.50—176—Ratsey
JubileeChas. J. Paine, BostonJ. B. PaineLawley Corp., Boston12584.472313911,342Wilson and Silsby
220
PilgrimBayard Thayer and others, BostonStewart and BinneyPussey and Jones12385.282322610,261"

The chief characteristic of her construction is the employment of Tobin bronze for her plating (save the upper row of plates, which are of steel), and her centreboard, also of bronze, is made of two plates set apart with ribs between, the space of 2½ in. being filled with cement; the structure weighing 7,750 lbs., and being operated from the cabin by means of differential lifts, capable of raising 6 tons.

'Jubilee' is of unusual design and construction; her body is wide and shallow, with a fin attachment carrying about 40 tons of lead at a depth of 13 ft. below the water's surface, and to increase the lateral plane she has a centreboard that works through the fin and its bulb of lead, exposing surface enough to ensure most excellent windward work, dropping about 8 or 10 ft. below the bulb. 'Pilgrim' is an out-and-out fin-keel yacht, the largest vessel of that type ever built. Like 'Jubilee,' she is broad and shallow of body, the fin being of a separate construction, and this with its bulb of 15 tons weight was attached to the vessel in New York, the hull having been built in Wilmington on the Delaware. She carried her bulb 23 ft. below water, which gave her good stability and power to hold her course when sailing to windward; but with her, as in some measure with 'Jubilee,' they did not represent any authorised, well-tested type of yacht, and though their performances were interesting and highly instructive, they did not fill the mind of the true yachtsman with glowing satisfaction, seeing that the work that was in hand was one of national importance and required designs of equally high character. The middle of July found all four yachts in sailing, if not racing, trim; their owners scrupulously avoided contact with each other; each claimed unheard-of speed and other noble qualities; and each felt that his craft was that on which would rest the honour of defending the America Cup. It was soon found that the booms of 'Colonia' and 'Vigilant' were not satisfactory; they were not stiff enough to hold the sail where it should be to ensure a flat set, and when swung off their weight was found to list the yacht too much, both of which difficulties were to be expected in spars of their length and diameter (100 ft. long by 16 in.). Hollow booms of different construction were tried. Those where the spar was sawed lengthwise and the core dug out, then glued and trenailed together, were found to be the best. Booms of highly elaborate construction made for 'Colonia' and 'Vigilant' were tried and found unsuitable. They were built up of long staves, having double skins which were well glued and fastened, and weighed less than half the solid spar; they were 30 in. at slings, 18 in. at after, and 15 in. at forward ends, but they evidently were lacking in material enough to endure the tension on one side and the compression on the other, and were condemned after a short trial.

In the first regatta of the N.Y.Y.C. cruise on August 7, 'Colonia' and 'Vigilant' met; it was at the head of Long Island Sound, triangular course.

There came a puff of wind a moment after starting, and before the defenders sailed a mile 'Vigilant' broke down and withdrew, leaving 'Colonia' without an opponent, as 'Jubilee' and 'Pilgrim' did not join the fleet until later.

The race for the Goelet Cups off Newport on August 11 was famous for first bringing together all four of the 'Defenders,' and infamous in the annals of yachting for being the most disappointing occasion that was ever remembered. Calms varied by light baffling breezes, generally from the east; mists mitigated by clearing moments, which finally settled into a hopeless calm and densest of fogs. 'Colonia' came drifting home nearly fifteen hours from the start, with 'Vigilant' and 'Jubilee' an hour or two behind. 'Pilgrim' had long before withdrawn. The course was from Brenton's Reef light-vessel to that at the entrance to Vineyard Sound, thence a short leg to the light-vessel at the entrance of Buzzard's Bay, and thence to the point of starting—about thirty-six miles.

The only fact disclosed by this race was that 'Jubilee' was as good as 'Vigilant' in beating out to the Vineyard Light, and that 'Vigilant' was faster than 'Jubilee' in reaching, for the latter was caught and passed by 'Vigilant' a few moments before the wind wholly disappeared.

NEW YORK YACHT CLUB.
1893. REGATTA COURSE.

During the continuation of the cruise there were several tests of speed in going from port to port, in which 'Vigilant' showed herself to be the fastest.

'Vigilant,' Cup defender.

The races for the Astor Cups off Newport were in the main unsatisfactory as real tests of speed and desirable qualities, but in all it was more and more assured that 'Vigilant' was the best, and also that 'Pilgrim' was far from fulfilling the expectations of those responsible for her. The August races ended without affording any definite information as to the comparative value of the 'Defenders,' but there was a growing opinion that 'Vigilant' was best, with 'Colonia' and 'Jubilee' about even, and 'Pilgrim' well astern; this classification, however, was from inference rather than any absolute test. 'Jubilee' and 'Pilgrim' went to Boston to prepare for the final trial, to take place off New York in a series of races beginning September 7. It was decided by the owners of 'Pilgrim' to give her more power; lead was added to her bulb, spars lengthened, and sail-spread increased. 'Jubilee' underwent only minor alterations, whilst 'Colonia' and 'Vigilant' tried to improve the set of their sails (a hopeless task) and otherwise prepared for the all-important final race. In the first of the trial series 'Colonia' and 'Vigilant' were about even, the Boston boats being disabled by damage to their gear. The second and third races were victories for 'Vigilant,' the last race being sailed in a fine wind and fairly rough sea.

Those who wanted to see an actual test of qualities were again bitterly disappointed, for the Boston boats did not show as they might have done had their rigging and spars remained intact; but in the case of 'Pilgrim' it was clear that her increased sail-spread and consequent augmentation of weights below and aloft imposed too severe strains on her hull and rigging, so that structural weakness became alarmingly evident before the close of the race, when she was at once put out of commission, since which she has been sold, and will appear next as a harbour steamer for passengers.

The choice of 'Vigilant' to defend the cup was a wise one—in fact, the committee could decide nothing else, for it was clear that 'Colonia' could not do good work to windward, through lack of lateral resistance; and 'Jubilee,' although unquestionably a very fast yacht—in some instances the equal of 'Vigilant'—was rigged with such untrustworthy material that she could not be depended upon to enter so important a struggle as the defence of the America Cup. After the trial races and consequent choice of 'Vigilant' as defender, public attention was centred on the coming of 'Valkyrie.' Day after day passed and yet no news of her; at last anxiety was felt for her safety, seeing that she had not been positively reported since her sailing. But, after a thirty days' voyage, she appeared at sunrise off Sandy Hook, none the worse for her stormy passage.

'Valkyrie' was quickly put in racing trim, and on the arrival of Lord Dunraven all the final arrangements for the contest were settled and both yachts prepared for the struggle, the last act being the docking of them to make their wetted surfaces as smooth and repellent of water as possible.

The America Cup races were set to begin on October 5 and four following alternate days, the first, third, and last to be 15 knots from the lightship off Sandy Hook and return in a course parallel with the wind; the second and fourth races to be triangular, 10 knots on each leg, to start from the same point, and to have one leg to windward; all races to be started from a single gun, and to be sailed in a limit of six hours.

Earl of Dunraven's 'Valkyrie.'

As the day approached the excitement became intense; yachtsmen and sportsmen flocked to New York from all parts of the country. Betting ran in favour of 'Vigilant' (3 to 2), some bets being taken at large odds against 'Valkyrie's' not being able to win a single race in the series.

First Race, October 7, 1893

—StartTurnFinishElapsedCorrected
h.m.h.m.s.h.m.s.h.m.s.h.m.s.
Vigilant1125150503304745474547
Valkyrie112515856338234132341135

'Vigilant' wins by 5 mins. 48 secs.

Second Race, October 9, 1893

—StartFirst markSecond markFinishElapsedCorrected
h.m.h.m.s.h.m.s.h.m.s.h.m.s.h.m.s.
Vigilant1125163515655250132513251
Valkyrie112511120255232243372433536

'Vigilant' beat 'Valkyrie' on first leg 4 mins. 35 secs., on second 4 mins. 12 secs., and on third 3 mins. 26 secs. 'Vigilant' won by 10 mins. 35 secs.

Third Race, October 13, 1893

—StartTurnFinishElapsedCorrected
h.m.h.m.s.h.m.s.h.m.s.h.m.s.
Vigilant122723535351393243932439
Valkyrie122723340353523265232519

To windward 'Valkyrie' gained 1 min. 55 secs. Off the wind 'Vigilant' gained 4 mins. 8 secs. 'Vigilant' won by 40 secs.

Every steamer, tugboat, or anything propelled by an engine within 250 miles of the scene of the contest was pressed into service; and the fleet by sail and steam started for New York, bearing eager, interested men who had laid aside every business or social engagement to witness what was felt to be the greatest yachting event the world had ever known.

The 5th came. The bay and surrounding waters were alive with craft loaded with excited spectators, but all were doomed to the bitterest disappointment. It was a perfectly exasperating day—light winds varied by calms; and spectators saw the nation's hope absolutely forsaken by the treacherous breeze, whilst her opponent sailed away with favouring flaws until the American was hopelessly distanced. The time limit was reached before two-thirds of the course were covered, and yachtsmen as well as spectators returned utterly disgusted. The abortive race of the 5th afforded not the slightest clue to the comparative value of the contending yachts, so on the 7th the prospects of the coming race were as uncertain as ever.

The day was again disheartening; a waning westerly wind gave no promise of a good race; the attendance was still large, but there was a decided falling off in numbers from the first day.

The yachts were sent off east by south at a six or seven mile pace, the 'Vigilant' slowly gaining; but when about half-way to the outer mark 'Vigilant' took a start and rapidly drew away from 'Valkyrie,' so that when within three miles of the mark she was one and a quarter mile in the lead. Here a soft spot in the wind occurred, and 'Valkyrie' drew on the brass-bottomed boat; but at that moment the wind shifted more southerly, blowing over the quarter rail of the yachts, and 'Vigilant' again drew away from her pursuer, turning nearly a mile and a half in advance.

The wind having changed in direction there was no windward work, the yachts returning two or three points free, and maintaining the same relative distance at the close as at the outer mark. The race of the 7th, although a decided victory for the American, was not generally considered as a satisfactory test of sailing qualities; the wind was unsteady in force and direction, and to some extent fluky, but in the opinion of those who were competent to judge, the 'luck' was rather more on the side of the 'Valkyrie' than the 'Vigilant,' the English, however, stoutly declaring the reverse.

The real value of the two yachts in windward work was still unknown, and although 'Vigilant' had scored by a good margin one race, still the result was then quite uncertain.

October 9 opened with a fair promise of wind; the interest was still deep and the attendance large; the course was triangular, ten miles each side. The first leg was to windward; the yachts started about equal as to time and position.

At first 'Valkyrie' seemed to lead—that is, she outfooted the American; but the latter was slowly edging up toward the wind, and later, when a good weather position was gained by 'Vigilant,' her skipper gave her more power, and with the increasing wind she rapidly left her opponent astern, rounding the first mark well in the lead.

The next leg was a broad run, and all that witnessed it unite in declaring that yachts never made such time in a race before. They flew; but 'Vigilant' flew the faster, and nearly doubled the handsome lead that she had obtained on the rounding of the first mark.

The home leg was with a freshening free wind two points forward of beam. It was made without incident, save that 'Vigilant' had to favour her bowsprit that was sprung on the windward stretch, her jib-topsail was lowered, and head-sails eased in regard for the weakened spar. On the home stretch 'Vigilant' still further widened the distance between her and the English yacht, and made a most decided point in her favour. The race was a fine one, but it seemed to seal the fate of 'Valkyrie'; still with native pluck her undaunted owner made ready for the next race. By a most masterful stroke a new mainsail was bent, and more lead given the cutter, so that she lost fifteen seconds of time allowance from the American.

October 11th proved another disappointing day. Light breezes and calms ruled; the beat of fifteen miles resulted in no decisive difference in the sailing of the yachts, for when the time-limit was reached the yachts were far from home, with the American yacht leading.

On the 12th a gale was reported as working up the coast, and great hopes were entertained of a fresh wind for the fifth start. Many thought that the American yacht would beat her opponent more easily in a strong wind and rough sea, but they were disappointed, as the sequel proved. When October 13 dawned an easterly gale was blowing up; early in the morning the wind began to pipe and the sea to roughen, and by the time of starting the wind had set in strong and steadily from the east. After some delay caused by an accident to the rigging of 'Valkyrie,' that was speedily repaired on board, the two yachts shot away for a fifteen-mile thresh to windward, the 'Valkyrie' at the south end of the line, and 'Vigilant' at the north end—a fair start. At first 'Vigilant' outfooted 'Valkyrie' and held nearly or quite as well to the wind; but when the windward work was about half finished the wind drew more from the south of east, it soon began to increase in good earnest, and from that moment 'Valkyrie' got further away from 'Vigilant,' and turned the outer mark nearly two minutes ahead. On starting, the yachts had each a reef down, 'Vigilant' a whole reef, 'Valkyrie' a half reef in her mainsail, each her working topsail set, with usual head-sails. After the mark was turned it became apparent that if 'Vigilant' were to win she must work, and, as it proved, no lack of energy was displayed on either yacht. The reef was turned out of 'Vigilant's' mainsail, and her No. 1 club topsail set over it. The storm that had been threatening all day now began to increase, the wind rose rapidly and the sea became very rough.

'Vigilant' gained noticeably on her opponent, and passed her when about half-way to the home point. The contest was now most exciting; the rigging of both yachts was strained to the last degree. Soon after the 'Valkyrie' was passed by 'Vigilant,' her spinnaker, that was torn in setting, became disabled by splitting; another but smaller one was set in its place, but that also soon gave way to the ever-increasing force of the wind. The last three miles of the race were a mad rush for the 'Vigilant'; she carried all the sail that could be spread, and it seemed that an inch more of canvas would carry everything by the board. She gained more quickly than ever on her crippled follower, and crossed a close winner in the midst of the most exciting scene that yachting annals have ever recorded.

It is hard to say if the 'Vigilant' would have won had 'Valkyrie' not lost her light sails; but if the latter claims that her race was thus lost, 'Vigilant,' with equal sense of right, can claim that a maladjustment of her centreboard lost her at least five minutes on the beat out.

Closely following the termination of the races both yachts were put into winter quarters, and owners as well as crews took breath, enjoying a well-earned rest. It is not possible at this early moment to draw any absolutely settled conclusions as to the merits or demerits of the contesting yachts. Fortunately Lord Dunraven decided to leave 'Valkyrie' in the States for a continuation of the contest in 1894, when if the races that are now hoped for occur, and all the yachts take part that now promise to do so, it will be a far more useful and interesting contest than was afforded by the races of 1893.

A few points that are worth considering force themselves on the close observer of the international races of 1893.

October is one of the worst periods of the whole year for racing, at least during the first half of the month; the winds then are light and inconstant in force and direction, and calms are of longer duration than at any period during the yachting season.

From August 15 until September 20 is without doubt the most favourable time for racing, and when another international contest is contemplated, it is to be hoped that the races will be set at least three weeks earlier than those of 1893.

This international sport awakens such a widespread interest, serving, as it were, as a great national school in yachting and racing, that it is to be hoped as much facility as possible may be afforded the public for witnessing them; therefore, let all international races be held in New York waters, where they were in 1893, as that point is more accessible than any other to those interested. We in America must establish some school for the training of skippers and crews; there is not to-day a professional skipper in the country, nor a crew that is capable of sailing a yacht against the English. The best school possible is actual racing, and when we present to our yachtsmen a racing list as long as that published in England, then we can hope to have captains and men fit to hold their own. The English may learn of the Americans how to design a yacht that will bear pushing to extreme speeds without making such a disturbance in the water as did 'Valkyrie.' They can also take lessons in staying the mast and masthead, and in proportioning the sizes of spars and standing rigging more closely to the labour assigned them. The Americans may learn of the English how to make canvas that will stand where it is desired; and when it is made they can also learn of them how to make sails and how to set them; and in general to copy the management of their yachts when racing, that when we meet the English in international races we may be able to rig and sail our yachts in such manner that an expert would be able to say whether any advantage on either side was due to design, or if not to that factor alone, to place the cause of advantage where it belongs, so that the lesson set by such races may be of some benefit to those who have the improvement of yacht-designing and sailing near their hearts.

The long-mooted question of keel v. centreboard still remains unanswered, and in fact it never can be determined as a general rule. In close windward work there seems little or no difference between the keel and centreboard as to speed; the latter has some advantage when sailing free by raising the board, thus lessening the wetted surface of the yacht.

The great and undeniable superiority of the centreboard lies in the fact that a yacht possessing it can essentially reduce her draught of water so as to work in depths that would be wholly impossible for the keel vessel. It would seem, therefore, that the advantage gained in the use of the centreboard is mainly not one of sailing qualities, but one of desirability for use in certain locations where shallow water prevails.

