FOOTNOTES:
[1] Part i, pp. 366, sqq.
[2] This is shown in a volume among the Records of the India Office, entitled “Supplement to China Materials, Book I. Japan” (press-mark: T. (b), vol. i), which contains a compilation, made in 1824, of all the material which could be gathered from the Company’s papers relative to the English trade with Japan from 1600 to 1689. I have found this book most useful; and some of the information which it gives cannot be obtained elsewhere, owing to the loss of original papers. Rundall, also, in his Memorials of the Empire of Japon (Hakluyt Society), 1850, has printed some extracts from the diary.
[3] See his letters in Rundall’s Memorials. In the course of this Preface I have not thought it necessary to retain in quotations the old spelling of originals.
[4] Cocks calls him “the pope of Japon”, i. 311.
[5] See below, i. 201, ii. 270.
[6] Cocks notices the rumour of his death by poison, ii. 271.
[7] He rejoiced in the name of Quaeckernaeck.
[8] See Purchas his Pilgrimes, i. 369. Foyne rather astonished Saris by asking for a piece of poldavis, or canvas, to make his shirt; and he seems to have appreciated English beef and pork, “sod with onions and turnips” (ibid., i. 369, 400). It was perhaps indulgence in such luxuries that gained him the nick-name of “Lucullus”, which occurs in one of Wickham’s letters.
[9] This is more probably a title than a name, as another Oyen Dono appears as secretary to the shogun.
[10] Called also Spex, or Specx, by other writers.
[11] An account of the journey to court, attributed to Speck, is printed in the Voiage au Japon, included in Constantin de Renneville’a Recueil des Voyages, Rouen, 1725, tom. 7. See also Rundall’s Memorials.
[12] Purchas, i, 396.
[13] The modern Shidzuoka.
[14] The expenses of this journey amounted to 1713 taels 4 mas, or about £428.
[15] Purchas, i. 379.
[16] He thus spells his name in his early letters. At a later period he wrote “Cock” with a flourish, which would be equivalent to “Cockes”. His contemporaries sometimes call him Cock, but more generally Cocks, Cox, or Coxe.
[17] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China, and Japan, 1513-1616, nos. 256, 281.
[18] Ibid., no. 98.
[19] Calendar, 1617-1621, nos. 315, 792.
[20] Incorrectly named Edward Sares in Saris’s narrative (Purchas, i. 379).
[21] Rundall’s Memorials, p. 67.
[22] His actual term of service was from 24th November, 1613, to 24th December, 1616. In the interval between the latter date and his death he was engaged, sometimes in trading on his own account, sometimes as agent or interpreter to the English or Dutch.
[23] Purchas, i. 369.
[24] Purchas, i. 377.
[25] He is said to have died from the effects of a wound received at the storming of Ozaka. See Titsingh’s Annales, ed. Klaproth, Paris, 1834, p. 406.
[26] In the volume already referred to, entitled Supplement to China Materials, etc., in the India Office, the following extract from a letter of Cocks is given as coming from “Damaged Papers”, ii. no. 5, which can no longer be identified:—“I forgot to note downe how the Emperours Councell, when they saw me earnestly pursue the enlarging of our previleges, tould me that they made accompt it was not unknowne unto us the order the Emperor of China did take for keeping strangers from entering his dominions, alowing the Spaniards and Portingales no port to enter into, but only Amacau; yt being but a littell point or rock of noe emportance. Unto which I replied that their previleges were far better then ours, in respect they pay no duties but only a certain sum of money for ancorage of their shipps, neither were bound to goe to the Emperours court with any present yearely, as we doe, spending more money in going up and downe then the ancorage of their shipping cometh unto. As also the Portingales of Amacau have lycense to goe yearely to the greate cittie of Canton both to buy and sell such commodities as they have, and had boates provided by the King of China to carry them up and downe with their goods. So that I wished the Emperour of Japan would make our previleges equall with the Portingales at Amacau. Unto which they answered littell, but in smiling sort passed it over.”
[27] Rundall, Memorials, p. 184.
[28] “Au Japon se trouvaient encore trente-quatre membres de la Compagnie, tant à Nangasaki qu’en différentes provinces; cinq Franciscains, cinq ou six Dominicains, un Augustin, et cinq prêtres séculiers Japonais. La plupart de ces religieux et prêtres étaient cachés à Nangasaki.”—Pagés, Hist. de la Religion Chrétienne au Japon, 1869, p. 347.
