INDEX

AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL BOOK.

The History of the Louisiana Purchase.

By Dr. James K. Hosmer, Author of "A Short History of the Mississippi Valley," etc. With Illustrations and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 12 cents additional.

The story that Dr. Hosmer tells of the acquisition of the western empire included in the Louisiana Purchase presents fresh and picturesque phases of a most important historical event of peculiar and timely interest, in view of the anniversary which comes next year. He pictures the vague and curious ideas of the Louisiana country held by most Americans one hundred years ago, and the objections to this form of expansion. He treats the changes in the ownership of the territory from France to Spain, and again to France, and he develops fully the purposes and acts of Jefferson and the American Commissioners in Paris.

Of special importance from both the historical and personal points of view are the chapters which picture more fully and vividly than has been done before the leading part taken by Napoleon in bringing about the sale of Louisiana, and the relations between France and America, which are shown to possess a historical importance that has not been appreciated.

There has been no account of the Louisiana Purchase which is so popular and constant in its interest, and the authoritative character of the historian's work renders the volume indispensable for younger and older readers who wish to gain a thorough knowledge of the personal elements and the historic significance of the acquisition of Louisiana.

McMASTER'S FIFTH VOLUME.

History of the People of the United States.

By Prof. John Bach McMaster. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo. Cloth, with Maps, $2.50 per volume.

The fifth volume covers the time of the administrations of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, and describes the development of the democratic spirit, the manifestations of new interest in social problems, and the various conditions and plans presented between 1821 and 1830. Many of the subjects included have necessitated years of first-hand investigations, and are now treated adequately for the first time.

"John Bach McMaster needs no introduction, but only a greeting.... The appearance of this fifth volume is an event in American literature second to none in importance this season."—New York Times.

"This volume contains 576 pages, and every page is worth reading. The author has ransacked a thousand new sources of information, and has found a wealth of new details throwing light upon all the private and public activities of the American people of three quarters of a century ago."—Chicago Tribune.

"In the fifth volume Professor McMaster has kept up to the high standard he set for himself in the previous numbers. It is hard to realize thoroughly the amount of detailed work necessary to produce these books, which contain the best history of our country that has yet been published."—Philadelphia Telegraph.

"The first installment of the history came as a pleasant surprise, and the later volumes have maintained a high standard in regard to research and style of treatment."—New York Critic.

"A monumental work.... Professor McMaster gives on every page ample evidence of exhaustive research for his facts."—Rochester Herald.

"The reader can not fail to be impressed by the wealth of material out of which the author has weighed and condensed and arranged his matter."—Detroit Free Press.

"Professor McMaster is our most popular historian.... He never wearies, even when dealing with subjects that would be most wearisome under clumsier handling. This fifth volume is the most triumphant evidence of his art."—New York Herald.

By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M.

A History of the United States Navy. (1775 to 1902.)—New and revised edition.

In three volumes, the new volume containing an Account of the Navy since the Civil War, with a history of the Spanish-American War revised to the date of this edition, and an Account of naval operations in the Philippines, etc. Technical Revision of the first two volumes by Lieutenant Roy C. Smith, U. S. N. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net per volume; postage, 26 cents per volume additional.

In the new edition of Vol. III, which is now ready for publication, the author brings his History of the Navy down to the present time. In the prefaces of the volumes of this history the author has expressed and emphasized his desire for suggestions, new information, and corrections which might be utilized in perfecting his work. He has, therefore, carefully studied the evidence brought out at the recent Schley Court of Inquiry, and while the findings of that Court were for the most part in accordance with the results of his own historical investigations, he has modified certain portions of his narrative. Whatever opinions may be held regarding any phases of our recent naval history, the fact remains that the industry, care, and thoroughness, which were unanimously praised by newspaper reviewers and experts in the case of the first two volumes, have been sedulously applied to the preparation of this new edition of the third volume.

A History of American Privateers.