The interest exhibited in the international races by those who were able to be present has already been mentioned, but it yet remains to notice the astonishing degree of excitement as to the result of the races evinced by the public at large.

From Maine to California, and from Michigan to Florida, news of the struggle was eagerly awaited, and in all the cities, towns, and even villages the exact position of the yachts was exposed on a bulletin board, the news being sent by telegraph every five or ten minutes, or more often if the change of position of the yachts demanded it. In some of the larger cities where the interest was most intense such crowds collected in front of the bulletin boards that traffic had to be suspended; in New York City the stock-board was deserted, and business generally was at a standstill.

CHAPTER XIII
THE AMERICA CUP RACES, 1893[24]
By Sir George Leach, K.C.B.

On October 5th, the opening day of the races, the first thing to strike the observer was the extraordinary number and diversity of craft attracted by the spectacle. Near the Sandy Hook Lightship we find the racers were under way, with whole mainsails and jackyarders set. 'Vigilant' looks a bigger ship than 'Valkyrie,' with a more numerous crew, and four battens in the leach of her mainsail and three in her staysail. The two vessels were easily distinguished one from the other, 'Vigilant' being painted white above her bright yellow Tobin bronze, 'Valkyrie' black with gilt line. The starting-line was between the commodore's steam yacht 'May,' the New York Club's flagship, and Sandy Hook Lightship. There was no tide. The wind was a little east of north, and the course 15 miles to leeward round a mark and back. 'Vigilant' allowed 'Valkyrie' 1 min. 48 secs. The first gun was at 11.15 A.M., the start gun 10 mins. after. Just prior to the start the yachts set their head-sails. 'Vigilant' sent up a large bowsprit spinnaker, a very favourite sail in American waters, and 'Valkyrie' a large jib-topsail. The crowd was immense, excursion steamers, tugs, yachts; and at the start came the horrible screech of steam whistles, customary on these occasions, but dreadful all the same.

Spinnakers were at once run up on the starboard side, but the wind was so light that, in spite of the enormous sail-areas, little progress was made. By noon the sky was clear and the sun came out, but at 1.30 there was a marked change. The wind shifted, and a light air came from S.W. 'Vigilant' took in her bowsprit spinnaker a little too soon, for 'Valkyrie,' holding on somewhat longer, ran up, and passing to windward so effectually blanketed 'Vigilant' that she lost steerage way for some ten minutes. During this time 'Valkyrie' crept up to the S.W. wind, and was going on her way rejoicing. The S.W. wind held true; it became a close haul to the mark, which 'Valkyrie' rounded at 3 hrs. 37 mins. 20 secs. The 15 miles took 4 hrs. 12 mins. 'Vigilant' rounded at 4 hrs. 2 mins. 30 secs., twenty-five minutes after 'Valkyrie,' whose performance created great disappointment to English sympathisers. At 5.10 the Committee stopped the race—if race it could be called. The excitement on shore as well as afloat was intense. Upwards of 200 steamers of various kinds accompanied the race, all crowded with spectators, and some of them got terribly in the way at the start of the race, the police-boat warning them off, and 'Valkyrie' holding up from her deck, in large letters, 'Keep further off.' On the whole, the course was fairly kept, and there was certainly no intention to injure 'Valkyrie's' chance—quite the contrary. I am happy to say the spirit of fair play appeared to animate all; the anxiety of the captains of the steamers to show their friends as much as possible was really the sole cause of trespass.

This day's race was another example of the frequency with which races to windward and leeward and return fail in their object, especially in early October in these waters, when the wind is more fluky and lighter than at any other time of the year. If the S.W. wind had piped up a little, it would have been a reach both ways. On the whole, triangular races are best courses.

On the second day, October 7, after rain in the early morning, it became fine and bright as the New York Club's steamer left No. 8 Pier at 9.15. Not quite so many steamers appeared, although there were probably over 150, many large excursion ones, and yachts. One yacht stood prominently out, and was conspicuous for her taut brig rig and large tonnage, 2,400—a grand vessel, the 'Valiant,' designed by St. Clare Byrne for Mr. Vanderbilt, and built at Liverpool. There was also a large yacht of the 'Chazalie' type; and I may also mention Commodore Morgan's steam yacht 'May,' designed by Mr. G. L. Watson. The wind, W. by S., was still very light, with a gentle swell from the southward. Course, 15 miles to leeward, round mark, and return. The start at 11.25 was admirable. 'Valkyrie,' beautifully handled, out-manœuvred 'Vigilant,' and crossed the line to windward about 10 secs. ahead. Spinnakers were at once hauled out on the starboard side, both setting balloon jib-topsails and lowering foresails. Bowsprit spinnakers are more correctly to be termed balloon jib-topsails, the difference being that the balloon jib-topsail is hanked on the stay. 'Vigilant' drew ahead, and at 12.25 was a quarter of a mile in front. 'Vigilant,' a quarter of a mile to the eastward, got a streak of wind and increased her lead, her balloon jib-topsail drawing well. At 1.30 'Vigilant' was nearly a mile ahead; she tacked round the mark 1 hr. 50 mins. 30 secs., 'Valkyrie' following at 1.59, when she was bothered by a small steamer. The 15 miles took 2½ hrs. to accomplish, but on the return there was no beating to windward, a close haul with jib-topsails set. The windward work was again frustrated by shift of wind. It was a plain sail home, and

h.m.s.
'Vigilant' crossed the line33016
'Valkyrie' " "33757

After deducting time allowance, the English boat lost by 5 mins. 53 secs. One of the members of the Committee took the velocity of the wind at different periods of the race, as follows:—

h.m. Velocity
per hour
1125 10.0
156 14.5
23 9.0
323 9.0
335 8.8

It will be well to remember that here velocity does not indicate strength as we feel it at home. As Lord Dunraven particularly noticed, the dryness of the wind reduces the pressure, which the moisture of our climate so materially increases.

The result of the race seemed to show that the two yachts were fairly matched, so that if one got a slice of luck the other was not likely to recover without a slice too, or a good streak. The course was better kept; but, although the race was not affected by it, the 'Valkyrie' was favoured by the wash of steamers on the return from the mark-boat.

On the third day, October 9, everything promised well; the weather was all that could be desired to test the relative merits of the two racers; the morning bright, with a good topsail breeze, and the white crests on the wavelets gave hopes of great sport. The Club steamer left the pier at 9 A.M.; but on our arrival at Sandy Hook no breeze was there. The steamers were fewer in number; I had, however, no difficulty after the start in counting fifty, besides yachts under canvas. Going down the river we passed one very striking object, the well-known gigantic and magnificent statue of Liberty, which stands on a small island. I must say I never saw anything finer, either in conception or execution.

The wind was from the S.W., the course triangular, round marks placed by steamers with a large red ball hoisted, the steamers remaining near to indicate their positions, which were so stationed as to make each side of the triangle ten miles. Both yachts carried jackyarders and jib-topsails. The start took place at 11.30, after some pretty manœuvring as usual, 'Valkyrie' getting the weather berth, and a little ahead. About 12.30 the wind increased, with a little jump of sea, and both went round on the port tack; here 'Vigilant's' power began to tell. 'Vigilant' bore round the first mark at 1 hr. 6 mins., and 'Valkyrie' 4 mins. 50 secs. later. A broad reach on starboard followed, 'Vigilant' setting her balloon jib-topsail very smartly. Soon after this 'Vigilant' sprung her bowsprit and took in her jib-topsail. The second mark was rounded by 'Vigilant' at 2 hrs. 1 min., 'Valkyrie' at 2 hrs. 10 mins. 3 secs.

Now came the last ten-mile reach on the port tack to the finish. The wind piped up still stronger; but 'Vigilant,' though carrying only a small jib-topsail, still increased her lead, finishing a winner at 2 hrs. 49 mins. 3 secs., 'Valkyrie' coming in 12 mins. 20 secs. after her. After deducting time allowance she lost the race by 10 mins. 32 secs.

The wind velocities were as follows:—

At thestart10miles per hour
"first mark15""
"second mark22""
"finish29""

On the fourth day, October 11, the start was delayed, the competitors hoping for wind, but it was made at 1.45. Course, south by west to windward and back. 'Valkyrie,' there is no doubt, was always beautifully handled, and it would be wrong not to recognise the ability Cranfield has shown throughout, whether in manœuvring for the line or in sailing 'Valkyrie' during the races in waters far from home. To these he is not a stranger, having had some experience with Sir Richard Sutton in the 'Genesta' (1885) when sailing against 'Puritan.' This race, October 11, could not be finished within the prescribed time, six hours, and therefore the tugs took the competitors in tow, homeward bound.

On the fifth day, October 13, the course was to windward and leeward. This was the great day, and included many most exciting episodes. 'Valkyrie' had altered her trim, but news had arrived of a hard blow in the south, and in heavy weather what could she do against the more powerful boat, the 'Vigilant'? The weather was overcast and cloudy, wind S.E., blowing moderately at Sandy Hook Lightship. When 'Valkyrie' was below the Narrows her mainsail was lowered, one of the throat-halliard blocks had to be repaired, and it was 11.19 before she neared the starting point. The course, due east, was given from the steam yacht 'May.' Signals now came from 'Vigilant,' 'Time wanted for repairs.' Her centreboard was jammed, but finally it was lowered about eleven feet. At 12.7 the Blue Peter was run up on the flagship. The two were under the same canvas, each with jibheader over single-reef mainsails, foresail, and jib. At 12.17 came the preparatory gun, and then began some of the prettiest manœuvring ever seen in these waters as the two big cutters chased each other like a couple of kittens for the weather berth. 'Valkyrie' passed the line up to windward 12 hrs. 27 mins. 10 secs., 'Vigilant' to leeward 3 secs. later. It was a long tack, some six miles, towards Long Island, 'Valkyrie' carrying her canvas decidedly the better of the two; to-day she was notably stiff—in fact, at no time has she ever been tender. She pointed as high as 'Vigilant,' and held her weather berth easily. The latter was heeling over much at 1 hr. 18 mins. 'Valkyrie' was on her weather bow. 'Vigilant's' jibsheet got adrift. The wind was now stronger, and they were getting a head sea, which did not suit 'Vigilant's' beam and bow.

This long tack lasted an hour, and at 2.15 'Valkyrie' led by three-eighths of a mile. As they neared the outer mark the time was

h.m.s.
'Valkyrie'23340
'Vigilant'23535

In the beat to windward of fifteen miles 'Valkyrie' gained 1 min. 55 sec.

Spinnakers were now on both, the wind increasing, and at 2.47 'Valkyrie's' biggest balloon jib-topsail went up. 'Vigilant' had some trouble forward with hers, and a hand was smartly sent down the topmast stay before the sail could be sent up in stops. At 2.50 it broke up and revealed that favourite sail in America a balloon jib-topsail, and a rare good puller it is. Some very smart work was now done on board 'Vigilant' on the run. The reef in the mainsail was shaken out by a hand slung from the masthead in the bight of a gaut-line, and hauled along the boom by an outhaul as he cast off the stops. Next a hand was out on the gaff. This led to hoisting the second club topsail over the jibheader left standing to leeward, and just before the club topsail went up she ran through 'Valkyrie's' lee. 'Valkyrie's' white spinnaker burst. It was most smartly taken in, and the light one set. This split before it was belayed, from head to foot, right down, and 'Valkyrie's' chance had now gone. A large jib-topsail was set on her, but was of no use against the sail area of 'Vigilant.' Some ten minutes more and

h.m.s.
'Vigilant' finished and won35139
'Valkyrie'35352

losing by 40 secs. corrected time.

m.s.
To windward 'Valkyrie' led by155
To leeward 'Vigilant' led by45

On this day the course was kept very clear. The wind increased at the finish, but the fact that 'Vigilant' carried full mainsail, second club topsail, balloon jib-topsail, and large spinnaker, shows that it was not blowing the gale described by some journalists.

After the finish in the lower bay the wind piped up, the sea got up, and all raced hard for home.

It was a splendid race, nobly sailed, and both yachts admirably handled. There always must be some luck, but it was most untimely for 'Valkyrie's' spinnakers to burst. The question at once suggests itself, should they not be sent up in stops? 'Valkyrie's' mast was sprung and worse, and that prevented her getting more canvas put on her. When one yacht gains to windward and the other to leeward they must be well matched; in England we consider that windward work should take precedence of running free. For English waters 'Valkyrie' is a most successful and beautiful craft, and for American waters, with light winds and long reaching, 'Vigilant' has proved a great success. Certainly this last race was the grandest ever sailed for the America Cup, and we may be proud of our representative. The 1,200 feet of sail-area in 'Vigilant,' and extra crew, gave her a decided advantage, and the centreboard was supposed to be a gain to windward; but that good sportsman Lord Dunraven is not disheartened in any way, neither is he won over to centreboard yachts.

APPENDIX
THE 'GIRALDA'

It chances that while these volumes were being prepared, a steam yacht of a remarkable character was being built, and it seems desirable to include a few words about this vessel, for the reason that she is, perhaps, the most perfect boat ever constructed for a private gentleman. Reference is made to the magnificent twin-screw steam yacht 'Giralda,' the property of Mr. Harry McCalmont of Cheveley Park, Newmarket. 'Giralda' gives evidence of the perfection to which vessels of this type are now being brought. She is about 1,800 tons yacht measurement, and her principal dimensions are: Length between perpendiculars, 275 feet; breadth moulded, 35 feet; depth moulded, 19 feet. She is built with thirteen water-tight bulkheads of Siemens-Martin's steel to Lloyd's highest class, and so constructed as to be readily converted into a light-armed cruiser or despatch vessel for Admiralty requirements.

A notable point will be her speed of twenty knots, to develop which she is fitted with twin-screw machinery and five boilers, three of which are double-ended, and two single-ended, with sixteen furnaces, all adapted for forced draught. The machinery consists of two independent and separate sets of triple-expansion direct-acting surface-condensing engines, one set to each screw propeller, and will indicate with forced draught 6,500 horse-power, or with natural draught 5,000 horse-power. The bunker capacity is 400 tons of coal, and the fresh-water tanks are ample for Admiralty requirements; in addition to which she is fitted with fresh-water condenser capable of producing 1,200 gallons per diem. The yacht is also fitted with large ice-house and refrigerating chamber.

One of the special features in the 'Giralda' is that the saloons—consisting of smoking-room, boudoir, or library, spacious dining saloon and drawing-room—are all on the main deck, where there are also situated lavatories for cabins and crew, three galleys, and ample pantry and service spaces. Owner's sleeping accommodation is below, fore and abaft the machinery space, having intercommunication on the main deck through the house. The officers and crew are berthed forward, and the servants' quarters are aft. It is almost unnecessary to add that the cabin accommodation has had the most special attention, both in respect of arrangement and fittings, and the greatest care has been taken throughout for ventilating, heating, and insulation where necessary. A large bridge or shade deck extends along about 160 feet of the vessel, on which, forward, is the bridge, and also the chart and wheel houses. The boats are housed on this deck, and there is steam hoisting gear for steam launch and larger boats.

The yacht is lighted throughout by electricity, there being over 200 incandescent lamps. In addition to these, there are fitted two regulation-size search lights, and groups of electric lights for each mast. There are two separate and independent engines and dynamos, connected with large accumulators of sufficient capacity to supply the whole of the lamps for many hours without re-charging.

Mr. McCalmont has himself taken the very greatest personal interest in the arrangement of all details, which have been carried out by Messrs. Cox & King, of Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, London, under the direction of Professor Elgar, the designer of the well-known Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., of Govan, Glasgow by whom the yacht is being built.

INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME

Abergele Bay, North Wales, rescue of emigrant ship, [49]

Accidents on board yachts, [138]

Ackers, G. H., owner of 'Dolphin,' R.Y.S., 1839, [14]

Acland, Sir T. D., president of R. Western Y.C., [42];
his 'Lady St. Kilda,' 1835, [42]

'Ada,' [174]

Adams, C. F., Boston Y.C., [275]

Adams, G. C., Boston Y.C., [275]

'Adda,' Captain Rogers's, [240]

'Addie,' American sloop, [254]

Adelaide, Australia, [314]

Adelaide, Queen, patroness of R. London Y.C., [179]

'Adèle,' [174]

Admiralty, warrant to members of Cumberland Fleet, [162];
to R.T.Y.C., [170], [171]

'Æolus' (R.N.Y.C. yacht), [78]

'Ailsa' (66 tons), [78]

Ailsa, Lord, owner of 'Snarley Yow,' [56]

Akaroa, N.Z., [299]

'Alarm' (193 tons), R.Y.S., winner of Royal Cup in 1830, 1831, 1832, 1838, [12], [13], [326]

'Alarm' (225 tons), American schooner, [253]

'Alarm' (248 tons), [16], [45]

Albemarle Sound (U.S.), [232]

Albert Park Yacht Club, Melbourne, [314]

'Alberta,' royal yacht, 1863, dimensions, [8];
duties, [9]

Albertson Brothers, boat-builders, Philadelphia, [253], [256]

'Alcyone' (35 tons), cutter, R. Clyde Y. C., [89];
crew and terms of hire, [90]

'Alexandra' (40 tons), Prince of Wales's, [17]

'Alice,' American cat-boat, [252]

'Aline' (210 tons), Prince of Wales's, [17]

Allan, John, of Glasgow (sec. R.N.Y.C., 1825), [74], [78]

'Alouette' (5 tons), [174]

'Alpha' (21-footer), [269]

'Alpha Beta,' [175]

'Alwida' (5-rater), [63]

Amateur, an, definition of, [52]

'Amathea,' [91]

'Ambassadress' (431 tons), [253]

'Amberwitch' (52 tons), yawl, [112], [113]

America Cup, really R.Y.S. Cup, [14];
held by the Americans since 1851, [14];
movement against by Scottish yachtsmen, [261];
competitions for, from 1870 to 1893, [278];
arrangements for 1893, [408];
description of that year's contest, [409]-423

'America,' Commodore J. C. Stevens's schooner, wins the cup of the R.Y.S. in 1851, [14];
(170 tons), beaten by 'Maria' in test matches, [245];
design and build, [246], [247];
career, [247];
influence on the yachting world, [247];
lines and midship section, [248]

America, North, eastern seaboard of, [228], [235]

American yachting, schooners favoured, [252];
46-footer class, [263];
'fin-keel' boat, [267];
cat-yawl, [270];
measurement and time allowance, [272];
duck and sails, [273];
cruise of N.Y.Y. Squadron, [276];
winter cruising to Florida and the West Indies, [278];
steam yachting, [279];
open steam launch, [281];
in 1893, inaugurated by 'Navahoe,' [400];
merits of the 'Defenders,' [406];
three races for the America Cup, [410]-415

American Yacht Club, formed for steam-yacht owners, [282]

'Amethyst' (20 tons), [77]

'Amphitrite,' schooner, 1893, in R.T.Y.C. race of June 10, [358]

'Amulet' (51 tons), R.Y.S., wins Royal Cup in 1837, [12]

Anglesey, Marquis of, [10], [12], [13], [326]

'Annasona' (40 tons), [54], [56]

Anne, Cape, [229]

'Annie,' Anson Livingston's sloop, [253];
her success, [254]

Ant, river, [192], [202], [206]

'Archee' (5-rater), [63]

'Ariel' (8 tons), [327], [329]

'Ariel' (10 tons), of Beccles, a lateener, [205], [221]

'Armada' (7½ tons), [81]

Armitage, Dr. W. S., owner of 'Nora,' [98]

Armstrong, Claudius, of Dublin (R.N.Y.C., 1824), [74]

Arran, [94]

'Arrow' (5 tons), [174]

'Arrow,' American sloop, [256]

'Arrow,' cutter, T. Chamberlayne's, [13]

Arundel Yacht Club. See [Royal London Yacht Club]

Ashbrook, Lord, R.Y.S. 1815, [10]

Aspinwall, W. H. and J. L., first promoters of steam yachting in America, [280]

Astley, Captain, owner of 'Mercury,' [162], [164]

Astor, W. W., [284]

'Atalanta,' competes for America Cup in 1881, [257], [278]

'Atalanta,' Cumberland Fleet, winner of Vauxhall Cup in 1801, [164]

Atkins, J., Cork Water Club, [100]

Atkinson, Mr., boat-builder, of Bullock, Co. Dublin, [149]

'Atlantic,' American sloop, [257]

Atlantic Yacht Club, [258]

Auckland Yacht Club, [290]

Auckland, N.Z., [288], [314]

'Aurora Borealis' (252 tons), [16]

'Aurora,' Cumberland Fleet, wins the first match of club (1755), [155]

Australia, [148];
southern coast of, [287];
yachting in, [311];
clubs at Sydney, [311];
the 'Victor,' [312];
native woods for yacht-building, [313]-315;
Hobson's Bay, [313];
Royal Yacht Club of Victoria, [314];
Albert Park Y.C., Melbourne, [341];
Geelong, [314];
Royal South Australian Y.S., [314];
adoption of Y.R.A. rules, [316]

'Australia' (207 tons), wins the race in 1877 from Dover to Boulogne and back, [68]

'Aveyron,' [174]

Aylsham, [192]

'Babe' (2½-rater), [64]

Baden-Powell, Mr., owner of the 'Diamond,' [52];
of the 'Snarley Yow,' [56]

Baden-Powell, Warrington, [180]

Bagot, Lieut.-Col., owner of 'Creole,' [67]-96

Bailey, the, Dublin Bay, [130], [133]

Baillie, J. H., owner of the 'Kate,' [52]

Baldwin, John (C.W.C.), [100]

Baldwin, Robert (C.W.C.), [100]

Banks Peninsula, N.Z., [292], [302]

Banshee (4 tons), [82]

Barrier Islands, N.Z., [289]

Barrow to the Clyde, matches from, [84]

Barton Broad, [202], [205], [206]

'Bat,' [112], [113]

Bay of Islands, N.Z., [289]

Bay, St. Augustine, Florida, [233]

Bayley, Mr., owner of the 'Euterpe,' [53]

Beamish, Caulfield (Cork Water Club), [104]

'Beatrix,' American centreboard. See ['Harpoon']

Beccles, [192], [205], [221]

'Bedouin,' American yacht, [255]

Beechy, Admiral, his picture of the 'Enid,' [115]

Belfast, Earl of, owner of 'Waterwitch' (1834), [324]

Belfast, regatta of R.N.Y.C. at, in 1826, [76];
two days' regatta of same in 1836, [76];
race for cup of R.N.Y.C., [77]

Bell, Captain, of the Thames Conservancy, [183]

Bell, James (vice-commodore R. Clyde Y.C.), [91], [92]

Bell, W. A., owner of 'Glance,' [98]

'Bella' (8 tons), [81]

'Belle Lurette,' the Prince of Wales's, [54]

Belleville, Canada, [310]

'Bellissima,' Captain Farebrother's, wins the Jubilee Cup in 1807, [164]

Belmore, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

'Belvidere,' the (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1845, Lord Alfred Paget's, [171]

Bennett, James G., part owner of 'Priscilla,' [257];
owner of 'Dauntless,' [258]

Bentall, Mr., builder of 'Jullanar,' [68]

Bermuda, international yacht race in 1849, [243];
yachting at, [318];
clubs, [318];
'fitted races,' [318];
dimensions of average 5-tonners, [320];
Mr. Ricardo's experience of a 'fitted race,' [320];
dinghy racing, [321]-323;
sailing advantages, [323]

Bettsworth, Captain, owner of 'Spitfire,' 1823, [167], [168]

Bewicke, J., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

'Bezan Jagt' (1670), Dutch, [3]

'Bird of Freedom,' Mr. Popham's, [56]

'Black Maria,' of Barton Broad, [205]

Blake, G. L., on the Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club, [49] et seq.;
on the Royal Clyde Yacht Club, [79] et seq.;
on Royal Alfred Yacht Club, [108] et seq.;
on yachting in Canada, [309] et seq.

'Blanche' (R.Y.S.), [290]

Blatchford, Lady Isabella, sells Osborne House to the Queen, [6]

Blind Bay, N.Z., [297]

'Blue Bell' (25-tonner), [13]

'Blue Belle' (5-rater), [63]

'Blue Dragon,' Cumberland Fleet, 1787, [162]

Bluff, harbour of the, N.Z., [301]

Bogle, James, [77]

Bolton, Mr. (commodore R.A.Y.C.), [110]

Bombay, yachting at, [315];
R.B.Y.C. house, [315];
yachts, [316];
dhows, [316];
adoption of Y.R.A. rules, [316];
sailing course, 1886, [317]

Bon Accord, Kawau, N.Z., [292]

Booth, H. Gore, [77]

Boston Harbour, [229]

Boston Yacht Club, [258]

Bourne End, Bucks, [181]

Bowness, Windermere Lake, [183], [189]

Boyd, Judge, owner of 'Thalia,' 1893, [350]

Brassey, Lord, [16], [note];
first rear-commodore of the R.T.Y.C., 1874, [173]

Brassey, Lady, [318]

'Breeze' (55 tons), [12]

'Brenda' (8 tons), [82]

'Brenda,' American schooner, beats the 'Pearl' in 1849, [243]

Brenton Reef Cup, race for, between 'Britannia' and 'Navahoe,' [390]

Breydon Water, [192], [204]

Brierley, Sir Oswald, his drawing of the procession of the Royal Yacht Squadron, [16]

Brighton, Mr., boat-builder of Yarmouth, his craft for the Norfolk Broads, [210] et seq.

'Brilliant' (8 tons), W. Bucknall's, R.T.Y.C., 1830, [169], [327], [329]

'Britannia' (220 tons), the Prince of Wales's, [17];
match with 'Navahoe' for the Gold Cup of the Royal Victoria Y.C., [43];
at the Jubilee Regatta of the R. Mersey Y.C., 1893, [49];
in 1893, [349];
wins R.T.Y.C. race May 25, [352], [353];
in race of May 27, [354]-358;
wins R.T.Y.C. race of June 10, [258];
in match from Dover to Boulogne, [360];
in match of Royal Southern of June 17, [362];
wins Royal Mersey match on June 24, [363];
wins Royal Northern of July 1, [363];
in Clyde Corinthian Club match, [364];
in the Royal Clyde regatta, [365];
in the Royal Ulster Regatta, [366];
in the Royal Irish regatta, [368];
in Royal London match at Cowes, [370];
in R.Y.S. Regatta, [374];
wins 'Meteor' challenge shield, [375];
in Royal Albert match, August 14, [380];
in Torbay regatta, [382];
wins Start Bay Club match, [386];
beats 'Navahoe' for Royal Victoria Gold Cup, [388];
loses Brenton Reef Cup, [390];
wins match for Cape May Cup, [393];
sail-area in the three matches, [394];
best all-round vessel, [394];
record for the season, [395];
mainsail, [399];
intended to defeat 'Navahoe,' [400]

British India Steamship Company, [288]

'Britomart' (H.M.S. brig), [300]

Britten, Commander R.N., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Brocklebank, Captain, owner of 'St. George,' 1823, [167]

Bronskill, Mr., of Bowness, [189]

Brooklyn Yacht Club, class of yachts, [258]

Brown & Bell, boat-builders, New York, [243]

Brown, J. F., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Brown, W. H., boat-builder, [246]

Brundall, Norfolk, [210]

Brunkard, Lord, [3]

Brunswick, Georgia, [232]

Bryant, Henry, Boston Y.C., [275]

Bryant, John, Boston Y.C., [275]

Buccleuch, Duke of, Patron of Royal Forth Yacht Club, [96]

Buchanan, T. C., [77]

Buchanon, Dan (R. Cl. Y.C.), [81]

Buckenham, [222]

Buckingham, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

Bulkeley, Major, R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

Bullen, John (Cork Water Club, 1760), [100]

Bullen, Mr., of Oulton Broad, [222];
his craft, and their terms of hire, [224]

Bullen, Richard (chaplain Cork Water Club, 1720), [100]

Bure, river (or North River), [192], [198], [204], [220], [225]

Burgess, the coloured skipper of 'Diamond,' [318]

Burgess, Edward, American boat-builder, [253];
designer of 'Puritan,' [260];
'Mayflower,' [261];
the 'Volunteer,' [261];
growth of fame, [262];
love for natural history, [262];
successful yachts, [263];
46-footer class, [263];
his death, [266];
'Constellation,' 1889, [274]

Burnham on the Crouch, [178]

Burroughs's pocket-case for yacht voyages, [139]

Butler, General B. F., buys 'America,' [257]

'Buttercup' (10 tons), [56], [175]

Byng, Admiral, rear-commodore R.P.C.Y.C., [54], [57]

Byrne, Captain, his 'Cumberland' wins Jubilee Cup of Cumberland Fleet in 1800, [164]

Byrne, St. Clare, designer of 'Valiant' (2,400 tons), [418]

Buzzard's Bay, [230]

Caicos Reefs, West Indies, [239]

'Calluna,' in 1893, [349];
in R.T.Y.C. race, May 25, [352], [353];
breaks a mast in race of May 27, [355];
in R.T.Y.C. race, June 10, [358];
race from Dover to Boulogne, [360];
in match of Royal Southern, June 17, [362];
match of Royal Mersey, June 24, [362];
match of Royal Northern, July 1, [363];
in Royal Clyde regatta, [365];
Royal Ulster regatta, [368];
Royal Irish regatta, [368];
in Royal London match at Cowes, [370];
race for Cowes Town Cup, [376];
for R.Y.S. prize, Aug. 4, [377];
Royal Southampton match, Aug. 5, [378];
Royal Albert match, Aug. 14, [380];
Torbay regatta, [382];
Royal Dart match, [385];
Start Bay Club match, [386];
a disappointing boat, [395];
record for the season, [396];
mainsail, [399];
intended to defeat the 'Navahoe,' [400]

'Calypso,' [91]

'Calypso' (109 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Cambria,' [252];
competes for America Cup, [278]

Camera, the, [226]

'Camilla' (2½-rater), [64], [117]

Campbell, H. F., [77]

Canal of the Dismal Swamp (U.S.), [232]

Canfield, A. Cass, designer and owner of 'Sea Fox,' [253];
attempts on 'Priscilla,' [257];
member of N.Y.Y.C., [275]

Canned provisions, [142]

Canterbury, New Zealand, [299]

Cantley, on the Yare, [204], [213], [221], [222]

Cape Maria Van Diemen, [289]

Cape May cup, race for, between 'Britannia' and 'Navahoe,' [393]

Cape Tribulation, [288]

Cape York, Queensland, [288]

Capel, Frank C., rear-commodore of R.C.Y.C., Erith, [178]

Capes, William, boat-builder, Hoboken, [239];
builder of Commodore Stevens's 'Maria,' [243]

'Cara' (28-foot boarder), in 'fitted race,' [320]

Carolinas, the (U.S.), [232]

'Caroline,' Cumberland Flt., [159]

Carpets on board yachts, [136], [138]

Carrick, J., of Greenock (R.N.Y.C., 1824), [74]

Carroll, Royal Phelps, owner of 'Navahoe,' [43];
challenges for Victoria Cup and Cape May and Brenton Reef Cups, [350];
his programme for 1893, [400], [402]

Carter, John, skipper of 'Britannia,' [340], [345], [395]

'Castanet,' Mollett's description of Russell Colman's, [215]-217

'Castanet' (40-rater), W. R. Cookson's, [67], [352]

Castle, E. W. and R., on the Thames Clubs and Windermere, [152] et seq.

