The History of Badlands National Monument and the White River (Big) Badlands of South Dakota

by Ray H. Mattison; Robert A. Grom

MISSION 66 DEVELOPMENT

In 1956, the National Park Service launched a 10-year park conservation development program known as Mission 66. This was to have great impact on the national monument. Under the program an expenditure of nearly $5,000,000 for roads, trails, buildings, and utilities was planned. Among the major projects undertaken and completed between 1956 and 1960 were a realinement and oil surfacing of main roads, the development of the Conata Picnic Area and the Cedar Pass and Dillon Pass campgrounds, and the erection of utility and storage buildings, three multiple-housing units, five employee residences, and an amphitheater.[240]

In May 1955 the Millard family donated two tracts of land totaling 18.50 acres to the NPS. Of this total, 5.85 acres, located in front of Cedar Pass Lodge, were donated for the right-of-way of the relocated highway; the remaining 12.65 acres made possible the development of Cedar Pass Campground.[241]

The visitor center was completed in May 1959. This large structure houses the national monument headquarters, interpretive exhibits, and an audiovisual presentation of the Badlands story.[242]

The installation of exhibits in the visitor center was essentially completed by November 1960.[243] Some of the materials used in the exhibits were donated by a number of individuals and institutions. Mr. Herbert Millard, son of the late Ben Millard, gave a large mass of sand calcite crystals now in the Small Wonders Exhibit. Dr. Winter of the University of South Dakota at Vermillion donated the plant collection in the Great Plains Grasslands Exhibit. The mounted badger in the Wildlife of the Grassland Exhibit was a gift from Orville Sandall of Kadoka, South Dakota. The skull of an Audubon Bighorn, on display above the Breaks in the Grassland Exhibit, was donated by Willard Sharp of Interior, South Dakota. In the exhibit showing a number of Indian artifacts are casts of early-man points donated by the University of Nebraska State Museum.[244]

The South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in Rapid City, South Dakota, donated both the lower jaw and the upper jaw, including skull, of a fossilized titanothere, which is in the Badlands Bones Exhibit. The materials for the articulated oreodont fossil in the same exhibit were also donated by the school. The oreodont fossil is of particular interest because it was found northwest of Imlay, South Dakota about 100 feet from where a famous fossilized oreodont with unborn twins was excavated. The latter fossil is on display at the Museum of Geology at the school (see [Figure 5]).[245]

The first full-time resident park naturalist for Badlands National Monument was assigned in June 1958 to aid with the local interpretive program.[246] For a number of years previously, a park naturalist who had been assigned to Black Hills areas of the NPS also served the national monument on an irregular basis.[247]

Figure 27 CLIFF SHELF NATURE TRAIL

The loop trail, completed in 1962, is constructed over a geological slump which has lush plant cover. To acquaint the visitor with the area’s natural history, a trail leaflet is provided. Here, naturalist-guided walks are offered daily during the summer months.[250]

On September 16, 1959, following the completion of the visitor center, the NPS dedicated Badlands National Monument. The featured speaker for the event was Fred A. Seaton, Secretary of the Interior, who gave the dedicatory address. Some 350 persons attended the ceremony.[248]

Tragedy struck a short time prior to the dedication with the sudden death of Superintendent George H. Sholly on August 19. As a tribute to him, the new amphitheater was named the George H. Sholly Memorial Amphitheater.[249]

After the boundary of Badlands National Monument was redefined by secretarial order in March 1957, the NPS began a long-range program for fencing it. The first segment of fencing was completed in 1957. By early 1961 some 108 miles were fenced with 20 miles still to be completed. To fence non-federal land excluding state land within the national monument would require an additional 92 miles of fence.[252]

In December 1961 letters were delivered to all inholding owners and to all persons who grazed stock within the national monument in that year. The letters terminated all grazing on federal lands within Badlands, and gave a short history of grazing in the national monument, the reason for termination, and the objectives and plans of the Service now that grazing was no longer permitted. Most of the private land located inside the boundary was not fenced, so unless steps were taken to fence the tracts used for grazing, stock would still trespass on federally owned lands.[253] Superintendent John W. Jay and Chief Park Ranger James F. Batman attended the legislative-committee meeting of the South Dakota Stockgrowers Association in Rapid City on November 30, 1961, where the matter of fencing the inholdings was discussed. Although at the time of this meeting the Service had no plans to fence any of the private inholdings, it later decided to assist with the fencing on an equal cost-sharing basis in the interest of better landowner-Service relations and in consideration of special situations relating to livestock management that faced some of the owners of private land in the national monument.[254] This offer was made to the landowners by letter from Superintendent Jay dated May 9, 1962. As a result three landowners accepted the offer.[255] By 1964 all of the inholdings on which grazing was being done were fenced either on a 50-50 basis or by the individual owners.[256]

Figure 28 FOSSIL EXHIBIT TRAIL

Completed in 1962, this paved trail is unique in that along it are displayed partially excavated fossils protected by clear plastic domes. A shelter, located midway along the trail, houses exhibits which tell a brief story of Badlands fossils.[251]

