The Colonies, 1492-1750

by Reuben Gold Thwaites

INDEX.

• Acadia, united to Massachusetts, [176]. See Nova Scotia.

• Africa, supposed migrations from, to America, [21];
  • European explorations of coast of, [24].

• Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, [255], [278].

• Alaska, Asiatic migration to, [2];
  • aborigines of, [12].

• Albany, founded, [196];
  • as Fort Nassau, [197];
  • as Fort Orange, [198], [199];
  • re-named by English, [203];
  • characteristics, [228];
  • fur-trade, [253];
  • first Colonial Congress, [80], [206];
  • second Colonial Congress, [270].

• Albemarle, [89];
  • a district in Carolina, [88]-91.

• Alexander VI., Pope, bull of partition, [24], [36], [196].

• Algonquian Indians, status, [9]-12;
  • as allies of the French, [206], [246], [250];
  • uprising in New York, [200].

• Alleghany mountains. See Appalachian.

• Andover, Mass., sacked by French and Indians, [254].

• Andros, Sir Edmund, governor of Virginia, [79];
  • governor of New York and the Jerseys, [175], [176], [205], [206], [282];
  • governor of New England, [175], [189], [211].

• Augusta, Ga., founded, [260];
  • fur-trade, [261].

• Annapolis, Md., founded, [87], [98].

• —, Nova Scotia. See Port Royal.

• Antigua, Leeward Islands, [237].

• Antinomian theory, held by Anne Hutchinson, [133], [134].

• Appalachian mountains, extent of, [3],4, [6], [7];
  • early explorations, [4], [269];
  • characteristics, [5], [6], [97], [179], [219];
  • aborigines, [11];
  • early Scotch settlements in, [269].

• Argall, Samuel, governor of Virginia, [73];
  • destroys French settlements in Acadia, [242].

• Arizona, aborigines of, [8];
  • early Spanish explorations, [28]-30;
  • Spanish missions, [31].

• Armada, the Spanish, interrupts American colonization, [40];
  • defeat of, [48], [52].

• Asia, possible emigration from, to America, [2], [3];
  • distance from America, [5];
  • relation to American exploration, [25]-27;
  • early European commerce in, [23], [24].

• Assemblies, hampered by commercial companies and royal and proprietary interference, [58];
  • hold the purse-strings, [59];
  • origin of bicameral system, [61];
  • representative system, [62], [63];
  • in the South generally, [97], [109], [110];
  • in Virginia, [73], [75], [77], [78];
  • in the Carolinas, [90], [92];
  • in Maryland, [82]-86;
  • in Pennsylvania, [215], [216];
  • in New Jersey, [211], [212], [214];
  • in New Netherlands, [200], [201];
  • in New York, [200], [201], [204]-206;
  • in Connecticut, [142], [143];
  • in Rhode Island, [147], [148];
  • in Massachusetts, [123], [126], [128];
  • quarrels with the royal governors (1700-1750), [271]-279.

• Association for the defence of the Protestant religion in Maryland, [87].

• Atlantic slope, natural entrance of North America, [3], [5];
  • rivers, [3], [4];
  • three grand natural divisions, [5], [6];
  • mining, [6];
  • soil and climate, [6], [97];
  • aborigines of, [9], [10];
  • early fur-trade on, [18];
  • early European explorations, [25]-28;
  • early English colonies on, [47].

• Aztecs. See Mexico.

• Bacon, Nathaniel, rebellion of, [78], [79], [80].

• Bahamas, the, discovered by Columbus, [23];
  • claimed by English, [44];
  • included in Carolina, [90];
  • send settlers to Carolina, [93], [97];
  • historical sketch, [239], [240].

• Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, discovers Pacific ocean, [26].

• Baltimore, Md., founded, [87].

• —, Lord. See Calvert.

• Baptists, in Carolina, [89];
  • in Rhode Island, [159].

• Barbados, founded, [89];
  • claimed by English, [44];
  • send settlers to Virginia, [93];
  • Quakers at, [165];
  • historical sketch, [236], [237], [239].

• Basques, American discoveries by, [21];
  • engaged in Newfoundland fisheries, [241].

• Belcher, Jonathan, governor of New Jersey, [221], [275];
  • governor of Massachusetts, [279].

• Belize, history of, [241].

• Bellomont, Earl of, governor of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, [207], [274], [276].

• Berkeley, Sir William, governor of Virginia, [75], [77], [78], [79], [84];
  • one of the Carolina proprietors, [89];
  • on education in Virginia, [107], [108];
  • interest in New Jersey colonization, [205], [211], [212].

• Bermudas, claimed by English, [44];
  • annexed to Virginia, [72];
  • send settlers to Carolina, [90];
  • intercolonial relations, [234];
  • historical sketch, [238], [239].

• Biloxi (Old), Miss., founded, [248].

• Blackbeard, a noted pirate, [273].

• Blommaert, Samuel, Dutch patroon, [199], [207], [208].

• Blue Laws, fabricated by Peters, [146].

• Body of Liberties, [138], [139].

• Boston, founded, [127];
  • the Anne Hutchinson episode, [133]-136;
  • New Haven colonists in, [144];
  • formation of New England Confederation, [156];
  • Gortonites at, [160];
  • expeditions against New Netherlands, [163], [164], [168];
  • levies intercolonial duties, [164];
  • repression of the Quakers, [165], [166];
  • arrival of royal commissioners, [168];
  • Indian missionary efforts, [170];
  • evasion of Navigation Acts, [173];
  • the rule of Andros, [175], [176];
  • slavery, [182];
  • commerce, [186];
  • condition in 1700, [186];
  • Tory element, [189];
  • Sewall's repentance, [191], [192];
  • characteristics, [228];
  • disputes with Phipps, [275], [276];
  • Bellomont's visit, [276].

• Boundary disputes between the Jerseys, [212];
  • between Maryland and Pennsylvania, [217];
  • between French and English colonies, [255], [256];
  • summary of intercolonial, [267]-269.

• Brazil, discovered by Cabral, [44];
  • Portuguese colonies, [43], [44], [48];
  • Huguenots in, [44].

• Breda, treaty of, [237].

• Brewster, William, leader of the Pilgrims, [116], [117].

• British Honduras, historical sketch, [241].

• Brittany, early fishers from, at Newfoundland, [26], [33], [241].

• Brook, Lord, attempt to introduce hereditary rank in Massachusetts, [59], [129];
  • Connecticut land grant, [141].

• Brownists, a branch of the Independents, [115].

• Bubble Act, passed by Parliament, [279].

• Cabot, John, discovery of North America, [25], [36], [52], [241], [242].

• —, Sebastian, on the American coast, [25].

• California, gulf of, aborigines, [8], [12];
  • early Spanish explorations, [28], [29], [31];
  • Spanish missions, [31].

• Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, [82], [83], [85], [86].

• —, Charles, as governor of Maryland, [86];
  • as third Lord Baltimore, [86], [87].

• —, George, first Lord Baltimore, [76], [77], [81], [82], [208].

• —, Leonard, governor of Maryland, [77], [82], [83], [84].

• Calvin, John, influence of his teachings, [115].

• Calvinists, De Monts' colony of, [35], [36].

• Cambridge, Mass., founded, [127];
  • fortifications at, [128];
  • meeting of General Court, [135], [136];
  • establishment of Harvard College, [130], [158], [188];
  • emigration to Connecticut, [140];
  • the "bishop's palace," 189.

• Cambridge platform adopted, [162].

• Canada. See New France.

• Cape Breton island, discovered by Cabot, [25];
  • in early struggles between French and English, [252];
  • fall of Louisburg, [243];
  • in King William's War, [253];
  • in King George's War, [255].

• Cape Cod, Champlain's visit, [36];
  • named by Gosnold, [41];
  • arrival of Pilgrims, [117], [118];
  • Indian missionary efforts, [170];
  • character of, [179].

• Caribs, the, [8], [9], [236], [239].

• Carolina, named after Charles IX., [33];
  • causes of failure of early colonies, [41]-43;
  • French expelled by Spaniards, [48];
  • early settlers, [87]-89;
  • under the lords proprietors, [89]-92;
  • division of the colonies, [92];
  • reunited, [94];
  • Barbadians in, [236], [237];
  • geography, [96], [97];
  • population, [97];
  • character of colonists, [97];
  • agriculture, [102];
  • commerce, [104].
  • See North Carolina and South Carolina.

• Carteret, Sir George, obtains grant of New Jersey, [205], [211], [212].

• —, Philip, governor of New Jersey, [211].

• Cartier, Jacques, explores St. Lawrence River, [32], [246].