Catamaran introduced by N. G. Herreshoff in 1876, [270]

Catwater, Plymouth, [42]

Cat-yawls, introduced in 1883, [270];
characteristics, [270], [271]

Cawdor, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

Cecil, Lord Francis, owner of 'Chittywee,' [55]

'Cemiostama,' the, [147]

Center, Edward, N.Y.Y.C., [241]

Center, Robert, owner and joint designer of 'Vindex,' [256], [258]

Centreboard v. keel, question of, [261], [414]

'Challenge' (20 tons), [56], [119]-122

'Challenge,' the (1.1-rater), [183]

Channel matches, [84], [94]

Charles II., his enthusiasm for yacht-building, [1];
wins first yacht race on the Thames, [1];
beats Duke of York in a sailing match from Greenwich to Gravesend and back, [2]

Charleston, South Carolina, [232]

Chesapeake Bay, [232]

'Chip' (10 tons), [174]

'Chiqueta' (20-rater), [63]

'Chittywee' (3 tons), [55], [56], [175]

Cholmondeley, Lord Henry, commodore of the Coronation Sailing Society, 1831, [168]

Christchurch, New Zealand, [291], [299]

Christian, Robert, of Sligo (R.N.Y.C., 1824), [74]

'Cigarette' (centreboard lugsail boat), [213]

'Cintra,' Upper Thames steam yacht, [182]

'Clara' (10 tons), [91];
her influence in changing the design of American yachts, [259]

Clarence (15 tons), [77]

Clarence, Duke of (afterwards William IV.), becomes patron of R.T.Y.C., [169]

Clarence Yacht Club, an offshoot of the R.T.Y.C., [169]

'Clarita,' American steam yacht, 1864, [280]

Clark, John, commodore of R. Clyde Y.C., [92]

Clarke, A. D., [70], [176], [349]

Clayton, Colonel Fitzroy, commodore of the Upper Thames Sailing Club, [181]

Clayton, J. Weston, vice-commodore of the R.C.Y.C., Erith, [178]

Clontarf, [148]

Club Nautique, Nice, [308]

'Clutha' (5 tons), [72], [81]

Clyde, the, yachting nursery of the North, [72];
development of yachting on, [77];
crack yachts in 1835, [77];
yachting stations, [77];
weather on, [78];
match from Barrow to, [84];
opening meeting in 1872 of the R.C.Y.C., [85], [86];
beauty of Holy Loch, [87];
celebration of a 'Clyde week' by the clubs, [87];
new courses of the R.C.Y.C., [87], [88];
small raters in 1890, [95]

Clyde Corinthian Yacht Club match, 1893, [364]

Clyde Model Yacht Club. See [Royal Clyde Yacht Club]

Clyde Yacht Club. See [Royal Clyde Yacht Club]

'Clytie,' American yacht (1865), [250]

Coats, J., owner of 'Madge,' [53]

Cochrane, Blair, presents a Champion Cup to the R.P.C.Y.C. for ½-raters, [64]

'Cock-a-Whoop' (2½-rater), [63], [177]

Coffin, Captain, owner of 'Caroline,' [159]

Collingwood (N.Z.), [298]

Colman, Russell, his 'Castanet,' [215]

'Colonia,' 1893, [400];
characteristics, [401];
dimensions, [402];
unsatisfactory boom, [403];
in first regatta of the N.Y.Y.C. cruise of 1893, [404];
for Goelet Cups, [404]

Coltishall, [192]

'Columbia' (206 tons), American schooner, [253], [258], [278]

'Columbine' (90 tons), winner of Royal Cup in 1835, [12]

'Columbine' (50-rater), [67];
(1893), [352]

'Comet' (5 tons), [81]

'Coming,' American sloop (1868), [254]

Commerell, Admiral Sir E., [318]

'Condor' (190 tons), [88]

Condy, Mr., of Plymouth, his pictures of 'Esmeralda,' [13];
and of the match between 'Corsair' and 'Talisman,' [326]

Connaught, Duke of, [68], [181]

Connor, George, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Consort, Prince, lays foundation stone of Royal Victoria Yacht Club house, Ryde, March 1846, [43]

'Constellation,' N.Y.Y.C., 1889, [274]

'Consuelo,' American cat-yawl, characteristics, [270]

Conyngham, Marquis, transfers lease of Cowes Castle to R.Y.S., [10]

Cook, Captain, [288]

Cook's Strait, New Zealand, [288], [296], [297], [302]

Cooks, yacht-sailor, [145]

Cookson, W. R., owner of 'Castanet,' [67]

Cool, David, boat-builder, City Island (U.S.), [255]

Cooper, W. (R.A.Y.C.), [108]

'Coquette' (½-rater), [64], [68]

'Coquette,' American schooner, [243]

'Coralie' (35 tons), [85]

'Corinne' (260 tons), [68], [69]

Corinthian matches of R.A.Y.C., [118];
of R. Clyde Y.C., [82], [84]

Cork Water Club established, [5]

Cork Yacht Club. See [Royal Cork Yacht Club]

'Cornelia' (94 tons), [242], [243]

'Corona' (10-rater), [175], [212], [213]

Coronation Sailing Society, origin of, [166];
dissolved, [168]

Corry, Thomas Charles Stewart (R.N.Y.C., 1824), [74]

'Corsair,' Admiral Montagu's, [17], [333]-342, [346], [350]

'Corsair' (80 tons, 1832), [326];
midship section and lines, [328];
(40-rater), [329], [330]

Cory, W., his 'Buttercup,' [175]

'Cosette' (2½-rater), [63]

'Countess Dufferin,' [256], [278]

Courtney, A. W., his 'Naiad,' [55]

Cove of Cork, [7]

Cowes, [332]

Cowes Castle, club-house of R.Y.S., [9]

Cox, Miss Mabel, owner of 'Kismet,' [68]

Cox and King, Messrs., [426]

'Craigielee,' [313]

Craigmore, [78]

Crampton, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

Cranfield, skipper of 'Valkyrie' in America Cup races of 1893, [420]

Craven, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

Crawford, Colonel, owner of 'Red Lancer,' [330]

'Creole' (40-rater), [67], [71], [96], [352]

Crooks, J., [77]

'Cuckoo,' [90], [119]

'Cumberland,' Commodore Taylor's, [157], [158];
wins Duke of Cumberland's Cup in 1781, [159];
the second, lines of, [160];
Captain Byrne's, wins Jubilee Cup of Cumberland Fleet in 1800, [164]

Cumberland Fleet, founded in 1775, [152], [154];
button, [155];
ceremonies of early races, [155];
ensign, [156];
first courses, [157];
first private match, [157];
first below-bridge match, [159];
the Vauxhall Cup, [161];
second prize, [162];
circular of Fleet in 1775, [163];
dissensions, [165];
race in honour of coronation of George IV., [165];
change of name and flag, [166];
match of 1823, [166]

Cumberland Gardens, 1791, [157], [162];
proprietor presents a cup to Cumberland Fleet in 1796, [164]

Cumberland, Henry Frederick, Duke of, gives a cup in 1775 for sailing boats on the Thames, [154], [155], [156];
his gifts to Cumberland Fleet, [159]

Currie, Sir Donald, commodore Royal Forth Y.C., [96]

'Currytush' (3-tonner), [123], [175]

Curtis, Sir W., R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

'Curtsey' (30 feet), [60]

Cushing, John P., his 'Sylph,' [238]

Custance, H. Neville, hon. treas. of R.C.Y.C., Erith, [178]

'Cyclone,' [175]

'Cygnet' (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1843, [13]

'Cygnet' (35 tons), [45], [49], [171], [172]

'Cygnet,' American yacht, [240], [242], [243]

'Cyprus' (5 tons), [60]

'Cythera' (116 tons), cutter, [88]

'Czarina,' steam yacht, 1877, [16]

'Dacia' (5-rater), 1893, [351]

'Dagmar' (36 tons), Prince of Wales's, [17]

'Daisy' (19 tons), [327]

Dalkey Bray, [148]

'Daphne' (25 feet), [57]

Dartmouth, [346]

'Dauntless' (268 tons), American schooner, [252], [258]

Davey, J. M., owner of 'Don Giovanni,' R.T.Y.C. 1824, [168]

Davies, G. Christopher, on yachting on Norfolk Broads, [190] et seq.

'Day Dream,' American steam

'Day Dream' (89-rater), yawl, [96];
yacht, [280], [281]

'Dawn,' yawl, [82]

De Blaquiere, Lord, purchases the 'America,' [247]

'Decima' (10-rater), [63], [175]

Deerhurst, Lord, R.Y.S. 1815, [10]

'Deirdré' (20-rater), [67], [350], [351], [397], [398]

Delaware Bay, [232]

Delaware River, [232]

'Delvin' (5-tonner), [123]

Denman, captain of 'Victoria and Albert,' 1855, [8]

Depaw, Louis A., N.Y.Y.C., [240];
his 'Mist,' [240]

Devonshere, Abraham, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Devonshere, James, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Dexter, Gordon, Boston Yacht Club, [275]

Dhows, at Bombay, [316]

'Diamond' (5 tons), [52]

'Diamond' (Bermuda), in a 'fitted race,' [318], [322]

Diaper, Tom, [345]

Dickenson, W. V., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Dickie, Mr., his 'Armada,' [81]

'Dilemma,' the first fin-keel yacht, [268]

Dinghy Club, Bermuda, [318];
racing at St. George's, [321]-323;
kind of craft, [321]-323

'Dione,' [174]

'Dis' (10-rater), [63], [175], [176], [348]

'Diskos' (21-footer), [177]

'Diver' (1809), John C. Stevens's, [237]

'Dolphin' (217 tons), [13], [14]

'Dolphin' (2½-rater), [64]

'Don Giovanni,' R.T.Y.C., 1824, [168];
song on, [169]

Donald, E. F. (sec. R.N.Y.A.), [78]

Donaldson, Peter, owner of 'Calluna,' [361]

Donegall, Marquis of (first president R.N.Y.C.), [75]

'Donna del Lago' (9 tons), [327]

'Dora' (10-rater), 1893, [351]

Dore, Captain, Cumberland Fleet, [162]

'Doreen' (1892), [336], [350]

'Doris,' [63], [123]

'Dorothy' (21-footer), [177]

'Double Trouble,' John C. Stevens's, [237]

Doughty, Mr., on Friesland meres in a Norfolk wherry, [194]-196

Douglas, Commodore, [257], [258]

Doyle, Mr., boat-builder, of Kingstown, [149]

'Dragon' (20-rater), [63], [67], [350], [397]

'Dragons' of the 20's, [345]

Drake, Francis, [1], [39]

Drake's Island, [40]

'Dream' (66 tons), [77]

'Dream,' George L. Schuyler's, [238], [240], [242]

Drury, James, his description of No. 1 Corinthian match, R.A.Y.C., [119] et seq.

'Dryad,' yawl, [174]

Dublin Bay, [130], [133], [136], [137], [144]

Dublin Bay Sailing Club, [18], [148]

'Duchess' (3-tonner), [123]

Dudley, Lord, his 'Vigorna,' [351]

Dudgeon, Henry, R.A.Y.C., [119]

'Dudu,' [174]

Dufferin, Lord, his description of single-handed boat-sailing, [20];
his 'Lady Hermione,' [25]-39;
'Foam,' [38];
Commodore of R. Ulster Y.C., [108];
impetus given by him to maritime affairs when gov.-gen. of Canada, [310]

Duncan (of 'Madge' fame), [330]

Dunedin, N.Z., [310]

Dunleary (now Kingstown), [106]

Dunleath, Lord (formerly H. L. Mulholland), his 'Egeria,' [16];
vice-commodore of R. St. George's Y.C., [106];
R. Ulster Y.C., [108];
his 'Savourna,' [330]

Dunne, Mr. (R.A.Y.C.), [120]

Dunoon, [77]

Dunraven, Lord, his 'Valkyrie' at Nice, [306];
effect on big-cutter racing of his commission for a second, [349];
challenges for America Cup, [350];
his 'Deirdré,' [350];
America Cup challenge adjusted, [400];
'Valkyrie' to remain in U.S. till 1894, [413];
notices effect on pressure of dryness of wind, [419];
adverse to centreboards, [423]

Dunscombe, Richard (Cork Water Club), [100]

Dutch yacht of 1640, illustration, [2]

'Eagle,' in match with 'Caroline,' [159]

Earth closets on yachts, [138]

East River, [231]

Eastern Yacht Club, Boston, [259]

'Echo' (2½ tons), [82]

'Echo' (37 tons), yawl, [112], [113]

'Eclipse,' in match with 'Cumberland' 1793, [162]

'Eclipse' (30 feet), [57]

Edgar, Daniel, owner of American sloop 'Arrow,' [256]

Edgar, William, N.Y.Y.C., [240], [242]

Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard Island (U.S.), [277]

Edinburgh, Duke of (patron of R.A.Y.C.), [111];
becomes commodore, [115]

'Egeria,' schooner, [16], [115], [119]

'Elaine' (10 tons), [174]

'Elf' (2½-rater), [67]

'Elfin' (paddle steam yacht), H.M.'s, [7], [9]

Elgar, Professor, yacht designer, [426]

Elizabeth Islands, [230]

Elizabeth, Queen, [1]

'Elma,' service boat, [59];
capsized off the Nab, [61]

Elsworth, Philip, yacht designer, [253], [257]

'Emma' (15 tons), [77]

'Emmetje, De' (103 tons), [15]

'Enchantress,' Admiralty boat, [9]

'Enchantress,' Amer. schooner, [249], [253]

'Enid' (57 tons), [85]

'Enriqueta' (20 tons), her matches with the 'Quickstep,' [58], [59]

Eresby, Lord Willoughby De, R.Y.S., 1859, [15], [16]

Erie Canal, [284]

Erith, the Thames at, [178]

'Eros' (850 tons) st. yacht, [308]

'Esmeralda,' R.Y.S., [13], [14]

'Esmeralda,' cutter, tender to 'Royal George,' [6]

'Ethel' (10-rater), [63]

'Euterpe' (20 tons), [53]

'Eva' (10-rater), [176], [177]

'Eva' (21-footer), [177]

'Eva' (81 tons), American schooner, [249], [252]

'Excellent,' H.M.S., [59]

Extracts of meat, [143]

Eyton, Wynne, part owner of 'Mascotte,' [55]

'Fair Geraldine' (5-rater), [63]

Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Govan, Glasgow, builders of 'Giralda,' [426]

'Fairy,' H.M. s.s. yacht, [6]

'Fairy' (13 tons), [327]

'Fairy Queen' (8 tons), [81]

'Falcon' (15 tons), [77]

'Falcon' (351 tons), R.Y.S., 1835, [12]

Falconer, T. (R. Clyde Y.C.), [81]

Famous races, [324];
match in 1771, [324];
match between 'Waterwitch' and 'Galatea,' in 1834, [324];
in 1842 between 'Corsair' and 'Talisman,' [326];
between 'Arrow' and 'Mosquito,' [326];
match on the Thames in 1830, [327];
match at Largs regatta, in 1892, [329]

'Fancy' (21-footer), [177]

'Fanny' (90 tons), American sloop, dimensions, [256]

'Fantan' (10-rater), [63], [175]

Farebrother, Captain, Cumberland Fleet, his 'Bellissima' wins Jubilee Cup in 1807, [164]

Farne Islands, [96]

'Faugh-a-Ballagh' (2½-rater), [68]

'Faustine,' American schooner, [250]

'Favourite,' st. packet, 1823, [165]

Fay & Co., Messrs., [70], [349]

Fenwick, Bruce (hon. sec. R.F.Y.C.), [96]

Ferguson, Richard (R. Clyde Y. C.), [79], [81]

Fergusson, Sir James (formerly governor of N.Z.), [290]

Fernie, Mrs. Robertson, [66]

'Field,' the (March 20, 1880), on Norfolk wherries, [194];
(Jan. 10, 1891) on the Norfolk 'Gossip,' [214]

Fife, Mr., of Fairlie, on Captain John Nichols, [46];
his old clippers 'Neptune' and 'Fiona,' [60];
'Kilmeny' and 'Torch,' [84];
sends a 46 footer to the yachting lists in 1891, [263]

Fife, W., jun., designer of 'Ulidia,' [56], [57];
supports Australian yachting, [312];
his 'Thalia,' [338];
designer of the 'Calluna,' [350]

Fife, Messrs., of Fairlie, their status as Clyde yacht-builders, [72];
their cutter 'Lamlash,' [77];
Thames 21-foot class, [176]

Fin-keel boats, N. G. Herreshoff's, [267];
objections to, [269]

Finlay, Alex., his 'Leda,' [81]

Finlay, J. Beekman, part owner of 'America,' [247]

'Fiona,' [60], [83], [84], [119]

'Firefly,' [280]

Firth of Thames (N.Z.), [289], [290], [294]

Fish, 'Bob,' yacht designer and builder, [247];
'tuning up' racing yachts, [249];
best-known yachts, [249];
sloops 'Annie,' [253];
'Coming,' [254];
and 'Vixen,' [256]

Fish, Latham A., N.Y.Y.C., [275]

Fish, Robert and Isaac, yacht-builders, New York, [247]

Fishing on the Norfolk Broads, [226]

'Fitted races,' [318]-321

FitzClarence, Lord Adolphus, captain of 'Royal George,' [6]

Fitzgerald, Lord Otho, [110]

Fitzhardinge, Earl, gives a cup in 1845 to the R.T.Y.C., [171]

Fitzharris, Lord, R.Y.S., [10]

Fitzsimons, Walter, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Fitz-Wygram, Major-General Sir F., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Fleet sailing, [109]

'Fleetwing' (206 tons), [252]

Flemmich, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

'Fleur-de-Lis' (5-rater), [351]

'Fleur de Lys' (92 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Florence' (10 tons), [174], [175]

Florida, [233]

'Florinda' (138 tons), [68], [69]

'Foam,' R.Y.S., 1856, [38]

Foley, Miss, owner of 'Wren,' [52]

Foley, Rear-Admiral the Hon. F. A. C., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Food for yachting, [139]

Forbes, Com. J. Mal., Boston Y.C., [275]

Forbes, R. B., [238]

Forbes family (Maine, U.S.), [230]

'Foreign' boats in Norfolk waters, [217], [218]

'Formosa' (104 tons), Prince of Wales's, [17], [88]

Forrest & Son, Wivenhoe, builders of 'The Lady Hermione,' [26];
their model of her hull, [39]

Fortress stove, [140]

Forty-rater, a, racing in, in 1892, [352] et seq.