[29] Father João Baptista Machado, Jesuit, and Pedro de l’Assumpcion, Franciscan, whose martyrdoms are narrated by Pagés.
[30] “He was made an officer and given the revenues of the village of Hémi, in Sagami, near the modern Yokosuka, where are situated the dry docks, machine-shops, and ship-building houses in which the modern war vessels of the imperial navy are built and launched—a fitting location, so near the ground made classic by this exile from the greatest marine nation in the world.”—Griffis, The Mikado’s Empire, 1876, p. 262.
[31] Saris makes an interesting remark on this practice of the Dutch:—“Before our coming they passed generally by the name of Englishmen, for our English nation hath been long known by report among them, but much scandalled by the Portugals Jesuits as pirates and rovers upon the seas; so that the naturals have a song which they call the English Crofonia, shewing how the English do take the Spanish ships, which they (singing) do act likewise in gesture with their cattans by their sides, with which song and acting they terrify and scare their children, as the French sometimes did theirs with the name of the Lord Talbot.”—Purchas, i. 368.
[32] The letter printed in Purchas, i. 411, is, by a printer’s error, dated 1610, instead of 1620.
[33] Cocks mentions another child at Firando.
[34] Adams left a will, drawn up apparently in duplicate, in English and Japanese. It was formerly preserved in the archives of the East India Company. In the MS. volume, T. (b), vol. i. Supplement to China Materials, the English document is referred to as being among the “Collection of wills”, and the Japanese version as among “Foreign papers”. In 1850, Mr. Rundall appears to have seen the Japanese, but not the English, version, for he states that “the will of William Adams, in Japanese, is preserved among the records of the Honourable the East India Company”, but that “a translation has not been traced” (Memorials of the Empire of Japon, p. 87). He also quotes the Inventory of the Estate of Capt. William Adams, showing that the value of the property was about £500. I regret to say that these documents cannot now be found in the India Office, although, by the kindness of Mr. C. C. Prinsep, I have had every assistance in making a search.
Mr. Griffis, in The Mikado’s Empire, 1876, p. 262, gives the following interesting particulars respecting Adams and his last resting-place:—“Will Adams had a son and daughter born to him in Japan, and there are still living Japanese who claim descent from him. One of the streets of Yedo was named after him Anjin Chō (Pilot Street), and the people of that street still hold an annual celebration on the 15th of June in his honor, one of which I attended in 1873. When Adams died, he, and afterwards his Japanese wife, were buried on the summit of one of the lovely hills overlooking the Bay of Yedo, Goldsborough Inlet, and the surrounding beautiful and classic landscape. Adams chose the spot himself. The people of Yedo erected memorial-stone lanterns at his tomb. Parry’s fleet, in 1854, anchored within the very shadow of the Englishman’s sepulchre. In May, 1872, Mr. Walter, of Yokohama, after a study of Hildreth and some search, discovered the tomb which others had sought for in vain. Two neat stone shafts in the characteristic style of native monumental architecture, set on a stone pediment, mark the spot. I visited it, in company of the bonze in charge of the Shin shin temple of the village, in July, 1873.”
[35] See an account of their martyrdom in Pagés, Hist. de la Religion Chrétienne an Japon, pp. 498, sqq.
[36] I.e., Andrea Dittis. This word is also written in other letters “Nokada” and “Nakauda”; and appears to be the Japanese word Nakōdo, a go-between or agent.
[37] India Office. MS.T.(b.), vol. i. Supplement to China Materials, p. 428. The abstract is referred to “Books received from India, no. 10-29.”
[38] See the Calendar of Colonial State Papers, 1622-1624, no. 415.
[39] I would also draw attention to a curious expression (ii. 293): “Comend me to all our frendes, both hees and howes”. Can this form of she be a survival of Anglo-Saxon heo?
[40] Probably The Mahumetane or Turkish Historie, by Ralph Carr, 1600.
[41] St. Augustine, of the Citie of God. With the learned comments of Jo. Lod. Vives. Englished by J. H. 1610.
[42] India Office. Court Minute Books, vol. ix, f. 203.
[43] India Office. Original Correspondence, vol. xxviii, no. 3041.
[44] Particulars relating to the different proposals and attempts to re-open trade with Japan are collected in the MS. Supplement to China Materials, already referred to.
[45] Purchas, i. 373.