• Catholics, in England, [115];
  • in Virginia, [76];
  • in Maryland, [77], [81]-87, [108];
  • in the Carolinas, [95];
  • in Pennsylvania, [108], [230];
  • in New Jersey, [214];
  • in Georgia, [260];
  • policy of the church in New France, [49], [50], [246], [247], [251], [252].

• Cayuga Indians, [10], [11].

• Champlain, Samuel de, early explorations, [26], [35];
  • founds Quebec, [36], [246];
  • fights the Iroquois, [196];
  • on Lake Huron, [246], [247];
  • as governor of New France, [251], [252];
  • death, [248].

• Charles I., king of England, interest in Virginia, [75];
  • interest in Maryland, [82], [84];
  • interest in Carolina, [88];
  • attitude towards the Puritans, [125], [127];
  • annuls Massachusetts charter, [131];
  • grants Windward Islands to Carlisle, [237];
  • execution, [76].

• Charles II., king of England, reception of Berkeley, [79];
  • proclaimed in Massachusetts, [159];
  • attitude towards Quakers, [166];
  • displeased with New Englanders, [166]-168, [174];
  • treatment of Connecticut and Rhode Island, [168], [169];
  • claims New Netherlands, [202], [203];
  • interest in New Jersey, [212];
  • charter to Penn, [215];
  • charters Hudson's Bay Company, [243];
  • attitude towards New France, [252];
  • death, [175].

• Charleston, S. C., founded, [92], [93], [98];
  • churchmen in, [109];
  • characteristics, [228];
  • arrival of Scotch, [269];
  • attacked by French, [278].

• Charlestown, Mass., founded, [122], [127];
  • fortified, [131];
  • hanging of a witch, [190].

• Charters, commercial privileges of, [104], [105];
  • of Virginia, [60], [66]-69, [72], [74], [113];
  • of Maryland, [81], [82];
  • of the Carolinas, [88], [89], [267], [272];
  • of Georgia, [259];
  • of Delaware, [216];
  • of Pennsylvania, [210], [215], [217];
  • under the Dutch, [197], [198];
  • South Company of Sweden, [208];
  • of New Jersey, [211]-213;
  • of Connecticut, [61], [141], [168], [175], [276], [277];
  • of Rhode Island, [60], [61], [148], [149], [168], [175];
  • Plymouth Company, [120], [121], [124], [131], [150];
  • Massachusetts Bay, [60], [125]-127, [131], [159], [169], [174], [175], [177];
  • to the Gorges, [122], [125], [150];
  • to John Mason, [125], [150], [152];
  • New Hampshire, [174];
  • ministerial attacks on the (1701-1749), [266], [267].

• Cherokee Indians, status, [11];
  • relations with Georgians, [259], [261].

• Chesapeake Bay, Cabot at, [25];
  • reached by Lane, [39];
  • reached by Jamestown colonists, [70];
  • arrival of royal commissioners, [76];
  • Claiborne's operations, [77], [83];
  • geography, [218], [219].

• Chickasaw Indians, status, [11];
  • relations with Georgians, [261], [262].

• Chicora, Vasquez's conquest of, [27].

• Choctaw Indians, status, [11].

• Church of England, in England, [114], [115];
  • in the Carolinas, [88], [91], [94], [109], [272];
  • in Virginia, [67], [78], [108];
  • in Maryland, [86], [87], [280];
  • in the South generally, [102], [111];
  • in New York, [229], [230], [274];
  • in Massachusetts, [122], [130]-132, [173], [175], [189];
  • in New Hampshire, [152];
  • in Maine, [150], [151];
  • a source of dispute between governors and assemblies, [272].

• Cibola, Seven Cities of, visited by Spaniards, [29]-31.

• Clarendon, a district in Carolina, [89], [90], [93].

• Claiborne, William, his quarrel with Maryland, [76]-78, [83]-85.

• Cliff-Dwellers, status, [8].

• Colleges, Harvard, [80], [130], [158], [181], [188];
  • Yale, [80];
  • William and Mary, [80], [81], [103].

• Colonization, motives of, [46];
  • early views of, [46];
  • French policy, [35], [48]-50;
  • Spanish policy, [47], [48], [51];
  • Portuguese policy, [48];
  • Dutch policy, [50], [51];
  • German policy, [51];
  • English policy, [51], [53];
  • relations of colonists with Indians, [17]-19;
  • experience of sixteenth century, [41]-44;
  • character of English emigrants, [53], [54];
  • the institutions they imported, [55]-63;
  • reasons for the English movement, [65], [66].

• Columbus, Christopher, discoveries prior to his, [21]-23;
  • his discoveries, [23]-25, [31], [237];
  • his motives, [4], [6].

• Commerce, early Norse, [22];
  • of Europe with India, [23], [24], [27], [42];
  • fur-trade of early European explorers, [26], [28], [35], [52], [53];
  • French commercial companies, [35];
  • of Spain, in West Indies, [38], [39];
  • as a motive of colonization, [46];
  • Spanish policy, [47];
  • Portuguese policy, [48], [50];
  • Dutch policy, [50], [51], [103]-105;
  • early English commercial companies, [55], [65], [68], [69];
  • London company, [66]-74;
  • Plymouth company, [114];
  • Massachusetts Bay Company, [125]-127;
  • economic effect on England, [65];
  • intercolonial, [102]-107, [130];
  • colonial, with England, [103], [104], [130], [169];
  • the Navigation Acts, [104]-106.
  • See Fur-trade.

• Communal proprietorship, in Virginia, [68], [73];
  • at Plymouth, [117], [120], [121].

• Congregationalists, origin of name, [162];
  • organization, [189];
  • in middle colonies, [230].

• Connecticut, founded, [136], [140]-142;
  • Pequod War, [136], [137];
  • government, [142]-144;
  • early Dutch settlers, [136], [198], [199];
  • conflicts between Dutch and English, [163], [202];
  • New Haven founded and absorbed, [144]-146, [168];
  • characteristics of Connecticut and New Haven, [146];
  • in the New England Confederation, [155], [156];
  • river-toll levied, [164];
  • treatment of Quakers, [166];
  • Massachusetts absorbs more territory, [173];
  • history of the charter, [168], [175], [177], [266], [267], [276], [277];
  • litigation, [182], [183];
  • iron mining, [184];
  • agriculture, [186];
  • colonization schemes on the Delaware, [208], [209];
  • boundary disputes, [267], [268];
  • represented in second colonial congress, [270];
  • Fletcher's visit, [276], [277];
  • population (1700) 180, (1754) 265.

• Cordilleran mountains. See Rocky mountains.

• Cornbury, Lord, governor of New York and New Jersey, [274], [275].

• Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, search for Cibola, [11], [29]-31.

• Cortereal, Gaspar, explores American coast, [25], [241].

• Cortez, Hernando, conquest of Mexico, [8], [27]-29.

• Council for New England. See Plymouth Company.

• County, the, in England, [55]; in the South, [56];
  • in middle colonies, [57];
  • in New York, [204];
  • in Pennsylvania, [216].

• Coureurs de bois, their characteristics, [247], [249], [250];
  • explorations of, [248], [253].

• Creek Indians, status, [11];
  • relations with Georgians, [260], [261].

• Cromwell, Oliver, accepted in Virginia, [76], [78];
  • in Maryland, [85];
  • friendship for New England, [159];
  • expedition against New Netherlands, [163], [164], [202];
  • sends prisoners to Barbados, [236].

• Cuba, slavery in, [239];
  • threatened by English, [262].

• Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, governor of Virginia, [78]-80.

• Cumberland Gap, a highway for exploration, [4].

• Dakotah Indians, status, [11], [12]

• Danes, in Iceland, [21].

• Dare, Virginia, first English child born in the United States, [40].

• Davenport, John, heads New Haven colony, [144], [145].

• Delaware, early Dutch settlers, [207], [208];
  • the Swedes, [201], [208];
  • fall of New Sweden, [209];
  • annexed to Pennsylvania, [210], [216], [217];
  • a separate colony, [61], [210], [217];
  • geography, [218], [219];
  • social classes, [222]-224;
  • occupations, [224], [225];
  • trade and commerce, [225], [226];
  • life and manners, [227];
  • religion, [230];
  • general characteristics, [210];
  • Indian affairs, [277];
  • influence of Virginian ideas on, [280];
  • population (1700), [221], [222]; (1750), [266].

• —, Lord, governor of Virginia, [72].

• — River, early settlements on, [51], [197]-199, [207]-210, [215], [216];
  • Dutch claims on, [163];
  • conflicts between Dutch and Swedes, [200].

• De Monts, Sieur, colonizes Nova Scotia, [35], [36], [242].

• De Soto, Hernando, expedition of, [11], [30], [31], [47].

• Detroit, site discovered, [248], [249].