Foster, A., jun., N.Y.Y.C., [242]

Foster, C. H. W., Boston Y.C., [275]

Foveaux Strait (N.Z.), [301]

Fox, Captain H. C., R.C.Y.C., Erith, [177]

'Foxhound' (35 tons), [62]

France, yachting in, [304];
Havre, [304], [306];
Société des Régates, [306];
Union des Yachts Français, [306];
Club Nautique, Nice, [308]

'Francis' (3½ tons), [81]

'Francisca,' steam yacht, [308]

'Freda' (5 tons), [174]

'Freda' (20 tons), [53], [56]

Freke, Mr., owner of the 'Freda,' [53]

French, Mr. (Cork Water Club), [104]

French, Pascoe, owner of 'Sheilah,' [119], [120], [121]

'Friesland Meres in a Norfolk Wherry,' Doughty's, [194]

Froude, Mr., his 'Oceana,' [292]

Fullerton, Admiral, [9]

Fulton, Mr. (R.A.Y.C.), [82], [118]

Fundy, Bay of, [229]

Fungoid growths in yachts, [138]

'Gadfly,' [54]

'Galatea,' Lieut. W. Henn's, [257];
beaten by 'Mayflower' in race for America Cup, 1886, [261];
dimensions, [278]

'Galatea' (179 tons), schooner, 1834, [325]

Gamble, Col., C.B., commodore of R.M.Y.C., [49]

'Gardenia,' [175]

Gardiner, William, designer of 'Lyris' (1891), [263], [275]

'Gareth' (2½-rater), [68], [351]

Garrett, Captain, R.A., 1st vice-com. R.P.C.Y.C., [50], [54]

Garroch Head, Clyde, [75], [86]

Garth, T. C., owner of 'Hyacinth,' [67]

'Gavotte' (2½-rater), [68]

Geelong, yachting at, [314]

'Gem,' [91]

'Genesta,' Sir Richard Sutton's, [58];
wins 1000-guinea prize of R.T.Y.C. in 1887, [173], [257], [260], [278], [337]

'Genie' (21-footer), [177]

George III., his yacht, [5]

George IV., establishes Kingstown Harbour, [106];
Cumberland Fleet race on his coronation, [165]

German Emperor William II., R.Y.S., sails his 'Meteor' (late 'Thistle') for the Queen's Cup in 1891, [17], [91];
stimulus given to yachting in Germany by him, [308]

Germany, yachting in, [309]

'Gertrude,' American sloop (1852), [249]

'G.G.' (2½-rater), [64]

'Ghost' (20-rater), [63]

Gibson, J., R. Clyde Y.C., [79]

Gilchrist, James, R. Clyde Y.C., [79], [81]

Gilman, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., [50], [64]

'Gimcrack,' John C. Stevens's, [239], [240], [242], [243]

'Giralda' (1,800 tons), [425], [426]

Gladstone, Captain James, hon. sec. R.M.Y.C., [49]

'Gladys,' [216]

'Glance' (35 tons), R. Clyde Y.C., [83], [85]

'Glance' (3.7-rater), R. Forth Y.C., [98]

'Glasgow Herald' quoted, [79]

Glasgow, Lord, R. Cl. R.C., [92]

'Gleam,' American cat-boat, [252]

'Gleam' (Fife of Fairlie's), [77];
lines and midship section, [78]

Glennie, A. H., rear-commodore R.P.C.Y.C., [64], [66]

'Glide' (14 tons), [82]

'Gloriana,' characteristics of, [264]-266;
successes, [266]-268

'Glycera' (5-rater), [63]

'Gnome' (25-tonner), R.T.Y.C., 1843, [13]

Gomes, skipper of the 'Meteor' in the Wemyss Bay regatta of July 8, 1892, [331]

Gordon, Robert F., R.N.Y.C., 1824, [74]

'Gossip,' [213], [214]

'Gossoon,' American cutter, [263], [264]

Goteborg, Sweden, [309]

Gould, Jay, [284]

Gould, skipper of 'Varuna,' [330]

Gourock, [77]

Governor's Bay, Lyttelton, N.Z., [299]

Governor's Pass, Great Barrier Island, N.Z., [293]

'Gracie,' American yacht (1868), sail-plan, [254];
dimensions, [255];
lines and mid-section, [255];
beats 'Pocahontas,' [257]

Graham, Sir B. R., Bart., owner of 'Harriet,' R.W.Y.C., [42]

Grant, Mr., jun., his 'Fairy Queen,' [81]

Grant, R., sec. R.Y.S., [391]

Grant, C. P., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Grantham, Lord, R.Y.S., [10]

Granton Yacht Club. See [Royal Forth Yacht Club]

'Graphic cruisers' of Dublin Bay, [124];
notes by the Hon. Skipper, [124] et seq.;
preliminaries of a cruise, [125];
the crew, [125], [126];
description of the 'Iris,' [126]-129, [133], [134];
at Ireland's Eye, [129];
the Sketching Club at work, [130], [132];
craft making for Howth harbour, [131];
the 'Tramcar' distances 'Charlie,' [133];
sanitary and medical precautions, [136] et seq.;
the Steward's duties, [140] et seq.

'Grayling' (136 tons), [253]

Great Barrier Reef, Australia, [288]

Greenock, [77]

Gretton, John, jun., his 'Lais,' [350]

Grey, Sir George, his island of Kawau, N.Z., [292]

'Greyhound' (4-tonner), [210];
lines, [211];
dimensions, [212]

Greymouth, N.Z., [298]

Greystones, [148]

Grinwood, Dr., first commodore of the R.M.Y.C., [46]

Grubb, Captain, owner of 'Eagle,' [159]

Gubbins, Mr., owner of 'Windfall,' [330]

Guébriant, Comte Alain de, [306]

Gulf Coast, [233]

Gunston, Captain, owner of 'St. George,' [161], [164]

'Gwendolin' (197 tons), [119]

Haddiscoe Cut, [204], [205], [222]

'Halcyon' (121 tons), American schooner, [252]

Haldane, Capt., R.P.C.Y.C., [66]

Halifax, Canada, [309], [311]

Hall, John, of Yarmouth, owner of 'Greyhound,' [210]

Halliday, Mr., his 'Helen,' [91]

Hallowes, Admiral, R.P.C.Y.C., [50], [64], [68]

Hamilton, Bermuda, [318]

Hamilton, Canada, [310]

Hamilton, James, of Holmhead (R.N.Y.C. 1826), [76], [247]

Hamoaze, the, [40]

Hampton Roads (U.S.), [232]

Harborough, Lord, owner of the 'De Emmetje,' 1827, [15]

Harlan Hollingsworth Co., boat-builders, Wilmington, Delaware, [257]

'Harpoon,' American cutter, [263], [267]

'Harriet' (65 tons), R.Y.S., 1834, [12]

'Harriet' (96 tons), R.W.Y.C., 1835, [42]

Harrington, William, Cork Water Club, [104]

Harrison, commodore R.T.Y.C., 1838, [170]

Hart, Robert, R. Clyde Y.C., [81]

Hart & Son, of Thorpe, boat-letters, [222]

Harvey, builder of 'Sea Belle' and 'Miranda,' [68]

Harwich, [218]

'Haswell,' American yacht, [249]

Hatcher, Dan, boat-builder, [89], [113]

Hatteras, Cape, [245]

Hatteras Inlet (U.S.), [232]

Haulbowline, Ireland, [99], [106]

Hauraki Gulf, N.Z., [289], [294]

Havelock, N.Z., [297]

Havre, as a yachting centre, [304];
chart of regatta course, [305];
Société des Régates, [306]

'Hawk,' American cutter, [263]

'Hawke,' Cumberland Fleet, chased into Calais by an American privateer, [159]

Hayes, Capt. R.N., R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

Hays, William, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

'Haze' (21-footer), [177]

'Heathen Chinee' (2½-rater), [63]

'Hebe,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, [47]

Heigham Sounds, [204]

'Helen' (17 tons), loss of, [91]

Helensburgh, [77];
races of the R. Clyde Y.C. at, in 1857, [81]

Henderson, Messrs., of Partick, builders of 'Valkyrie' and 'Britannia,' [349], [402]

Heneage, G. W., owner of 'Harriet,' R.Y.S., 1834, [12]

Henn, Lieut. W., his 'Galatea,' [308]

Henry, Prince, of Prussia, his interest in yachting, [17];
'Irene,' [309], [340]

'Heroine' (60-ton), cutter, [117]

Heron, Maxwell, R.P.C.Y.C., [59]

Herreshoff, Lewis, on yachting in America, [227] et seq.;
on the American yachting season of 1893, [400] et seq.

Herreshoff, N. G., designs and builds the 'Shadow,' [250];
cat-boat 'Gleam,' [252];
returns to sail-yacht designing, [263];
designs 'Gloriana,' [264];
the 'Wasp,' [266];
'fin-keel' boat, [267];
cat-yawl, [270];
catamaran, [270];
'Navahoe,' 'Colonia,' and 'Vigilant,' [402]

Herreshoffs, Messrs., boat-builders, Bristol, Rhode Island, [249], [285], [350], [400], [401]

Herrings, Dublin Bay, [144]

Hewett, Robert, commodore R.C.Y.C., Erith, [178]

Hewitt, Thomas, Cork Water Club, [104]

Hickling Broad, [203]-205, [222], [225]

'Hildegarde' (205 tons), Prince of Wales's, [17]

Hill, F. C., his 'Dragon,' [350]

Hilliard, J. B., R. Clyde Y.C., [93]

'Himalaya,' troopship, [9]

'Hinda' (18 tons), [119]-122

Hippesley, Sir J., R.Y.S. 1815, [10]

Hoad, builder of 'Phantom,' [68]

Hoare, Samuel, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Hoboken (U.S.), [236]

Hobson, Captain, secures the South Island, N.Z., in 1840, for the British, [299]

Hobson's Bay, Australia, [313]

Hodder, William, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Hoe, the, Plymouth, [39]

Hogarth, A., skipper of 'Calluna,' [396]

Hokianga River (N.Z.), [296]

Holditch, Captain H., sec. R.W.Y.C., [43]

Holdsworth, Tom, vice-commodore R. Clyde Y.C., [79]

Holy Loch, [87], [91]

Honduras, [245]

Hong Kong, [148], [315]

Horn, H., on yacht racing in 1893, [349] et seq.

Horning Ferry, [199], [201], [225]

Horsey Mere, [203], [204], [225]

Hossack, N. P., N.Y.Y.C., [241]

Houldsworth, J., owner of 'Lufra,' [68]

Houseboats, sailing, [195]

Hoveton Broads, [199]

Howard, J. T., designer, [176]

Howth, [126], [129], [130], [134], [148]

Hudson River, [231], [236]

Huggins, W., marine painter, his picture of the leading craft of the R.Y.S. of 1835, [12]

Hughes, W. W., owner of 'Australia,' [68], [69]

'Humming Bird' (2½-rater), [63]

Hunter, Mr., of Hafton, [85]

Hunter's Quay, club-house of R. Clyde Y.C. at, [85]

'Hunt's Yachting Magazine' on the 'Victor,' [312]

'Hyacinth' (50-rater), [62], [67]

Hyatt, J., owner of 'Matchless,' R.T.Y.C., 1830, [169]

'Ianthe,' Amer. schooner, [250]

'Ianthe,' Norfolk barge, [197], [224]

'Ida' (12-rater), cutter, [98]

'Idalia' (20-rater), [351]

'Idler' (133 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Ildegonda,' [174], [175]

Imperial German Yacht Club, [309]

Inchiquin, Lord, Cork Water Club, [100], [106]

'Industry,' steamer, [72]

Inglis, I. A., owner of 'Darthula,' [95];
'Thalia,' [340], [345]

Inglis, J. and A., Glasgow, builders of 'Calluna,' [350]

Inman, Mr., builder of 'Australia,' [68]

'Intrepid,' American yacht, [253], [258]

'Iolanthe,' [98]

Ireland's Eye, [129], [130]

'Irene' (40-rater), Prince Henry of Prussia's, [91], [309], [340]

'Irene,' Trinity yacht, [9]

'Irex,' [58], [337], [338]

'Iris,' the, description of, [126]-129, [133], [134];
alias the 'Tramcar,' [133];
typical sanitation of, [136] et seq.;
the hon. steward's duties on board, [140] et seq.

Irish Model Yacht Club. See [Royal Alfred Yacht Club]

Irish Yacht Clubs:—Royal York, [99]-106;
clubs at Kingstown, [106]-108;
Royal Alfred, [108]-124;
'Graphic' Cruisers of Dublin Bay, [124]-145;
Water Wags and Mermaids, [146]-151

'Iroquois,' American yacht, [258]

'Iverna,' cutter, [49], [63], [71];
her match with the 'Meteor,' [331];
in R.S.Y.C. race of August 6, 1893, [340], [341];
R.T.Y.C. race, May 25, 1893, [352], [353];
wins race of May 27, [354]-358;
her lines, [355];
in R.T.Y.C. race, June 10, [358];
race from Dover to Boulogne, [360];
matches of Royal Southern, June 17, [362];
Royal Mersey, June 24, [362];
Royal Northern, July 1, [363];
Hunter's Quay, July 5, [364];
Clyde Corinthian Club, [364];
Royal Clyde regatta, [365];
Royal London match at Cowes, [370]

Jameson, John, designer of 'Iverna,' [350]

Jameson, W. G., [331], [335], [337], [364], [365], [388]

'Janetta' (2½-rater), [64]

Jay, John C, N.Y.Y.C., [240];
his 'La Coquille,' [240]

Jerome, Leonard W., owner of 'Clarita,' 1864, [280]

Jessop, W., owner of 'Florinda,' [68]

Johnson, C., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

'Josephine' (143 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Jubilee,' American yacht, 1893, [400];
dimensions, [402];
characteristics, [403];
in the race for the Goelet Cups, [404]

'Julia,' J. M. Waterbury's sloop, [245], [246];
midship section, [253]

'Juliet' (10 tons), [174]

'Jullanar' (yawl), [68], [69], [88]

Kaikoura (N.Z.), [299]

Kaipara harbour (N.Z.), [296]

'Kate' (20 feet), [56]

Kauri timber for yachts, [296], [314]

Kawau, island of (N.Z.), [292]

Keen, Captain George, Cumberland Fleet, 1823, [166]

'Keepsake' (30 feet), [57]

Kelly, Mr., owner of 'Viola,' [53]

'Kelpie,' American yacht, [250]

'Kelpie' (1-rater), [64]

Kemp, Dixon, [176], [180]

Kennedy, A., R. Clyde Y.C., [79]

Kennedy, Captain R., hon. Sec. R.P.C.Y.C., [50], [51]

Kennedy, John, R.N.Y.C., [74]

Kennedy, R., R.N.Y.C., [74]

Kennedy, W., R. Clyde Y.C., [79]

Kent, Duchess of, patroness of R.W.Y.C., 1833, [42]

Kerr, James, [77]

'Kestrel,' schooner, 1835, [13]

Kiel, yachting at, [309]

'Kilmeny' (30 tons), [82], [84], [112]-114

King, Samuel, R.C.Y.C., [88]

'King's Fisher,' Commodore Taylor's, drawing of, [151];
lines, [153], [154]

Kingsale, Lord, C.W.C., [102]

Kingston, Canada, [310]

Kingstown (Dublin Co.), clubs at, [106], [107], [146]

Kirby, David, boat-builder, Rye, New York, [253]-257

Kirkwall, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

'Kismet' (2½-rater), wins Fernie Cup of R.P.C.Y.C., [68]

'Kitten,' Upper Thames Sailing Club, [183]

'Kittiwake' (½-rater), wins the Champion Cup of R.P.C.Y.C. in 1891, [64]

'La Coquille' (27 tons), [240], [242], [243]

Ladies on board yachts, [139]

'Lady Hermione,' Lord Dufferin's, [20], [25];
rig and dimensions, plan, sail and fittings, [26]-38

'Lady Louisa' (13 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1827, [169], [327]

'Lady St. Kilda,' 1835, Sir T. D. Acland's, [42]

Lagé, Contre-Amiral Baron, President of Union des Yachts Français, [306]

Laight, W. E., N.Y.Y.C., [242]

'Lais' (40-rater), [350];
in race from Dover to Boulogne, [360];
record for the season, [397]

Laity, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

Lake Lothing, [205], [220]

Lake Ontario, Canada, [309], [310]

Lambton, H., M.P., owner of 'Cygnet,' R.Y.T.C. 1851, [171]

'Lamlash' (cutter), [77]

Lamont, H., rear-commodore R. Clyde Y.C., [92]

Lampson, G. C., owner of 'Miranda,' [68]

'Lancashire Witch,' steam yacht, 1878, [17]

'Lancet' (20 tons), [242]

Lang, Oliver, designer of H.M.'s 'Elfin' and 'Victoria and Albert,' [7]

Langtry, R., R.N.Y.C., 1824, [74]

Lapthorn, Messrs., [128], [149], [274], [398]

Largs, [77], [81];
regatta, racing in 1892, [329]

Lateeners, [205], [315]

'Latona' (yawl), wins race from Dover to Boulogne and back in 1880, [69]; [119]

Lavallin, Philip, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Lavand, Captain, [300]

Lawley Corporation, Boston, builders of 'Jubilee,' [402]

Leach, Sir George, on America Cup races of 1893, [416] et seq.