Uniform with "A History of the United States Navy." One volume. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net; postage, 24 cents additional.

After several years of research the distinguished historian of American sea power presents the first comprehensive account of one of the most picturesque and absorbing phases of our maritime warfare. The importance of the theme is indicated by the fact that the value of prizes and cargoes taken by privateers in the Revolution was three times that of the prizes and cargoes taken by naval vessels, while in the War of 1812 we had 517 privateers and only 23 vessels in our navy. Mr. Maclay's romantic tale is accompanied by reproductions of contemporary pictures, portraits, and documents, and also by illustrations by Mr. George Gibbs.

The Private Journal of William Maclay,

United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791. With Portrait from Original Miniature. Edited by Edgar Stanton Maclay, A. M. Large 8vo. Cloth, $2.25.

During his two years in the Senate William Maclay kept a journal of his own in which he minutely recorded the transactions of each day. This record throws a flood of light on the doings of our first legislators.

APPLETONS' WORLD SERIES.

A New Geographical Library.

Edited by H. J. Mackinder, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Reader in Geography in the University of Oxford, Principal of Reading College. Each, 8vo. Cloth.

The series will consist of twelve volumes, each being an essay descriptive of a great natural region, its marked physical features, and the life of the people. Together, the volumes will give a complete account of the world, more especially as the field of human activity.

NOW READY.

Britain and the British Seas. By the Editor. With numerous Maps and Diagrams. $2.00 net; postage, 19 cents additional.

The Nearer East. By D. G. Hogarth, M. A., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; Director of the British School at Athens; Author of "A Wandering Scholar in the Levant." $2.00 net; postage, 17 cents additional.

IN PREPARATION.

CENTRAL EUROPE. By Dr. Joseph Partsch, Professor of Geography in the University of Breslau.

INDIA. By Sir T. Hungerford Holdich, K. C. I. E., C. B., R. E., Superintendent of Indian Frontier Surveys; author of numerous papers on Military Surveying and Geographical subjects.

SCANDINAVIA AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN. By Sir Clements R. Markham, K. C. B., F. R. S., President of the Royal Geographical Society.

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. By Prince Kropotkin, author of the articles "Russia" and "Siberia" in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

AFRICA. By J. Scott Keltie, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society; Editor of The Statesman's Year-Book; Author of "The Partition of Africa."

THE FARTHER EAST. By Archibald Little.

WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN. By Elisée Reclus, author of the "Nouvelle Géographie Universelle."

AUSTRALASIA AND ANTARCTICA. By Dr. H. O. Forbes, Curator of the Liverpool Museum, late Curator of the Christ Church Museum, N. Z.; Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago."

NORTH AMERICA. By Prof. Israel Cook Russell, M. S., C. E., LL. D., Professor of Geology in the University of Michigan; author of numerous works on geological and physiographical subjects.

SOUTH AMERICA. By John Casper Branner, Ph.D., LL. D., Professor of Geology, and sometime Vice-President Leland Stanford Junior University; author of many publications on Brazil, Geology, and Physical Geography.

Maps by J. G. Bartholomew.

THE GREAT PEOPLES SERIES.

Edited by Dr. YORK POWELL,
Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford.
Each 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net; postage, 14 cents additional.

The aim of this series is to give in well-printed, clearly written, and readable volumes a view of the process by which the leading peoples of the world have become great and earned their title to greatness, to describe the share each has contributed to the common stock of civilization. It is not so much a set of political or military or even social histories, as a sequence of readable studies on the tendencies and potencies of the chief peoples of the world, that this series will strive to present.

NOW READY:

THE SPANISH PEOPLE.

By Dr. Martin A. S. Hume.

"The reader quickly perceives that the riches promised by Dr. Powell are amply found, at least in this first volume. The history is written with a new object and from a new standpoint; there is not a dull page in it. Mr. Hume writes with all the advantages of the modern historical specialist, and his picture of the development of the Spaniard is an important history of a people whose picturesque career is one of unfailing interest."—Boston Daily Advertiser.