[46] Ibid., i. 406.
[47] Cocks usually reckons in the Japanese currency of taels, mace, and candareens, or as he terms them taies, mas, and condrins. The tael is worth 10 mace, or 100 candareens; and is of the value of about six shillings, according to present computation. Cock puts it at five shillings.
[48] The real of eight, or Spanish dollar of exchange.
[49] The China captain and his brother Whow or Whaw are constantly met with. I have found it more convenient to give in the Preface what account I have been able to gather of the different persons mentioned in the course of the Diary.
[50] Nagasaki.
[51] The Loo-choo or Riukiu group of islands, S.W. of Japan.
[52] Dono, a title of respect.
[53] Ogosho Samme is Iyéyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa dynasty of Shoguns, which lasted down to the revolution of 1868. Samme, as Cock writes it, is Sama, a title of respect appended to the name. Fidaia Samme is Hideyori, son of the famous Hideyoshi, the great warrior, better known as Taiko Sama. Hideyoshi, although holding supreme power, never received the title of Shogun. On his death he named his son Hideyori, then a child of six years, his successor, appointing at the same time a council of regency, in which Iyéyasu held the chief place. Iyéyasu’s increasing power and popularity naturally roused the jealousy of others, the result being a struggle between an eastern army under Iyéyasu, and a western army led by his rivals and supporters of Hideyori. His great victory at Sekigahara, in 1600, confirmed the power of Iyéyasu for many years. In 1603, he was created Shogun by the Mikado. But Hideyori was not yet disposed of. He rose against Iyéyasu in 1614, but was besieged in Osaka; and a truce was patched up. But almost immediately Hideyori was again in arms with a following of 120,000 men, and intrenched himself at Osaka. The place was stormed, Hideyori’s troops were utterly defeated, and he and his mother perished. Rumours of his escape lived for a long time among the people, and are frequently noticed in the course of this Diary. Klaproth, Annales des Empereurs du Japon (London, 1734), p. 410, gives the following account: “Quelques officiers de l’armée de Fide yori mirent le feu au château d’Osaka, pour se concilier les bonnes grâces de Ye yasou, mais ils furent arrêtés dans leur fuite par les gens de Fide yori et mis à mort. Comme il n’était pas possible d’éteindre l’incendie, Fide yori se sauva dans le Fiougo, où il s’embarqua pour le Satsouma sur les bâtimens de cette province, qu’on y avait tenus à sa disposition en cas de besoin. On prétendit qu’il avait péri dans l’incendie de ce château, mais ce n’était qu’un bruit répandu pour favoriser sa fuite.”
[54] Karatsu, on the N.W. coast of the neighbouring island of Kiushiu.
[55] ? Allowaies=aloes, a cotton material.
[56] Satsuma, the province in the S.W. of the island of Kiushiu.
[57] Shimonoseki strait.
[58] Square posts. Kaku = square. More properly kaku-bashira = a square post.
[59] Nanking.
[60] Corge, an Indian measure of 20 pieces.
[61] The materials here mentioned appear to be Indian cotton goods.
[62] The Daimio of Satsuma had lately, in 1609, subdued the Loo-choo Islands.
[63] Fukuoka, in the north of Kiushiu.
[64] Shongo Samme is Cocks’ way of rendering Shogun. Iyéyasu held the Shogunate only two years, and in 1605 transferred that title to his son Hidetada, though still retaining much power. Hideyori (Fidaia Sama) had married Hidetada’s daughter, who, when Osaka was on the point of being captured, was sent out of that fortress to her father.
[65] Two Jesuit priests were present in Osaka.
[66] “The managoga contains 10,000 ickmagogs; the ickmagog, 1,000 icgogas; the latter, 100 gantas, or 300 cocas.”—Kelly, Universal Cambist.
[67] Bugiyo, a superintendent.
[68] 16 taels make a catti; 100 cattis, a picul. A picul weighs about 130 lbs. avoirdupois.
[69] The head of the Dutch factory.
[70] Plate once melted.
[71] Interpreter.
[72] Katabira, a thin summer garment.
[73] Petty kings, or daimios.
[74] Katana, a sword.
[75] Dishes fitting into each other.
[76] Wakizashi, a short sword. Saris compares it to a “Welsh hook”.
[77] In Omura, in Kiushiu.
[78] Danko, consultation.
[79] Higo, the western province of Kiushiu.