Despite the Service’s hope that grazing on the national monument’s federally owned land would be terminated at the end of 1961, it continued. Due to drought conditions of 1961 and early 1962, Congressman Berry requested on behalf of the ranchers that grazing be continued during 1962. NPS Director Wirth decided to set up an emergency grazing program that would include only those ranchers who held permits in 1961. Accordingly, special-use permits were issued to 26 ranchers during 1962. This was the last year that grazing was permitted on federally owned lands in the national monument.[257]

Some livestock trespassing by local ranchers continued, nevertheless. In November 1962, the United States Attorney took direct action against five ranchers who had been in trespass for some time.[258]

As early as 1919 a U.S. Forest Service report expressed the idea that “Sage Creek Basin contains a large acreage of land that can be used for a game preserve for buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and mountain sheep.”[259] In 1935 the proposed Badlands National Monument plus the Badlands Recreational Demonstrational Area (most of which was later included in the national monument when it was established in 1939) were considered to be favorable localities for the reintroduction of buffalo, mountain sheep, and pronghorn.[260]

However, after the national monument was established, the NPS believed that the area was too small to provide a wildlife range.[261] Dr. Murie’s report

recommended that no buffalo be introduced on the monument because of the artificial conditions under which they would have to be maintained. If it were deemed desirable to fence an area for buffalo the most suitable spot would be north of Cedar Pass.[262]

Concerning bighorn sheep he “recommended that the bighorn be introduced when the opportunity develops, and that Sheep Mountain Peak be added to the monument for the use of the bighorn.”[263]

Pronghorn, commonly referred to as antelope, were seen during the 1940’s on rare occasions in Badlands National Monument and just outside the north boundary. However since 1959, 100 or more head have been reported annually in the national monument. These animals have come from the outside since there has not been any formal reintroduction of pronghorn inside the boundary.[264]

Figure 29 AMERICAN BISON AGAIN IN THE BADLANDS

After an absence of about a century, buffalo were reintroduced into the national monument in 1963. The fast-increasing herd roams largely in the 45,000 acres of Sage Creek and Tyree Basins.[268]

Figure 30 REINTRODUCTION OF BIGHORN SHEEP, 1964

These Rocky Mountain Bighorns are closely related to the now-extinct Audubon Bighorns.[269]

Immediately after grazing was terminated on national monument lands in 1962, the range underwent a remarkable recovery, due to the abundant rainfall of the 1962 and 1963 seasons. Questions arose as to why the range was not being utilized. Superintendent Frank Hjort recommended that bison be reintroduced as a means of getting the wildlife restoration program underway.[265]

In November 1963 the first herd of bison, comprised of 28 head from Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park in North Dakota and Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in Nebraska, were released in Sage Creek Basin. In October of the following year, this herd was enlarged by an additional 25 head from Theodore Roosevelt. The herd has done well and by the end of 1967 numbered 122 individuals.[266]

Since 1963 the buffalo have shown that they prefer the remoteness of Sage Creek Basin and have demonstrated little desire to leave that area.[267]

In January 1964 in cooperation with the South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department, bighorn sheep were reintroduced. Twelve head of Rocky Mountain Bighorns from Colorado were released in a 370-acre holding pen with the view toward eventually restocking Badlands National Monument and other parts of South Dakota. This flock was supplemented by ten more animals the following month.[270]

Unfortunately, losses were suffered by both adults and lambs during the first two and one-half years. The situation improved early in 1966 with no further losses until the summer of 1967 when the peak flock of 27 individuals suffered a severe setback. In September, when all but 13 had succumbed to a respiratory infection, the bighorn were released from the holding pasture. They now roam the rugged Badlands south of Pinnacles Overlook.[271]

In February 1964, the NPS purchased Cedar Pass Lodge, together with 72 acres of the surrounding land, for $275,000 from the Millard family. The lodge is now being run on a contract basis by a concessioner.[272]

Increased travel to the area during the years of Mission 66 fully justified the expanded development program of the national monument. From 1956 to 1966 the number of visitors increased 65 percent (see [Appendix A]).

Because of this great increase in travel, the summer visitor may find some of the scenic-overlook parking areas full, the visitor center crowded, and the nightly campground amphitheater program with “standing room only.” Since increased visitor use is practically assured in the foreseeable future, plans are already being made to provide additional facilities for visitors to Badlands National Monument.

APPENDIX A
ANNUAL NUMBER OF VISITS TO BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT SINCE ITS ESTABLISHMENT[273]

Year	Total Visits	Percent increase or decrease over previous year
1938[a]	175,000
1939	205,100	17.2
1940	190,243	-7.2
1941	252,878	32.9
1942	87,231	-65.5
1943	10,149	-88.4
1944	10,349	2.0
1945	31,377	203.2
1946	230,403	634.3
1947	339,843	47.5
1948	384,133	13.0
1949	373,076	-2.9
1950	447,654	20.0
1951	607,965	35.8
1952	580,902	-4.5
1953	658,691	13.4
1954	664,997	1.0
1955	630,881	-5.1
1956	663,246	5.1
1957	701,094	5.7
1958	810,837	15.7
1959	825,184	1.8
1960	878,625	6.5
1961	833,279	-5.2
1962	1,044,768	25.4
1963	1,073,971	2.8
1964	1,079,837	0.5
1965	1,091,261	1.1
1966	1,094,754	0.3
1967	1,188,666	8.6

[a]The figures for 1938 have not been used to calculate total visitation to the national monument since the year is before the area was officially established.