THE FRENCH PEOPLE.

By Arthur Hassall, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford; Author of "The Balance of Power," etc.

In accordance with the general plan of the series, this important work presents the evolution of a people. The method is modern, and although the sources, development, and transitions of a great race are fully indicated in a comparatively small compass, the author's aims and results differ widely from the set record of political, dynastic, and military facts which are chronicled in the dry language of the usual hand-book. The part that France has played in the world's history has been frequently so picturesque and dramatic, as well as great, that a vital analysis of her history like this possesses a profound interest. The author is one of the ablest of the rising English historians and a lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford.

IN PREPARATION:

THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.

By J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly.

THE STANDARD AUTHORITY.

The Presidents of the United States.

By John Fiske, Carl Schurz, Robert C. Winthrop, Daniel G. Gilman, William Walter Phelps, George Ticknor Curtis, George Bancroft, John Hay and others. Edited by General James Grant Wilson. New and revised edition with complete life of William McKinley and sketch of Theodore Roosevelt. Illustrated with steel engravings and photogravures. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50. Half Morocco, or Half Calf, $6.00.

This book has been the standard authority for many years and justly so. Its list of contributors lifts it far above the commonplace, and infinitely removes it from the possibility of political coloring or sectionalism. The article on President McKinley gives a brief and accurate résumé of the Spanish war while the book as a whole is a composite review of the constitutional history of the United States with the White House as the keynote.

"A book well worth owning, for reading and for reference."—The Outlook.

"Such a work as this can not fail to appeal to the pride of patriotic Americans."—Chicago Dial.

"A monumental volume, which no American who cares for the memory of the public men of his country can afford to be without."—New York Mail and Express.

"A valuable addition to both our biographical and historical literature, and meets a want long recognized."—Boston Advertiser.

"A book which every one should read over and over again.... We have carefully run through it, and laid it down with the feeling that some such book ought to find its way into every household."—New York Herald.

"General Wilson has performed a public service in presenting this volume to the public in so attractive a shape. It is full of incentive to ambitious youth; it abounds in encouragement to every patriotic heart."—Charleston News and Courier.

"It is precisely the book which ought to have a very wide sale in this country—a book which one needs to own rather than to read and lay aside. No common-school library or collection of books for young readers should be without it."—The Churchman.

"These names are in themselves sufficient to guarantee adequacy of treatment and interest in the presentation, and it is safe to say that such succinct biographies of the complete portrait gallery of our Presidents, written with such unquestioned ability, have never before been published."—Hartford Courant.

"Just the sort of book that the American who wishes to fix in his mind the varying phases of his country's history as it is woven on the warp of the administrations will find most useful. Everything is presented in a clear-cut way, and no pleasanter excursions into history can be found than a study of 'The Presidents of the United States.'"—Philadelphia Press.

The United States of America.

A Study of the American Commonwealth, its Natural Resources, People, Industries, Manufactures, Commerce, and its Work in Literature, Science, Education, and Self-Government.

Edited by NATHANIEL S. SHALER, S. D.,

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

In two volumes, royal 8vo. Maps, and 150 full-page Illustrations. Cloth, $10.00.

Every subject in this comprehensive work is timely, because it is of immediate interest to every American. Special attention, however, may be called to the account of "American Productive Industry," by the Hon. Edward Atkinson, with its array of immensely informing diagrams and tables; and also to "Industry and Finance," a succinct and logical presentation of the subject by Professor F. W. Taussig, of Harvard University. Both these eminent authorities deal with questions which are uppermost to-day.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed chapter titles and specimen illustrations, mailed free on request.

THE CONCISE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY.

Each, small 8vo, half leather, $2.00.

The History of the World,

From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By Edgar Sanderson, M. A., author of "A History of the British Empire," etc.

The Historical Reference-Book.

