Introduction to the Science of Sociology

by Robert Ezra Park; E. W. Burgess

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I. Sociology and the Social Sciences
PAGE
I. Sociology and "Scientific" History [1]
II. Historical and Sociological Facts [6]
III. Human Nature and Law [12]
IV. History, Natural History, and Sociology [16]
V. The Social Organism: Humanity or Leviathan? [24]
VI. Social Control and Schools of Thought [27]
VII. Social Control and the Collective Mind [36]
VIII. Sociology and Social Research [43]
Representative Works in Systematic Sociology and Methods of Sociological Research [57]
Topics for Written Themes [60]
Questions for Discussion [60]
Chapter II. Human Nature
I. Introduction
1. Human Interest in Human Nature [64]
2. Definition of Human Nature [65]
3. Classification of the Materials [68]
II. Materials
A. The Original Nature of Man
1. Original Nature Defined. Edward L. Thorndike [73]
2. Inventory of Original Tendencies. Edward L. Thorndike [75]
3. Man Not Born Human. Robert E. Park [76]
4. The Natural Man. Milicent W. Shinn [82]
5. Sex Differences. Albert Moll [85]
6. Racial Differences. C. S. Myers [89]
7. Individual Differences. Edward L. Thorndike [92]
B. Human Nature and Social Life
1. Human Nature and Its Remaking. W. E. Hocking [95]
2. Human Nature, Folkways, and the Mores. William G. Sumner [97]
3. Habit and Custom, the Individual and the General Will. Ferdinand Tönnies [100]
4. The Law, Conscience, and the General Will. Viscount Haldane [102]
C. Personality and the Social Self
1. The Organism as Personality. Th. Ribot [108]
2. Personality as a Complex. Morton Prince [110]
3. The Self as the Individual's Conception of His Rôle. Alfred Binet [113]
4. The Natural Person versus the Social and Conventional Self. L. G. Winston [117]
5. The Divided Self and Moral Consciousness. William James [119]
6. Personality of Individuals and of Peoples. W. v. Bechterew [123]
D. Biological and Social Heredity
1. Nature and Nurture. J. Arthur Thomson [126]
2. Inheritance of Original Nature. C. B. Davenport [128]
3. Inheritance of Acquired Nature: Tradition. Albert G. Keller [134]
4. Temperament, Tradition, and Nationality. Robert E. Park [135]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Conceptions of Human Nature Implicit in Religious and Political Doctrines [139]
2. Literature and the Science of Human Nature [141]
3. Research in the Field of Original Nature [143]
4. The Investigation of Human Personality [143]
5. The Measurement of Individual Differences [145]
Selected Bibliography [147]
Topics for Written Themes [154]
Questions for Discussion [155]
Chapter III. Society and the Group
I. Introduction
1. Society, the Community, and the Group [159]
2. Classification of the Materials [162]
II. Materials
A. Society and Symbiosis
1. Definition of Society. Alfred Espinas [165]
2. Symbiosis (literally "living together"). William M. Wheeler [167]
3. The Taming and the Domestication of Animals. P. Chalmers Mitchell [170]
B. Plant Communities and Animal Societies
1. Plant Communities. Eugenius Warming [173]
2. Ant Society. William E. Wheeler [180]
C. Human Society
1. Social Life. John Dewey [182]
2. Behavior and Conduct. Robert E. Park [185]
3. Instinct and Character. L. T. Hobhouse [190]
4. Collective Representation and Intellectual Life. Émile Durkheim [193]
D. The Social Group
1. Definition of the Group. Albion W. Small [196]
2. The Unity of the Social Group. Robert E. Park [198]
3. Types of Social Groups. S. Sighele [200]
4. Esprit de Corps, Morale, and Collective Representations of Social Groups. William E. Hocking [205]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. The Scientific Study of Societies [210]
2. Surveys of Communities [211]