Average annual increase in number of visits in the last 15 years has been about 5%.

In September 1954, 15½ years after the national monument was established, the five millionth visit was recorded. A total of ten million visits was attained just seven years later in July 1961. On August 16, 1966, Superintendent Frank A. Hjort officially welcomed a traveler and his family who represented the 15 millionth visit to Badlands National Monument. At the present rate of travel increase, the 20 millionth visit is expected in 1970. As of December 31, 1967, the total number of visits to the national monument since its establishment in 1939 is 16,991,394.

The NPS travel year has been the same as a regular calendar year since January 1, 1953. Before that date, the NPS travel year was from October through September. However, total visits prior to 1953 have been recalculated to show actual calendar year totals.

APPENDIX B
CUSTODIANS AND SUPERINTENDENTS of Badlands National Monument[274]

1.	Howard B. Stricklin	Acting Custodian	August 11, 1939-December 31, 1943
		Custodian	January 1, 1944-July 18, 1944
		(Military furlough; July 19, 1944-January 13, 1946)
		Custodian	January 14, 1946-July 13, 1948
2.	Warren K. Leland	Custodian	July 19, 1944-March 20, 1945
3.	Lyle K. Linch	Acting Custodian	June 22, 1945-January 13, 1946
4.	John E. Suter	Custodian	July 27, 1948-December 31, 1948
	John E. Suter	Superintendent	January 1, 1949-January 8, 1953
5.	John A. Rutter	Superintendent	April 12, 1953-November 30, 1957
6.	George H. Sholly	Superintendent	January 26, 1958-August 19, 1959[]
7.	Frank E. Sylvester	Superintendent	February 15, 1960-October 29, 1960
8.	John W. Jay, Jr.	Superintendent	December 11, 1960-October 31, 1962
9.	Frank A. Hjort	Superintendent	February 10, 1963-September 23, 1967
10.	John R. Earnst	Superintendent	October 22, 1967-

[]Mr. Sholly died from a heart attack on the evening of this date.

APPENDIX C
PICTURE CREDITS

The sources for illustrations used in this publication are shown below. Dates when each of the photographic illustrations was taken are noted, if known, in parentheses. Department of the Interior, National Park Service has been abbreviated to DINPS for use in designating illustrations supplied by the NPS. The numbers to the left correspond to figure numbers under the illustrations in the text.

1. Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory, 1852, page 196. 2. Figure 64, page 127, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, November 1920. 3. Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory, 1852, between pages 196 and 197. 4. DINPS (November 20, 1967). Note: The Badlands Natural History Association is grateful to Mr. Leonel Jensen, local rancher, for help in locating the site of this trail. It is in S-1/2 sec. 30, T. 1 S., R. 15 E. of the Black Hills Meridian. 5. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 6. The Rapid City Daily Journal, Monday, September 27, 1965. 7. Louis Blumer, Wall, South Dakota (about 1911). 8. A.E. Johnson, Interior, South Dakota (December 1906). 9. Ted E. Hustead, Wall Drug Store, Wall, South Dakota (1907). 10. Plate No. 56B, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, November 1920. 11. Keith Crew, Interior, South Dakota; from a postcard mailed June 5, 1909. 12. Leonel Jensen, Wall, South Dakota (fall 1908; Louis J. Jensen family). 13. Leslie Crew, Interior, South Dakota; from a postcard mailed December 19, 1908. 14. Rise Studio, Rapid City, South Dakota. 15. Black Hills Studios, Inc., Spearfish, South Dakota. 16. DINPS. 17. DINPS. 18. DINPS (December 6, 1964). 19. DINPS (1938). 20. DINPS (about 1934). 21. DINPS (June 1941). 22. DINPS (June 7, 1950). 23. DINPS. 24. DINPS (spring 1964). 25. DINPS (August 1960). 26. DINPS (September 16, 1959). 27. DINPS (summer 1962). 28. DINPS (July 1962). 29. DINPS (January 9, 1964). 30. DINPS (January 25, 1964).

The Badlands Natural History Association wishes to extend its sincere thanks to these individuals and organizations for granting the association permission to use the illustrations.

APPENDIX D
Footnotes and References

All references used in compiling this history are on hand in the Badlands National Monument library or files for further study. Where actual reports, correspondence, or books were not available, copies have been obtained from such sources as the National Archives, Library of Congress, National Park Service, and various public and university libraries.

For the sake of simplicity, the following abbreviation has been used where appropriate:

PNC—copies of items from the Peter Norbeck Collections, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, which pertain to the establishment of Badlands National Monument are in a bound volume in the national monument library.

[1]Dee C. Taylor, Salvage Archeology in Badlands National Monument, South Dakota (Missoula: Montana State University, 1961), pp. 79, 80.

[2]Ibid., p. 75.

[3]Ibid., p. 80.

[4]Herbert S. Schell, History of South Dakota (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961), p. 16.

[5]Ibid., pp. 17-23.

[6]Ibid., pp. 24-36.

[7]Lt. G.K. Warren, Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855-’56-’57 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1875), p. 26; J.R. Macdonald, “The History and Exploration of the Big Badlands of South Dakota,” Guide Book Fifth Field Conference of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Western South Dakota, ed. James D. Bump (Sponsored by the Museum of Geology of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, August 29-September 1, 1951), p. 31.