• Digger Indians, status, [9].

• "Discovery," the, carries colonists to Virginia, [69].

• Dominica, Leeward Islands, [237], [238].

• Dorchester, Mass., fortified, [131];
  • emigration from, to Connecticut, [140], [141].

• Drake, Sir Francis, explorations, [37], [52];
  • relieves Raleigh's colony, [39];
  • resists the Armada, [40].

• Dudley, Joseph, president of Andros's council, [175], [176].

• —, Thomas, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, [127], [135], [175];
  • governor, [129].

• "Duke's laws," the, in New York, [203], [204].

• Dummer, Jeremiah, "Defence of the American Charters," 266, [267].

• Dunkards, in Pennsylvania, [230].

• Dutch, the, early claims in America, [44];
  • colonial policy, [50], [51];
  • as ocean carriers, [103], [104];
  • plant New Netherlands, [196]-198;
  • patroon system, [198]-200;
  • operations on the Connecticut, [136], [140], [141];
  • collisions with English traders and settlers, [47], [145], [155], [162]-164, [199], [200];
  • Swedish opposition, [51], [208], [209];
  • wars with England, [159], [163], [164], [168], [201]-203;
  • fall of New Netherlands, [168], [202], [203];
  • New Netherlands recaptured, but lost again, [205];
  • in the West Indies, [236]-238;
  • in New York, [203], [204], [220], [221], [223], [227], [229], [231], [232];
  • in New Jersey, [210], [211], [221];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [207]-210, [215], [217], [221], [222].

• — East India Company, sends out Hudson, [196].

• — Reformed Church, in middle colonies, [230].

• — West India Company, chartered, [197];
  • patroon system, [198]-200, [223];
  • plan of government, [203];
  • Delaware settlements, [207], [209];
  • pacific policy towards New England, [163].

• East India Company, [66].

• East Indies, Dutch in the, [50].

• East New Jersey, as a separate province, [212]-214;
  • population (1700), [221].

• Eaton, Theophilus, heads New Haven colony, [144], [145].

• Edward VI., king of England, [36].

• Edwards, Jonathan, character, [183];
  • revival work, [190].

• Eliot, John, the Indian missionary, [170], [189].

• Elizabeth, queen of England, interest in American colonization, [37], [38], [40], [52], [53], [67], [68];
  • English commerce under, [104];
  • Puritanism under, [114], [115].

• England, attitude towards papal bull of partition, [24], [25];
  • sends out Cabot, [25];
  • fishing colony at Newfoundland, [26];
  • early exploration and settlements in America, [36]-44;
  • becomes a great power, [48];
  • reasons for final colonization of America, [65], [66];
  • character of her colonists, [53]-55;
  • her colonial policy, [51]-53;
  • the institutions in which her colonists were trained, [53]-58;
  • Quaker repression, [165].

• Endicott, John, heads the Massachusetts colony, [125], [126].

• Eskimos, possible Asiatic origin of, [2], [3];
  • status, [12].

• Exeter, N. H., founded, [152].

• Finns, in Delaware and Pennsylvania, [221].

• Fisheries at Newfoundland, [26], [36], [37], [49], [52], [241], [242];
  • in Carolina, [93];
  • in England, [104];
  • in New England, [113], [114], [124], [130], [151], [184], [185].

• Five Nations. See Iroquois.

• Fletcher, Benjamin, governor of New York, [206], [207], [210], [276].

• Florida, Spanish exploration of, [27], [28], [30], [31];
  • Spanish occupation, [31], [32], [43], [88], [93];
  • French occupation, [33], [34], [44], [49], [88];
  • French expelled by Spanish, [48];
  • Oglethorpe's expedition, [262], [278].

• Fort Casimir, Del., [209].

• Fort Christina, [208], [215]. See Wilmington, Del.

• Fort Nassau, site of Albany, [197].

• —, on the Delaware, [197], [201], [207], [208].

• Fort Orange. See Albany.

• Franklin, Benjamin, plan for colonial union, [271].

• Frederica, Ga., founded, [260];
  • attacked by Spanish, [262].

• "Freeman," term defined, [62].

• French, the, colonies in Florida, [33], [34], [44], [49], [88];
  • causes of failure of early colonies, [43], [44];
  • early attempts to colonize Canada, [35], [36];
  • fishing colony at Newfoundland, [26], [241], [242];
  • Quebec founded, [36];
  • France becomes a great power, [48], [52];
  • colonial policy of 48-50;
  • influence on English colonization in America, [57];
  • opposition to English settlement, [47], [206], [207];
  • in New Amsterdam, [201];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [221];
  • conflicts with English in West Indies, [236]-239, [244];
  • holds Acadia, [242], [243];
  • troubles with Hudson's Bay Company, [244];
  • rivalry of Georgian traders. 259, [261].

• French and Indian War, [221], [222], [274], [275], [284].

• Frobisher, Martin, efforts at American colonization, [37], [52];
  • resists the Armada, [40].

• Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de, governor of New France, [251], [254].

• Fundamental constitutions, devised for Carolina, [90], [91], [93], [95].

• Fur-trade, early spread of, [17], [18];
  • by Norsemen, [22];
  • by other early European explorers, [26], [28], [35], [52], [53];
  • of New France, [35], [49], [50], [247]-251, [256]-258;
  • by Claiborne, [76], [77];
  • of Georgia, [259], [261];
  • of Carolina, [93], [104];
  • of Virginia, [104], [269];
  • of Maryland, [104];
  • of Pennsylvania, [225], [226];
  • of New Amsterdam, [118];
  • of New Sweden, [208], [209];
  • of New York, [198], [202], [221], [225], [226], [228];
  • in middle colonies generally, [232];
  • of Connecticut, [140], [141], [155];
  • of Plymouth, [122], [124];
  • of New Hampshire, [152];
  • of New England generally, [113];
  • by Hudson's Bay Company, [243], [244];
  • by American and Northwest companies, [244].

• Gama, Vasco da, reaches India, [25].

• George II., king of England, name-giver for Georgia, [259];
  • grants land to Ohio Company, [283].

• Georgia, settlement of, [258]-262;
  • fur-trade, [259], [261];
  • expedition against Florida Spaniards, [262], [278];
  • becomes a royal province, [263];
  • population (1750), [266];
  • political spirit, [281].

• Germans, in Georgia, [269], [261], [263];
  • in North Carolina, [97];
  • in Virginia, [269];
  • in Maryland, [266];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [217], [221], [222], [225], [229], [230], [274], [277];
  • in New York, [221].

• Germany, colonial policy of, [51];
  • Presbyterian movement in, [115].

• Gomez, Estevan, on the North American coast, [27], [28].

• Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, early interest in American colonization, [41], [66], [150];
  • member of Plymouth Company, [113], [114];
  • lord proprietor of Maine, [150]-152, [158];
  • allied with Mason in colonizing New Hampshire, [125], [152].

• —, Robert, governor-general of New England, [122], [132];
  • land-grants to, [125].

• —, Thomas, deputy-governor of Maine, [152].

• Gorton, Samuel, difficulties with Rhode Islanders, [160], [161], [164].

• Gosnold, Bartholomew, voyages to America, [41], [65], [66], [69], [71].

• Green Bay, Wis., Nicolet at, [12], [248].

• Green Mountain Boys, origin of, [268].

• Greenland, discovered by Norsemen, [21];
  • Norwegian settlements in, [21]-23.

• Grenada, Windward Islands, [237].

• Grenadines, the, Windward Islands, [237].

• Grenville, Sir Richard, leads colony to Roanoke, [38]-40, [52];
  • resists the Armada, [40].

• "Guinea," the, in Chesapeake Bay, [76].

• Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, interest in American colonization, [51], [208].

• Guzman, Nuño Beltran de, founds Culiacan, [28], [29];
  • expedition to Cibola, [29].

• Hadley, Mass., shelters the regicides, [167].

• Hakluyt, Richard, early English chronicler, [37];
  • interest in American colonization, [66], [69].

• Hartford, Conn., founded, [136], [140], [141];
  • raided by Indians, [137];
  • the charter-oak story, [175];
  • early Dutch settlement at, [199];
  • Fletcher's visit, [276], [277].

• Harvard College founded, [80], [130], [188];
  • aided by New England Confederation, [158];
  • social distinctions at, [181].

• Hawkins, Sir John, visits Florida, [34];
  • resists the Armada, [40].

• Heath, Sir Robert, first proprietor of Carolina, [88].

• Henri IV., king of France, his colonial policy, [35].

• Henry VII., king of England, rewards Cabot, [25];
  • attitude towards bull of partition, [36];
  • Navigation Acts under, [104].

• — VIII., king of England, interest in northwest passage, [36].