[80] Ruptured.
[81] In the south of the province of Hizen.
[82] Suruga.
[83] Omura, near Nagasaki, in Hizen.
[84] ? Awomori sake, a strong spirit, used chiefly in the southern provinces.
[85] Span. bonito, tunny.
[86] I.e., after the fashion of Japan. Katachi, figure, form.
[87] Small junks.
[88] Dollars.
[89] Koromo, a robe.
[90] Span. recado, a present.
[91] Copesmate, a partner, fellow-buyer.
[92] Decemviri, meaning, no doubt, his followers.
[93] It does not appear who was this John Devin, whose “entertainment” was so proverbial.
[94] In April 1614.
[95] Henry Frederic, born 2nd January 1614.
[96] Margaret, daughter of Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, had married Francis III, Duke of Mantua. She was now a widow, but did not marry the King of Spain.
[97] Probably a slip for “Manillia”.
[98] Sing wine.
[99] Furo, literally a bath. Here used apparently for a dwelling house.
[100] The Dairi, or Mikado.
[101] “The highest subject generally received at the Emperor’s hands the title of Kwanbakku (lit., the white boundary line), first given A.D. 880.”—Dickson’s Japan, p. 71.
[102] A tattamy = about 6¼ feet.
[103] Temples.
[104] Span. trampa, trap.
[105] Bars. Hence the term gad-steel.
[106] Slippers. Fr. pantoufles.
[107] Perhaps a slip of the pen for “fixed across”.
[108] Chowtars, a kind of calico.
[109] Allegeas or allegias, an Indian stuff, made from cotton or grass.
[110] Naginata, a large-headed lance, or halberd.
[111] A slurbow, a kind of crossbow.
[112] Portug., capitão mór, captain-in-chief.
[113] Borel, coarse woollen cloth.
[114] Biyō-bu, a screen.
[115] ? Maki, a roll.
[116] Rudder.
[117] The neighbouring island of Iki or Ikshiu.
[118] Formosa.
[119] Span. recado, message.
[120] The wheels of pulleys.
[121] To would, to bind ropes about a mast to strengthen it.—Admiral Smith’s Seaman’s Grammar, 1692.
[122] Touse, or toze: to unravel.
[123] Fune, a boat.
[124] Tabi, stockings or socks.
[125] Tatami, a mat; used also for a measure of about 6 × 3 ft.
[126] Mochi, a cake.
[127] ? Cringe, in the sense of to constrain; and so to stickle, or haggle.
[128] Watchet, pale blue.
[129] I.e., duplicate copies.
[130] Span. andar en dares y tomares, to quarrel.
[131] Span. patache, a tender, or small vessel.
[132] Bōdsu, a bonze, or Buddhist priest.
[133] Boards.
[134] In the margin is a note—“A letter to Mr. Eaton”. Cocks has here retained the words of his letter.
[135] Dire = tera, in composition dera, a temple. Yamabushi, an order of travelling priests.
[136] Sipres, or cipress: a kind of gauze or crape.
[137] Span. recado, message.
[138] Fukae, on the north coast of Kiushiu.
[139] Hindustani, pickles.
[140] Cha, tea.
[141] Cummerbands.
[142] The metal piece protecting the end of the scabbard.
[143] Perhaps implements and fittings for hawking.
[144] A bezoar, formerly thought an antidote.
[145] Raspberries.
[146] Yuthia.
[147] I.e., rich.
[148] Nagoya.
[149] Shimonoseki.
[150] Kaminoseki.
[151] “Caminogari,” in Kæmpfer’s map.
[152] “Utaymado,” in Kæmpfer’s map.
[153] Fushimi.
[154] Hirakata.
[155] Otsu.
[156] Kusatsu.
[157] Minakuchi.
[158] Tsuchiyama.
[159] Kameyama.
[160] Shirako.
[161] Miya.
[162] Okazaki.
[163] Yoshida.
[164] Arai.
[165] Hamamatsu.
[166] Mitske.
[167] An income of ten thousand koku of rice. A koku==5·13 bushels.
[168] Kakegawa.
[169] Norimono, sedan-chair.
[170] Missaka.
[171] Fujieta.
[172] Suruga.
[173] Kambara.
[174] Hara.
[175] Mishima.
[176] Hakone.
[177] Odawara.
[178] Oiso.
[179] Fujisawa.
[180] Totska.
[181] ? Ubai, plums.