3. The Group as a Unit of Investigation [212]
4. The Study of the Family [213]
Selected Bibliography [217]
Topics for Written Themes [223]
Questions for Discussion [224]
Chapter IV. Isolation
I. Introduction
1. Geological and Biological Conceptions of Isolation [226]
2. Isolation and Segregation [228]
3. Classification of the Materials [230]
II. Materials
A. Isolation and Personal Individuality
1. Society and Solitude. Francis Bacon [233]
2. Society in Solitude. Jean Jacques Rousseau [234]
3. Prayer as a Form of Isolation. George Albert Coe. [235]
4. Isolation, Originality, and Erudition. T. Sharper Knowlson [237]
B. Isolation and Retardation
1. Feral Men. Maurice H. Small [239]
2. From Solitude to Society. Helen Keller [243]
3. Mental Effects of Solitude. W. H. Hudson [245]
4. Isolation and the Rural Mind. C. J. Galpin [247]
5. The Subtler Effects of Isolation. W. I. Thomas. [249]
C. Isolation and Segregation
1. Segregation as a Process. Robert E. Park [252]
2. Isolation as a Result of Segregation. L. W. Crafts and E. A. Doll [254]
D. Isolation and National Individuality
1. Historical Races as Products of Isolation. N. S. Shaler [257]
2. Geographical Isolation and Maritime Contact. George Grote [260]
3. Isolation as an Explanation of National Differences. William Z. Ripley [264]
4. Natural versus Vicinal Location in National Development. Ellen C. Semple [268]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Isolation in Anthropogeography and Biology [269]
2. Isolation and Social Groups [270]
3. Isolation and Personality [271]
Bibliography: Materials for the Study of Isolation [273]
Topics for Written Themes [277]
Questions for Discussion [278]
Chapter V. Social Contacts
I. Introduction
1. Preliminary Notions of Social Contact [280]
2. The Sociological Concept of Contact [281]
3. Classification of the Materials [282]
II. Materials
A. Physical Contact and Social Contact
1. The Frontiers of Social Contact. Albion W. Small [288]
2. The Land and the People. Ellen C. Semple [289]
3. Touch and Social Contact. Ernest Crawley [291]
B. Social Contact in Relation to Solidarity and to Mobility
1. The In-Group and the Out-Group. W. G. Sumner. [293]
2. Sympathetic Contacts versus Categoric Contacts. N. S. Shaler [294]
3. Historical Continuity and Civilization. Friedrich Ratzel [298]
4. Mobility and the Movement of Peoples. Ellen C. Semple [301]
C. Primary and Secondary Contacts
1. Village Life in America (from the Diary of a Young Girl). Caroline C. Richards [305]
2. Secondary Contacts and City Life. Robert E. Park. [311]
3. Publicity as a Form of Secondary Contact. Robert E. Park [315]
4. From Sentimental to Rational Attitudes. Werner Sombart [317]
5. The Sociological Significance of the "Stranger." Georg Simmel [322]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Physical Contacts [327]
2. Touch and the Primary Contacts of Intimacy [329]
3. Primary Contacts of Acquaintanceship [330]
4. Secondary Contacts [331]
Bibliography: Materials for the Study of Social Contacts [332]
Topics for Written Themes [336]
Questions for Discussion [336]
Chapter VI. Social Interaction
I. Introduction
1. The Concept of Interaction [339]
2. Classification of the Materials [341]
II. Materials
A. Society as Interaction
1. The Mechanistic Interpretation of Society. Ludwig Gumplowicz [346]
2. Social Interaction as the Definition of the Group in Time and Space. Georg Simmel [348]
B. The Natural Forms of Communication
1. Sociology of the Senses: Visual Interaction. Georg Simmel [356]
2. The Expression of the Emotions. Charles Darwin [361]
3. Blushing. Charles Darwin [365]
4. Laughing. L. Dugas [370]
C. Language and the Communication of Ideas
1. Intercommunication in the Lower Animals. C. Lloyd Morgan [375]