• Hoboken, N. J., founded, [199].

• Holland, English Independents in, [115]-117.
  • See Dutch.

• Hooker, Thomas, supports Anne Hutchinson, [134];
  • assists in settling Connecticut, [141];
  • as a constitution-maker, [143];
  • character, [183].

• Hopi Indians, Spanish with, [29], [30].

• Howard of Effingham, Lord, Governor of Virginia, [79].

• Hudson Bay, exploration of, [4];
  • aborigines of, [9], [12];
  • early French visits, [247], [248].

• Hudson, Hendrik, discovers Hudson River, [44], [50], [125], [196].

• — River, discovered by Hudson, [50], [125], [196];
  • early Dutch trade on, [118];
  • as a highway for trade, exploration, and Indian war-parties, [4], [5], [8], [155], [202], [219], [220], [255];
  • named in London Company's charter, [66];
  • Pilgrim land-grant on, [197];
  • early settlements on, [221];
  • patroons' estates on, [198]-200, [223], [227];
  • Dutch attempt to exclude English from, [199], [200].

• Hudson's Bay Company, organized, [248];
  • intercolonial relations, [234];
  • historical sketch, [243], [244].

• Huguenots, in Florida, [31]-34, [49];
  • De Monts' colony, [35], [36];
  • in Brazil, [44];
  • in New France, [49], [252];
  • in Carolina, [87], [88], [93]-95, [97], [108];
  • in Virginia, [81];
  • in New York, [221];
  • in New England, [221].

• Hutchinson, Anne, religious agitator in Massachusetts, [133]-136;
  • in Rhode Island, [146], [147];
  • her adherents in New Hampshire, [152].

• Iceland, early settlements in, [21], [22].

• Illinois, canoe portages in, [4];
  • aborigines of, [12];
  • French settlements, [247], [253].

• Independents, definition of term, [115];
  • in Holland, [115]-117.
  • See Puritans.

• India, early commerce with Europe, [23], [24], [66];
  • reached by Portuguese, [25];
  • effect on American exploration, [26], [27], [50];
  • search for water passage to, [42], [196].

• Indian Territory, Southern Indians in, [11];
  • early Spanish exploration in, [28].

• Indians, their origin, [2], [3];
  • philological divisions, [9]-12;
  • characteristics, [13]-16;
  • relations with English colonists in general, [17]-19, [36], [38]-43;
  • Pequod War, [136], [137];
  • Philip's War, [14], [170]-172, [188];
  • relations with the Spaniards, [27]-32, [42], [43], [47], [238], [239];
    • with the Portuguese, [48];
    • with the French, [34], [35], [49], [246]-258;
    • with the Dutch, [163];
    • with Georgia, [259]-261;
    • with Carolina, [88], [89], [277];
    • with Virginia, [14], [68], [71], [74], [75], [77], [78], [269], [280];
    • with Maryland, [83], [86], [277];
    • with the South generally, [56], [97];
    • with Pennsylvania, [216], [217], [222], [274], [277];
    • with Delaware, [207]-209, [277];
    • with New Jersey, [211], [214], [231], [277], [282];
    • with New York, [196], [198]-202, [206], [207], [230], [270], [271], [277];
    • with Connecticut, [140], [142], [155];
    • with Rhode Island, [160], [161], [164], [277];
    • with Massachusetts, [140], [170], [173];
    • with Maine, [172];
    • with New England generally, [119], [120], [133], [136], [137], [170].

• Ipswich, Mass., Nathaniel Ward at, [138];
  • trial of John Wise, [176].

• Irish, American discoveries by, [21];
  • in Iceland, [21];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [222].

• Iroquois, the, status, [10], [11];
  • hostility to French, [196], [246], [248]-250, [253];
  • allies of Dutch and English, [196], [200], [207], [256].

• Jamaica, historical sketch, [240], [241].

• James I., king of England, charters London and Plymouth companies, [66]-69, [113];
  • interest in Virginia colonization, [74], [75], [81];
  • treatment of Puritans, [115], [116].

• — II., king of England, colonial policy of, [175];
  • attitude towards New York and New Jersey, [206], [213], [214];
  • flight, [176].

• — River, exploration of, [26];
  • named by Jamestown colonists, [70];
  • Huguenot settlement on, [81].

• Jamestown, Va., settlement of, [70]-72, [113];
  • early iron smelting at, [6];
  • introduction of slaves, [74];
  • Indian massacre, [74];
  • Puritans at, [76];
  • burned, [79];
  • Baltimore at, [81];
  • as capital of Virginia, [98];
  • communal proprietorship at, [120].

• Japan, prehistoric vessels from, [2];
  • early European attempts to reach, [42].

• Jesuits, in New France, [36], [253];
  • in Maryland, [83];
  • in New York, [230];
  • explorations in the Northwest, [247].

• Jolliet, Louis, discovery of Mississippi River, [26], [248].

• Kansas, crossed by Coronado, [30].

• Kent island, occupied by Claiborne, [77], [83]-85.

• Kentucky, early exploration, [4];
  • aborigines of, [9];
  • early white settlements, [269], [283].

• Kidd, William, a noted pirate, [276].

• Kieft, William, governor of New Netherlands, [200], [201], [208], [209].

• King George's War, [255], [256], [278].

• King William's War, [253], [254].

• Labrador, Norse discovery of, [22];
  • early English voyages to, [37].

• Lake Champlain, as a highway for exploration and Indian raids, [4], [220];
  • discovery, [196];
  • New York and New Hampshire land claims on, [268].

• Lake Erie, aborigines on, [10], [11];
  • discovery, [248].

• Lake George, as a highway for exploration, [4].

• Lake Huron, reached by Champlain, [246], [248].

• Lake Michigan, discovered, [12], [248].

• Lake Ontario, aborigines on, [10], [11];
  • drainage system, [219], [220];
  • discovered, [248].

• Lake Superior, early fur-trade on, [18];
  • in Champlain's time, [247];
  • visited by Radisson and Grosseilliers, [247], [248];
  • early French settlement on, [253].

• La Salle, Chevalier, explorations of, [248].

• Laud, Archbishop, represses dissent in Massachusetts, [131];
  • in prison, [158].

• Leeward Islands, English colonies on, [237], [238].

• Leisler, Jacob, heads a revolution in New York, [206].

• Leon, Ponce de, explores Florida, [27].

• Léry, Baron de, colonizing attempt of, [35].

• Locke, John, his constitution for the Carolinas, [58], [90], [91], [93], [95].

• London Company, chartered, [66], [113];
  • settles Virginia, [69]-74, [81];
  • criticised by James I., [74];
  • grant to the Pilgrims, [116], [117];
  • charter annulled, [74].

• Long Island, Block's visit, [196];
  • Walloon settlement, [198];
  • conflicts between Dutch and English, [163], [202];
  • Connecticut wins a part, [163];
  • religion on, [229], [230];
  • crime on, [231].

• Long Parliament, the, Virginia under, [76];
  • Navigation Act of, [105];
  • relation to Massachusetts, [132].

• Louis XIV., king of France, his colonial policy, [49], [251]-253.

• Louisburg, captured by the English, [255], [278].

• Ludwell, Philip, governor of South Carolina, [94];
  • and of reunited Carolina, [94].

• Lutherans, in middle colonies, [230].

• Louisiana, early French settlement of, [248].

• Lower California, early Spanish exploration of, [28], [29], [31].

• Maine, De Monts' colony, [36];
  • visited by Gosnold and Pring, [41];
  • Gorges' proprietorship, [150], [151], [173];
  • characteristics, [150];
  • not in the New England Confederation, [157], [158];
  • absorbed by Massachusetts, [152], [173], [174];
  • Indian uprising, [172], [188];
  • rule of Andros, [175];
  • in King William's War, [177], [254];
  • river system, [179];
  • commerce, [185];
  • agriculture 186;
  • education, [188];
  • population (1700) 180, (1754) 265;
  • boundary established, [268].

• Maldonado, Lorenzo Ferret de, on the Pacific coast, [28].

• Manhattan Island, Block's visit, [196];
  • early settlement, [197], [198].
  • See New York City.

• Marquette, Father Jacques, on Mississippi River, [26], [248].

• Martha's Vineyard, Indian missionary efforts at, [170].

• Maryland, origin of name, [82];
  • settlement, [76], [81]-84;
  • landed estates, [58];
  • judiciary, [60];
  • during English Revolution, [84], [85];
  • development, [86], [87];
  • becomes a royal province, [61], [87];
  • Claiborne's quarrel, [76], [77];
  • geography, [96];
  • character of colonists, [97];
  • its capital, [98];
  • occupations, [102];
  • religion, [102], [108];
  • commerce, [103], [104];
  • tobacco-raising, [103];
  • William and Mary's College, [103];
  • witchcraft trials, [192];
  • boundary disputes, [209], [217], [268];
  • settlers patronize Pennsylvania mills, [225];
  • represented in colonial congress, [270];
  • Indian affairs, [83], [86], [277];
  • influence of Virginia ideas on, [280];
  • political spirit, [280];
  • population (1688) 97, (1763) 266.

