QUALITY OF WATERS.

There are a number of river-names in which the sense of clearness, brightness, or transparency is to be traced. From the Sansc. cand, to shine, Lat. candeo, Welsh, Ir. Arm., and Obs. Gael. can, white, clear, pure, we get the following. But the Gael. and Ir., caoin, soft, gentle, is a word liable to intermix.

1.	England.	The Cann. Essex.
		The Ken or Kent. Westmoreland.
		The Kenne. Devonshire.
	Scotland.	The Ken. Joins the Dee.
		The Conn. Cona of Ossian.
		Candy burn. Lanarkshire.
	Wales.	The Cain. Merioneth.
	Germany.	Cone, 9th cent., now the Cond.
	Russia.	The Kana. Gov. Yeniseisk.
	India.	The Cane or Ken—here?
2.	With the ending en.
	Scotland.	The Conan. Dingwall.
	Italy.	The Cantiano. Pont. States.
3.	With the ending er.
	England.	The Conder. Lancashire.
	England.	The Conner. Cornwall.
	Switzerland.	The Kander.
4.	Compounded with vi, wy, river.
4.	Wales.	Conovius ant. The Conway.

The Old Celtic word vind, found in many ancient names of persons and places, as Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,[59] Vindobona, Vindobala, &c., represents the present Welsh gwyn (=gwynd), and the Ir. finn (=find), white. "The Celt. vind," observes Gluck, "comes from the same root as the Goth. hveit; it stands for cvind with an intrusive n; the root is cvid = the Germ. root hvit." The meaning in river-names is bright, clear, pure.

1.	England.	The Vent. Cumberland.
		The Quenny. Shropshire.
	Wales.	The Gwynedd (=Gwynd?)
	Ireland.	The Finn. Ulster.
	France.	The Vendée. Dep. Vendée.
	Russia.	The Vind(au) or Wind(au).
2.	With the ending en.
	Scotland.	The Finnan. Inverness.
3.	With the ending er.
	England.	The lake Winder(mere)?[60]
	Ireland.	Winderius; Ptolemy, a river not identified.
4.	With the ending rn, p. [34].
	Scotland.	The Findhorn. Inverness.
5.	With the ending el.
	England.	The Wandle. Surrey.
	Germany.	Finola, 8th cent., now the Vehne.

From the Welsh llwys, clear, pure, Gael. las, to shine, Gael. and Ir. leus, light, cognate with Old Norse lios, clear, pure, Lat. luceo, &c., I derive the following. The Gael. lâ, lo, day, must, I think, contain the root.

1.	England.	The Liza. Cumberland.
	Scotland.	The Lossie. Elgin.
	France.	The Lez. Dep. Herault.
	Belgium.	The Lesse.
	Germany.	The Loose. Pruss. Sax.
2.	With the ending en.
	France.	The Lizena.
	Sweden.	The Ljusne. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia.
3.	With the ending er.
	Germany.	Lesura, 11th cent., now the Lieser.
	Germany.	Lysera, 10th cent., now the Leiser.

From the root of the above, by the prefix g, is formed Gael. and Welsh glas, blue or green, (perhaps originally rather transparent), and the Old Norse gladr, Old High Germ. glatt, shining.

Scotland.	The Glass. Inverness.
Scotland.	Glass. A lake, Rosshire.
Germany.	The Glatt. Hohenzollern Sig.
Switzerland.	Glata, 8th cent. The Glatt.

Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., and Arm. glan, Welsh glain, pure, clear, Eng. clean.

England.	The Glen. Northumberland.
	The Glen. Lincolnshire.
	The Clun. Shropshire.
France.	The Glane.
Germany.	Glana, 8th cent. The Glan, two rivers, and the Glon, three rivers.
Switzerland.	The Klön, a small but beautiful lake in the Klönthal—here, or to klein, little?
Italy.	Clanis ant., now the Chiana.
Italy.	Clanius ant., in Campania.
Illyria.	The Glan, in Carinthia.