2. The Concept as the Medium of Human Communication. F. Max Müller [379]
3. Writing as a Form of Communication. Charles H. Judd [381]
4. The Extension of Communication by Human Invention. Carl Bücher [385]
D. Imitation
1. Definition of Imitation. Charles H. Judd [390]
2. Attention, Interest, and Imitation. G. F. Stout [391]
3. The Three Levels of Sympathy. Th. Ribot [394]
4. Rational Sympathy. Adam Smith [397]
5. Art, Imitation, and Appreciation. Yrjö Hirn [401]
E. Suggestion
1. A Sociological Definition of Suggestion. W. v. Bechterew [408]
2. The Subtler Forms of Suggestion. Albert Moll [412]
3. Social Suggestion and Mass or "Corporate" Action. W. v. Bechterew [415]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. The Process of Interaction [420]
2. Communication [421]
3. Imitation [423]
4. Suggestion [424]
Selected Bibliography [425]
Topics for Written Themes [431]
Questions for Discussion [431]
Chapter VII. Social Forces
I. Introduction
1. Sources of the Notion of Social Forces [435]
2. History of the Concept of Social Forces [436]
3. Classification of the Materials [437]
II. Materials
A. Trends, Tendencies, and Public Opinion
1. Social Forces in American History. A. M. Simons [443]
2. Social Tendencies as Social Forces. Richard T. Ely [444]
3. Public Opinion and Legislation in England. A. V. Dicey [445]
B. Interests, Sentiments, and Attitudes
1. Social Forces and Interaction. Albion W. Small [451]
2. Interests. Albion W. Small [454]
3. Social Pressures. Arthur F. Bentley [458]
4. Idea-Forces. Alfred Fouillée [461]
5. Sentiments. William McDougall [464]
6. Social Attitudes. Robert E. Park [467]
C. The Four Wishes: A Classification of Social Forces
1. The Wish, the Social Atom. Edwin B. Holt [478]
2. The Freudian Wish. John B. Watson [482]
3. The Person and His Wishes. W. I. Thomas [488]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Popular Notions of Social Forces [491]
2. Social Forces and History [493]
3. Interests, Sentiments, and Attitudes as Social Forces [494]
4. Wishes and Social Forces [497]
Selected Bibliography [498]
Topics for Written Themes [501]
Questions for Discussion [502]
Chapter VIII. Competition
I. Introduction
1. Popular Conceptions of Competition [505]
2. Competition a Process of Interaction [507]
3. Classification of the Materials [511]
II. Materials
A. The Struggle for Existence
1. Different Forms of the Struggle for Existence. J. Arthur Thomson [513]
2. Competition and Natural Selection. Charles Darwin [515]
3. Competition, Specialization, and Organization. Charles Darwin [519]
4. Man: An Adaptive Mechanism. George W. Crile [522]
B. Competition and Segregation
1. Plant Migration, Competition, and Segregation. F. E. Clements [526]
2. Migration and Segregation. Carl Bücher [529]
3. Demographic Segregation and Social Selection. William Z. Ripley [534]
4. Inter-racial Competition and Race Suicide. Francis A. Walker [539]
C. Economic Competition
1. Changing Forms of Economic Competition. John B. Clark [544]
2. Competition and the Natural Harmony of Individual Interests. Adam Smith [550]
3. Competition and Freedom. Frédéric Bastiat [551]
4. Money and Freedom. Georg Simmel [552]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Biological Competition [553]
2. Economic Competition [554]
3. Competition and Human Ecology [558]
4. Competition and the "Inner Enemies": the Defectives, the Dependents, and the Delinquents [559]
Selected Bibliography [562]
Topics for Written Themes [562]
Questions for Discussion [563]
Chapter IX. Conflict
I. Introduction
1. The Concept of Conflict [574]
2. Classification of the Materials [576]
II. Materials
A. Conflict as Conscious Competition
1. The Natural History of Conflict. W. I. Thomas [579]
2. Conflict as a Type of Social Interaction. Georg Simmel [582]