• Mason, Charles, runs "Mason and Dixon line," 268.

• —, John, colonizing efforts in New Hampshire, [125], [150], [152], [153], [277].

• —, Capt. John, in Pequod War, [137], [142].

• Massachusetts, settlement, [124]-127, [144];
  • suffrage qualifications, [61], [62], [167];
  • social distinctions, [59];
  • Harvard College founded, [80];
  • internal dissensions, [129]-132;
  • religious troubles, [132]-136, [146], [152];
  • interest in Pequod War, [136], [137];
  • laws, [137]-139;
  • characteristics, [139], [140];
  • the Watertown protest, [62];
  • emigration to Connecticut, [140]-142;
  • emigration to Rhode Island, [147];
  • interest in the Gorton case, [160], [164];
  • absorbs New Hampshire, [152], [153], [173];
  • absorbs Plymouth, [124], [176];
  • annexes land in Connecticut and Maine, [173];
  • influence in the Confederation, [155]-157, [164];
  • independent attitude towards England, [158], [159], [161];
  • jealousy of King Charles, [173];
  • under the royal commissioners, [167], [168];
  • charter annulled, [131], [132], [169], [174], [175];
  • becomes a royal province, [175];
  • rule of Andros, [175], [176];
  • the Presbyterian movement, [162];
  • attitude in war with New Netherlands, [163], [164];
  • disputes Connecticut ship-toll, [164];
  • repression of Quakers, [165], [166], [169];
  • Philip's War, [170]-172, [188];
  • absorbs Acadia, [176];
  • new charter, [176], [177];
  • population, (1700) 180, (1754) 265;
  • slavery, [182], [272], [275];
  • iron mining, [184];
  • manufactures, [184];
  • fisheries, [184];
  • shipbuilding and commerce, [185];
  • agriculture, [186];
  • witchcraft delusion, [190]-192;
  • boundary disputes, [267], [268];
  • represented in second colonial congress, [270];
  • Phipps's term, [275], [276];
  • Bellomont's term, [207], [276];
  • loses New Hampshire, [277];
  • paper money, [278], [279].

• Massachusetts Bay, visited by Roberval, [33];
  • early settlements on, [122], [124], [127].

• — Company, chartered, [125];
  • removes to America, [126], [127];
  • charter annulled, [131], [132], [169], [174], [175].

• Massasoit, head-chief of Pokanokets, [121], [170].

• Mather, Cotton, in witchcraft trials, [191], [192].

• —, Increase, influence in Massachusetts politics, [176], [177].

• Maverick, Samuel, early Massachusetts settler, [122], [150];
  • royal commissioner, [167].

• "Mayflower," voyage of, [36], [117], [118], [142], [197].

• Melendez de Aviles, Pedro, his massacre of Huguenots in Florida, [34].

• Mexico, aborigines of, [8];
  • Spanish conquest of, [8], [11], [27]-31, [42], [47];
  • Spanish colonies, [31], [32].

• — Gulf of, Spanish explorations of, [4], [27];
  • aborigines of, [9], [11];
  • Spanish possessions on, [43].

• Middletown, N. J., founded, [211].

• Milford, Conn., founded, [145].

• Mining, Spanish efforts at, [28]-30;
  • early English efforts, [6], [37], [39], [41];
  • in Virginia, [6], [69], [71], [269];
  • in New England, [180];
  • in Pennsylvania, [219], [225].

• Minuit, Peter, founds New Amsterdam, [198];
  • in employ of the Swedes, [201], [208].

• Mississippi River, portage-routes, [4];
  • geography of basin, [6], [7];
  • aborigines of valley of, [9]-12;
  • discovered by De Soto, [31], [44];
  • French reaching out for the, [47];
  • seen by Radisson and Grosseilliers, [247];
  • seen by Jolliet and Marquette, [26], [248];
  • early trade on, [18];
  • drainage system, [219];
  • La Salle on the, [248];
  • early French settlements on, [253];
  • as an element in French-English boundary disputes, [256].

• Mohawk Indians, status, [10], [11].

• Mohican Indians, status, [9], [10].

• Montreal, Cartier at, [32];
  • Champlain's visit, [35];
  • founded, [246].

• Montserrat, Leeward Islands, [237], [238].

• Moravians, in North Carolina, [97];
  • in Pennsylvania, [229];
  • in Georgia, [261].

• Morton, Thomas, at Merrymount, [122], [127].

• Mound-builders, [12].

• Nantasket, Mass., founded, [122].

• Narragansett Bay, early settlements on, [133], [146], [159], [161];
  • Philip's War on, [171].

• Narragansett Indians, status, [9], [10];
  • troubles with whites, [136], [137], [164];
  • in Philip's War, [170].

• Narvaez, Pamphilo de, in Florida, [11], [28], [30], [47].

• Natchez Indians, [9].

• Navigation Acts, historical sketch of, [104]-106;
  • effect in South Carolina, [94];
  • in Virginia, [78], [80], [280];
  • in Maryland, [86];
  • in Pennsylvania, [281];
  • in the Jerseys, [231];
  • in New York, [232];
  • in Massachusetts, [173], [279], [280];
  • in New England generally, [184];
  • in the West Indies, [235], [236];
  • one of the causes of the Revolution, [279].

• Nevis, Leeward Islands, [237], [238].

• New Amsterdam, founded, [198];
  • Kieft's term, [208], [209];
  • Stuyvesant's term, [201], [209];
  • captured by English, [168], [202], [203];
  • becomes New York, [203];
  • fur-trade of, [253].
  • See Dutch.

• Newark, N. J., founded, [211].

• New Brunswick, De Monts' colony in, [36].

• Newcastle, Del., founded, [202], [215];
  • characteristics, [228].

• New England, geography of, [5], [6], [179], [180];
  • early mining, [6];
  • named by Smith, [72], [113], [114];
  • population, (1690) [253], (1700) 180, [181], (1700-1750) 265;
  • social distinctions, [58], [181], [182];
  • slavery, [182];
  • occupations, [182]-184;
  • manufactures, [184];
  • fisheries and shipbuilding, [185];
  • commerce, [77], [164], [185], [186], [234], [235];
  • towns, [186];
  • education, [188];
  • crime, [188];
  • religion, [189], [190], [194];
  • witchcraft delusion, [190]-192;
  • life and manners, [187];
  • political conditions, [192]-194, [282];
  • repression of Quakers, [165], [166];
  • formation of the confederation, [156];
  • decadence of the confederation, [169];
  • in the hands of the Lords of Trade, [173];
  • in Queen Anne's War, [255];
  • in King George's War, [255], [256];
  • ideas of versus Virginia ideas, [280], [281].

• New England, Council for, chartered, [60].

• Newfoundland, Spaniards at, [28];
  • early European fishermen at, [36], [37], [49], [52];
  • early French visits, [32], [33];
  • claimed by England, [44];
  • Baltimore's colony, [81];
  • intercolonial relations, [234], [235];
  • in King William's War, [254];
  • historical sketch, [241], [242], [244].

• New France, founded, [36];
  • Louis XIV.'s policy towards, [49], [50];
  • Champlain fights the Iroquois, [196];
  • early settlements of, [246], [247];
  • exploration of the Northwest, [247]-249;
  • ambition for territorial aggrandizement, [155];
  • contests with the English, [220], [234], [252]-254, [274], [275], [277], [278];
  • in Queen Anne's War, [254], [255];
  • in King George's War, [255], [256];
  • boundary disputes with English, [256];
  • line of frontier forts, [256];
  • struggle for the Ohio valley, [257];
  • social and political conditions of, [249]-252;
  • general characteristics, [249], [257], [258];
  • causes of decline, [49], [50].

• New Hampshire, Mason's grant, [150], [152], [173], [277];
  • early colonizing efforts, [152], [153];
  • soil, [179];
  • manufactures, [184];
  • agriculture, [186];
  • characteristics, [153];
  • population (1700), [180], (1754) 265;
  • annexed by Massachusetts, [61], [153], [173];
  • becomes a royal province, [61], [153], [174], [277];
  • reunited to Massachusetts, [153], [174];
  • rule of Andros, [175];
  • under William and Mary, [177];
  • in King William's War, [254];
  • Bellomont's term, [276];
  • boundary disputes, [268];
  • represented in second colonial congress, [270].

