Patents taken out in Connection with Beating Engines.
1855. Park (1170).—A small steam engine was attached to the shaft of the beater roll, so that it could be driven direct.
1856. Kingsland (2828).—A form of refiner in which the pulp was beaten by a vertical disc rotating in an enclosed case.
1860. Jordan (792).—A machine devised for mixing size with pulp, made like a conical refining engine, the rubbing surface being provided with teeth or cutters.
1860. Jordan (2019).—An engine of the refiner type, constructed with a conical drum rotating in a conical casing. The knives at the larger end of the drum are placed closer together than those on the smaller end.
1863. Park (1138).—Two beaters placed side by side are driven by one steam engine placed between them, the operations being so timed that one rag engine is used for breaking while the other is finishing.
1864. Ibotson (2913).—The pulp is passed continuously from one engine roll to another, or from one part of a beater roll to another part of the same roll through slotted plates.
1866. Roeckner (140).—A beating engine of the refiner type with conical drum and casing.
1866. Berham (3299).—A beating engine of the conical type with the beater roll rotating vertically instead of horizontally.
1867. Crompton (482).—Device for raising the bars in the beater roll as the edge of the plate wears away.
1867. Wood (914).—Modification in the form of the beater bars (of little importance).
1867. Edge (3673).—The knives of the beater roll distributed at equal distances apart all round the roll, alternated with strips of wood.
1869. Granville (1041).—Substitution of a second beater roll for the stationary bed-plate, the knives being set spirally round the roller.
1869. Newell (2905).—Weight of the beater roll counterpoised to allow of the exact regulation of the pressure on the stuff in the beating engine.
1870. Rose (997).—An intercepting plate fixed to the cover of the beating engine which causes that part of the stuff which was usually carried right round by the roll to fall back behind the backfall.
1870. Bentley and Jackson (1633).—A beater roll having the same width as the engine, and provided with a cover fitted with a pipe which conducted the material back to the front of the roll.
1871. Patton (1336).—Bottom of beating engine curved in order to prevent the stuff settling or accumulating at any portion of the machine.
1872. Salt (1901).—A beating engine of usual type, but having two beater rolls and two drum washers, one pair in each of the two channels.
1873. Gould (769).—A curious engine with horizontal shaft having a circular disc at the lower end, fitted with knives on the under-surface, which are in contact with fixed knives lying at the bottom of the vessel. The circulation of the pulp is effected by the centrifugal force generated.
1873. Martin (3751).—A beating engine with two rolls in the same trough, the first roll working in conjunction with a smooth surfaced beating roll, the other being in contact with a bedplate of the usual type, the object of the first roll being to partially disintegrate the material without danger of choking.
1874. Johnstone (3708).—A pulping engine in which the rubbing action of two grindstones one upon the other is utilised as a means of beating.
1876. Gardner (307).—A beating engine in which the beater roll is conical in shape, working vertically in contact with the bottom of the beating engine, which is also conical in shape, the engine itself being circular.
1878. Cooke and Hibbert (4068).—The bedplate constructed in the form of a circular segment with a much larger face than usual, and capable of adjustment, the beater roll itself being fixed in the bearings.
1880. Forbes (692).—A long oval shaped beating engine divided into three channels instead of two. In the two outer channels are placed beater rolls and drum washers. The stuff discharged over the backfalls from the two beating engines flows down the central channel and is circulated by a special paddle constructed in such a manner as to deliver the pulp in two equal streams into the outer channels to each of the beater rolls.
1880. Umpherston (1150).—An engine constructed with a passage below the backfall so that the stuff circulates in a trough underneath the beater roll, the object being to ensure more effective treatment and to save floor space.
1883. Aitchison (5381).—A beating engine of usual form, but with the beater roll made conical in shape with the larger circumference outwards, and the bedplate placed on an incline parallel with the knives on the beater roll.
1884. Mayfield (2028).—The backfall of the beating engine is of entirely different construction to the ordinary machine, for the purpose of improving the circulation.
1884. Hoyt (11177).—An engine resembling the Umpherston, but with a larger roll, the diameter of which is equal to the full depth of the engine, the backfall being in a line with the axis of the beater roll.
1885. Jordan (7156).—Additions to the Jordan engine for admitting water and steam to the engine as required.
1885. Korschilgen (9433).—The beater roll made of stone or of metal with a stone casing furnished with ribs or knives placed close together.
1886. Hibbert (4237).—A beating engine fitted with an ordinary beater roll, and having in addition a heavy disc rotating vertically, the disc being fitted with knives on one surface which rotate in contact with knives fixed on a stationary disc.