[182] The Koban was intrinsically worth £1 : 3 : 1; the Ichibu, 1s. 5¼d. But the proportionate value of gold to silver in Japan was as four to one, instead of the common valuation of fifteen to one.
[183] ? Tyamong, in Sumatra.
[184] Misaki, at the extreme south of the peninsula on the west of the entrance into Yedo Bay.
[185] Kawasaki.
[186] Blank in MS.
[187] ? Span., tuerto, blind of one eye.
[188] Samisen, a guitar of three strings.
[189] A marginal note in contradiction of some of the details is as follows: “This man did not kill his sonne, nether will the Empror let him nor the other have the land, for that the sonne of so unworthie a father is not fit to inherit, as he saieth.”
[190] Kanagawa.
[191] Kamakura.
[192] Blank in MS. He refers to Yoritomo.
[193] Side note.—“The littell doughter of Fidaia Samma is shorne non in this monestary, only to save her life, for it is a sanctuary and no justis may take her out.”
[194] The great copper figure of Buddha or Daiboods.
[195] Fujisawa.
[196] Oiso.
[197] Odawara.
[198] Hakone yama, or the mountain pass of Hakone.
[199] Mishima.
[200] Kambara.
[201] Yui.
[202] Ejiri.
[203] Suruga.
[204] Fujieta.
[205] Kakegawa.
[206] Mitake.
[207] Arai.
[208] Yoshida.
[209] Fugikawa.
[210] Narami.
[211] Miya.
[212] Kuwana.
[213] Seki.
[214] Ishibe.
[215] Roku-shaku, a chair-bearer.
[216] Otsu.
[217] Hizen.
[218] Fushimi.
[219] Kagoshima.
[220] Diaboods, or Buddha. The colossal figure was melted down and coined into “cash” in 1664.—Dickson, Japan, 1869, p. 400.
[221] I.e., the title of Kuwambaku, conferred on the highest subject in the State.
[222] Span. Dar, or hacer, higas, to ridicule.
[223] Makiye, lacquer.
[224] Fushimi.
[225] Hirakata.
[226] Sapan wood.
[227] Boat.
[228] Bingo, in the main island.
[229] Tomu, in the province of Bingo.
[230] Higo.
[231] Kaminoseki.
[232] Shimonoseki.
[233] Half-cast.
[234] Hang-chow.
[235] The island of Shikoku.
[236] Affix signature.
[237] Perhaps Seto, a little to the north of Nagasaki.
[238] Almond cake or biscuit.
[239] ? Galls.
[240] Mortaza Ali.
[241] Sakadzuki.
[242] Admiral.
[243] Champon, in the Gulf of Siam.
[244] See the notice of these events in the account of Peyton’s second voyage to the East Indies, in Purchas’s Pilgrimes, 1625, part I, lib. iv, cap. 15.
[245] Screens.
[246] Yuthia.
[247] George Dowriche, son of Robert Dowriche.—Tuckett, Devonshire Pedigrees.
[248] Mauritius.
[249] Calambac, the finest aloe wood.
[250] Blank in MS.
[251] These words struck out.
[252] Bon, the feast of lanterns.
[253] Space left in MS.
[254] Perpetuana, a woollen stuff.
[255] Cassia.
[256] ? Persian: poshak, a garment.
[257] Nagoya.
[258] Rosa solis, a pleasant liquor, made of brandy, cinnamon, etc.—Bailey’s Dictionary.
[259] Yu, in the province of Suwo, in the main island.
[260] Tomu in Bingo, in Kæmpfer’s map.
[261] Utsymado and Muru, in Kæmpfer’s map.
[262] Takasago.
[263] Contore or counter, a counting table or desk.
[264] Go Yô seï in, who resigned office in 1612.
[265] Otsu.
[266] Muki. A blank left in the MS., but the name is given under the next day.
[267] Perhaps this may mean barrage, a cloth, made of bariga, or Indian silk.
[268] Another form seems to be serone.
[269] Span. quintal, a hundredweight.
[270] ? Black man. Dutch, zwart.
[271] Blank in MS.
[272] Hizen.
[273] A technical term for a band of musicians. See an entry in Alleyn’s Diary (in this same year, 8 Dec., 1617), “given a noyse off trumpeters yt sownded, 0 : 2 : 6”.—G. F. Warner, Catalogue of MSS. of Dulwich College, 1881, p. 167.