'Leander' (20 tons), [62]

'Leda' (6 tons), R. Cl. Y.C., [81]

'Leda,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, [47]

Lee-on-Solent, [60]

Lenon, Major, his 'L'Erie,' [174]

'Lenore,' [91]

'Leopard,' steam launch, Upper Thames Sailing Club, [182], [183]

'L'Erie' (10 tons), [174]

'Lesbia' (37 tons), cutter, [82]

'Lethe' (yawl), [71]

Liffey estuary, the, [136]

'Lil' (25 feet), [57]

'Lily' (3½ tons), [82]

'Lily' (10 tons), [62], [174]

Little Barrier Island (N.Z.), [292]

Littledale, com. R.M.Y.C., [47], [49]

Liverpool, yachting at, [47]

Livingston, Anson, owner of 'Annie,' [253]

'Livonia' (280 tons), [85], [252], [278]

Llangattock, Lord, [13]

Lockett, J. A., rear-commodore R. Clyde Y.C., [83]

London Sailing Club, Hammersmith, [180]

Long Island Sound, [231], [236]

Longfield, Richard, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Loper, R. T., owner of 'Ocean Wave,' [280]

'Lorna,' [337]

Los Angeles Yacht Club, [234]

Louise, Princess, Lady Patroness of Bermuda Dinghy Club, [318]

'Louise' (20 tons), [53], [91]

Louisiana, [233]

Loutherburg, artist, his drawing of Cowes Castle, [10]

Lowestoft, [205], [220], [221]

Loynes, Mr., of Wroxham, [197], [212], [222], [224]

'Luath' (5-tonner), [123]

'Lucanias,' [72]

'Lufra,' yawl, [68], [69], [88]

Lyall, R., his 'Maria,' [81]

Lyle, James A., hon. sec. R.A.Y.C., [88], [109];
his prize for a one-handed race, [114]

Lyons, James, owner of the 'Breeze,' R.Y.S., 1836, [12]

'Lyris,' designed by W. Gardiner (1891), [263]

Lysaght, Major, [106]

Lyttelton (N.Z.), [298], [299], [301]

'Mabel,' late 'Irex' (100-rater), [67], [352], [360]

McAllister, Mr., Dumbarton, [149]

McCalmont, Harry, owner of 'Giralda,' [425], [426]

Macartney, Mr., R.A.Y.C., [118]

McCheane, Charles, hon. sec. R.P.C.Y.C., [50], [52], [55], [56]

McCheane, T., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

McCracken, Henry J. (R.N.Y.C. 1824), [74]

McFerran, James, his description of 'The Lady Hermione,' [20], [25] et seq.

Macgregor, 'Rob Roy,' [28]

McIver, Mr., his 'Brenda,' [82]

MacIvor, D., owner of 'Sunshine,' [119]

Macleay, A. D., owner of 'Jullanar,' [68]

'Macnab' (21-footer), [177]

'Madcap' (2½-rater), [63]

'Madcap' (20 tons), [116]

'Madeleine' (148 tons), American schooner, [252], [256], [278]

'Madge' (10 tons), [53]

'Madge,' influence of, on American yacht design, [259]

'Maggie' (15 tons), [53], [89], [91]

'Maggie' (132 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Magic' (97 tons), American schooner, [252];
midship section, [253];
dimensions, [278]

'Magnolia' (21-footer), [177]

'Maharanee' (10 tons), [175]

'Maida' (10-rater), 1893, [351]

Main, John, R.P.C.Y.C., [66]

Maine (U.S.), [228]

Malahide, [148]

'Mallory,' American yacht (1858), [249], [253]

Mallory, D. D., yacht designer, Noank, Connecticut, [249], [253]

Malta, [315]

'March Hare' (21-footer), [177]

'Maria' (5 tons), R. Lyall's, [81]

'Maria,' Commodore Stevens's sloop, N.Y.Y.C., [240];
dimensions, [242];
characteristics, [243];
matches with the 'America,' [245];
lost off Cape Hatteras, [245]

'Mannersing,' [253]

'Mantura' (24-footer), [313]

'Marguerite,' [263]

'Maritana' (14 tons), [291]

'Mascotte,' [291]

'Matchless,' [327]

Maxwell, J. R., [275]

'May,' [418], [420]

'Mayflower,' [257], [261], [263]

'Mehalah' (21-footer), [177]

'Meneen,' [68], [351]

'Mercury,' [162], [164], [165]

'Merle' (10 tons), [174]

Mermaids of Dublin Bay, [108], [149]

'Meteor,' German Emperor's yacht, [17], [91], [329], [331], [374]

'Mildred' (10 tons), [174]

'Mima' (10 tons), [291]

'Mimmie' (3 tons), [123]

'Mimosa,' [175]

'Mina,' [258]

'Mineola,' [266]

'Minerva,' [262], [263]

'Minna,' [240]

Minor Vauxhall Gardens, [164]

'Mirage' (1.0), [183]

'Miranda,' [68], [69]

'Mischief,' [256], [257], [278]

'Mist,' [240]

'Mohawk' (326 tons), [253], [259], [374]

'Mohican,' [329]

Mollett, Mr., of Brundall, [210], [213]-217

'Mona' (.85), [183]

Montagu, Hon. Victor, [17], [338], [339], [350]

'Montauk' (193 tons), [253]

Morgan, E. D., [265], [275], [402], [418]

Morris, A., [77]

'Morwena' (1-rater), 1893, [351]

'Mosquito' (½-rater), [68]

'Mosquito' (59 tons), [83]

'Mosquito,' R. Northern Y.C., 1848, [45], [78], [326]

Motueka (N.Z.), [298]

Mount Desert Island (U.S.), [277]

Mount Edgcumbe, [40]

Mudhook Yacht Club, [87];
regatta of 1893, [364]

Muir, Mr., owner of 'Mabel,' [67]

Mulholland, H. L. See [Dunleath]

Mum, James, R. Clyde Y.C., [79]

Mumm, J. F., boat-builder, Bay Ridge, Long Island, [257]

'Muriel' (3 tons), [175], [177]

'Musume' (2½-rater), [63]

'Mystery' (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1843, [13]

'Mystery,' the (Thames open boat), [217]

'Mystic,' American yacht (1856), [249]

'Nadador' (2½-rater), [63]

'Nadejda,' [175]

'Naiad' (3-tonner), [55]

'Naiad' (10 tons), [62]

'Naida' (3 tons), [175]

'Nancy' (1787), [162]

Nantucket Sound, [229], [230]

Narragansett Bay, [228], [230], [231], [249], [276]

'Narwhal' (21-footer), [177]

Nash, James, C.W.C., [100]

Naushon Island, Maine, [230]

'Navahoe,' R. P. Carroll's, [349];
matches, [370]-393;
sail-area in the three matches, [394];
record for the season, [396];
interest in her production, [400];
characteristics, [401];
dimensions, [402]

'Neaira,' [2], [175]

Nelson (N.Z.), [297]

'Neptune' (50 tons), [60], [61]

Nettlefold, Edward, Commodore of Cumberland Fleet, [165]-166

'Neva' (62 tons), [119]

New Bedford (U.S.), [277]

New Jersey, [232], [236]

New London (U.S.), [276]

'New Moon' (209 tons), [15], [16]

New Orleans, [233]

New South Wales, timber of, [313]

New Thames Yacht Club, an offshoot of the R.T.Y.C., [173]

New York, [236];
Bay, [231]

New York Yacht Club. [91];
birthplace, [239];
minutes, [240];
early regattas, [241], [242];
first international race, [243];
'Maria,' [243]-245;
'America,' [246];
annual cruise, [276];
cruise of 1893, [404];
Goelet Cups, [404];
map of course, [405];
Astor Cups, [406]

New Zealand, yachting in, [287];
variety of climate, [288], [302];
Auckland, [288];
Bay of Islands, [289];
Auckland Yacht Club, [290];
colonial yachts, [290];
the 'Mascotte,' [291];
cruises in, [291] et seq.;
Little and Great Barrier Islands, [293], [294];
fish, [293], [297];
goats and rabbits, [293];
Firth of Thames, [294];
Rangitoto, [294];
the Sacred Island, [294];
Tauranga, [295];
west coast of the North Island, [295];
Wellington, [296];
Queen Charlotte and Pelorus Sounds, [296], [297];
Nelson harbour, [297];
north coast of South Island, [298];
Lyttelton harbour, [299];
old French settlement of Akaroa, [299];
the sounds, [300], [301];
months suitable for yachting, [302];
winds, [302];
timber, [313]

'Newburg,' American sloop, [249]

Newenham, John, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Newenham, R., C.W.C., [100]

Newenham, T., C.W.C., [100]

Newman, Major H. H., [106]

Nice, as a yachting centre, [306];
chart of regatta course, [307];
races and prizes, [308]

Nichols, Captain John, on long courses, [45];
skipper of 'Mosquito,' [326]

Nicholson, Mr., builder of 'Florinda,' [68]

'Niny,' [309]

'Nora' (8-rater), [98]

Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Club, [217]:
rating classes, [217]

Norfolk Broads, yachting on, [190];
scenery, [193];
craft for navigating, [193];
the 'Ianthe,' [197], [224];
river below Wroxham, [198];
Wroxham Broad, [199];
Hoveton Broads, [199];
houseboats, [199];
at Horning, [200];
steering on a tortuous river, [201];
Ranworth Broad, [202];
Barton and South Walsham Broads, [202];
movement along water, [202];
river Thurne, [203];
Hickling Broad, [203];
Horsey Mere, [204];
the Bure, [204];
Acle to Yarmouth, [204];
Breydon Water, [204];
the river Waveney, [204];
the Yare, [204];
Haddicoe Cut, [204];
Reedham and St. Olave's, [205];
pleasure boats, [205];
the lateener, [205];
the 'Ariel' and the 'Black Maria,' [205];
types of boats, [207];
old measurement of racing craft, [207];
sailing single-handed, [208];
alteration in rule of measurement, [209];
craft built by Mr. Brighton of Yarmouth and Mr. Mollett of Brundall, [210]-217;
boats built by Mr. Peed of Oulton, [213];
Mr. Mollett's 'Gossip,' [213]-215;
his 'Castanet,' [215]-217;
clubs, [217];
the Thames 'Mystery,' [217];
rule for passing in narrow reaches, [218];
rowing boats and anglers, [219];
'putty,' [219], [220];
Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing, [220];
Lowestoft Harbour, [220];
Oulton, [221];
Cantley on the Yare, [221];
Norwich, [222];
boat-letting agencies, [222];
Bullen, of Oulton Broad, [222], [224];
Hart & Son, of Thorpe, [222];
an offer of assistance in hiring yachts, [222];
best cruising grounds, [222], [223];
Wroxham and Oulton as yachting centres, [223];
Loynes's and Bullen's craft and terms of hire, [224];
time required to do the rivers and broads, [225];
fishing and photography, [226]

Norfolk wherries, [194]

'Norman,' [175]

'Norna,' American yacht, [258]

Norrköping, Sweden, [309]

North America, British, [275]

North Island (N.Z.), [295]

'North Star,' American steam yacht, [279];
dimensions, [280]

Norwegian prams, [147]

Norwich, [192], [204], [222], [223], [225]

Nottage, Capt., R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

Nugent, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

'Nyleptha' (21-footer), [177]

'Nymph' (15 tons), [77]

Oamaru harbour (N.Z.), [300]

O'Bryen, Hon. James, Cork Water Club, 1720, [100]

O'Bryen, Morough, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

'Ocean Monarch,' emigrant ship, rescued by 'Queen of the Ocean,' 1848, [47], [49]

'Ocean Wave,' American steam yacht, 1865, [280]

O'Connell, D., loss of, in the 'Peri,' [116], [117]

'Œnanthe,' [175]

Olsen, Niels, N.Y.Y.C., [279]

O'Neal, Charles, Cork Water Club, 1720, [100]

O'Neil, Mr., [331], [335], [345]

'Onkahya,' John C. Stevens's, [238];
loss, [239]

Onslow, Earl of, on yachting in New Zealand, [287] et seq.

Onslow Pinnacle Rock, Bay of Islands (N.Z.), [289]

Orfordness, sea disturbance off, [218]

'Orion,' American yacht, [250]

'Orion,' R. Northern Y.C., [78]

Ornskoldskirk, Sweden, [309]

Orson, Edward Forbes, of Stranraer, R. Northern Y.C., 1824, [74]

'Osborne' (formerly the 'Victoria and Albert'), [6], [9]

Otago (N.Z.), [301], [302]

'Ottawa,' U.S.S., [247]

Oulton Broad, [192], [197], [205], [219]-224

'Oweene,' American cutter, [263]

Oxford University Sailing Club, [182], [183]

Oyster Bay, Long Island, [239]

Pacific coast, [233]

Paget, B., R.P.C.Y.C., [66]

Paget, Lord Alfred, vice-commodore R.T.Y.C., his 'Mystery' and the 'Blue Belle,' May 23, 1843, [170];
'Belvidere' wins the 60l. cup in 1845, [171]

Paget, W. B., owner of the 'Columbine,' [67]

Paine, General, Boston Y.C., his 46-footer, 1891, [263];
as a yachtsman, [275];
on the canvas of the 'Valkyrie,' [398];
owner of 'Jubilee,' [402]

Paine, J. B., designer of 'Jubilee,' [402]

'Palmer' (194 tons), [252]

'Pantaloon,' H.M.S., tender to 'Royal George,' [6]

'Pantaloon,' R.Y.S., 1835, [12]

'Papoose' (2½-rater), [68]

Park, Mr., part owner of 'Ida,' [98]

Parker, Ben, skipper, [330], [345]

Parker, Michael, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Parkes, Mr., owner of 'Aurora,' Cumberland Fleet, [155]

Parsons, Thomas, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Paterson's Inlet (N.Z.), [301]

Payne, Arthur, designer of the 'Hyacinth,' [62];
the 'Niny,' [309];
and 'Corsair,' [338]

Payton, Mr., builder of 'Currytush,' [123]

Peake, Sir Henry, designer of 'Royal George,' 1814, [5]

'Pearl' (4½ tons), [81]

'Pearl' (130 tons), R.Y.S., 1835, [12], [13], [243], [326]

Peed, Mr., of Oulton, builder of 'Corona,' [213]

Pelorus Sound (N.Z.), [296], [297]

Pelt, J. G. van, owner of 'Rebecca,' [246]

Pembroke, Earl of, Royal Cinque Ports Yacht Club, [68]

Penrose, Cooper, Cork Water Club, [104]

Pepys, Samuel, quoted, [1]-5

'Peri' (5 tons), [116], [117]

Pérignon, M. E., vice-president U. des Y.F., [306]

Persian Gulf, the, [148]

Peter the Great, [5]

'Petrel' (10 tons), [116]

Pett, Christopher, [2]

Pett, Commissioner, builds a yacht for Charles II, [2], [3]

Pett, Phineas, builds a yacht for Henry of Wales in 1604, [1], [2]

Petty, Sir William, his two-keeled vessel, 3

'Phantom,' R.T.Y.C., [13], [171]

'Phantom' (10-rater), [351], [398]

'Phantom' (123 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Phantom' (172 tons), [69]

'Phœbe,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, [47]

'Phryne' (40 tons), [56]

Picton, Queen Charlotte Sound (N.Z.), [297]

Pigeon Bay (N.Z.), [299]

'Pilgrim,' American yacht, 1893, [400];
dimensions, [402];
characteristics, [403];
race for Goelet Cups, [404]; [407]

'Pilot,' H.M.S., training brig, [40]

'Pleione,' schooner, [117]

'Plover,' American yacht, [249]

Plymouth, [39]

'Pocahontas,' Amer. sloop, [257]

Polhemus, A., boat-builder, Nyack, New York, [254]

Ponsonby, Lord, R.Y.S., [10]

Popham, F. W. L., owner of 'White Slave,' [330]

Popham, Mr., owner of 'Bird of Freedom,' [56]

Port Chalmers (N.Z.), [301]

Port Fitzroy, Great Barrier Island (N.Z.), [293]

Port Leny (N.Z.), [299]

Port Nicholson (N.Z.), [296]

Portland, Duke of, owner of 'Pantaloon,' R.Y.S., 1835, [12]

Potter Heigham, [203], [204], [225]

Pottinger, Thomas, Admiral R.N.Y.C., 1825, [74], [75]

Prams, Norwegian, [147]

'Preciosa' (10 tons), [174]

Preservation of food on yacht voyages, [141]

'Prima Donna' (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., [145], [171]

'Primrose' (3 tons), [175]

Prince Alfred Yacht Club, Sydney, [311]

Prince, C. A., Boston Y.C., [275]

'Prince of Wales,' Cumberland Fleet, 1786, [161], [162]

'Princess' (40 tons), Prince of Wales's, [17]

'Princess Royal,' steamer, R.M.Y.C., 1845, [47]

'Priscilla,' Amer. yacht, [225], [227]

Pritchett, R. T., on royal yachts and English yacht clubs, [1] et seq.;
on Royal Forth Yacht Club, [96];
on Royal Northern Yacht Club, Rothesay, [72] et seq.;
on Royal Cork Yacht Club, [99] et seq.;
on Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, Erith, [173] et seq.;
on foreign and colonial yachting, [304] et seq.;
on yachting at Bermuda, [318];
on famous races, [324];
on racing in a 40-rater in 1892, [332]

'Providence,' Cumberland Fleet, 1797, [164]

'Ptarmigan' (10-rater), [351]

Puget's Sound, [233]

'Puritan,' General Paine's, [255], [257], [260], [261], [263], [278], [333]

Pussey & Jones, builders of 'Pilgrim,' [402]

Putland, George, Commodore R. Alfred Y.C., [110], [115]

Puxly, Henry, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Quail Island, Lyttelton (N.Z.), [299]

Quebec, [309], [310], [311]

Queen, Her Majesty the, purchases Osborne House, [6];
first cruise in the 'Victoria and Albert,' [8];
patronage of yacht clubs, [9], [18];
patroness of the Royal St. George's Yacht Club, Kingstown, [106];
of the R.T.Y.C., [170], [171]

'Queen' (15 tons), [114]

Queen Charlotte Sound (N.Z.), [296], [297]

'Queen Mab,' [60], [71], [96], [329], [330], [333], [334], [336], [337], [340], [343], [345]-347, [350]

'Queen of the Ocean,' R.M.Y.C., [47], [49]

Queensland, coast of, [288]

Queenstown, [7]

'Qui Vive,' American yacht, [250]

'Quickstep,' Amer. schooner, [263]

'Quickstep' (20 tons), [56];
her matches with the 'Enriqueta,' [58], [59]

Quilter, Mr., part owner of the 'Mascotte,' [55]

'Quinque' (5-rater), [63], [351]

Racing in a 40-rater in 1892, a detailed description, [332] et seq.

