THE MENTOR

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Volume 1 Number 37

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, THREE DOLLARS. SINGLE COPIES FIFTEEN CENTS. FOREIGN POSTAGE, 75 CENTS EXTRA. CANADIAN POSTAGE, 50 CENTS EXTRA. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y., AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER. COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. PRESIDENT AND TREASURER, R. M. DONALDSON; VICE-PRESIDENT, W. M. SANFORD; SECRETARY, L. D. GARDNER.

Editorial

This week’s issue of The Mentor and that of last week are so distinguished in authority that we ask special attention to them. An interesting article on the Conquest of the Poles could have been prepared by any good writer. The Mentor article was written by the supreme authority on the subject, Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary. The article on “Famous American Sculptors,” published last week, was written by Mr. Lorado Taft, one of the best-known sculptors in America. When Mr. Taft writes about Barnard, French, Bartlett and the other American sculptors he is giving an account of his fellows in art. It is fortunate that so able and so interesting a critical writer on sculpture as Mr. Taft could be found among sculptors. He has given to us in The Mentor just what we want—information imparted in a simple, interesting way, and with authority.

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It is worth a great deal to us to read what others have to say about The Mentor. It is a genuine satisfaction to receive from far-off California a message of “surprise and great delight over this ‘wise and faithful guide and friend,’ which surely fills a need in the lives of busy people.” A friend nearer by, in Brooklyn, offers thanks for our “wonderful weekly. The pictures are lovely,” she says. “Already I have shown it to many of my friends, and they are just as interested and pleased as I am. You most certainly deserve a vote of thanks from the people for placing this beautiful educational magazine within easy reach of everyone.”

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The thanks we appreciate, but what we value most is that our Brooklyn correspondent showed The Mentor to many of her friends and that they were just as pleased and interested as she was. A letter like that from every reader of The Mentor would mean an aggregate membership for The Mentor Association that would make it unique among the educational institutions of the world. There is a prospect that we hold fondly before us—that of every reader showing The Mentor to every friend that might be interested.

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And then, when all of these friends have seen The Mentor, they will want the numbers from the beginning. We say they “will want” them, for that is what most of our subscribers demand. A teacher in Kansas writes, “The Mentor is a delight, and its value is beyond expression. I feel that I cannot miss a single issue, so please send me the numbers from the beginning.” A teacher from Pittsburgh, immediately on receiving the first copy of the magazine, asks for all previous issues. An agent in insurance writes from Arkansas for the preceding numbers, adding, “I cannot afford to lose one copy.”

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So from St. Louis we hear, “Send me all preceding issues,” and from New Haven a college student writes, “I like the publication so much that I do not wish to miss even one number.” We lack space to cite all cases of this kind, but as we turn over the mail we find here a request from Toronto for “all numbers, beginning with the first,” another from Charleston, and a third from Hyannis, Massachusetts, demanding “all preceding numbers.”

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It has become a regular daily incident, and it shows the unique character of The Mentor publication. It is not simply a magazine. Subscribers do not send for all back numbers of the ordinary magazine from the beginning of its existence. Every number of The Mentor is part of an interesting educational plan. The members of The Mentor Association want all parts of that plan.

FRIDTJOF NANSEN

Fridtjof Nansen
ONE

“Death or the west coast of Greenland!” A tall, fair Norwegian made this resolution in November, 1887, and one year later the great ice-bound continent of Greenland, the “Sahara of the North,” was crossed for the first time. It was Fridtjof Nansen who accomplished this feat, in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties and terrible dangers. When he first proposed his plan famous scientists and seasoned explorers laughed at him. But Nansen was determined. Though his own government would not help him, a wealthy Dane had enough faith in the “madman,” as he was called, to advance him $1,350 for his daring enterprise.

It was only after the greatest difficulty that Nansen and his party reached the east coast of Greenland at all in order to begin their land journey over the continent. They had to cross an ice stream ten miles wide to do it. Finally, however, they reached Umivik, and started on their hazardous journey across the desert of ice. Escapes from death were many. One day when they were more than halfway across Nansen was steering the first of the two sledges, which was rushing along under full sail.

“It was already growing dusk,” writes the great explorer himself, “when I suddenly saw in the general obscurity something dark lying right in our path. I took it for some ordinary irregularity in the snow, and unconcernedly steered straight ahead. The next moment, when I was within no more than a few yards, I found it to be something very different, and in an instant swung round sharp, and brought the sledge up to the wind. It was high time too; for we were on the very edge of a chasm broad enough to swallow comfortably sledges, steersmen, and passengers. Another second, and we should have disappeared for good and all.”

Finally the west coast of Greenland was reached, on September 29, 1888, and the supposedly impossible had been accomplished.