[8]Hiram M. Chittenden, and Alfred T. Richardson, eds., Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet. S.J., 1801-1873 (New York: Francis P. Harper, 1905), vol. 2, pp. 622, 623.

[9]Charles L. Camp, ed., James Clyman American Frontiersman 1792-1881 (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1928), p. 24.

Note: Dale Morgan was of the opinion that the jornada which Clyman describes was through country south of the White River, and that Smith’s party by-passed almost entirely that portion of the South Dakota Badlands now set apart as a national monument [Dale L. Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1953), p. 386, f.n. 10]. Just a year later, however, Morgan published new evidence found in the Gibbs map to back up the opposite interpretation of Clyman’s journals. He now believes that the Smith party followed the White River exclusively, keeping to the north bank all the way to possibly near the mouth of Willow Creek, located east and a little south from the present town of Hot Springs, South Dakota. This means the party would have at least seen, and perhaps passed through the present Badlands National Monument. [Dale L. Morgan and Carl I. Wheat, Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West (California Historical Society, 1954), p. 49.]

[10]Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., Travels in the Interior of North America by Maximilian, Prince of Wied (Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1906), vol. 3, p. 90.

[11]Chittenden and Richardson, op. cit., p. 624.

[12]Ibid., pp. 624, 625.

[13]Cleophas C. O’Harra, The White River Badlands (Rapid City: South Dakota School of Mines, Bulletin No. 13, Department of Geology, November 1920), pp. 123, 128.

[14]John Francis McDermott, ed., Journal of an Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and the Upper Missouri in 1850, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 147 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 1.

[15]Macdonald, op. cit., p. 31; American Journal of Science, vol. 3, no. 7, 2d series, January 1847, pp. 248-250; O’Harra, op. cit., pp. 23, 24, 110-117, 161.

[16]McDermott, op. cit., p. 1.

[17]Ibid.

[18]Ibid., p. 2; Macdonald, op. cit., p. 31.

[19]E. de Girardin, “A Trip to the Bad Lands in 1849,” South Dakota Historical Review, I (January 1936), 60.

[20]Ibid., p. 62.

[21]Ibid.

[22]Ibid., pp. 64, 65.

[23]David Dale Owen, Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, and Co., 1852), pp. 196, 197.

[24]Ibid., pp. 197, 198.

[25]Ibid., pp. 198-206, 539-572.

[26]McDermott, op. cit., pp. 2, 3, 54, 55, 59.

[27]Ibid., pp. 60, 61.

[28]Ibid., p. 65.

[29]Ibid., p. 64.

[30]Ibid., pp. 3, 4.

[31]Ibid., p. 2.

[32]Lt. G.K. Warren, “Explorations in the Dacota Country in the Year 1855,” Senate Ex. Doc. No. 76, 34th Congress, 1st Session (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956), p. 76.

[33]Ibid., pp. 66-76.

[34]Letter, Will G. Robinson, Secretary, South Dakota State Historical Society, to John W. Stockert, September 26, 1967; South Dakota Historical Society, South Dakota Department of History Report and Historical Collections (Pierre, S.D.: State Publishing Company, 1962), vol. XXXI, p. 280.

[35]Warren, op. cit., p. 76.

[36]Ibid., p. 74.

[37]O’Harra, op. cit., pp. 24, 161-163.

[38]Ray H. Mattison, ed., “The Harney Expedition Against the Sioux: The Journal of Captain John B.S. Todd,” Nebraska History, XLIII (June 1962), 92, 130.

[39]Ibid., p. 122.

[40]Ibid.

[41]O’Harra, op. cit., p. 25.

[42]Charles Schuchert, and Clara Mae LeVene, O.C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), pp. 139-168; U.S. National Park Service, Soldier and Brave (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), pp. 135, 136.

[43]O’Harra, op. cit., p. 26.

[44]Macdonald, op. cit., p. 32.

[45]O’Harra, op. cit., p. 29.

[46]Macdonald, op. cit., p. 33.

[47]Louis Knoles, Forest Ranger, “A Report on the Bad Lands of South Dakota,” 1919, pp. 20, 21.

[48]Ibid., p. 2; Letter, Mrs. E.T. Jurisch, Farmingdale, South Dakota, to George Crouch, Wall, South Dakota, May 24, 1965.

[49]Knoles, op. cit., p. 22.

[50]Jackson-Washabaugh County Historical Society, Jackson-Washabaugh Counties 1915-1965 (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth, n.d.), p. 11; Interview, A.E. Johnson, Interior, S.D., by John W. Stockert, January 30, 1968.

[51]Robert M. Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), pp. 40-59.

[52]Ibid., pp. 184-199.

[53]Frederic Remington, “Lieutenant Casey’s Last Scout,” Harper’s Weekly, XXXV (January 31, 1891), 86.

[54]Knoles, op. cit., p. 4.

[55]William H. Burt, and Richard P. Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the Mammals (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1964), p. 75; Knowles, op. cit., p. 22; Louis Blumer, Wall, S.D., interview by John W. Stockert, January 15, 1968.

[56]Walker D. Wyman, Recorder, Nothing But Prairie and Sky (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 46.

[57]Ibid., pp. 47-52.

[58]Ibid., pp. 75-81.