From the Old High Germ. hlutar, Mod. Germ. lauter, pure, Förstemann derives the following rivers of Germany. Hence also the name of Lauterbrunnen (brunnen, fountain), in Switzerland.

Germany.	Hlutr(aha), 7th cent. The Lauter, the Luder, the Lutter.
	The Sommerlauter in Wirtemberg seems to merit the title of pureness only in summer.

The following names I think can hardly be referred to the same origin as the above, though according to Lhuyd, who derives them from Welsh gloew, clear, and dwr, water, they would have the same meaning.

England.	The Lowther. Westmoreland.
Scotland.	The Lauder. Berwickshire.
France.	The Lauter.

In the Gael. and Ir. ban, white, we may probably find the meaning of the following.

Ireland.	The Bann. Three rivers.
Scotland.	The Bann(ock) by Bannockburn.
Bohemia.	The Ban(itz).

Of the two following names the former may be referred to the Welsh claer, and the latter to the Swed. klar, both same as Eng. clear.

Ireland.	The Clare. Connaught.
Sweden.	The Klara (â, river).

From the Welsh têr, pure, clear, we may get the following. The root is found in Sansc. tar, to penetrate, whence taras, transparent.

1.	Italy.	The Taro. Joins the Po.
	Siberia.	The Tara. Joins the Tobol.
2.	With the ending en.
	England.	The Tearne. Shropshire.
		The Dearne. Yorkshire.
	France.	The Tarn. Joins the Garonne.
3.	With the ending es.
	Hungary.	The Tarisa.

The following two rivers of Germany may, as suggested by Förstemann, be referred to Old High Germ. flât, pure, bright.

1.	Germany.	Flad(aha), 8th cent. Not identified.
2.	With the ending enz.
2.	Germany.	Fladinz, 11th cent., now the Fladnitz.

The root bil I have, in river-names generally, referred at p. [84] to the Celtic biol, water. But in the Slavonic districts we may also think of the Slav. biala, white, though we cannot say but that even there the Celtic word may intermix.

Germany.	The Bila in Bohemia.
	The Biala in Silesia.
Russia.	The Bielaya. Joins the Kama.
	The Bialy. Joins the Narew.

From the Old High Germ. swarz, Mod. Germ. schwarz, black, are the names of several rivers of Germany, as the Schwarza, the Schwarzau, the Schwarzbach, &c. Also in Norway we have two rivers called Svart Elv, and in Sweden the Svart An, which falls into the Mälar Lake. From the Old Norse doeckr, dark, may be the Dokka in Norway, but for the Docker of Lancashire the Gael. doich, swift, may be more suitable.

The Welsh du, Gael. dubh, black, probably occurs in river-names, but I have taken, p. [36], the meaning of water, as found in Obs. Gael. dob, to be the general one. The Welsh dulas, dark or blackish blue, is found in the Dowles of Shropshire, and in several streams of Wales. The Douglas of Lanarkshire shews the original form of the word, from du, black, and glas, blue.

The root sal I have taken at p. [76] to have in some cases the simple meaning of water. But in the following the quality of saltness comes before us as a known characteristic.

Germany.	Salz(aha), 8th cent. The Salza by Salzburg.
	Salisus, 8th cent., now the Selse.
	The Salze. Joins the Werre.
Hungary.	The Szala.[61] Falls into Lake Balaton.

Of an opposite character are the following, which we may refer to Welsh melus, Gael. and Ir. milis, sweet, millse, sweetness. Some other rivers, as the ancient Melas in Asia Minor, now the Kara-su (Black river), and three rivers of the same name in Greece, must be referred to Gr. μελας, black.

Germany.	Milzissa, 8th cent., now the Mülmisch.
Germany.	Milsibach, 11th cent.
Portugal.	Melsus ant. (Strabo).