Richard A. Proctor, B.A., F.R.A.S.,
Author of "Saturn and its System," Etc.
With Illustrations on Stone and Wood.
An undevout astronomer is mad:
True, all things speak a God; but, in the small
Men trace out Him: in great He seizes man.
YOUNG.
New York:
G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1873.
London:
Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street and Charing Cross.
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Map I. The Sky Jan. 20, 10 P.M. Feb. 19, 8 P.M. Mar. 21, 6 P.M. | |
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Map II. The Sky Apr. 20, 10 P.M. May 21, 8 P.M. Jun. 21, 6 P.M. | |
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Map III. The Sky Jul. 22, 10 P.M. Aug. 23, 8 P.M. Sep. 23, 6 P.M. | |
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Map IV. The Sky Oct. 23, 10 P.M. Nov. 22, 8 P.M. Dec. 21, 6 P.M. |
PREFACE.
The object which the Author and Publisher of this little work have proposed to themselves, has been the production, at a moderate price, of a useful and reliable guide to the amateur telescopist.
Among the celestial phenomena described or figured in this treatise, by far the larger number may be profitably examined with small telescopes, and there are none which are beyond the range of a good 3-inch achromatic.
The work also treats of the construction of telescopes, the nature and use of star-maps, and other subjects connected with the requirements of amateur observers.
R.A.P.
January, 1868.
CONTENTS.
| PAGE | |
| [CHAPTER I.] | |
| A HALF-HOUR ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE TELESCOPE | 1 |
| [CHAPTER II.] | |
| A HALF-HOUR WITH ORION, LEPUS, TAURUS, ETC. | 33 |
| [CHAPTER III.] | |
| A HALF-HOUR WITH LYRA, HERCULES, CORVUS, CRATER, ETC. | 47 |
| [CHAPTER IV.] | |
| A HALF-HOUR WITH BOOTES, SCORPIO, OPHIUCHUS, ETC. | 56 |
| [CHAPTER V.] | |
| A HALF-HOUR WITH ANDROMEDA, CYGNUS, ETC. | 66 |
| [CHAPTER VI.] | |
| HALF-HOURS WITH THE PLANETS | 74 |
| [CHAPTER VII.] | |
| HALF-HOURS WITH THE SUN AND MOON | 93 |
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE [I.]—Frontispiece.
This plate presents the aspect of the heavens at the four seasons, dealt with in Chapters [II.], [III.], [IV.], and [V.] In each map of this plate the central point represents the point vertically over the observer's head, and the circumference represents his horizon. The plan of each map is such that the direction of a star or constellation, as respects the compass-points, and its elevation, also, above the horizon, at the given season, can be at once determined. Two illustrations of the use of the maps will serve to explain their nature better than any detailed description. Suppose first, that—at one of the hours named under Map I.—the observer wishes to find Castor and Pollux:—Turning to Map I. he sees that these stars lie in the lower left-hand quadrant, and very nearly towards the point marked S.E.; that is, they are to be looked for on the sky towards the south-east. Also, it is seen that the two stars lie about one-fourth of the way from the centre towards the circumference. Hence, on the sky, the stars will be found about one-fourth of the way from the zenith towards the horizon: Castor will be seen immediately above Pollux. Next, suppose that at one of the hours named the observer wishes to learn what stars are visible towards the west and north-west:—Turning the map until the portion of the circumference marked W ... N.W. is lowermost, he sees that in the direction named the square of Pegasus lies not very high above the horizon, one diagonal of the square being vertical, the other nearly horizontal. Above the square is Andromeda, to the right of which lies Cassiopeia, the stars β and ε of this constellation lying directly towards the north-west, while the star α lies almost exactly midway between the zenith and the horizon. Above Andromeda, a little towards the left, lies Perseus, Algol being almost exactly towards the west and one-third of the way from the zenith towards the horizon (because one-third of the way from the centre towards the circumference of the map). Almost exactly in the zenith is the star δ Aurigæ.
The four maps are miniatures of Maps I., IV., VII., and X. of my 'Constellation Seasons,' fourth-magnitude stars, however, being omitted.
PLATES [II.], [III.], [IV.], and [V.], illustrating Chapters [II.], [III.], [IV.], and [V.]
Plates [II.] and [IV.] contain four star-maps. They not only serve to indicate the configuration of certain important star-groups, but they illustrate the construction of maps, such as the observer should make for himself when he wishes to obtain an accurate knowledge of particular regions of the sky. They are all made to one scale, and on the conical projection—the simplest and best of all projections for maps of this sort. The way in which the meridians and parallels for this projection are laid down is described in my 'Handbook of the Stars.' With a little practice a few minutes will suffice for sweeping out the equidistant circular arcs which mark the parallels and ruling in the straight meridians.
The dotted line across three of the maps represents a portion of the horizontal circle midway between the zenith and the horizon at the hour at which the map is supposed to be used. At other hours, of course, this line would be differently situated.
Plates [III.] and [V.] represent fifty-two of the objects mentioned in the above-named chapters. As reference is made to these figures in the text, little comment is here required. It is to be remarked, however, that the circles, and especially the small circles, do not represent the whole of the telescope's field of view, only a small portion of it. The object of these figures is to enable the observer to know what to expect when he turns his telescope towards a difficult double star. Many of the objects depicted are very easy doubles: these are given as objects of reference. The observer having seen the correspondence between an easy double and its picture, as respects the relation between the line joining the components and the apparent path of the double across the telescope's field of view, will know how to interpret the picture of a difficult double in this respect. And as all the small figures are drawn to one scale, he will also know how far apart he may expect to find the components of a difficult double. Thus he will have an exact conception of the sort of duplicity he is to look for, and this is—crede experto—a great step towards the detection of the star's duplicity.
PLATES [VI.] and [VII.], illustrating Chapters [VI.] and [VII.]
The views of Mercury, Venus, and Mars in these plates (except the smaller view of Jupiter in Plate [VII.]) are supposed to be seen with the same "power."
The observer must not expect to see the details presented in the views of Mars with anything like the distinctness I have here given to them. If he place the plate at a distance of six or seven yards he will see the views more nearly as Mars is likely to appear in a good three-inch aperture.
The chart of Mars is a reduction of one I have constructed from views by Mr. Dawes. I believe that nearly all the features included in the chart are permanent, though not always visible. I take this opportunity of noting that the eighteen orthographic pictures of Mars presented with my shilling chart are to be looked on rather as maps than as representing telescopic views. They illustrate usefully the varying presentation of Mars towards the earth. The observer can obtain other such illustrations for himself by filling in outlines, traced from those given at the foot of Plate [VI.], with details from the chart. It is to be noted that Mars varies in presentation, not only as respects the greater or less opening out of his equator towards the north or south, but as respects the apparent slope of his polar axis to the right or left. The four projections as shown, or inverted, or seen from the back of the plate (held up to the light) give presentations of Mars towards the sun at twelve periods of the Martial year,—viz., at the autumnal and vernal equinoxes, at the two solstices, and at intermediate periods corresponding to our terrestrial months.
In fact, by means of these projections one might readily form a series of sun-views of Mars resembling my 'Sun-views of the Earth.'
In the first view of Jupiter it is to be remarked that the three satellites outside the disc are supposed to be moving in directions appreciably parallel to the belts on the disc—the upper satellites from right to left, the lower one from left to right. In general the satellites, when so near to the disc, are not seen in a straight line, as the three shown in the figure happen to be. Of the three spots on the disc, the faintest is a satellite, the neighbouring dark spot its shadow, the other dark spot the shadow of the satellite close to the planet's disc.
HALF-HOURS WITH THE TELESCOPE.