3. Types of Conflict Situations. Georg Simmel [586]
B. War, Instincts, and Ideals
1. War and Human Nature. William A. White [594]
2. War as a Form of Relaxation. G. T. W. Patrick [598]
3. The Fighting Animal and the Great Society. Henry Rutgers Marshall [600]
C. Rivalry, Cultural Conflicts, and Social Organization
1. Animal Rivalry. William H. Hudson [604]
2. The Rivalry of Social Groups. George E. Vincent [605]
3. Cultural Conflicts and the Organization of Sects. Franklin H. Giddings [610]
D. Racial Conflicts
1. Social Contacts and Race Conflict. Robert E. Park [616]
2. Conflict and Race Consciousness. Robert E. Park [623]
3. Conflict and Accommodation. Alfred H. Stone [631]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. The Psychology and Sociology of Conflict, Conscious Competition, and Rivalry [638]
2. Types of Conflict [639]
3. The Literature of War [641]
4. Race Conflict [642]
5. Conflict Groups [643]
Selected Bibliography [645]
Topics for Written Themes [660]
Questions for Discussion [661]
Chapter X. Accommodation
I. Introduction
1. Adaptation and Accommodation [663]
2. Classification of the Materials [666]
II. Materials
A. Forms of Accommodation
1. Acclimatization. Daniel G. Brinton [671]
2. Slavery Defined. H. J. Nieboer [674]
3. Excerpts from the Journal of a West India Slave Owner. Matthew G. Lewis [677]
4. The Origin of Caste in India. John C. Nesfield [681]
5. Caste and the Sentiments of Caste Reflected in Popular Speech. Herbert Risley [684]
B. Subordination and Superordination
1. The Psychology of Subordination and Superordination. Hugo Münsterberg [688]
2. Social Attitudes in Subordination: Memories of an Old Servant. An Old Servant [692]
3. The Reciprocal Character of Subordination and Superordination. Georg Simmel [695]
4. Three Types of Subordination and Superordination. Georg Simmel [697]
C. Conflict and Accommodation
1. War and Peace as Types of Conflict and Accommodation. Georg Simmel [703]
2. Compromise and Accommodation. Georg Simmel [706]
D. Competition, Status, and Social Solidarity
1. Personal Competition, Social Selection, and Status. Charles H. Cooley [708]
2. Personal Competition and the Evolution of Individual Types. Robert E. Park [712]
3. Division of Labor and Social Solidarity. Émile Durkheim [714]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Forms of Accommodation [718]
2. Subordination and Superordination [721]
3. Accommodation Groups [721]
4. Social Organization [723]
Selected Bibliography [725]
Topics for Written Themes [732]
Questions for Discussion [732]
Chapter XI. Assimilation
I. Introduction
1. Popular Conceptions of Assimilation [734]
2. The Sociology of Assimilation [735]
3. Classification of the Materials [737]
II. Materials
A. Biological Aspects of Assimilation
1. Assimilation and Amalgamation. Sarah E. Simons [740]
2. The Instinctive Basis of Assimilation. W. Trotter [742]
B. The Conflict and Fusion of Cultures
1. The Analysis of Blended Cultures. W. H. R. Rivers [746]
2. The Extension of Roman Culture in Gaul. John H. Cornyn [751]
3. The Competition of the Cultural Languages. E. H. Babbitt [754]
4. The Assimilation of Races. Robert E. Park [756]
C. Americanization as a Problem in Assimilation
1. Americanization as Assimilation [762]
2. Language as a Means and a Product of Participation [763]
3. Assimilation and the Mediation of Individual Differences [766]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Assimilation and Amalgamation [769]
2. The Conflict and Fusion of Cultures [771]
3. Immigration and Americanization [772]
Selected Bibliography [775]
Topics for Written Themes [783]
Questions for Discussion [783]
Chapter XII. Social Control
I. Introduction
1. Social Control Defined [785]
