FOOTNOTES:
[191] Occasionally called Bonabe, Bonibet, Funopet (by the French, Ascension). It lies in 6° 58′ N., and 158° 20′ E., and, with the two low atolls adjacent of Andema and Paphenemo (called by the English Ant's Island and Pakeen respectively) were named by their discoverer, Admiral Lütke, the Senjawin group, after the name of his ship.
[192] Captain Andrew Cheyne, of the English mercantile service, to whom the sea-faring world is indebted for a very complete and excellent account of the islands of the West Pacific, and who last visited Puynipet in 1846, reckoned the population of the island at that period at from 7000 to 8000. See a description of islands in the Western Pacific Ocean, North and South of the Equator, with sailing Directions, &c. p. 94. London, J. D. Potter. 1852.—Sailing Directions from New South Wales to China and Japan. Compiled from the most Authentic Sources. By Andrew Cheyne, first Class Master, Mercantile Navy. p. 136. London, J. D. Potter. 1855.
[193] The natives of the Engano Islands, to the west of Sumatra, use precisely similar instruments for the same purpose.
[194] Yaws is a very common disease among the lower class of the western and eastern coast-population of England. It is unknown almost in Ireland, where the poorer classes rarely eat fish.
[195] Captain Cheyne adds to the foregoing lists the following articles; fish-hooks, butcher's-knives, chisels, hand-saws, bill-hooks, planes, augers, piles, iron-pots, razors, needles, twine, drills, gay parti-coloured cotton cloths, cotton hose, woollen cloths, trinkets, glass beads, straw-hats, chests with lock, key, and handles, spirits. The equivalents as laid down by Captain Cheyne are as follows:—
| 12 hens | = | 24 | sticks | of | negro-head | tobacco, | or 4 ells of calico. |
| 100 yams | = | 10 | " | " | " | ||
| 100 bread-fruit | = | 10 | " | " | " | ||
| 100 cocoa-nuts | = | 10 | " | " | " | ||
| 1 cluster of bananas | = | 2 | " | " | " |
[196] Similar ruins are described by Captain Cheyne as having been also found in the forests of Nálan (Strong Island) in the Caroline Archipelago, 5° 21′ 30″ N., 163° 0′ 42″ E.
[197] From 1st October, 1856, upon which were marked all the improvements known up to 1857.
[198] Compare Captain Cheyne's sailing directions, p. 68: "Captain Simpson of Sydney reported to me in 1845, that a group of low coral islands, covered with cocoa-nut trees and inhabited, had been seen in 4° 52′ S., and 160° 12′ E. This may probably be the same group seen by Captain Wellings in 1824, which is laid down in Mr. Arrowsmith's chart in latitude 4° 29′ S., 159° 28′ E." It is matter of surprise in any case that considering the uncertainty which prevails as to the precise locality of the reef, its position on the English Admiralty Charts should not at least be marked doubtful.
[199] A. Cheyne—Sailing Directions from New South Wales to China and Japan. London, 1855, page 68.