Comprising a Chronological Table of Universal History, a Chronological Dictionary of Universal History, and a Biographical Dictionary. With Geographical Notes. For the use of Students, Teachers, and Readers. By Louis Heilprin. Fifth edition, revised to 1898.

Natural History.

By R. Lydekker, B. A.; W. F. Kirby, F. L. S.; B. B. Woodward, F. L. S.; R. Kirkpatrick; R. I. Pocock; R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL. D.; W. Garstang, M. A.; F. A. Bather, M. A., and H. M. Bernard, M. A. Nearly 800 pages, and 500 Illustrations drawn especially for this work.

Astronomy.

Fully illustrated. By Agnes M. Clerke, A. Fowler, F. R. A. S., Demonstrator of Astronomical Physics of the Royal College of Science, and J. Ellard Gore, F. R. A. S.

THE ROMANCE OF HISTORY.

Peter the Great.

By K. Waliszewski. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.

The Romance of an Empress. Catharine II of Russia.

By K. Waliszewski. Uniform with "Peter the Great." With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.

New Letters of Napoleon I.

Omitted from the Collection published under the auspices of Napoleon III. Edited by M. Léon Lecestre, Curator of the French Archives. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.

Uniform with the "New Letters."

Memoirs illustrating the History of Napoleon I,

from 1802 to 1815. By Baron Claude François de Méneval, Private Secretary of Napoleon. Edited by his Grandson, Baron Napoleon Joseph de Méneval. With Portraits and Autograph Letters. In three volumes. Small 8vo. Cloth, $6.00.

An Aide-de-Camp of Napoleon.

Memoirs of General Count de Ségur, of the French Academy, 1800-1812. Revised by his Grandson, Count Louis de Ségur. With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.

Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot,

Duc de Reggio. Compiled from the Hitherto Unpublished Souvenirs of the Duchesse de Reggio, by Gaston Stiegler, and now first translated into English by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. With Two Portraits. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.

A Friend of the Queen.

(Marie Antoinette—Count de Fersen.) By Paul Gaulot. With Two Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.

THE LIVES OF ROYALTIES.

The Private Life of the Sultan.

By Georges Dorys, son of the late Prince of Samos, a former minister of the Sultan, and formerly Governor of Crete. Translated by Arthur Hornblow. Uniform with "The Private Life of King Edward VII." Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 10 cents additional.

The high position which the writer's father held at Constantinople gave the son a close insight into the personality of one of the least known of modern rulers, so far as personality is concerned. It is unnecessary to say that the author has long since left the domain of the Sultan of Turkey, and he is now a member of the Young Turk party and a resident of Paris. It is announced that he has been recently condemned to death by the Sultan on account of this book.

The Private Life of King Edward VII.

By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

"While the book gives a narrative that is intimate and personal in character, it does not descend to vulgar narrative. It is a book which will be found of unusual interest."—Brooklyn Eagle.

The Private Life of the Queen.

By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

"A singularly attractive picture of Queen Victoria.... The interests and occupations that make up the Queen's day, and the functions of many of the members of her household, are described in a manner calculated to gratify the natural desire to know what goes on behind closed doors that very few of the world's dignitaries are privileged to pass."—Boston Herald.

The Sovereigns and Courts of Europe.

The Home and Court Life and Characteristics of the Reigning Families. By "Politikos." With many Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

"The anonymous author of these sketches of the reigning sovereigns of Europe appears to have gathered a good deal of curious information about their private lives, manners, and customs, and has certainly in several instances had access to unusual sources. The result is a volume which furnishes views of the kings and queens concerned, far fuller and more intimate than can be found elsewhere."—New York Tribune.

The Life of his Royal Highness the Prince Consort.

By Sir Theodore Martin. In five volumes, each with Portrait. 12mo. Cloth, $10.00.

"A full and impartial biography of a noble and enlightened prince.... Mr. Martin's work is not gossipy, not light, nor yet dull, guarded in its details of the domestic lives of Albert and Victoria, but sufficiently full and familiar to contribute much interesting information."—Chicago Tribune.