2. Classification of the Materials [787]
II. Materials
A. Elementary Forms of Social Control
1. Control in the Crowd and the Public. Lieut. J. S. Smith [800]
2. Ceremonial Control. Herbert Spencer [805]
3. Prestige. Lewis Leopold [807]
4. Prestige and Status in South East Africa. Maurice S. Evans [811]
5. Taboo. W. Robertson Smith [812]
B. Public Opinion
1. The Myth. Georges Sorel [816]
2. The Growth of a Legend. Fernand van Langenhove [819]
3. Ritual, Myth, and Dogma. W. Robertson Smith [822]
4. The Nature of Public Opinion. A. Lawrence Lowell [826]
5. Public Opinion and the Mores. Robert E. Park [829]
6. News and Social Control. Walter Lippmann [834]
7. The Psychology of Propaganda. Raymond Dodge [837]
C. Institutions
1. Institutions and the Mores. W. G. Sumner [841]
2. Common Law and Statute Law. Frederic J. Stimson [843]
3. Religion and Social Control. Charles A. Ellwood [846]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Social Control and Human Nature [848]
2. Elementary Forms of Social Control [849]
3. Public Opinion and Social Control [850]
4. Legal Institutions and Law [851]
Selected Bibliography [854]
Topics for Written Themes [862]
Questions for Discussion [862]
Chapter XIII. Collective Behavior
I. Introduction
1. Collective Behavior Defined [865]
2. Social Unrest and Collective Behavior [866]
3. The Crowd and the Public [867]
4. Crowds and Sects [870]
5. Sects and Institutions [872]
6. Classification of the Materials [874]
II. Materials
A. Social Contagion
1. An Incident in a Lancashire Cotton Mill [878]
2. The Dancing Mania of the Middle Ages. J. F. C. Hecker [879]
B. The Crowd
1. The "Animal" Crowd [881]
a) The Flock. Mary Austin [881]
b) The Herd. W. H. Hudson [883]
c) The Pack. Ernest Thompson Seton [886]
2. The Psychological Crowd. Gustave Le Bon [887]
3. The Crowd Defined. Robert E. Park [893]
C. Types of Mass Movements
1. Crowd Excitements and Mass Movements: The Klondike Rush. T. C. Down [895]
2. Mass Movements and the Mores: The Woman's Crusade. Annie Wittenmyer [898]
3. Mass Movements and Revolution
a) The French Revolution. Gustave Le Bon [905]
b) Bolshevism. John Spargo [909]
4. Mass Movements and Institutions: Methodism. William E. H. Lecky [915]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Social Unrest [924]
2. Psychic Epidemics [926]
3. Mass Movements [927]
4. Revivals, Religious and Linguistic [929]
5. Fashion, Reform, and Revolution [933]
Selected Bibliography [934]
Topics for Written Themes [951]
Questions for Discussion [951]
Chapter XIV. Progress
I. Introduction
1. Popular Conceptions of Progress [953]
2. The Problem of Progress [956]
3. History of the Concept of Progress [958]
4. Classification of the Materials [962]
II. Materials
A. The Concept of Progress
1. The Earliest Conception of Progress. F. S. Marvin [965]
2. Progress and Organization. Herbert Spencer [966]
3. The Stages of Progress. Auguste Comte [968]
4. Progress and the Historical Process. Leonard T. Hobhouse [969]
B. Progress and Science
1. Progress and Happiness. Lester F. Ward [973]
2. Progress and Prevision. John Dewey [975]
3. Progress and the Limits of Scientific Prevision. Arthur J. Balfour [977]
4. Eugenics as a Science of Progress. Francis Galton [979]
C. Progress and Human Nature
1. The Nature of Man. George Santayana [983]
2. Progress and the Mores. W. G. Sumner [983]
3. War and Progress. James Bryce [984]
4. Progress and the Cosmic Urge
a) The Élan Vitale. Henri Bergson [989]
b) The Dunkler Drang. Arthur Schopenhauer [994]
III. Investigations and Problems
1. Progress and Social Research [1000]
2. Indices of Progress [1002]
Selected Bibliography [1004]
Topics for Written Themes [1010]
Questions for Discussion [1010]

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