1886. Kron (9885).—A device for securing better circulation of the pulp, the stuff leaving the beater roll being divided into two streams which are brought together again in front of the roll.
1886. Horne (10237).—A long rectangular vessel with a large beater roll at one end, contrived so as to force the pulp leaving the beater roll to pass down a partition separating it from the pulp going towards the beater roll.
1886. Macfarlane (11084).—An engine fitted with two beater rolls which rotate in opposite directions, the stuff being mixed between them.
1887. Nacke (746).—A centrifugal circulating wheel rotating horizontally in the centre of the beating engine is used in combination with a parallel cutting disc.
1887. Marshall (1808).—A conical refiner having in addition at its large end a pair of grinding discs fitted with knives and rotating vertically.
1887. Voith (6174).—An alteration to the covers of the beater rolls which prevent stuff from being carried round the cylinder, and cause it to pass over the backfall freely.
1890. Hemmer (17483).—A beating engine provided with a separate return channel for the pulp, the circulation through the channel being effected by a small centrifugal pump.
1890. A. E. Reed (19107).—A beating engine in which the pulp discharged over the backfall is delivered to the front of the beater roll by a screw propeller.
1891. Karger (11564).—A beater similar to the Umpherston, but provided with a circulating roll fitted with radial projections which delivers the stuff to the front of the beater roll.
1892. Taylor (7397).—A beating engine in which the beater roll operates in a closed chamber above the vat full of pulp, the stuff being continually circulated by a centrifugal pump which draws the stock from the bottom of the vat and delivers it to the beater roll.
1892. Annandale (9173).—A conical-shaped beating engine with the beater roll rotating in a vertical position; the larger end of the cone being downwards.
1892. Umpherston (15766).—An addition to the beating engine arranged so that two fixed bedplates are used instead of one.
1892. Miller (15947).—A machine in which two fixed bedplates are used, one below the beater roll and one above, the engine being fitted with suitable baffle plates to ensure proper circulation.
1893. Pearson and Bertram (11956).—A special form of refining engine in which the pulp is subjected to the action of discs rotating vertically, the knives being arranged radially on the disc.
1893. Caldwell (15332).—A rotary beating engine in which the beating surfaces admit of accurate adjustment.
1894. Cornett (945).—An outlet is fixed to the beater roll casing close to the discharge from the bedplate, so that the roll is not impeded by the weight of the pulp, which is subsequently pumped to the front of the beater roll.
1894. Shand and Bertram (4136).—A beating engine similar to the Umpherston beater in which the beater roll is raised up out of the pulp and the circulation effected by means of a worm which delivers the pulp to the front of the beater roll.
1894. Pickles (20255).—A beating engine somewhat similar to an Umpherston, but fitted with three beater rolls and bedplates.
1894. Hibbert (25040).—A beating engine in which the pulp is beaten between two discs rotating vertically, the pulp being brought between the discs through the hollow shaft of one of the discs.
1895. Brown (1615).—An engine in which the beater roll and bedplate both revolve, but in opposite directions, and at different speeds in order to draw out the fibres.
1895. Schmidt (24730).—A device by means of which the pulp discharged from the beater roll is diverted into supplementary channels on either side which come together again in front of the beater roll.
1900. Hadfield (2468).—An adjustable baffle board passing through the cover of the beater roll which prevents the pulp being carried round by the roll, more or less.
1900. Masson and Scott (5367).—An improved form of Taylor beating engine in which the chest of the engine is vertical instead of horizontal.
1901. Partington (24654).—A continuous elliptical trough provided with two beater rolls.
1902. Picard (19635).—Improvements in the form of the propellers used for circulating the material.
1902. Pope and Mullen (22089).—Improvements in propellers for circulating the pulp.
1903. Annandale (26012).—A new form of beating engine somewhat on the principle of a steam turbine.
1905. Bertram (1727).—A beater similar to Masson's tower beater, but in which a pair of reciprocating wheels fitted with projecting knives are used instead of a centrifugal pump.
1907. Wagg's Jordan Engine (6788).—A conical refiner fitted with specially arranged metal or stone knives.
[CHAPTER X]
THE DYEING AND COLOURING OF PAPER PULP
Nearly all papers, even those commonly regarded as white, are dyed with some proportion of colouring matter. With the ordinary writing and printing papers the process is usually confined to the addition of small quantities of pigments or soluble colours sufficient to tone the pulp and correct the yellow tint which the raw material possesses even after bleaching. In the case of cover papers, tissues, and similar coloured papers, the process is one of dyeing as it is generally understood.
The colouring matters which have been employed by the paper-maker are—