VIII. EUGENICS OF THE CITY
Considerable literature has grown up recently dealing with the biological aspects of city life. Detailed studies as to the effect of city life on the human stock remain to be made. On the basis of the material now available, however, fruitful avenues of research are opened, and certain tentative conclusions may be entertained.
1. The changes incident to city life in the birth, death, and marriage rates of the population are noticeable on the basis of statistics. These phenomena permit of sociological interpretation and analysis. The difference between the urban and the rural span of life offers a similar problem to the investigator. The proportions of the human scrap-heap and its social consequences in the city have been recognized as an important phase of urban existence.
Bailey, W. B. Modern Social Conditions: A Statistical Study of Birth, Marriage, Divorce, Death, Disease, Suicide, Immigration, etc., with Special Reference to the United States (New York, 1906). (VII, 5; VIII.)
Bajla, E. “Come si distribuiscono topograficamente le malattee contagiose negli aggregati urbani,” Attualita Med. Milano, V (1916), 542–46.
The local distribution of contagious diseases in the urban area.
Barron, S. B. “Town life as a Cause of Degeneracy,” Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIV (1888–89), 324–30. (X, 2.)
Billings, J. S. “The Mortality Rates of Baltimore; Life Table for Baltimore; Mortality in Different Wards; Causes of Disease,” Baltimore Med. Jour., X (1883–84), 487–89. (V, 1.)
“Biological Influences of City Life,” Literary Digest, LII (February, 1916), 371–72.
“Birth- and Death-Rates in American Cities,” Amer. City, XVI (1917), 195–99.
Bleicher, H. “Über die Eigentümlichkeiten der städtischen Natalitäts- und Mortalitätsverhältnisse,” Intern. Kongr. für Hygiene und Demographie (Budapest, 1894). (VIII, 3.)
The peculiarities of urban birth and death rates.
Dublin, Louis I. “The Significance of the Declining Birth-Rate,” Science, (new series), XLVII, 201–10.
Fehlinger, Hans. “De l’influence biologique de la civilization urbaine,” Scientia, X (1911), 421–34. (VIII, 3.)
Guilfoy, W. H. The Influence of Nationality upon the Mortality of a Community, with Special Reference to the City of New York, “Department of Health of New York City Monograph Series 18,” 1919. (V, 1, 2, 3.)
——. An Analysis of the Mortality Returns of the Sanitary Areas of the Borough of Manhattan for the Year 1915, “Department of Health of New York City Monograph Series 15,” 1916.
Hammond, L. J., and Gray, C. H. “The Relation of the Foreign Population to the Mortality and Morbidity Rate of Philadelphia,” Bull. Amer. Acad. of Med., XIV (1913), 113–29. (V, 1.)
Harmon, G. E. “A Comparison of the Relative Healthfulness of Certain Cities in the United States, Based upon the Study of Their Vital Statistics,” Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc., XV (Boston, 1916), 157–74.
Holmes, Samuel J. A Bibliography of Eugenics, “University of California Publications in Zoölogy,” Vol. XXV, Berkeley, California, 1924.
Contains a chapter on “Urban Selection and the Influence of Industrial Development on Racial Heredity.” Has served as a source of many references listed in this bibliography. (VIII.)
Love, A. G., and Davenport, C. B. “Immunity of City-Bred Recruits,” Arch. Med. Intern., XXIV (1919), 129–53.
Macpherson, J. “Urban Selection and Mental Health,” Rev. of Neurol. and Psychiatry, I (1903), 65–73. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 2, 3, 4; X, 3.)
Meinshausen: “Die Zunahme der Körpergrösse des deutschen Volkes vor dem Kriege; ihre Ursachen und Bedeutung für die Wiederherstellung der deutschen Volkskraft,” Archiv für Hygiene und Demographie, XIV (1921), 28–72.
Points out degeneration of urban youth. (VII, 3; X, 3.)
Pieper, E. “Über die Verbreitung der Geschlechtskrankheiten nach Stadt und Land mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse der Stadt Rostock und des Staates Mecklenburg,” Arch. für Soz. Hygiene und Demographie, XIV (1923), 148–87. (X, 2.)
Sarker, S. L. “The Comparative Mortality of the Towns of the Nadia District,” Indian Med. Gaz., LII (Calcutta, 1917), 58–60.
Walford, C. “On the Number of Violent Deaths from Accident, Negligence, Violence, and Misadventure in the United Kingdom and Some Other Countries,” Jour. Royal Stat. Soc., XLIV (1881), 444–521.
Number of violent deaths in cities greater than rural region. (X, 2.)
Weber, L. W. “Grossstadt und Nerven,” Deutsche Rundschau, CLXXVII (December, 1918), 391–407. (IX, 2, 4.)
Weiberg, W. “Zur Frage nach der Häufigkeit der Syphilis in der Grossstadt,” Arch. Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol., Vol. XI, 1914; 3 articles.
Whipple, G. C. Vital Statistics: An Introduction to Demography (New York, 1923). (VII, 1; VIII, 2, 3; IX, 2.)
2. The relative differences in the age and sex groups, in the city as over against the country, and in the various areas in the city are indicative of fundamental processes tending to produce typical results.
Baker, J. E. “City Life and Male Mortality,” Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc., XI (1908), 133–49. (VIII, 1.)
Böckh, R. “Sterbetafeln C (für Grossstädte); Die fünfzig Berliner Sterbetafeln,” Bericht über 14ten Intern. Kongr. Hygiene, III (Berlin, 1908), 1078–87. (V, 1, 2, 3, 4; VIII, 1.)
Heron, David. On the Relation of Fertility in Man to Social Status and on the Changes in This Relation That Have Taken Place during the Last Fifty Years (London, 1906). (VII, 1, 5; VIII, 1.)
Röse, C. “Die Grossstadt als Grab der Bevölkerung,” Aerztliche Rundschau, XV (München, 1905), 257–61. (VII, 3; VIII, 1.)
3. Whether the conditions of city life have an influence on the fecundity of women and the size of the family is an aspect of city life inviting accurate study, attempts at which have already been made.
Haurbeck, L. “Der Wille zur Mutterschaft in Stadt und Land,” Deutsche Landwirtsch. Presse., XI (1915), 12. (VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
Kühner, F. “Stadt und Bevölkerungspolitik,” Städte-Zeit, XIV (1917), 306.
Lewis, C. F., and J. N. Natality and Fecundity: A Contribution to National Demography (Edinburgh, 1906).
Based on statistics in the Scottish birth register of 1855. (VIII, 1, 2.)
Manschke, R. “Innere Einflüsse der Bevölkerungswanderungen auf die Geburtenzahl,” Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss., neue Folge, VII (1916), 100–115, 161–74. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
Morgan, J. E. The Danger of Deterioration of Race from the Too Rapid Increase of Great Cities (London, 1866). (VII, 1, 3; VIII, 1.)
Prinzing, F. “Eheliche und uneheliche Fruchtbarkeit und Aufwuchsziffer in Stadt und Land in Preussen,” Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift, XLIV (1918), 351–54. (VIII, 1; X, 4.)
Theilhaber, F. A. Das sterile Berlin (Berlin, 1913). (VIII, 1, 2.)
Thompson, Warren S. “Race Suicide in the United States,” Sci. Mo., V, 22–35, 154–65, 258–69. (VIII, 1; X, 2.)
“Urban Sterilization,” Jour. Hered., VIII (1917), 268–69. (VIII, 1.)