• New Haven, founded, [144]-146, [163];
  • false "Blue Laws," 146;
  • joins New England Confederation, [156];
  • in war with New Netherlands, [163];
  • treatment of Quakers, [166];
  • shelters the regicides, [167];
  • absorbed by Connecticut, [146], [168], [169];
  • condition in 1700, [186];
  • Yale College founded, [188];
  • Tory element in, [189].

• New Jersey, early mining, [6];
  • visited by Gomez, [28];
  • early settlements, [199], [210]-212;
  • covets Delaware, [210];
  • the two Jerseys, [212], [213];
  • reunited as a royal province, [207], [213], [214];
  • claimed by New York, [205];
  • general characteristics, [214];
  • election of county judges, [59], [60];
  • geography, [219];
  • social distinctions, [222]-224;
  • occupations, [224], [225];
  • trade and commerce, [225], [226];
  • life and manners, [227]-229;
  • education, [229];
  • religion, [230];
  • political conditions, [231], [282];
  • Bellomont's term, [276];
  • Indian affairs, [277], [282];
  • population(1700), [221], (1750), [265].

• New Mexico, aborigines of, [8];
  • Spanish explorations, [28]-30;
  • Spanish colonies, [31], [32].

• New Netherland, settlement of, [196]-198;
  • progress, [198]-202;
  • Puritan encroachments, [162]-164;
  • settlements on the Delaware, [207]-209;
  • conquered by England, [168], [202], [203], [210]-212.

• New Netherlands Company, [197].

• New Orleans, founded, [248], [256].

• Newport, R. I., old mill at, [23];
  • settled, [147];
  • unites with Portsmouth, [148];
  • chartered, [149].

• New Spain. See Mexico.

• New Sweden, its rise and fall, [201], [202], [208], [209].
  • See Swedes.

• New York, early mining, [6];
  • geography, [218]-220;
  • social classes, [222]-224;
  • occupations, [224], [225];
  • trade and commerce, [77], [140], [185], [225], [226];
  • fur-trade, [248]-250;
  • life and manners, [226]-229;
  • education, [229];
  • religion, [229], [230];
  • crime and pauperism, [230], [231];
  • political conditions, [231], [232], [282];
  • Indian affairs, [277];
  • the Dutch régime, [196]-202;
  • captured by English, [202], [203];
  • the "duke's laws," 204;
  • recaptured by Dutch, [205];
  • England again in possession, [205];
  • the rule of Andros, [205], [206], [213];
  • the charter of liberties, [205];
  • Leisler's revolution, [206];
  • French designs on, [253];
  • in King William's War, [253], [254];
  • in Queen Anne's War, [255];
  • Bellomont's term, [276];
  • colonial congress, [270], [271];
  • boundary disputes, [267], [268];
  • population, (1690) 253, (1700) 220, [221], (1750) 265;
  • characteristics, [207].

• New York City, founded by the Dutch, [198];
  • early commerce, [226];
  • characteristics, [227], [228];
  • education in, [229];
  • political spirit in, [282].

• Nicholson, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, [79], [80], [81], [273];
  • deputy-governor of New York, [206].

• Normans, American discoveries by, [21], [180];
  • early at Newfoundland, [26], [49], [241].

• North Carolina, aborigines of, [11];
  • Raleigh's colonies, [38], [40];
  • named in London Company's charter, [66];
  • origin of, [88], [90];
  • first settlements, [92], [93];
  • Culpeper rebellion, [92];
  • character of colonists, [97];
  • their turbulent spirit, [273], [280], [281];
  • occupations, [102];
  • agriculture, [103];
  • religion, [108], [109];
  • mountains of, [179];
  • becomes a royal province, [267];
  • boundary established, [268];
  • Indian affairs, [277];
  • Oglethorpe's expedition, [278];
  • influence of Virginian ideas, [280];
  • population (1763), [266].

• North Virgina Company. See Plymouth Company.

• Norwegians, in Iceland, [21].

• Nova Scotia, early French settlement, [35], [36];
  • Claiborne's trade with, [77];
  • intercolonial relations, [234], [235];
  • French-English struggles, [252];
  • in King William's War, [253], [254];
  • in Queen Anne's War, [255];
  • removal of the Acadians, [243];
  • general history, [242]-244.

• Ocrakoke inlet, English colony on, [38].

• Oglethorpe, James, character, [259];
  • founds Georgia, [259], [260];
  • campaign against Florida Spaniards, [262], [269], [278].

• Ohio Company, its colonization efforts, [283].

• Oneida Indians, [10], [11].

• Onondaga Indians, [10], [11].

• Oregon, aborigines of, [12].

• Pacific ocean, crossed by prehistoric vessels, [2];
  • effect on American exploration, [26], [27], [70];
  • discovery by Balboa, [26].

• — slope, north-shore flora, [2];
  • difficulties of colonizing, [3];
  • geography, [3], [4], [6], [7];
  • early Spanish explorations, [28], [29];
  • Spanish missions, [31];
  • Drake's explorations, [37].

• Palatinate War. See King William's War.

• Palatines, in Pennsylvania, [230].

• Paper money, governors oppose its issue, [272]-274, [278], [289].

• Parish, the, in England, [55], [57];
  • in the South, [56].

• Patroon system, in New York, [198]-200;
  • in Delaware, [207], [208].

• Pawtuxet, R. I., founded, [160];
  • the Gorton case, [160], [161].

• Penn Charter School, founded, [229].

• Penn, William, secures grant of Delaware, [210];
  • interested in New Jersey, [212], [213], [215];
  • secures grant of Pennsylvania, [215];
  • his government, [216];
  • relations with Indians, [216], [217];
  • boundary disputes with Maryland, [86];
  • on American climate, [220];
  • supported by aristocrats, [224];
  • introduces physicians, [225];
  • imports Germans, [230];
  • plan for colonial union, [270];
  • death, [217];
  • his heirs resist taxation of their lands, [273], [274].

• —, Admiral Sir William, father of foregoing, [215], [240].

• Pennsylvania, settlements, [208], [209], [215];
  • geography, [219];
  • social classes, [222]-224;
  • occupations, [224], [225];
  • trade and commerce, [225], [226];
  • life and manners, [227]-229;
  • education, [229];
  • religion, [108], [229], [230];
  • crime and pauperism, [231];
  • political conditions, [232], [280], [281];
  • annexation of Delaware, [210], [216];
  • development, [216], [217];
  • witchcraft delusion, [192];
  • boundary disputes, [86], [268];
  • disagreement between governor and assembly, [273], [274];
  • Indian affairs, [170], [277];
  • paper money, [278];
  • characteristics, [217];
  • influence of Virgina ideas, [280];
  • population (1700), [221], [222], (1750) 265, [266].

• Pequod Indians, uprising of, [136], [137], [140]-142.

• Philadelphia, first medical school, [184];
  • commerce, [185], [226];
  • first insane hospital, [231];
  • arrival of Scotch, [269];
  • characteristics, [228].

• Philip II., king of Spain, [34].

• Philip's War, in New England, [169]-172, [188].

• Phipps, Sir William, governor of Massachusetts, [177], [275], [276];
  • captures Port Royal, [254].

• Pilgrims, their staying qualities, [43];
  • in Holland, [115]-117;
  • voyage of "Mayflower," 117, [118];
  • settlement of Plymouth, [118]-120;
  • land-grant on the Hudson, [197].

• Piracy, English, on Spanish commerce, [94];
  • in New York, [206], [207];
  • in the West Indies, [239], [240];
  • in Virginia, [273];
  • in Rhode Island, [276].

• Plantation, as a political unit, [56], [73].

• Plymouth, England, seat of Plymouth Company, [41], [66], [113], [150], [152].

• Plymouth Colony, settled, [116]-120, [144];
  • development, [120]-124;
  • characteristics, [123], [124], [139];
  • marriages in, [132];
  • Williams at, [132];
  • fur-trade on the Connecticut, [140];
  • in the Gorton case, [160];
  • treatment of Quakers, [166];
  • receives royal commissioners, [169];
  • Indian affairs, [170]-172;
  • joins the confederation, [156];
  • rule of Andros, [175];
  • shipbuilding, [185];
  • merged in Massachusetts, [124], [176];
  • lesson of the colony, [53].

• Plymouth Company, chartered, [66];
  • Baltimore a councillor, [81];
  • southern boundary, [82];
  • relations with New Englanders, [120], [122], [124];
  • sends out Popham colony, [113];
  • reorganizes, [114];
  • grant to Massachusetts Bay Company, [125];
  • grant to Brook and Say and Sele, [141];
  • surrenders its charter, [131], [150], [152].