THE STORY OF THE WEST SERIES.

Edited by RIPLEY HITCHCOCK.

Each, illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.50.

The Story of the Soldier.
By General G. A. Forsyth, U. S. Army (retired). Illustrated by R. F. Zogbaum.

"A very complete and vivid picture of the development of the West from a military point of view, with side lights on the civil war."—The Churchman.

The Story of the Railroad.
By Cy Warman, author of "The Express Messenger," etc. With Maps and many Illustrations by B. West Clinedinst and from photographs.

"In Mr. Warman's book we are kept constantly reminded of the fortitude, the suffering, the enterprise, and the endurance of the pioneers."—The Railroad Gazette.

The Story of the Cowboy.
By E. Hough, author of "The Singing Mouse Stories," etc. Illustrated by William L. Wells and C. M. Russell.

"Mr. Hough is to be thanked for having written so excellent a book. The cowboy story, as this author has told it, will be the cowboy's fitting eulogy. This volume will be consulted in years to come as an authority on past conditions of the far West. For fine literary work the author is to be highly complimented. Here, certainly, we have a choice piece of writing."—New York Times.

The Story of the Mine.
As illustrated by the Great Comstock Lode of Nevada. By Charles Howard Shinn.

"The author has written a book not alone full of information, but replete with the true romance of the American mine."—New York Times.

The Story of the Indian.
By George Bird Grinnell, author of "Pawnee Hero Stories," "Blackfoot Lodge Tales," etc.

"Only an author qualified by personal experience could offer us a profitable study of a race so alien from our own as is the Indian in thought, feeling, and culture. Only long association with Indians can enable a white man measurably to comprehend their thoughts and enter into their feelings. Such association has been Mr. Grinnell's."—New York Sun.

STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.

The American Revolution, 1763-1783.

Being the Chapters and Passages relating to America, from the Author's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century." By William Edward Hartpole Lecky, M. P. Arranged and edited, with Historical and Biographical Notes, by James Albert Woodburn, Professor of American History and Politics in Indiana University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.

The Rise and Growth of the English Nation.

With Special Reference to Epochs and Crises. A History of and for the People. By W. H. S. Aubrey, LL. D. In three volumes. 12mo. Cloth, $4.50.

This work is written in no partisan or sectarian spirit, and is not designed to advocate any particular theory of politics, of philosophy, or of religion; but it claims to be thoroughly patriotic, and is inspired by a love of the freedom that springs out of righteousness and justice.

A History of Germany, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.

By Bayard Taylor. With an additional Chapter by Mrs. Bayard Taylor. With Portrait and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

"When one considers the confused, complicated, and sporadic elements of German history, it seems scarcely possible to present a clear, continuous narrative. Yet this is what Bayard Taylor did. He omitted no episode of importance, and yet managed to preserve a main line of connection from century to century throughout the narrative."—Philadelphia Ledger.

A French Volunteer of the War of Independence.

By the Chevalier de Pontgibaud. Translated and edited by Robert B. Douglas. With Introduction and Frontispiece. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.

History of the People of the United States,

From the Revolution to the Civil War. By John Bach McMaster. To be completed in Six Volumes. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $2.50 each.

The Beginners of a Nation.

By Edward Eggleston. A History of the Source and Rise of the Earliest English Settlements in America, with Special Reference to the Life and Character of the People. The first volume in a History of Life in the United States. Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut, with Maps. Cloth, $1.50.

The Transit of Civilization.

From England to America in the Seventeenth Century. By Edward Eggleston. Uniform with "The Beginners of a Nation." Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut. Cloth, $1.50.

The Household History of the United States and its People.

By Edward Eggleston. For Young Americans. Richly illustrated with 350 Drawings, 75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.