[59]Jackson-Washabaugh County Historical Society, op. cit., pp. 11, 136, 142.

[60]Interview, Leonel Jensen, Wall, S.D., by Ray H. Mattison, June 2, 1965; statement confirmed by A.E. Johnson, Interior, S.D., February 10, 1968.

[61]Schell, op. cit., p. 343.

[62]Photograph identified by Grace Sullivan Blair, Martin, S.D., A.E. Johnson and Rolla J. Burkholder, Interior, S.D.

[63]Schell, op. cit., p. 343.

[64]Ibid., p. 256.

[65]U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930 Population, Vol. I (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931), pp. 1015, 1019.

[66]Luman H. Long, ed., The World Almanac 1966 (New York: New York World-Telegram and The Sun, 1966), p. 375.

[67]Letter, Senator Peter Norbeck to Prof. W.C. Toepelman, University of South Dakota, May 22, 1922, PNC, p. 3.

[68]Interview, Leonel Jensen, Wall, S.D., by John W. Stockert, March 20, 1967.

[69]Congressional Record, 61st Cong., 1st Sess., 44:50, 58, 115, 128.

[70]Knoles, op. cit., pp. 17, 18.

[71]Ibid.

[72]Gilbert C. Fite, “Peter Norbeck,” Dictionary of American Biography, ed. Robert L. Schuyler (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), XXII, 491, 492.

[73]Bernice White, ed., Who’s Who for South Dakota (Pierre, 1956), p. 103; South Dakota Legislative Manual, 1931 (Pierre: State Publishing Company, 1931), p. 455.

[74]Edmund B. Rogers, comp., History of Legislation Relating to the National Park System Through the 82d Congress: Badlands National Monument South Dakota (1958), S. 3541, 67th Cong., 2d Sess.; Congressional Record, 67th Cong., 2d Sess., 62: 6173.

[75]Ibid.

[76]Congressional Record, 67th Cong., 2d Sess., 62:6233; Rogers, op. cit., H.R. 11514, 67th Cong., 2d Sess.

[77]Rogers, op. cit., Executive Order of Warren G. Harding, October 23, 1922.

[78]Letter, Commissioner, General Land Office, to Senator Norbeck, August 28, 1923, PNC, p. 11.

[79]Congressional Record, 67th Cong., 4th Sess., 64:5573.

[80]Congressional Record, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 65:215; Rogers, op. cit., H.R. 2810, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., S. 3541, 67th Cong., 2d Sess.

[81]Letters, Senator Norbeck from Attorney General B.S. Payne, January 11, 1922, Prof. W.C. Toepelman, May 17, 1922, and W.H. Tompkins, U.S. Land Office, May 26, 1922, PNC, pp. 1, 3-7.

[82]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Vice President H.E. Beebe, Bank of Ipswich (S.D.), May 5, 1924, PNC, p. 15.

[83]Interview, M. Emma Quevli, Interior, S.D., by John W. Stockert, February 6, 1968.

[84]Letter, Senator Norbeck to J.W. Parmley, Ipswich, S.D., November 7, 1927, PNC, p. 32.

[85]Ibid.

[86]P.D. Peterson, Through the Black Hills and Bad Lands of South Dakota (Pierre, S.D.: J. Fred Olander Company, 1929), p. 23.

[87]Ibid., pp. 23-33.

[88]Letter, James M. Palmer, Secretary, Wonderland Hiway Association, to Senator Norbeck, October 22, 1927, PNC, p. 20.

[89]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Parmley, November 7, 1927, PNC, p. 32.

[90]Ibid.

[91]Ibid.

[92]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work, November 2, 1927, PNC, p. 31.

[93]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Representative Williamson, April 10, 1928, PNC, p. 49.

[94]Ibid., pp. 49, 50.

[95]Rogers, op. cit., S. 4385, Calendar No. 1280, 70th Cong., 1st Sess.; H.R. 13618, 70th Cong., 1st Sess.; Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:8046.

[96]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:9224; Rogers, op. cit., Senate Report No. 1246, Calendar No. 1280, 70th Cong., 1st Sess.

[97]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:9589.

[98]Robert S. Yard, “National Parks Situation Critical,” National Parks Association, November 7, 1928, PNC, p. 129.

[99]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Yard, December 3, 1928, PNC, pp. 126, 127.

[100]Letter, NPS Acting Director A.E. Demaray to Senator Norbeck, December 1, 1928, PNC, p. 122.

[101]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:10007; 2d Sess., 70:3807.

[102]Rogers, op. cit., House of Representatives Report No. 2607, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.

[103]Memorandum, NPS Director Arno B. Cammerer to Secretary of the Interior, July 6, 1938.

[104]Rogers, op. cit., House of Representatives Report No. 2607, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.

[105]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:4302, 4303.

[106]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:4404.

[107]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:5015, 5089; Rogers, op. cit., House of Representatives Report No. 2808, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.

[108]Ibid.

[109]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:5225.

[110]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, July 6, 1938; Hillory A. Tolson, Laws Relating to the National Park Service, the National Parks and Monuments (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), pp. 302-305.

[111]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:3198, 3812; Rogers, op. cit., S. 5779, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.; Senate Report No. 1842, Calendar No. 1869, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.

[112]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:3490; Rogers, op. cit., H.R. 17102, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.