Fridtjof Nansen was born near Christiania in Norway on October 10, 1861. His first Arctic voyage was made in 1882 in a sealing vessel. After he had successfully crossed Greenland he was appointed curator of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy in Christiania University. It was in 1893 that he made his thrilling attempt to reach the North Pole.

He had a ship built, the Fram, especially to withstand ice pressure, and sailed to the Polar Sea in the neighborhood of the New Siberian Islands. He figured that he would be drifted by a current over the Pole and would come out on the east side of Greenland. But, though he found that the current was in nearly the right direction, it would not carry him over the Pole; so he and one companion left the Fram at latitude 83° 59´ and started for the North Pole on foot.

On April 8, 1895, when they had reached 86° 14´, “farther north” than anyone up to that time had reached, they found that they would have to turn back. They managed to reach Franz Josef Land, where on June 17, 1896, they met part of another Arctic expedition.

When Nansen returned to Norway he was showered with medals and other honors. In 1905 he was appointed Norwegian minister at London.

PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 37
COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.

DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI

The Duke of the Abruzzi
TWO

In olden times kings and princes were the warlike leaders of their countrymen, the doers of heroic deeds. Nowadays they are kept so busy thinking how to govern wisely that they don’t get a chance to be heroes. But there is at least one prince of these modern times who has proved himself the equal if not the superior in bravery of any of those oldtime royal heroes. This is Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of the Abruzzi; whose full name, by the way, is Luigi Amadeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco.

Prince Luigi is an Italian, the son of Amadeo, ex-king of Spain. He was also a nephew of King Humbert of Italy, and therefore the first cousin of the present king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel. Luigi was born at Madrid, January 29, 1873. He studied at the naval college at Leghorn.

It was there that he first showed his truly democratic spirit. He preferred to be called by his first name, and never allowed himself to be addressed as “Duke” or “Royal Highness.” From college he entered the Italian navy, where he made a good record for obedience and intelligence.

But to settle down as a mere prince or duke would never have satisfied one of Luigi’s adventurous character. He wanted to do big things and accomplish dangerous deeds. His first exploit was the ascent of Mt. St. Elias in Alaska. Until he accomplished this in 1897 the great peak had never been scaled.

It was in 1900 that he led an expedition to the Arctic region which broke Nansen’s “farthest north” record. Unfortunately the duke himself was severely frostbitten and could not leave the ship; but Captain Umberto Cagni reached latitude 86° 33´, and came nearer the Pole by a few miles than Nansen.

The Duke’s ship, the Polar Star, sailed from Christiania on June 12, 1899. Seriously crushed by the ice, they had a hard task to prevent its sinking. But this was done, and Cagni with a party set out over the ice of the Arctic Ocean for the Pole. Their sufferings were terrible, and only heroic efforts brought them back alive. The expedition returned home in 1900, where honors were heaped upon them all.

But even these successes did not satisfy the royal adventurer. He looked around for other fields to conquer, and found that the loftiest peak in the Ruwenzori range in Africa, the “Mountains of the Moon” of Ptolemy, had never been scaled. He conquered this awe-inspiring height in 1906.

In 1909 he tried to conquer Mt. Godwin-Austen in the Himalayas. This peak is the second highest known in the world. It rises 28,250 feet in the air. The duke reached a little over 19,000 feet; but was compelled to give up the attempt. But he turned to Bride Peak, near at hand, rising 25,100 feet, and ascended it a distance of 24,580 feet, the world’s record for altitude.

And notwithstanding the fact that he has accomplished so many big things and done so many brave deeds, the Duke of the Abruzzi is very modest, and rarely wears any of his innumerable decorations and medals.

ROBERT E. PEARY

Robert E. Peary
THREE

The North Pole! One white man, a negro, and four Eskimos treading where never before had trodden human foot! And Old Glory flying free at the top of the world! That was on April 6, 1909. After years of such effort as only those can appreciate who have struggled with the frozen North, Robert E. Peary had reached the goal of which he had dreamed for a quarter of a century. The thought, the plan, the untiring effort, were all his, and now the everlasting glory and honor of the achievement were to be his also.

Robert E. Peary is a man peculiarly fitted by nature to be the discoverer of the North Pole. He was born in Pennsylvania on May 6, 1856. He comes of an old family of Maine lumbermen, an active, adventurous, outdoor stock of French-Anglo-Saxon origin. His father died when he was three years old, and his mother moved to Portland, Maine, where the boy grew up with the sea and its swimming, rowing, and sailing on one side of him, and the woods and fields to stimulate his love for nature on the other.