Bancroft's History of the United States,

From the Discovery of the Continent to the Establishment of the Constitution in 1789. (Also Edition de Luxe, on large paper, limited to one hundred sets, numbered.) Complete in six volumes, with a Portrait of the Author. 8vo. Cloth, uncut, gilt top, $15.00; half calf or half morocco, $27.00; tree calf, $50.00.

GREAT COMMANDERS.

Edited by General JAMES GRANT WILSON.

This series forms one of the most notable collections of books that has been published for many years. The success it has met with since the first volume was issued, and the widespread attention it has attracted, indicate that it has satisfactorily fulfilled its purpose, viz., to provide in a popular form and moderate compass the records of the lives of men who have been conspicuously eminent in the great conflicts that established American independence and maintained our national integrity and unity. Each biography has been written by an author especially well qualified for the task, and the result is not only a series of fascinating stories of the lives and deeds of great men, but a rich mine of valuable information for the student of American history and biography.

Each, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net.
Postage, 11 cents additional,
NOW READY.

Admiral FarragutBy Captain A. T. Mahan, U. S. N.
General TaylorBy General O. O. Howard, U. S. A.
General JacksonBy James Parton.
General GreeneBy General Francis V. Greene.
General J. E. JohnstonBy Robert M. Hughes, of Virginia.
General ThomasBy Henry Coppee, LL. D.
General ScottBy General Marcus J. Wright.
General WashingtonBy General Bradley T. Johnson.
General LeeBy General Fitzhugh Lee.
General HancockBy General Francis A. Walker.
General SheridanBy General Henry E. Davies.
General GrantBy General James Grant Wilson.
General ShermanBy General Manning F. Force.
Commodore Paul JonesBy Cyrus Townsend Brady.
General MeadeBy Isaac R. Pennypacker.
General McClellanBy General Peter S. Michie.
General ForrestBy Captain J. Harvey Mathes.

IN PREPARATION.

Admiral PorterBy James R. Soley, late Ass't Sec'y U. S. Navy.
General SchofieldAn Autobiography.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Not an abbreviation of "esquire," as has been supposed, but given because of some old family connection. This name was transmitted through several generations of Boones.

[2] Edward was killed by Indians when thirty-six years old, and Squire died at the age of seventy-six. Their brothers and sisters lived to ages varying from eighty-three to ninety-one.

[3] Indeed, it is a matter of record that other members also of this stout-hearted Devonshire family were "sometimes rather too belligerent and self-willed," and had "occasionally to be dealt with by the meeting." Daniel's oldest sister, Sarah, married a man who was not a Quaker, and consequently she was "disowned" by the society. His oldest brother, Israel, also married a worldling and was similarly treated; and their father, who countenanced Israel's disloyal act and would not retract his error, was in 1748 likewise expelled.

[4] John and James remained, and lived and died in Oley.

[5] The children of Daniel Boone were as follows: James (born in 1757), Israel (1759), Susannah (1760), Jemima (1762), Lavinia (1766), Rebecca (1768), Daniel Morgan (1769), John B. (1773), and Nathan (1780). The four daughters all married and died in Kentucky. The two eldest sons were killed by Indians, the three younger emigrated to Missouri.

[6] "I had rather receive the blessing of one poor Cherokee, as he casts his last look back upon his country, for having, though in vain, attempted to prevent his banishment, than to sleep beneath the marble of all the Cæsars."—Extract from a speech of Theodore Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, delivered in the United States Senate, April 7, 1830.

"I am not aware that any community has a right to force another to be civilized."—John Stuart Mill.

[7] Boone had a strong fancy for carving his name and hunting feats upon trees. His wanderings have very largely been traced by this means.

[8] When Indians were about, moccasins were always tied to the guns so as to be ready to slip on in case of a night alarm.

[9] Previous to this there had been built in Kentucky many hunters' camps, also a few isolated cabins by "improvers"; but Harrodsburg (at first called "Harrodstown") was the first permanent settlement, thus having nearly a year's start of Boonesborough. June 16, 1774, is the date given by Collins and other chroniclers for the actual settlement by Harrod.