[113]Interview, Ted E. Hustead, Wall, S. D., by Ray H. Mattison, June 2, 1965; “Bad Lands Becomes National Monument,” The Rapid City Daily Journal, January 28, 1939.

[114]Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Howard Baker to the NPS Director, June 6, 1956 (includes copy of “Proposal of Name for an Unnamed Domestic Feature,” Board of Geographic Names).

[115]Ibid., Weldon W. Gratton, “History of the Operator’s Development at the Pinnacles Area Badlands National Monument” (NPS Region Two, Land and Recreation Planning Division, September 23, 1948; Information from E.N. (Curley) and Ilo Nelson (Cedar Pass Lodge concessioner, 1964-____), February 9, 1968.

Note: Not only were Norbeck and Millard linked together by their common interest in the Badlands, but also through the marriage of Mr. Norbeck’s daughter to Mrs. Clara (Millard) Jennings’ son (information from Nelsons, February 9, 1968).

[116]Memorandum, G.A. Moskey, Chief Counsel, NPS, to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, May 20, 1941; Receipt signed by B.H. Millard and S.N. Millard dated October 24, 1946; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1955.

[117]Program, “Millard Ridge Dedication,” Badlands National Monument, Interior, South Dakota, June 28, 1957.

[118]Information from E.N. (Curley) and Ilo Nelson, February 9, 1968; Gratton, op. cit.; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for October 1950.

[119]Schell, op. cit., p. 277.

[120]Ibid., p. 282.

[121]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, November 28, 1934.

[122]Ibid.

[123]Rogers, op. cit., Executive Order of Franklin D. Roosevelt, November 21, 1934.

[124]Letter, Fred Bess, FERA, to Tilford E. Dudley, The Land Program, FERA, January 1, 1935; Lewis Meriam, Relief and Social Security (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1946), p. 283.

[125]Final Report on the “Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” Third District Office, Branch of Planning, NPS, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, submitted April 2, 1935, cover letter and pp. 30-45, 79; Letter, NPS Assistant Director Wirth to Sixth Regional Officer, NPS, August 1, 1935.

[126]Letter, T.A. Walters, Acting Secretary of the Interior, to Harry L. Hopkins, Administrator, FERA, April 15, 1935.

[127]Ibid.

[128]Ibid.; Letter, Director J.S. Lansill, The Land Program, to T.E. Dudley, The Land Program, FERA, April 17, 1935.

[129]Meriam, op. cit., pp. 286, 287.

[130]Letter, Senator Norbeck to NPS Assistant Director Wirth, February 13, 1935.

[131]Ibid.

[132]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Herbert Evison, NPS Acting Assistant Director March 8, 1935.

[133]Letter, Mrs. Eva Stevens Roberts, Imlay, S.D., to NPS Assistant Director Wirth, September 2, 1935.

[134]Letter, George Gibbs, Regional Officer, Region VI, NPS, to M.C. Huppuch, Recreational Demonstration Projects, September 18, 1935.

[135]Letter, Senator Norbeck to R.G. Tugwell, Administrator, Resettlement Administration, November 25, 1935.

[136]Thomas A. Sullivan, Laws Relating to the National Park Service, Supp. I (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944), p. 149.

[137]Various correspondence pertaining to the establishment of Badlands National Monument.

[138]Letter, Governor Tom Berry to Secretary of the Interior Ickes, February 26, 1935; Letter, NPS Superintendent Harry J. Liek to C. Irvin Krumm, Executive Manager, Greater South Dakota Association, November 20, 1953.

[139]Letter, D.K. Parrott, Acting Assistant Commissioner, General Land Office, to Senator Case, June 11, 1937; Memorandum, Neal A. Butterfield, NPS, to Mr. Thompson, February 13, 1937, “Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., p. 113.

[140]L.U. Foreman, Final Report (1938-1939) on “Badlands Tunnel Engineering,” Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration; Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1940.

[141]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, July 6, 1938; “Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., pp. 116, 117; Letter, Senator Norbeck to NPS Director Cammerer, July 30, 1935.

[142]Memorandum, Antoinette Funk, Assistant Commissioner, General Land Office, to the NPS, November 8, 1938; Grazing History, Badlands National Monument (September 1963), p. 88.

[143]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, July 6, 1938.

[144]Thomas A. Sullivan, Proclamations and Orders Relating to the National Park Service up to January 1, 1945 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), pp. 118-120.

[145]Memorandum, U.S. Department of the Interior for the Press, February 4, 1939.

[146]Letter, F. Hopkins, Acting Chief, SCS, to NPS Director Newton B. Drury, December 27, 1941.

[147]Project Manager’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1937.

[148]Project Manager’s Monthly Narrative Report for April 1937.

[149]Howard W. Baker, NPS Resident Landscape Architect, “Report to the Deputy Chief Architect on Development of Proposed Badlands National Monument, November 13 and 14, 1935,” December 30, 1935; “Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., cover letter and p. 15; “Badlands Tunnel Engineering,” op. cit.; Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1940 (included in Superintendent’s Fiscal Annual Narrative Report File).

[150]Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1940; Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1940.

[151]Ibid.

[152]Memorandum, Superintendent Liek to the NPS Director, August 11, 1939; Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1940.

[153]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for July 1940; Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Years 1941, 1942.