He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1877, second in a class of fifty-one. In college, besides being a brilliant student, he was a good athlete, being especially proficient in running, jumping, and walking. After graduating he was first a land surveyor, and then in 1879 secured a place in the Coast and Geodetic Survey at Washington. Then he was appointed a member of the Navy Department of Civil Engineering, with the rank of lieutenant. In the first year of his service (1881) he saved the government nearly thirty thousand dollars on a pier that he built at Key West, Florida. He was then sent to Nicaragua as sub-chief of the Interoceanic Canal Survey. There he learned to manage men; he gained experience in equipping expeditions, in making camp under adverse conditions, in traversing wild and unexplored country.

It was in 1885, on his return from Nicaragua, that the idea of Arctic explo­ra­tion first came to him. He managed to secure leave of absence, and sailed in May, 1886. On this voyage he penetrated over a hundred miles into the interior of Greenland. Six years later he proved that Greenland was an island by crossing it and reaching its northern end.

After that he continued his explo­ra­tions, in 1906 reaching 87° 6´, the “farthest north” anyone had yet gone, and in 1909 he reached the Pole. Here is how Peary describes his feelings after he knew that he had succeeded:

“But now,” he writes in his book, “The North Pole,” “while quartering the ice in various directions from our camp, I tried to realize that, after twenty-three years of struggles and discouragement, I had at last succeeded in placing the flag of my country at the goal of the world’s desire. It is not easy to write about such a thing, but I knew that we were going back to civilization with the last of the great adventure stories,—a story the world had been waiting to hear for nearly four hundred years, a story that was to be told at last under the folds of the Stars and Stripes, the flag that during a lonely and isolated life had come to be for me the symbol of home and everything I loved—and might never see again.”

By special act of Congress Peary was promoted to the rank of rear admiral and received the thanks of Congress. He has been awarded the premier medal of every prominent geographical society in the world.

SIR ERNEST H. SHACKLETON

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton
FOUR

On March 24, 1909, all the world was thrilled by the news that on the ninth of January a point had been reached nearer the South Pole than had ever before been attained. Shackleton and three companions had penetrated the white waste of the Antarctic regions to within 111 miles of the Pole. The British Union Jack was flying at “farthest south.” Shackleton started for the South Pole from Lyttelton, New Zealand, on New Year’s Day, 1908, in the Nimrod. A new idea was introduced into polar explo­ra­tion when the commander decided to depend on Manchurian ponies instead of dogs for transportation. A motorcar was also used to carry supplies. But both the ponies and the automobile were found wanting when it came to the test, as the ponies gave out, and the car could make no progress over the rough ice.

The first important thing that the Shackleton expedition accomplished was the ascent for the first time of Mt. Erebus, the southernmost volcano in the world, 13,120 feet high. The summit of this great peak was reached on March 10, 1908. An active crater was discovered half a mile in diameter and 8,000 feet deep. It was belching vast volumes of steam and sulphurous gas to a height of 2,000 feet.

Part of this expedition also reached the South Magnetic Pole; that is, where the south end of the compass needle points. This had never before been done.

Shackleton’s dash for the South Pole is a record of hardships bravely borne and difficulties overcome. He and three others started from Cape Boyd on October 29, 1908. By November 30 they had been forced to shoot three of the ponies. Two days later an enormous glacier, 120 miles long and 40 miles wide, was discovered. Another pony was lost through a crevasse in the ice on December 7, and from then on each man had to haul 250 pounds.

Finally, on January 4, 1909, they decided to push on with only one tent. Then a fierce sixty-hour blizzard swooped down upon them, and held the party powerless for two days. They realized that they must turn back without reaching the Pole. It was a bitter disappointment to Shackleton to fail when they were within such a short distance of success. But, as he says, “We had honestly and truly shot our bolt at last,” and if they were ever to return, it must be now.

On the morning of January 9, without the sledge, they made one last dash south, and planted at latitude 88° 23´ a flag given Shackleton by the queen, and the Union Jack. The journey back was then begun, and the ship reached on March 4.

Ernest Henry Shackleton was born in Ireland in 1874. His education was never completed, as he followed a natural inclination to go to sea before graduating from college. He sailed round the world four times, and during the Boer War took part in the transportation of troops. In 1901 he was a member of Scott’s expedition, which reached “farthest south” at that time. After running for Parliament in 1906 and failing to be elected, he organized the expedition of 1908–09.

He was knighted by the British government for his services as an explorer, and has received many medals and other high honors.

© UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD

ROALD AMUNDSEN

Roald Amundsen
FIVE

To accomplish that which for three centuries had been unsuccessfully attempted would satisfy most people. But not a man like Roald Amundsen, descendant of Vikings. To discover the Northwest Passage, long sought by Hudson, Cabot, Frobisher, Franklin, and other adventure-loving explorers, and to locate the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole, where the north end of the compass needle points, was not enough for this intrepid Norwegian. And so he set out for the South Pole—and reached it.