Raleigh, Walter, [1]

'Rambler' (160 tons), [252]

Rangitoto (N.Z.), [294]

Ranken, A., [77]

Ranworth Broad, [202]

Rasch, Captain, R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Ratsey, Charles, boat-builder, [68], [149], [325], [326], [398], [402]

Reade, Lieut.-Col. Arthur L., secretary of the Royal Windermere Lake Yacht Club, [189]

Reany & Naeafy, builders of 'Ocean Wave,' [280]

Reanyson & Archibald, boat-builders, Chester, Pennsylvania, [256]

'Rebecca,' J. G. van Pelt's, [246]

'Red Lancer' (5-rater), [330], [331], [351], [398]

Reedham, [204], [205], [222]

'Restless' (95 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Reverie' (40-rater), 1891, lines, [70]; [336], [337]

'Reverie' (41 tons), Clyde Y.C., cutter, [82]

Ricardo, Charles, secretary of Upper Thames Sailing Club, his account of a 'fitted race,' [320], [321]

Richards, S., R.P.C.Y.C., [66]

Richardson, Alex., owner of the 'Naiad,' [116];
designer of 'Challenge,' [120], [122]

Richardson, G. W., owner of the 'Sayonara,' [53]

'Richmond,' American yacht (1857), [249]

Richmond, D. O., boat-builder, Mystic, Connecticut, [256]

Richmond, Duke of (1771), [324]

'Rival,' [91]

'Rival' (3-tonner), [123]

'Rivet' (17 tons), [310]

'Rob Roy' (16 tons), [327]

'Rob Roy,' Mr. Macgregor's, [28]

Robertson, F. A., owner of 'Uranus,' [98]

'Robinson' (10 tons), [174]

Roche, Edmund, Cork Water Club, [100]

Roche, John (C.W.C.), [104]

'Rocket' (6 tons), yawl, [88]

Rockland, on the Yare, [222]

Rogers, Archibald, N.Y.Y.C., [275];
part owner of 'Colonia,' [402]

Rogers, James, N.Y.Y.C., [240];
his 'Adda,' [240]

Rogers, John (C.W.C., 1720), [100]

Rogers, Robert (C.W.C., 1760), [100]

Roland, Thomas (C.W.C.), [104]

Rollins, George B., N.Y.Y.C., [240];
his 'Minna,' [240]

Rothesay, the Royal Northern Yacht Club at, [72];
R.N.Y.C. club-house, [77]

Rothschild, Baron A. de, [306]

Rowan, J. (R. Clyde Y.C.), [81]

Rowley, A. B., owner of the 'Latona,' [69]

Royal Albert Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, [18];
Corinthian matches, [118];
number of yachts and members, [118];
entry in 1875 for the No. 1 Champion Cup, [119];
description of a Corinthian match in 1876, [119] et seq.;
Corinthian match in 1879, [122];
alterations in courses, [123];
3-tonners and 5-tonners, [123];
rule of measurement and conditions of sailing, [123];
houseless, [124];
the regatta of 1893, [380]

Royal Alfred Yacht Club, Kingstown, Queen's Cups received, [18];
its Channel matches, [84];
origin of, [108];
first named Irish Model Yacht Club, [108];
rule on fleet sailing, [109];
reorganisation, [109];
rule on racing flags, [109];
challenge cup instituted, [110];
club matches, [110];
named Prince A.Y.C., [110];
commodores appointed, [110];
Duke of Edinburgh patron, [111];
prizes, [111];
amateur matches, [111];
race for 2nd and 3rd class yachts in 1868, [111]-114;
Mr. Lyle's prize for a one-handed race, [114];
introduction of Champion Cups, [114];
Duke of Edinburgh commodore in 1871, [115];
a 'Royal' Club, [115];
increase of members, [115];
burgee, [115];
'Enid' wins Duke of Edinburgh's gold cup, [115];
presented with a Queen's Cup, [115];
fatalities in single-handed racing in 1872, and stoppage of same, [116], [117];
matches in 1874, [117], [118];
swimming match in clothes, [118];
headquarters, [146]

Royal Bermuda Yacht Club, [318]

Royal Bombay Yacht Club, [315]

Royal Canadian Yacht Club, [309]

Royal Cinque Ports Yacht Club, Queen's Cups received, [18];
estab. 1872, [68];
regatta, [68]

Royal Clyde Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, [18];
instituted as Clyde Model Yacht Club, [79];
original members, [79];
ensign and burgee, [79];
chart of course, [80];
measurement rule and racing flags, [81];
meeting in 1857, [81];
American 'sail-area' measurement, [82];
called Clyde Yacht Club, [82];
annual regatta, [82];
Corinthian regatta, [82];
opening and closing cruises, [83];
members and yachts in 1867, [83];
foundation of annual Corinthian match in 1868, [84];
founder of 40-, 20-, 10-, and 5-ton classes, [84];
Channel matches, [84];
made a 'Royal' club in 1872, [85];
new club-house at Hunter's Quay, [85];
opening meeting of 1872, [85];
adoption of Royal Alfred Y.C. rules, [86];
club-house, [87];
members and tonnage in 1877, [87];
a 'Clyde week,' [87];
new courses, [87], [88];
Y.R.A.'s system of time allowances, [88];
entries of large racing yachts in 1878, [88];
entries and prizes in 1880-1881, [89];
purchase of 'Alcyone,' [89];
terms of that yacht's hire, [90];
recipient of Queen's Cup in 1883, [90];
closing cruise of 1884, [90];
alteration of courses, [91];
challenges New York Yacht Club, [91];
'Thistle' and 'Volunteer' matches, [91];
finances, [92];
resignation of Lord Glasgow, [92];
officials, [92];
acquisition of three boats, [92];
adoption of Y.R.A. length and sail-area rule, [93];
classes under 'rating rule,' [93];
second Queen's Cup, [64];
match round Arran, [94];
loss of club-house by fire, [94];
renting of Craigend Villa, [94];
cups and money prizes, [94];
small raters in 1890, [95];
present fleet, [95];
present members, [95];
regatta of 1893, [365]

Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, Erith (the original Corinthian club), [173];
premises, [174];
classification of yachts, [174];
racing, [174];
10-ton class, [174];
3-ton class, [175];
21-foot class, [176];
2½-raters, [177];
officers in 1894, [178]

Royal Cork Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, [18];
origin, [99];
Water Club of Harbour of Cork, [99];
early rules, [99];
members of 1720 and 1760, [100];
sailing orders for Water Club fleet, 1720, [102];
decadence from 1765 till 1822, [102];
chart of course for 40-raters, [103];
institution of Little Monkstown Club, [104];
re-establishment of Water Club under title of Cork Yacht Club, [104];
club-house and its pictures at Queenstown, [106]

Royal Cornwall Club, [18]

Royal Dart Club matches, [385]

Royal Dorset Club, Weymouth, receive a Queen's Cup in 1887, [18];
founded in 1875, [345]

Royal Eastern Yacht Club, [98]

Royal Forth Yacht Club, establishment of, [96];
present officials, [96];
members, [96];
match from Hartlepool to Granton in 1893, [96];
the Queen's Cup, [96];
chart of courses, [97];
match for T.B.C. West Challenge Cup, [98]

'Royal George,' royal yacht, dimensions, [5];
used on occasion of the Queen's accession, [6]

Royal Halifax Yacht Club, [311]

Royal Harwich Y.C., [18], [218]

Royal Irish Yacht Club:
Queen's Cups received, [18];
established 1846, [108];
regatta of 1893, [368];
map of the course, [371]

Royal London Yacht Club, [18];
established 1838, [178];
flag, [178];
adopt flying starts, [179];
development of yachting, [179];
regatta of 1893, [370]

Royal Mersey Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, [18];
established 1844, [46];
moved from Liverpool to Birkenhead, [46];
first race, [47];
plan of course, [48];
Jubilee regatta, [49];
regatta of 1893, [363]

Royal Northern Yacht Club:
Queen's Cups received, [18];
home at Rothesay, [72];
chart of Clyde course, [73];
origin of, [74];
original members, [74];
Irish and Scotch divisions, [74], [76];
burgee, [75], [76];
full dress of members, [75];
classing of yachts in 1826 and 1831, [79];
first regatta at Belfast, [76];
William IV. patron, [76];
two days' regatta at Belfast in 1836, [76];
dissolution of Irish division in 1838, [77];
club-house, [77];
yachts, [78];
present secretary, [78];
Channel matches, [84];
regatta 1893, [363]

Royal Nova Scotia Y.C., [311]

Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club, [49];
instituted 1880, [50];
first officers, [50];
map of course, [51];
definition of amateur, [52];
first regatta, [52];
matches, [52];
popularity, [53];
season of 1881, [54];
increase of membership, [54];
introduction of 3-tonners, [55];
regatta of 1883, [56];
prosperity in 1884, [56];
opening cruise, [57];
foot classes, [57];
A, B, C classes, [60];
increase in number of regattas, [61];
shifting keels, [62];
rating classes, [63];
½-raters, [64];
programme for 1891, [65];
service to amateur seamanship, [66];
the regatta of 1893, [67]

Royal St. George's Yacht Club, Kingstown:
Queen's Cups received, [18];
established 1838, [106];
chart of course, [107]

Royal South Australian Yacht Squadron, Adelaide, [314]

Royal Southampton Yacht Club, [340];
the regatta of 1893, [378];
map of the Warner and Lymington course, [379]

Royal Southern Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, [18];
Jubilee regatta of 1893, [361]

Royal Sydney Yacht Sq., [311]

Royal Thames Club, [13], [18], [167]-172;
matches of 1893, [352]-358

Royal Ulster Yacht Club:
Queen's Cups received, [18];
2½-raters, [95];
headquarters, [108];
regatta of 1893, [366];
map of the course, [367]

Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde, [18], [43]-45

Royal West of Ireland Club, Queen's Cups, [18]

Royal Western Yacht Club, Plymouth, [18], [39]-43

Royal Windermere Lake Yacht Club, founded 1860, [183];
leading feature, [184];
precautions to insure good racing, [184];
map of course, [187]

Royal Yacht Club of Victoria, Australia, [314]

Royal Yacht Squadron:
club-house, [9];
established 1812, [10];
position in yachting world, [10];
new club-house, [10];
seal, [11];
reception of Emperor and Empress of the French, [12];
class of vessels, [12];
cup to R.T.Y.C. in 1843, [13];
cup of 1851 taken by 'America,' [14];
Jubilee (1865), [15];
in Queen's Jubilee year, [16];
Queen's Cup winners, [16];
averse to steam yachts, [16];
fleet, [17], [18];
Queen's course, [19];
regatta of 1893, [374]

Royal Yorkshire Club, [18]

'Ruby' (Thames boat), [218]

Ruck, F., R.E., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Russell, George (R.N.Y.C., 1824), [74]

Rutherford, L. M., N.Y.Y.C., [241]

Ruthven, Edward S., R.N.Y.C., 1824, [74]

Ryder, Admiral, R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

'Sachem,' Amer. schooner, [263]

'Sadie,' Amer. yacht (1867), [250]

St. Augustine, Bay of (U.S.), [233]

'St. George,' st. yacht, 1875, [290]

'St. George,' Coronation Sailing Society dispute regarding the match of 1823, [167]

'St. George' (7 tons), Cumberland Fleet, [161], [164]

St. George's, Bermuda, dinghy racing at, [321]-323

St. John's River (Florida), [233];
'America' found sunk in, [247]

St. Kilda, Australia, [314]

St. Lawrence Club, Montreal, [311]

St. Lawrence river, Canada, [310]

St. Olave's, on the Waveney, [205]

'Saivnara' (21-footer), [177]

Salhouse Broads, [199]

'Samœna,' [54], [64], [352]

San Francisco, Bay of, [234]

Sandwich, Lord, [3]

Sandy Hook Lightship, [231]

Sanitary precautions on yachts, [136]-142

'Sanitas' for yacht sanitation, [136]

Santa Barbara, [234]

Santa Katalina, [234]

'Santry' (25 tons), [54]

'Sappho,' American schooner, [249], [253], [258], [278]

'Satanella' (16 tons), [54]

'Satanita,' in Jubilee Regatta of R. Mersey Y.C., 1893, [49];
designer and builder, [349];
R.T.Y.C. race June 10, 1893, [358];
the Royal Southern, June 17, [361];
Royal Mersey, June 24, [363];
Royal Northern, July 1, [363];
at Hunter's Quay, July 5, [364];
in Clyde Corinthian Club match, [364];
Royal Clyde regatta, [365];
Royal Ulster regatta, [366];
Royal Irish regatta, [368];
Royal London match, [370];
the Meteor Challenge Shield, [375];
wins Cowes Town Cup, [376];
and R.Y.S. prize on Aug. 4, [377];
wins Royal Albert match, Aug. 14, [380];
Torbay regatta, [382];
Royal Dart match, [385];
Start Bay Club match, [386];
points superior to 'Britannia,' [394];
record for season, [395];
mainsail, [399];
versus 'Navahoe,' [400]

Savage, Mr., Cork Water Club, [104]

Savannah (Georgia), [232]

'Savourna,' [330], [331]

Savoy, Colonel, R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Sawyer, John, & Co., sailmakers, New York, [274]

Saxe-Weimar, Prince Edward of, com., R.P.C.Y.C., [50], [53], [66]

'Sayonara' (20 tons), [53], [91]

Schuyler, George L., N.Y.Y.C., [240];
his 'Dream,' [240], [242];
part owner of 'America,' [246]

Scovell, Mr., R.A.Y.C., [110]

'Sea Fox' (204 tons), American schooner, [253]

'Seabelle' (142 tons), [68], [69], [344]

'Seaflower,' H.M. brig, [40]

'Seagull,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, [47]

Seawanhaka Yacht Club, New York, [259]

'Secret,' R.T.Y.C., [170]

'Secret' (31 tons), [112], [114]

Selwyn Island (N.Z.), [293]

Senior, Julian, R.P.C.Y.C., [66]

'Senta' (3-tonner), [123], [316]

'Shadow,' American sloop, built on 'compromise model,' [250];
lines, [251]

Shankill (Co. Dublin), [147]

Shankill Corinthian Sailing Club, [148]

Sharman-Crawford, Captain, rear-commodore R. Ulster Y.C., [108]

Sharpies, Canadian, [310]

Sheddon, Col., R.Y.S. 1815, [10]

'Sheilah' (20 tons), [119]-122

Shepherd, J., his 'Daydream,' [96]

Sheppard, Mr., starts the Minor Vauxhall Gardens, [164];
gives cups to Cumberland Fleet, [164], [165]

'Shona' (5-tonner), [123]