• Pokanoket Indians, relations with Plymouth, [121], [170].

• Poor whites, genesis of, [74], [100], [110].

• Popham, George, heads the Popham colony, [113].

• —, Sir John, interest in American colonization, [66], [113].

• Population, of Indian tribes, [9]-11, [15];
  • excess of, in Europe, [50], [53], [65];
  • of Virginia (1650-1670), [76], (1697) 81;
  • of the South generally (1688), [97];
  • of Pennsylvania and Delaware (1700), [221], [222];
  • of the Jerseys (1700), [221];
  • of New York (1674), [205], (1690) 253, (1700) 220, [221];
  • of Connecticut (1636), [141];
  • of Rhode Island (1638), [147];
  • of Plymouth (1643), [121];
  • of Massachusetts (1634), [129];
  • of New England generally (1690), [253], (1700) 180;
  • of the English colonies generally (1700-1750), [265], [266];
  • of New France (1690), [253].

• Portage paths, situation and importance of, [4];
  • Indian villages on, [13].

• Port Royal, Nova Scotia, founded, [36], [48];
  • captured by English, [242], [243], [252], [254], [278].

• —, S. C., founded by Huguenots, [33], [93];
  • destroyed by Spanish, [93], [94].

• Portsmouth, N. H., founded, [152], [153];
  • Tory element at, [189].

• —, R. I., founded, [147];
  • declaration, [147], [148];
  • chartered, [149].

• Portuguese, early explorations of, [24], [25], [27];
  • Alexander's bull of partition and the, [24];
  • fishing colony at Newfoundland, [26], [37], [241];
  • South American colonies of the, [44];
  • colonial policy of, [48];
  • over-population, [50];
  • trade with New England, [185].

• Presbyterians, in England, [115];
  • in Scotland, [115], [132], [161];
  • on the Continent, [115];
  • in Virginia, [108];
  • in Massachusetts, [161], [162];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [221];
  • in middle colonies generally, [230];
  • in the Shenandoah valley, [269].

• Providence, R. I., founded, [133], [146];
  • religious disturbances at, [148], [159];
  • union with Rhode Island, [147];
  • the compact, [147];
  • chartered, [148], [149];
  • population (1638), [147].

• —, Md., former name for Annapolis, [98].

• Pueblo Indians, status, [8];
  • visited by Spaniards, [29], [30];
  • Spanish missions among, [31], [32].

• Puritans, definition of term, [115];
  • in Holland, [115], [117];
  • motive of emigration to America, [46];
  • settle New England, [116]-140;
  • gain ascendency over Massachusetts Presbyterians, [162];
  • rise to power in England, [169];
  • in Virginia, [75]-78, [108];
  • in South Carolina, [109];
  • in Maryland, [84]-87;
  • in middle colonies, [230].

• Quakers, in Carolina, [89], [91], [95];
  • in Virginia, [108];
  • in Maryland, [86];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [210], [215]-217, [221]-225, [227], [230]-232, [274], [277], [281];
  • in the Jerseys, [212], [213], [221];
  • in New England, [165], [166], [169].

• Quebec, Cartier at, [32];
  • founded by Champlain, [36], [48], [155], [246];
  • capital of New France, [251];
  • captured by English, [252].

• Queen Anne's War, [254], [255], [277], [278].

• Radisson, Sieur, early French explorer, [247], [248].

• Raleigh, Sir Walter, interest in American colonization, [37]-40, [52], [65], [68], [88];
  • resists the Armada, [40].

• Randolph, Edward, collector at Boston, [173], [174].

• Representation, colonial practice of, [62];
  • in Virginia, [73];
  • in Maryland, [83], [84];
  • in Pennsylvania, [216];
  • in New Jersey, [211], [212], [214];
  • in New Netherlands, [200], [201], [223];
  • in New York, [204] 206;
  • in Connecticut, [143], [145];
  • in Plymouth, [123];
  • in Massachusetts, [62], [128], [129];
  • the Watertown case, [128].

• Rhode Island, founded, [133], [135], [146]-150;
  • chartered, [61], [168];
  • religious disturbances, [148], [149], [159]-161, [189], [190], [194];
  • Mrs. Hutchinson in, [135];
  • treatment of Quakers, [165], [166];
  • litigation, [182];
  • trade, [186];
  • education, [188];
  • union of colonies as Providence Plantations, [148];
  • not permitted to join the confederation, [157];
  • charter troubles, [175], [177], [266], [267];
  • boundary disputes, [267], [268];
  • represented in second colonial congress, [270];
  • Bellomont's visit, [276];
  • Indian affairs, [277];
  • population (1700), [180];
  • characteristics, [49], [50].

• Ridge Hermits, in Pennsylvania, [230].

• Rensselaerswyck, N. Y., founded, [199].

• Roanoke Island, Raleigh's colony on, [38]-40, [88], [119].

• Roberval, Jean François de, attempt at French colonization, [32], [33].

• Rocky Mountains, a barrier to colonization, [3];
  • exploration of, [4];
  • geography of, [6], [7];
  • aborigines of, [8], [9], [12].

• Ryswick, treaty of, [244], [254].

• Sable, Isle of, early French colonies on, [35].

• Saint-Lusson, Sieur de, early French explorer, [248].

• Salem, Mass., founded, [125], [126];
  • divides, [127];
  • Williams at, [132], [133];
  • witchcraft delusion at, [190]-192.

• Salzburgers, in Georgia, [260], [261].

• San Francisco, harbor of, [3];
  • founded, [31].

• Santa Fé, N. Mex., founded, [31], [32].

• Sault Ste. Marie, early French visits to, [247], [248];
  • French settlement at, [253].

• Savannah, Ga., founded, [258].

• Say and Sele, Lord, attempts to introduce hereditary rank, [59], [129];
  • Connecticut land-grant to, [141].

• Saybrook, Conn., founded, [136], [137], [141], [164];
  • raided by Indians, [137].

• Scandinavians, pre-Columbian discoveries of, [21]-23;
  • on the Delaware, [51].

• Schenectady, N. Y., sacked by French and Indians, [206].

• Schuylkill River, conflicts between Dutch and English on, [200]-202.

• Scotch, in Carolina, [93];
  • in the Jerseys, [211], [213], [221].

• Scotch-Irish, in Georgia, [261], [263];
  • in North Carolina, [97];
  • in Virginia, [108];
  • in Shenandoah valley, [269];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [221], [222];
  • in New England, [180];
  • in Nova Scotia, [242].

• Seminoles, status of, [11].

• Seneca Indians, status of, [10], [11].

• Sewall, Samuel, denounces slavery, [182];
  • in witchcraft trials, [191], [192].

• Shenandoah valley, a home for Scotch Presbyterians, [269].

• Shipbuilding in New England, [146], [185];
  • Block's vessel, [196];
  • in Pennsylvania, [226].

• Shrewsbury, N. J., founded, [211].

• Sioux Indians. See Dakotahs.

• Six Nations. See Iroquois.

• Slavery, in Georgia, [260], [263];
  • in South Carolina, [99];
  • in Virginia, [74], [81], [99];
  • in the South generally, [98], [99], [103], [110];
  • in the middle colonies, [223], [224];
  • in New England, [58], [139], [182], [185];
  • in Illinois, [192];
  • in the West Indies, [234], [239]-241.

• Smith, Capt. John, attempts to reach the Pacific, [26];
  • member of the London Company, [66];
  • experiences at Jamestown, [70]-72;
  • voyage to New England, [113], [114], [150].

• Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, work in South Carolina, [102];
  • in New York, [229];
  • in Georgia, [260].

• Somers, Sir George, member of London Company, [66], [69], [72];
  • at Bermudas, [238].

• Somers's Islands. See Bermudas.

• Sothel, Seth, governor of North Carolina, [92], [93];
  • of South Carolina, [94].

• South Carolina as Chicora, [27];
  • settlement of, [90];
  • landed estates in, [58];
  • occupations, [102];
  • religion, [102], [109];
  • trade, [102], [261];
  • social life, [107];
  • becomes a royal province, [267];
  • boundary established, [268];
  • Indian affairs, [277];
  • Oglethorpe's expedition, [278];
  • influence of Virginia ideas, [280];
  • political condition, [281];
  • population (1763), [266].

• Southern Indians, status of, [9], [11].

• Southold, L. I., founded, [145].

