October 27, 1966

Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin,

Agkistrodon piscivorus (Reptilia)

BY

RAY D. BURKETT

University of Kansas
Lawrence
1966


University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Frank B. Cross

Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 435-491, 7 figures in text
Published October 27, 1966

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS, STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1966
31-4629


Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin,
Agkistrodon piscivorus (Reptilia)

BY
RAY D. BURKETT


CONTENTS

PAGE
Introduction[439]
Acknowledgments[440]
Systematic Relationships and Distribution[441]
Description[444]
Color and Pattern[444]
Scutellation[444]
Dentition[449]
Habitat and Limiting Factors[450]
Reproduction[452]
Courtship and Mating[452]
Reproductive Cycles[452]
Embryonic Development[454]
Birth of Young[454]
Number of Young per Litter[454]
Population Composition[455]
Reproductive Potential[455]
Growth and Development[456]
Size at Birth and Early Growth[456]
The Umbilical Scar[457]
Later Growth and Bodily Proportions[457]
Shedding[459]
The Shedding Operation[459]
Frequency of Shedding[460]
Food Habits[461]
Methods of Obtaining Prey[461]
Food and Food Preferences[462]
Mortality Factors[465]
Natural Enemies and Predators[465]
Parasites and Diseases[465]
Miscellaneous Causes of Death[466]
Behavior[466]
Annual and Diel Cycles of Activity[466]
Basking[469]
Coiling[469]
Locomotion[470]
Disposition[470]
Defense and Escape[471]
"Head Bobbing"[471]
Combat Dance[472]
The Venom[473]
Properties of the Venom[473]
Venom Yield and Toxicity[473]
Susceptibility of Snakes[475]
The Bite[476]
Effects of the Bite[476]
Treatment[477]
Case History of a Bite[479]
Snakebite in the United States[480]
Summary[480]
Literature Cited[485]