[10] The Indians had called the Americans "Knifemen," "Long Knives," or "Big Knives," from the earliest historic times; but it was not until about the middle of the eighteenth century that the Virginia colonists began to make record of the use of this epithet by the Indians with whom they came in contact. It was then commonly supposed that it grew out of the use of swords by the frontier militiamen, and this is the meaning still given in dictionaries; but it has been made apparent by Albert Matthews, writing in the New York Nation, March 14, 1901, that the epithet originated in the fact that Englishmen used knives as distinguished from the early stone tools of the Indians. The French introduced knives into America previous to the English, but apparently the term was used only by Indians within the English sphere of influence.

[11] The names of this party of Kentucky pioneers, as preserved by tradition, are worth presenting in our record, for many of them afterward became prominent in the annals of the West: Squire Boone, Edward Bradley, James Bridges, William Bush, Samuel Coburn, Colonel Richard Calloway, Captain Crabtree, Benjamin Cutbirth, David Gass, John Hart, William Hays (son-in-law of Daniel Boone), William Hicks, Edmund Jennings, Thomas Johnson, John Kennedy, John King, William Miller, William Moore, James Nall, James Peeke, Bartlet Searcy, Reuben Searcy, Michael Stoner, Samuel Tate, Oswell Towns, Captain William Twitty (wounded at Rockcastle), John Vardeman, and Felix Walker (also wounded at Rockcastle). Mrs. Hays, Boone's daughter, traveled with her husband; a negro woman accompanied Calloway, and a negro man (killed at Rockcastle) was with Twitty.

[12] It was then within the far-stretching boundaries of Fincastle County. Kentucky was set apart as a county, December 31, 1776.

[13] It was, however, not until November, 1778, that the legislature formally declared the Transylvania Company's claims null and void.

[14] Two lines of Indians were formed, five or six feet apart, on either side of a marked path. The prisoner was obliged to run between these lines, while there were showered upon him lusty blows from whatever weapons the tormentors chose to adopt—switches, sticks, clubs, and tomahawks. It required great agility, speed in running, and some aggressive strategy to arrive at the goal unharmed. Many white captives were seriously crippled in this thrilling experience, and not a few lost their lives.

[15] Account is only taken, in these charges, of the twenty-seven captives.

[16] Address at Camp Madison, Franklin County, Ky., in 1843.

[17] Equivalent to about 845 English acres.

[18] The story of the original Harding portrait, as gathered from statements to the present writer by members of the painter's family, supplemented by letters of Harding himself to the late Lyman C. Draper, is an interesting one. The artist used for his portrait a piece of ordinary table oil-cloth. For many years the painting was in the capitol at Frankfort, Ky., "from the fact that it was hoped the State would buy it." But the State had meanwhile become possessed of another oil portrait painted about 1839 or 1840 by a Mr. Allen, of Harrodsburg, Ky.—an ideal sketch, of no special merit. Harding's portrait, apparently the only one of Boone painted from life, was not purchased, for the State did not wish to be at the expense of two paintings. Being upon a Western trip, in 1861, Harding, then an old man and a resident of Springfield, Mass., rescued his portrait, which was in bad condition, and carried it home. The process of restoration was necessarily a vigorous one. The artist writes (October 6, 1861): "The picture had been banged about until the greater part of it was broken to pieces.... The head is as perfect as when it was painted, in color, though there are some small, almost imperceptible, cracks in it." The head and neck, down to the shirt-collar, were cut out and pasted upon a full-sized canvas; on this, Harding had "a very skilful artist" repaint the bust, drapery, and background, under the former's immediate direction. The picture in the present state is, therefore, a composite. The joining shows plainly in most lights. Upon the completion of the work, Harding offered to sell it to Draper, but the negotiation fell through. The restored portrait was then presented by the artist to his son-in-law, John L. King, of Springfield, Mass., and in due course it came into the possession of the latter's son, the present owner.