It was on March 8, 1912, that the entire world was electrified by the cablegram from Hobart, Tasmania, announcing the fact that, sometime between December 14 and 17, 1911, Captain Roald Amundsen had reached the South Pole. With four men and eighteen dogs from his ship, the Fram, Captain Amundsen crossed the great ice barrier and reached the southernmost point of the world in fifty-five days. According to the most accurate indication of his instruments, he was at the South Pole at three o’clock on the afternoon of December 14. On the vast plateau, 10,500 feet above the sea level, which the explorer named King Haakon Land, Amundsen unfurled the Norwegian flag.

Amundsen left Buenos Aires in South America late in 1910. It was in October, 1911, that the real “dash” for the South Pole began. Amundsen and four companions, with eighteen dogs, started southward. Shackleton’s “farthest south,” a point 111 miles from the Pole, was passed on December 8, six days before his goal was reached. Compared with the sufferings that other explorers have undergone, Amundsen’s party had a comparatively easy time.

Captain Amundsen’s whole career has been characterized by that unconquerable courage, perseverance, and patience which the fierce sea rovers of old had. Born at Borje, Norway, in 1872, he was educated for the naval service of Norway-Sweden, and became a second lieutenant. He was a born sailor. At the age of twenty-five he sailed with the Belgica expedition to the Antarctic. He was first officer of this ship, which in 1897–99 explored the region west of Graham Land. In 1901 he made observations on the East Greenland Current which were considered very valuable.

It was after this that he decided to give the rest of his life if necessary to discovering the Northwest Passage. He sailed from Christiania, Norway, on June 17, 1903. After three years’ wanderings through ice, rocks, and unknown lands he finally brought his little vessel, the Gjoa, through Bering Strait, thus being the first one to navigate the Northwest Passage. It was during this voyage that he also located the North Magnetic Pole.

Amundsen is considered one of the most daring and skilful of polar explorers; but he is very modest about his own great achievements.

ROBERT F. SCOTT

Robert Falcon Scott
SIX

Brave gentleman, gallant comrade, thoughtful of others even at the end,—so died Captain Robert F. Scott, conqueror of the Antarctic, and yet conquered by it. And no less credit is due his four companions, who perished courageously in one of the greatest polar tragedies the world has ever known. Robert Falcon Scott was born at Outlands, Davenport, England, in 1868. He entered the navy at the age of fourteen. In 1900–1904 he commanded the Discovery, and besides making a new “farthest south” record added greatly to scientific knowledge regarding the Antarctic region. He was promoted to captain, and in 1910 was given command of the ill-fated expedition on which he lost his life.

With four companions, Captain Scott on the final dash for the Pole left his main party in camp at Cape Evans, the base of operations on McMurdo Sound. On January 17, 1912, the South Pole was reached at last; but they found to their great amazement that they had been preceded by over a month by Amundsen and his party, who attained the Pole on December 14, 1911. The calculations of the two expeditions located the Pole on nearly the same spot.

Then Scott and his comrades began the return, which ended so tragically. Ill luck seemed to hover over them always. First Edgar Evans died as the result of a fall in which he received concussion of the brain. This tragedy left the remaining members of the party terribly shaken. Then Captain R. E. G. Oates, a military officer who had special charge of the ponies and dogs, became sick.

This slowed up the others, and fuel and food began to run low. Finally, on March 17, Oates became too sick to go on in the face of a raging blizzard. Although he begged them to push on and leave him, the other three bravely refused, when they knew that to remain was death to all. And then Oates coolly did that which will place his name high among the heroes of all time. Deliberately he walked away from camp in the swirling snow to death. His body was never found; but this inscription was erected to his memory:

Hereabout died
A Very Gallant Gentleman
Capt. R. E. G. Oates
Inniskillen Dragoons,

who on the return from the Pole in March, 1912, willingly walked to his death in a blizzard to try and save his comrades beset by hardship.

Only eleven miles from food and shelter, the blizzard held the others imprisoned, and there they died. Their bodies and records were recovered on November 12 by a relief expedition from Cape Evans. Dr. Edward A. Wilson, chief of the scientific staff of the expedition, and Lieutenant H. R. Bowers, had died with Captain Scott. The burial service was read over the graves of the dead, and a cairn and a cross with their names was erected.

Captain Scott’s last message, written at the door of death on March 25, 1912, shows the calm and uncomplaining heroism of the man, especially one passage:

“For my own sake I do not regret this journey, which has shown that Englishmen can endure hardships, help one another, and meet death with as great fortitude as ever in the past. We took risks. We knew we took them. Things have come out against us, and therefore we have no cause for complaint; but bow to the will of Providence, determined still to do our best to the last.”