[154]Memorandum, Superintendent Howard B. Stricklin to the NPS Regional Director, Midwest Region, March 17, 1965.

[155]Baker, op. cit., p. 4; Memorandum, NPS Associate Director Demaray to NPS Regional Director, Region II, November 4, 1939; “Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., p. 64.

[156]Memorandum, Chief, Project Development Division, NPS, to the files, December 20, 1939; Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director Paul V. Brown to Regional Attorney Taylor, February 23, 1940.

[157]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for April 1940.

[158]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1941; Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1940; Memorandum, NPS Chief Counsel Moskey to the NPS Regional Director, Region II, May 20, 1941.

[159]Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, June 6, 1956; Weldon W. Gratton, op. cit.; Information from E.N. (Curley) and Ilo Nelson, Cedar Pass Lodge, February 9, 1968.

[160]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1940.

[161]Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director Brown to Regional Attorney Taylor, February 23, 1940.

[162]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports for April 1940, November 1940, September 1941, and April 1943.

[163]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for January 1965 and April 1967; 1958 date deduced from various government memorandums 1956-1958.

[164]Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1942.

[165]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for July 1940.

[166]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1940.

[167]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1941.

[168]Letter, NPS Acting Director Demaray to Representative Case, May 21, 1941.

[169]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1941.

[170]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1942.

[171]Ibid.

[172]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1942.

[173]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for December 1942.

[174]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1942.

[175]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1943.

[176]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1943.

[177]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports and Annual Fiscal Reports for the war years, passim.

[178]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1943.

[179]Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1942; Coordinating Superintendent’s Annual Narrative Report for Fiscal Year 1947.

[180]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1953.

[181]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1948.

[182]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1952.

[183]Purchase Order, Superintendent, Badlands National Monument, to Golden West Telephone Coop., Inc., October 17, 1960; Special Use Permit BADL 61-1, July 20, 1961.

[184]Coordinating Superintendent’s Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1947.

[185]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports for May through September 1948; Fiscal Annual Reports 1947 and 1949.

[186]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for October 1951; NPS Report 1a1, Annual Report of Officials in Charge of Field Areas and the Regional Directors, June 1, 1952.

[187]Receipt, signed by B.H. Millard and S.N. Millard, October 24, 1946; Badlands National Monument Land Records.

[188]NPS Report 1a1, Annual Report of Officials in Charge of Field Areas and the Regional Directors, May 11, 1951.

[189]Superintendent’s Annual Fiscal Narrative Report, June 8, 1960; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1950.

[190]Grazing History, op. cit., pp. 2, 3.

[191]Memorandum, Superintendent Stricklin to the NPS Regional Director, Midwest Region, March 17, 1965.

[192]Ibid.

[193]Information from Chief Park Ranger Byron A. Hazeltine, Badlands National Monument, November 1967.

[194]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1943.

[195]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1946.

[196]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1946.

[197]Memorandum, Lawrence C. Merriam, NPS Regional Director, Region Two to the NPS Director, December 6, 1946; Letter, Secretary of the Interior J.A. Krug to the President of the United States, May 21, 1949.

[198]Ibid.

[199]Memorandum, NPS Associate Regional Director, Region Two to Superintendent, Wind Cave National Park, August 31, 1949.

[200]Krug to the President, May 21, 1949.

[201]Rogers, op. cit., Senate Report No. 1064, Calendar No. 1005, 82d Cong., 2d Sess.

[202]Ibid., Bills and Reports named in the text by number.

[203]Grazing History, op. cit.; Badlands National Monument map file.

[204]Telegram, Ben Chief, Pine Ridge Indian Agency, to Senator Mundt, February 8, 1952; Resolution of the Executive Committee of the Tribal Council of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, February 8, 1952.

[205]Rogers, op. cit.; Hillory A. Tolson, comp., Laws Relating to the National Park Service, Supp. II. (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), pp. 387, 388.

[206]Ibid.

[207]Memorandum, Department of the Interior to the Press, February 4, 1939; Grazing History, op. cit., p. 88.

[208]Letter, Congressman Berry to NPS Director Wirth, July 9, 1952; Resolution of the Cane Creek Cooperative Grazing District, Walter Kruse, President, n.d.

[209]Letter, Senator Case to NPS Director Wirth, July 16, 1952.

[210]Letter, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, January 16, 1953.

[211]Letter, NPS Acting Director Tolson to Congressman Berry, July 2, 1952.

[212]Statement, “Boundary Revisions, Badlands National Monument, South Dakota,” NPS, July 1952.

[213]Ibid.

[214]Federal Register, October 10, 1952, pp. 9051, 9052.

[215]Letter, General Superintendent Liek, to C. Irvin Krumm, Executive Manager, Greater South Dakota Association, November 20, 1953.

[216]Memorandum, NPS Assistant Regional Director John S. McLaughlin to the NPS Director, April 14, 1953.

[217]Letter, General Superintendent Liek to C. Irvin Krumm, November 20, 1953.

[218]Ibid.; Memorandum, Superintendent John A. Rutter to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, October 14, 1955.

[219]Land Status Map, Drawing No. NM-BL-2036-C-2, January 15, 1953.

[220]Memorandum, NPS Director Wirth to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, December 5, 1952.