• Spaniards, conquest of Mexico and Peru, [8], [11];
  • treatment of Indians, [17];
  • early American discoveries, [23], [24];
  • the bull of partition, [24], [36];
  • fishermen at Newfoundland, [25], [37];
  • exploration of American interior, [27]-31;
  • their American colonies, [26], [31], [32], [88];
  • character of those colonies, [42], [43];
  • conflicts with France, [32], [34], [93], [94];
  • influence on English court, [36];
  • conflicts with English, [38], [39], [237], [239]-241, [244];
  • war with Holland, [196];
  • the Armada, [40];
  • their colonial policy, [47], [48];
  • over-population in Spain, [50];
  • causes of failure of North American colonies, [42]-44;
  • trade with New England, [185];
  • conflicts with Georgia, [259]-262, [278].

• St. Augustine, Fla., founded, [32], [34], [94];
  • in Oglethorpe's campaign, [259], [261].

• St. Christopher, Leeward Islands, [237], [238].

• St. John's, Newfoundland, early fisheries at, [37].

• St. Lawrence River, gateway to continental interior, [4], [248];
  • explored by Cartier, [32];
  • by Champlain, [35], [36];
  • French claims on, [43], [255], [256];
  • settlements on, [246], [249], [250], [253].

• St. Lucia, Windward Islands, [237].

• St. Mary's, Md., founded, [82], [83];
  • as the capital, [84], [87], [98].

• St. Vincent, in Windward Islands, [237].

• Stamford, Conn., founded, [145].

• Stoughton, William, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, [181];
  • in witchcraft trials, [191].

• Stuyvesant, Peter, governor of New Netherlands, [163], [200], [201], [202], [203], [209].

• Suffrage in judicial elections, [59];
  • general qualifications, [61], [62];
  • in Maryland, [86];
  • in New Jersey, [213], [214];
  • in New Netherlands, [200];
  • in New York, [204], [205];
  • in Connecticut, [143];
  • in Massachusetts, [128], [167], [173], [176];
  • in New England generally, [193].

• "Susan Constant," the, carries colonists to Virginia, [69].

• Swedes, colonial policy of the, [51];
  • career of New Sweden, [201], [202], [208], [209];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [208]-210, [215], [217], [221], [222];
  • in New Jersey, [211], [221].

• Swiss, in North Carolina, [97].

• Tarratine Indians, uprising in Maine, [188].

• Tennessee, character of early settlers, [269], [283].

• Texas, early Spanish exploration of, [28].

• Tinicum, island of, seat of Swedish government in America, [208], [215].

• Tobago, Windward Islands, [237].

• Town, the, in England, [55];
  • in New England, [57], [62], [139], [140], [192], [193];
  • in the middle colonies, [57], [204], [216].

• Trenton, N. J., characteristics, [228].

• Trinidad, Windward Islands, [237].

• Tuscarora Indians, join the Five Nations, [11].

• Underhill, John, in Pequod War, [137].

• Union, schemes for colonial, New England Confederation, [155]-158;
  • first colonial congress, [80], [206], [270];
  • governmental plans, [267], [270];
  • second congress, [270], [271].

• Usselinx, Willem, founds South Company of Sweden, [208].

• Utah, aborigines of, [12].

• Utrecht, treaty of, [241]-243, [255], [256].

• Vaca, Cabeza de, in Narvaez's expedition, [28], [29].

• Vane, Sir Henry, governor of Massachusetts, [129], [134], [135].

• Van Rensselaer family, [199], [223].

• Vermont, soil, [179];
  • becomes a State, [268].

• Verrazano, John, on the American coast, [32], [41].

• Virginia, named by Raleigh, [38];
  • Raleigh's land grants, [40];
  • causes of early failures in colonizing, [41]-44;
  • geography, [96];
  • settlement, [69]-75;
  • character of colonists, [97], [114];
  • landed estates, [58];
  • judiciary, [60];
  • suffrage, [61], [62];
  • first assembly, [62];
  • first charter, [66]-69, [70], [113];
  • second charter, [72];
  • development, [75]-81;
  • becomes a royal province, [74];
  • Bacon's rebellion, [78], [79], [90];
  • occupations, [102];
  • commerce, [103], [104];
  • education, [107], [108];
  • religion, [108];
  • witch-ducking, [192];
  • conflicts with Dutch, [197], [200];
  • Walloons rejected, [198];
  • piracy, [273];
  • Spotswood's term, [269];
  • Nicholson's term, [273];
  • includes Bermudas, [238];
  • Virginia ideas versus New England ideas, [280];
  • reaching out to the West, [67], [283];
  • population (1688), [97]; (1763), [266].

• "Virginia," the early New England pinnace, [185].

• Virgin Islands, Leeward group, [237], [238].

• Walford, Thomas, settles at Charlestown, [122].

• Walloons, settle in New Netherlands, [198], [201];
  • in Delaware, [207], [208].

• Warwick, Earl of, interest in American colonization, [37];
  • president of Council for New England, [141], [158].

• —, R. I., founded, [148];
  • Gorton case, [160].

• Washington, George, education of, [108];
  • opinion of Bermudas, [239].

• Watertown, Mass., founded, [127];
  • protest against taxation without representation, [62], [128];
  • emigration to Connecticut, [140].

• Welsh, American discoveries by, [21];
  • in New England, [180];
  • in Pennsylvania and Delaware, [217], [221].

• Wesley, Charles, in Georgia, [262].

• —, John, in Georgia, [262].

• West Indies, aborigines of, [8];
  • Spanish conquest of, [43], [47];
  • Spanish commerce, [39];
  • piracy, [34];
  • Portuguese in, [48];
  • Dutch in, [50];
  • trade with Southern colonies, [102], [104];
  • trade with New England, [185];
  • trade with middle colonies, [226];
  • intercolonial relations, [234], [235].

• West Jersey, [212]-214, [216], [221].

• Westminster, treaty of, [205].

• Wethersfield, Conn., founded, [141];
  • sacked by Indians, [137].

• Weymouth, George, explores New England coast, [41], [65].

• Whitefield, George, revival work, [190], [262].

• William III., king of England, [206], [253].

• — and Mary, sovereigns of England, proclaimed in the colonies, [87], [176].

• William and Mary college, chartered, [80], [81], [103].

• Williams, Roger, character, [132];
  • at Salem, [132], [133];
  • founds Providence, [133], [146], [147], [149], [160];
  • services in Pequod War, [136];
  • attitude towards Quakers, [165].

• Williamsburg, capital of Virginia, [81], [98].

• Wilmington, Del., founded, [201], [208].

• —, N. C., early French visit to, [32].

• Windsor, Conn., founded, [136], [137], [140], [141].

• Windward Islands, English colonies, [236], [237].

• Wingfield, Edward Maria, member of London Company, [66];
  • president of Jamestown, [70].

• Winslow, Edward, London agent of Massachusetts, [131], [132];
  • in the Gorton case, [160];
  • expression of colonial independence, [161].

• Winthrop, John, governor of Massachusetts, [127], [129], [135], [138], [156];
  • expression of colonial independence, [161].

• —, John, Jr., founds Saybrook, [136], [141];
  • governor of Connecticut, [143];
  • London agent of Connecticut, [168].

• Wisconsin, canoe portages in, [4];
  • aborigines of, [12];
  • discovered by Nicolet, [26];
  • early French explorations in, [247], [248].

• Witchcraft delusion, at Salem, [190]-192, [275];
  • elsewhere, [190], [192].

• Wocoken, island of, English colony on, [38], [88].

• Yale College, founded, [80], [188].

• Yeamans, Sir John, leads colony to Carolina, [89], [237];
  • governor of South Carolina, [93].

• York, Duke of, proprietor of New York, [203], [210]-212;
  • becomes James II., [205], [206], [213];
  • grants Delaware to Pennsylvania, [216].

• Zuñi Indians, visited by Spaniards, [29], [30].

EPOCH MAP II

NORTH AMERICA
1650.
SHOWING CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF
EXPLORATION AND OCCUPANCY.

EPOCH MAP III

ENGLISH COLONIES
1700.
Showing Extent of Actual Jurisdiction.

EPOCH MAP IV

NORTH AMERICA
1750.
SHOWING CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF
EXPLORATION AND OCCUPANCY.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation was standardized. Missing punctuation was added, where appropriate. Three instances of William Claiborne's name spelled 'Clayborne' were changed for consistency within the text. The index entry for Augusta, GA, is out of order in the original and was not amended. Archaic and obsolete spellings were left unchanged.

The following spelling corrections were made:
'da Leon' to 'de Leon,' sidenote, Chapter II, § 9
'Greene' to 'Green,' sidenote, Chapter IV, § 36
'Roberth' to 'Robert,' Chapter IV, § 36
'browbreat' to 'browbeat,' Chapter IV, § 38
'circumtances' to 'circumstances,' Chapter XII, § 110
'beween' to 'between,' Chapter XIV, § 121
'king Charles' to 'King Charles,' index entry for Massachusetts
'Phillip's War' to 'Philip's War,' twice, in the index only