"Head Bobbing"
"Head bobbing" in snakes has been described frequently in the literature, and many interpretations have been advanced to explain its occurrence. One of the earlier accounts was that of Corrington (1929:72) describing behavior of the corn snake, Elaphe guttata. Characteristic bobbing occurred when the snake was cornered, and seemingly the purpose was to warn or frighten foes. Neill (1949:114-115) mentioned the jerking or bobbing of the head in several species of snakes including the cottonmouth, and remarked that "it is apparently connected with courtship and with the recognition of individuals." According to Munro (1950:88), "head bobbing" appears to be a sign of annoyance in some instances but is usually concerned with reproduction and individual recognition. Richmond (1952:38) thought that many types of head movements among not only reptiles but also birds and some mammals are a result of poor vision and serve "to delimit and orient an object that for lack of motion is otherwise invisible." Head movements undoubtedly occur in animals to facilitate accommodation, but it is obvious from Richmond's conclusions that he has never observed "head bobbing" in snakes. The term itself is grossly misleading and should be discarded. Mansueti (1946:98) correctly described the movements as spastic contractions of the body. I have observed numerous instances of these movements in cottonmouths, copperheads, and rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta); and in no case has the movement resembled a head bob as is described in lizards and other animals. The movement appears to be a result of a nervous or sexually excited state and consists of highly spastic contractions confined to the anterior part of the snake most of the time but affecting the entire body on some occasions.
I found the response to be most common among cottonmouths in confinement when food was introduced to a cage containing several individuals (increasing the tendency to strike at a moving object) and when an individual was placed back in the cage after being handled. At these times the snakes that were inactive began to jerk for a few seconds. When the snake is in this seemingly nervous state, the same response is elicited by another snake crawling over it. At other times the movement of one individual causes no such response. The jerking movements appear to be released by the recognition of a nervous state in another individual and may serve to protect the jerking individual from aggressive advances of the former.
Where courtship is involved, the jerking motions are made in conjunction with writhing of the male and do not result from the same type of releaser described above.