8. Dancing and singing.
The better class of Kasbi women, when seen in public, are conspicuous by their wealth of jewellery and their shoes of patent leather or other good material. Women of other castes do not commonly wear shoes in the streets. The Kasbis are always well and completely clothed, and it has been noticed elsewhere that the Indian courtesan is more modestly dressed than most women. No doubt in this matter she knows her business. A well-to-do dancing-girl has a dress of coloured muslin or gauze trimmed with tinsel lace, with a short waist, long straight sleeves, and skirts which reach a little below the knee, a shawl falling from the head over the shoulders and wrapped round the body, and a pair of tight satin trousers, reaching to the ankles. The feet are bare, and strings of small bells are tied round them. They usually dance and sing to the accompaniment of the tabla, sārangi and majīra. The tabla or drum is made of two half-bowls—one brass or clay for the bass, and the other of wood for the treble. They are covered with goat-skin and played together. The sārangi is a fiddle. The majīra (cymbals) consist of two metallic cups slung together and used for beating time. Before a dancing-girl begins her performance she often invokes the aid of Sāraswati, the goddess of music. She then pulls her ear as a sign of remembrance of Tānsen, India’s greatest musician, and a confession to his spirit of the imperfection of her own sense of music. The movements of the feet are accompanied by a continual opening and closing of henna-dyed hands; and at intervals the girl kneels at the feet of one or other of the audience. On the festival of Basant Panchmi or the commencement of spring these girls worship their dancing-dress and musical instruments with offerings of rice, flowers and a cocoanut.
[1] A part of the information contained in this article is furnished by Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.
[2] Madras Census Report (1901), p. 151, quoting from South Indian Inscriptions, Buchanan’s Mysore, Canara and Malabar, and Elliot’s History of India.
[3] Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. pp. 444, 445.
[4] The Golden Bough, vol. ii. p. 205 et seq.
[5] Garrett’s Classical Dictionary of the Hindus, p. 322.
[6] Westermarck, ibidem, quoting Ward’s Hindus, p. 134.
[7] Wheeler’s History of India, vol. iv. part ii. pp. 324, 325.
[8] Forbes, Rāsmāla, i. p. 247.
[9] Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Tawāif.
[10] Extract from the Dasa Kumara Charita or Adventures of the Ten Youths, in A Group of Hindu Stories, p. 72.
[11] S. M. Edwardes, By-ways of Bombay, p. 31.
[12] Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 93.
[13] Eastern India, i. p. 119.
[14] Ibidem, iii. p. 107.
[15] Ibidem, ii. p. 930.
[16] Persian Travels, book iii. chap. xvii.
[17] From a review of A German Staff Officer in India, written by Sir Evelyn Wood in the Saturday Review, 5th February 1910.
[18] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Vaishnava. The notice, as stated, refers only to the lowest section of Bairāgis.
[19] Memoir of Central India.