[221]Theodore E. White, Report of the Paleontological Survey of Certain Peripheral Areas of the Badlands National Monument South Dakota (River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, June 1953).

[222]Paul L. Beaubein, Preliminary Report of Archeological Reconnaissance, Badlands National Monument, 1953, November 3, 1953, p. 3.

[223]F.W. Albertson, Report of Study of Grassland Areas of Badlands National Monument, South Dakota..., September 26, 1953.

[224]Resolution (No. 7615), Frank W. Mitchell, Secretary, State Highway Commission, November 17, 1953; Letters: F.W. Mitchell to Senator Case, November 24, 1953; F. Web Hill, Chairman, Conservation Committee, Rapid City Chapter Izaak Walton League of America, to NPS Director Wirth, November 4, 1953; Leonel M. Jensen, Game, Fish and Parks Commissioner, to Dr. G.W. Mills, March 18, 1954; Dr. G.W. Mills, President, Black Hills and Badlands Association to NPS Director Wirth, December 2, 1953; Memorandum, General Superintendent Liek to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, November 4, 1953.

[225]Resolutions: Board of Directors, White River Cooperative Grazing District, November 24, 1953; W.M. Rasmussen, Executive Secretary, South Dakota Stockgrowers Association, December 11, 1953; Memorandum, Superintendent Rutter to NPS Regional Director, April 28, 1954.

[226]Memorandum, NPS Director Wirth to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, April 5, 1954.

[227]Ibid.

[228]Adolph Murie, “Wildlife Values in Badlands National Monument,” 1954, pp. 16, 17.

[229]James D. Rump, “A Geological and Paleontological Appraisal of the Badlands National Monument,” September 15, 1954, p. 1.

[230]Ibid., pp. 3, 4.

[231]Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director McLaughlin to the NPS Director, April 20, 1955; Resolutions: Clark Chamber of Commerce, J.W. Lockhart, Secretary, December 16, 1953; Black Hills and Badlands Association, G.W. Mills, President, December 2, 1953.

[232]Development Outline, Badlands National Monument (1947), February 28, 1947, p. 14; Tract map of Badlands National Monument, South Dakota R-1, Dates: January 21, 1936, September 1936, and June 30, 1939; Memorandums: NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, October 28, 1952; NPS Acting Regional Director McLaughlin to the NPS Director, April 20, 1955.

[233]Murie, op. cit., p. 7.

[234]Minutes of Open Meeting Concerning Badlands Boundary Revisions, Wall, South Dakota, April 12, 1956; Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, April 17, 1956.

[235]Federal Register, March 29, 1957, pp. 2052, 2053; Minutes of Open Meeting Concerning Badlands Boundary Revisions, Wall, South Dakota, April 12, 1956; Badlands National Monument Land Ownership Record, Deed 182, April 1958.

[236]Information from Badlands National Monument files, December 1967.

[237]Letter, Joy J. Deuser, Chief, Regional Land Management Division, SCS, to NPS Regional Director Baker, December 10, 1953.

[238]Grazing History, op. cit., Appendix p. 30.

[239]Ibid., pp. 6-9.

[240]“Summary of Mission 66 Objectives and Program for Badlands National Monument,” NPS Region Two, Omaha, Nebraska, April 6, 1956; Superintendent’s Annual Reports, Fiscal Years, 1956-1961.

[241]Badlands National Monument Land Ownership Record, Deed No. 178, August 25, 1955.

[242]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1959.

[243]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1960.

[244]Badlands National Monument Museum Accession Book.

[245]Ibid.; Letter, Harold Martin, Museum of Geology to John J. Palmer, November 21, 1960.

[246]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1958.

[247]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports prior to 1959; Information from Elloween M. Saunders, Secretary, Badlands National Monument, February 9, 1968.

[248]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1959.

[249]Ibid.; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for August 1959.

[250]Superintendent’s Annual Narrative Reports, Fiscal Years 1962, 1963.

[251]Ibid.

[252]Grazing History, op. cit., pp. 13, 14.

[253]Ibid., p. 15.

[254]Ibid., pp. 15-19: Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1961.

[255]Grazing History, op. cit., p. 19.

[256]Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 9, 1968.

[257]Grazing History, op. cit., pp. 16-20.

[258]Ibid., p. 19.

[259]Knoles, op. cit., p. 5.

[260]“Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., p. 5.

[261]Memorandums, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, October 28, 1952, and January 16, 1953.

[262]Murie, op. cit., p. 17.

[263]Ibid.

[264]Badlands National Monument Annual Wildlife Census Reports, 1943-1946; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1959.

[265]“Long Range Wildlife and Range Management Plan, Badlands National Monument for Period 1965-1969,” p. 6.

[266]Ibid.; “Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” September 9, 1965; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for November 1963 and October 1964; Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 10, 1968.

[267]Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 10, 1968.

[268]Knoles, op. cit., p. 20: “Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” op. cit.

[269]“Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” op. cit.

[270]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for January and February 1964.

[271]Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, November 1967.

[272]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1964.

[273]Badlands Monthly Public Use Reports, 1939-1967: “Bad Lands Becomes National Monument,” The Rapid City Daily Journal, January 28, 1939.

[274]Hillory A. Tolson, comp., National Park Service Officials, U.S. Department of the Interior, NPS, January 1, 1964, p. 41.