Signals, J. A. Lyle's book of, [109]

'Silver Star' (40 tons), [56]

Simonson, Jeremiah, builder of 'North Star,' [280]

Simpson, Messrs., [177]

Sinclair, R., [77]

'Siola' (20-rater), [63]

'Siren' (72 tons), [242]

'Sleuthhound' (40 tons), [54], [56], [337]

Small, Captain, R.C.Y.C., [81]

Smith, A. Cary, joint designer of 'Vindex,' [256], [258];
designer of 'Mischief,' [256];
'Priscilla,' [257];
position as a designer, [257], [275];
marine artist, [258]

Smith & Dimon, boat-builders, New York, [280]

Smith & Wellstood, Glasgow, [140]

Smith-Barry, John, Cork Water Club, [12], [104]

Smith, E., Cumberland Fleet, [164]

Smith, James (first commodore R. Clyde Y.C.), [77], [79]

Smith, J. W., owner of 'Secret,' R.T.Y.C., 1847, [170]

Smith, Mr., first commodore of Cumberland Fleet, [156]

Smith, Sir Alex. (1771), [324]

Smith, T., R.T.Y.C., [169]

Smyth, J., of Helensburgh, com. R. Northern Y.C., [74]

'Snarley Yow' (3 tons), [56], [175]

Snydam, D. L., joint owner of 'Cygnet,' [242]

Snydam, John R., joint owner of 'Cygnet,' [242]

Société des Régates au Havre, [306]

'Sonata,' Arthur Glennie's, [54]

Soper, J. M., boat designer, [70], [176], [180], [349]

South California, [234]

South Walsham Broad, [202]

South Walsham Dyke, [203]

'Speedy,' H.M.S., [61]

Spencer, J., R. Clyde Y.C., [79]

'Speranza' (85 tons), yawl, [119]

'Spitfire,' Cumberland Fleet, dispute in match of 1823, [167];
wins first match of R.T.Y.C., [168]

Spratt, Nelson, designer of 'Julia,' [246]

'Spray' (37 tons), [240], [242], [243]

Stalkart's 'Naval Architecture,' design from, [4]

Start Bay Yacht Club Regatta, 1893, [386];
map of course, [387]

Stawell, Sampson, Cork Water Club, [100]

Steam yachting in America:
the 'North Star,' [279], [280];
'Firefly,' 'Clarita,' 'Ocean Wave,' and 'Day Dream,' [280];
open steam launch, [281];
flush-deck yacht, [282], [285];
deep-sea craft, [284];
engines, [285];
naphtha engines, [286]

Steers, George, designer of 'Gimcrack,' [239];
ability, [243];
share in designing the 'Maria,' [243];
'Una' and 'Julia,' [245];
'America,' [246]

'Stella' (2½-rater), [62]

Sterling, Colonel J., [393]

Steven, Mr., his 'Comet,' [81]

Stevens, Commodore John C., N.Y.Y.C., his schooner 'America' wins R.Y.S. Cup in 1851, [14], [246];
founder of N.Y.Y.C., [227];
his 'Diver,' [237];
'Trouble' and 'Double Trouble,' [237];
'Wave' and 'Onkahya,' [238];
'Maria' and 'Gimcrack,' [237], [242]-245

Stevens, Edward, part owner of 'Maria,' [244], [245]

Stevens, Edward A., part owner of 'America,' [247], [279]

Stevens, Robert, part owner of 'Maria,' [244]

Steward, duties of an honorary, on a yacht, [140] et seq.

Stewart and Binney, designers of 'Pilgrim,' [402]

Stewart's Island (N.Z.), [288], [301]

Stockholm, [309]

Stone, Douglas, yacht designer, [176];
builder of 'Eva,' [177]

Story, W. C., R.P.C.Y.C., [50]

Stoves for yachts, [140]

'Sunbeam,' Lord Brassey's steam yacht, [16], [290]

'Sunshine' (20 tons), [119]-122

'Surge,' [174]

Surlingham Broads, [222]

Sussex, Duke of, patron of Royal Western Y.C., 1833, [42]

Sutherland, James (R. Clyde Y.C.), [79];
his 'Echo,' [82]

Sutton, Captain, first rear- and vice-commodore R.P.C.Y.C., [50], [54], [64], [66]

Sutton, Messrs., owners of the 'Diamond,' [52]

Sutton, Sir Richard, owner of 'Genesta,' [173]

'Swan' (4-tonner), [212]

Sweden, yachting in, [309]

Swedish Yachting Club, [309]

'Sweetheart,' [174]

'Syanara,' American yacht (1891), [266]

'Sybil' (26 tons), [62]

Sycamore, skipper of 'Corsair,' [330], [342]

'Sylph' (30 tons), R.N.Y.C., [77]

'Sylph,' American schooner, [238]

'Sylvie' (106 tons), American schooner, [252]

Symonds, Sir W., designer of the old 'Victoria and Albert,' [6]

'Syren' (25 feet), [59]

'Talisman' (84 tons), [326]

Tamesis Sailing Club, [182]

'Tar Baby' (5-rater), [63]

'Tara' (40 tons), [56]

'Tarifa' (8-rater), [291]

'Tarolenta' (204 tons), American schooner, [252]

'Tartar' (30 tons), [77]

Tauranga Harbour (N.Z.), [295]

Taylor, Commodore Thomas, Cumberland Fleet, 1780, [152];
his clinker-built 'King's Fisher,' [152]-154;
founder of Thames yacht-racing, [154], [156];
his 'Cumberland,' [157]-159, [162];
wins the match against 'Eclipse' in 1793, [162];
retirement, [165]

Taylor, Mr., [53], [68], [82]

Taylor, Mrs., [344]

'Terpsichore' (38 tons), [62], [175]

Texas, [233]

'Thalassa' (2½-rater), [62]

'Thalia,' [71], [337], [338], [340], [343], [345], [346], [350], [397]

Thames, the:
the year 1770 an important epoch for yachting, [152];
first rowing regatta, [154];
introduction of 21-foot class, [176];
improved state at Erith, [178];
match 1830, [327]

Thames, Harwich, and Cinque Ports courses, map of, [357]

Thames Sailing Club, [182]

Thames United Sailing Club, [188]

Thames Valley Sailing Club, [182]

Thames Yacht Club. See [Royal Thames Yacht Club]

Thayer, Bayard, Boston Y.C., [275], [402]

Thellusson, Percy, secretary R.V.Y.C., Ryde, [46]

'Thetis,' [291]

'Thief' (5-rater), [63]

'Thistle' (afterwards 'Meteor'), [63], [91], [278], [309]

Thomas, Sir G., R.Y.S. 1815, [10]

Thomond, Marquis of, Cork Water Club, [10], [102]

Thompson, F., owner of 'Challenge,' [119]

Thompson, G. B., R.A.Y.C., [111], [116], [119]

Thomson, Gordon, R.N.Y.C., 1824, [74]

Thomson, Robert, R.N.Y.C. (sec. 1824, admiral 1827), [74]

'Three Brothers,' [254]

Thurne, river, [192], [203], [204], [225]

'Thyra,' [91]

'Tidal Wave' (153 tons), [252]

Timaru harbour (N.Z.), [300]

'Times' (August 9, 1886) cited, [159];
(July 23, 1795), [164]

Tinned fruits and vegetables, [142]

'Titania,' American cutter, [263]

Tooker, William, builder of 'Rebecca,' [246]

Torbay regatta, 1893, [382];
race chart, [383]

'Torch' (15 tons), [82], [84], [174]

'Torment' (5 tons), [116], [117]

Toronto, [309], [310]

Torres Straits, [288]

'Tottie' (21-footer), [176], [177]

Towers-Clark, Captain, owner of 'Varuna,' [350]

Townsend, J., owner of 'Whirlwind,' [122]

'Triton,' Amer. schooner, [250]

'Trixie' (3-tonner), [210]

'Trouble,' J. C. Stevens's, [237]

'Troublesome' (2½-rater), [64]

Turnley, J., R.N.Y.C., 1824, [74]

Tyars, Jonathan, proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens, [161];
presents Cumberland Fleet with a cup, [161]

'Ulerin' (10 tons), [57]

'Ulidia' (10 tons), [56], [57], [175], [345]

'Una,' sloop, N.Y.Y.C., [241];
lengthened, [245]

'Undine' (2½-rater), [68]

'Undine,' American sloop (1852), [249]

Union des Yachts Français, [306]

Union Steamship Co., [290], [301]

'Unit' (1-rater), [64]

Upper Thames Sailing Club, club-house at Bourne End, [181];
Challenge Cup, [182]

'Uranus' (3.9-rater), cutter, [98]

Ure, Mr., his 'Lily,' [82]

Ure, R., [365]

Urquhart, Major, [58]

Uxbridge, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

'Valentine' (5-rater), [63]

'Valiant' (2,400 tons), [418]

'Valkyrie' (76 tons), [63]

'Valkyrie,' Lord Dunraven's, [278], [308], [349];
in races in 1893, [352]-377;
compared with 'Britannia,' [394];
record for the season, [395];
canvas, [398];
dimensions, [402];
in American waters, [407];
matches against 'Vigilant,' [410]-412, [418]-421

'Vampire' (20 tons), [111]-113

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, owner of 'North Star,' [280];
'Valiant,' [418]

Vanderbilts, the, [284]

'Vanessa' (20 tons), [54]

'Varuna,' [71], [329], [330], [337], [350], [360], [397]

Vauxhall Cup, Cumberland Fleet, [161], [162]

Vauxhall Gardens, proprietors place a wonderful car on the Thames in 1794, [163];
cups given by them to the Cumberland Fleet, [164]

'Vega' (40 tons), [50]

Velocity of wind, difference in the effect of, in English and American waters, [419]

'Velzie' (20-rater), [63]

'Vendetta' (40-rater), [360], [397]

'Venelia' (3 tons), [175]

'Venus,' Cumberland Fleet, [166]

'Venus' (13 tons), [327]

'Verena' (25 feet), [62]

'Veronica' (92 tons), [62]

'Vesta' (201 tons), American schooner, [253]

'Victor,' [312]

'Victoria,' American sloop (1856), blockade-runner, [249]

Victoria, Australia, [314]

'Victoria and Albert,' 1843, [6], [7];
new yacht, [7], [8]

'Vida' (23-footer), 1893, [351]

'Vigilant,' [278], [333], [334], [400];
characteristics, [401];
dimensions, [402];
boom, [403];
in first regatta of N.Y.Y.C., cruise of 1893, [404];
Goelet Cups, [404];
pitted against 'Valkyrie,' [407];
wins three matches, [410]-412, [418]-421

'Vigorna' (20-rater), [351], [397]

'Viking,' [374]

'Vindex' (44 tons), [83]

'Vindex' (68 tons), first iron yacht built in America, [256], [258]

'Viola' (20 tons), [53]

'Virago' (6 tons), [174]

'Vixen,' Cumberland Fleet, in a race in 1795, [164];
wins a club cup in 1812, [165]

'Vixen' (19 tons), 1830, [327]

'Vixen' (90 tons), American sloop, dimensions, [256]

'Vol au Vent' (103 tons), [68], [69]

'Volador' (21 feet), [62]

'Volunteer,' [263], [278]

Voorhis, J., designer of the 'Madeleine,' [256]

Voorhis, William, owner of 'Addie,' [254]

Waimea (N.Z.), [298]

Waitemata (N.Z.), [290], [294]

Waiwera (N.Z.), [292]

Walcot, John, Cork Water Club, 1760, [100]

Wales, Prince of, names and dates of yachts owned by him, [17];
his 'Britannia' competes with 'Navahoe,' for Gold Challenge Cup of R.V.Y.C., [43];
his 'Belle Lurette,' [54];
Commodore of R.T.Y.C., [173];
enthusiasm evoked by 'Britannia,' [349]

Walford, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

Walker, Mr., his 'Bella,' [81]

'Wanderer' (9-tonner), [210], [213]

'Wanderer' (187 tons), American schooner, [249], [253], [258]

'Wanderer,' steam yacht, [16]

Wanhill, Mr., [172]

'Wasp' (46-footer), [266], [267]

Water Wag Association, institution of the, [147]

'Water Wags' and Mermaids of Dublin Bay, [146]-151

'Water Witch,' R.T.Y.C., [169]

Waterbury, J. M., N.Y.Y.C., [240], [242], [245], [246]

Waterhouse & Chesebro, [275]

Waterman, Mr., designer of 'Mosquito,' [78]

'Waterwitch' (331 tons), brig, Earl of Belfast's, [324]

Watkins, A., yacht designer, [176]

Watson, G. L., designer, [17], [53], [57], [176], [309], [312], [337], [340], [349], [351], [402], [418]

'Wave' (15 tons), [77], [81]

'Wave' (25 feet), [57]

'Wave,' John C. Stevens's, [238]

'Wavecrest' (35 tons), yawl, [112], [113]

'Waveney' (Norfolk barge), [192], [197]

Waveney, river, [204], [205], [220]

Webb & Allen, Messrs., American boat-builders, [238]

Webb, Beavor, builder of 'Kate,' [52]

'Wee Winn,' fin-keel boat, [269]

Weir, David, of Partick, his 1-rater half-model, [180]

Weld, Joseph, owner of 'Alarm,' R.Y.S., 1830, [12], [326]

Wellington (N.Z.), First Class Championship yacht race at, [291], [296], [297]

Welshe, Sir G., R.Y.S., 1815, [10]

'Wendur' (43 tons), [45], [69], [334]

'Wenona,' fin-keel boat, [268], [269]

West, J. R., R.P.C.Y.C., [57], [66]

West, T. B. C., [45], [69], [96], [334]

Westport (N.Z.), [298]

Wetmore & Holbrook, [238]

Weymouth, [346]

Whangaroa (N.Z.), [289]

Wheatley, Col., R.Y.S. 1815, [10]

Wherries, Norfolk, [195]

'Whirlwind' (77-ton), yawl, [122]

White Island (N.Z.), [295]

White, J., builder of 'Latona,' [69]

'White Slave,' [329], [330], [337]

Wicklow, [148]

'Widgeon' (24 tons), R.T.Y.C., [171]

'Widgeon' (105 tons), American schooner, [252]

Wildy, A. G., R.P.C.Y.C., [64]

Wilkes, Hamilton, N.Y.Y.C., [240];
his 'Spray,' [204], [242];
part owner of 'America,' [246]

Wilkinson, A. O., owner of 'Phantom,' [68], [69]

William IV., gives a cup to R.Y.S., [11];
patron of the R.N.Y.C., [76];
of the R.T.Y.C., [169];
death of, [170]

Williams, Lawrence Faulkes, [280]

Wilson, Adrian, his improvements in duck and yarn, [273]

Wilson, Mr., part owner of 'Ida,' [98]

Wilson & Griffen, sailmakers, [402]

Wilson & Silsby, sailmakers, Boston (U.S.), [273], [274], [402]

Winde & Clinckard, boat-builders, New York, [243]

'Windfall,' [330]

'Windsor Castle,' 1854, [7]

Winsor, T. G. F., hon. sec. R.C.Y.C., Erith, [178]

Winteringham, Mr., yacht-designer, New York, [275]

Wood, N., his 'Corinne,' [68]

Woodbastwick Broad, [199]

'Woodcock' (10-rater), [351]

'Wren,' Miss Foley's, [52]

Wroxham, [192], [197], [198], [199], [222], [223], [225]

Wroxham Broad, [199], [222], [223]

Wylie, Robert, [93], [177], [351]

'Xarifa,' schooner, 1835, [13]

'Xema' (35 tons), [111]-114

Y.R.A. rule of measurement by length and sail-area, [93]

Yacht racing in 1893, [349];
decline in 10- and 40-raters, [350];
20-raters, [351];
10-raters, [351];
23-footers, [351];
5-raters, [351];
2½-raters, [351];
1-raters, [351];
review of big-cutter contests, [352]-396;
records of 40-raters, [396];
of 20-raters, [397]

'Yarana' (72 tons), [63]

Yare, river, [192], [204], [205], [221], [222]

Yare Sailing Club, [217];
rating classes, [217];
regatta, [221]

Yarmouth, [192], [196], [198], [204], [220], [222], [223], [225]

York, Duke of, Admiral of the Royal London Y.C., [179]

York, Duke of, loses a sailing match to Charles II., 1661, [2]

York, William (treasurer R. Clyde Y.C.), [83], [88], [92]

'Yseult' (10-tonner), [330]

'Yum-Yum' (30 feet), [60]

'Zampa,' American yacht, [258]

'Zenobia' (38 tons), Prince of Wales's, [17]

'Zephyr,' [50], [174]

'Zinita' (20-rater), [351];
record for the season 1893, [398]

'Zoe,' C. Johnson's, [50]

'Zouave,' American yacht, [249]

Zymine, compound, for yacht voyages, [139]

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