Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1836. Volume I. Proceedings of the First Expedition, 1826-1830

by Robert Fitzroy; Philip Parker King

APPENDIX.

———

TABLES of LATITUDE and LONGITUDE, VARIATION of the COMPASS, TIDE, and HEIGHT.

MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS, discussed by Major Sabine, R.A., F.R.S.

ZOOLOGY; including Mammalia—Birds—and Shells.

COPIES of ORDERS.

EXTRACTS from a Paper published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.

EXTRACT from a Game-book.

INDEX.

---

TABLES

OF

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE, VARIATION OF THE COMPASS, AND TIDE.

———

I.

COASTS OF BRAZIL, RIVER PLATA, AND EASTERN PATAGONIA.

———

The Latitudes to which the character

is prefixed, have resulted from Astronomical Observation. The Longitudes which have been determined by Chronometers, are designated by C.; and those by Lunar Distances by

. Those without distinguishing marks are the result of Triangulation.

The Longitudes in the following Tables depend upon that of Villegagnon Island at Rio de Janeiro, which was found by fourteen Chronometers from Plymouth to be 43° 05′ 03″ West of Greenwich.

Coast, &c.	Name of		Latitude South.	Longitude West.	Variat East.	Tide.
	Place.	Particular Spot.				H. W. at F. & C.	Direction of Flood, and Rise of Tide.
			° ′ ″	° ′ ″	° ′	H. M.
Coast of Brazil.	Santos	Arsenal	23 55 51	C. 46 16 33	4 22
	——	Moela Lighthouse	24 03 06	C. 46 12 20
	Alcatrasse Island	Centre	24 08 10	C. 45 39 15
	Abrigo Island	Centre	25 07 28	C. 47 52 51
	Figuera Island	Centre	25 21 29	C. 47 54 11
	Paranagua	Fort on the Bar	25 30 14	C. 48 17 10	5 44
	——	West Point of Cotinga	25 29 50	C. 48 26 32	5 34
	——	Church of Sta Antonina	25 25 42	C. 48 39 52
	St. Catherine	Sta Cruz d'Anhatomirim	27 25 35	C. 48 29 41	6 30
	——	City, President's House	27 35 30
	Cape St. Mary	Extremity	34 40 20	C. 54 05 58
River Plata.	Gorriti Island	Well at N.E. end	34 57 00	C. 54 53 38 54 53 40	13 48
	Monte Video	Rat Island, Flagstaff	34 53 23	56 09 30	11 23
	——	Cathedral, Cupola	34 54 37	56 07 35	12 07
	——	Lighthouse on Mount	34 53 21	56 11 04
	Buenos Ayres	Cathedral	34 35 50	C. 58 17 53
East Coast of Patagonia.	Port Sta Elena	Observy marked on Plan	44 30 45	C. 65 17 25	19 10	4 0	17 feet
	Cape Two Bays	Hill at projecting Point	44 58 00
	Cape Blanco	North Point	47 15 00
	Port Desire	Ruins	47 45 05	C. 65 51 45	19 42	12 10	18½ feet
	Penguin Island	Mount at North end	47 54 45	65 41 30
	Sea Bear Bay	Sandy Beach at S. side	47 56 49	C. 65 44 00	20 47	12 45	20 feet
	Shag Rock	Rock	48 08 25	65 52 56
	Watchman Cape	Monte Video	48 18 55	66 18 00
	Bellaco Rock	Rock	48 30 50	C. 66 09 25
	Port St. Julian	Shag Island, in Harbour	49 16 00	C. 67 38 02	22 17	10 30	Northward rises 38 feet, (observed off the river's mouth.)
	——	Wood Mount	49 14 00	67 43 34
	——	Cape Curioso	49 11 10	67 34 30
	C. Franc. de Paulo	Extremity	49 41 18	67 34 30
	Santa Cruz	Observatory opposite Sea-Lion Island	50 06 43	68 25 00 C. 68 22 42	20 54	10 15	33 feet
	——	Mount Entrance	50 08 30	68 19 10
	——	Station up the River	49 57 30	68 52 55
	——	——	50 07 30	69 08 00
	Broken Cliff Peak	Brink	50 14 30	68 31 15		12 15	Northw.
	Lion Mount	Summit	50 20 00	68 49 30
	Observation Mt.	Summit	50 32 35	69 00 40
	Coy Inlet	Height on South side of Entrance	50 58 27	69 06 50 C. 69 05 17		9 30
	——	Station up the Inlet	51 06 30	69 24 10
	Cape Sanches	Extremity	51 06 56	69 03 30
	Tiger Mount	Summit	51 21 36	69 01 50
	——			C. 69 03 28
	C. Fairweather	South extreme.	51 32 05	68 55 15		9 0	N.W.28 feet
	Gallegos River	Observatory Mound	51 33 21	68 57 50 C. 68 56 42	21 47	8 50	46 feet
	North Hill	——	51 49 56	69 24 30
	Friars	Smallest & Northernm.	51 49 12	69 10 00
	——	Largest & Southernm.	51 50 08	69 09 00
	Convents	Northern	51 52 09	69 18 40
	——	Southern	51 53 01	69 17 00

---

TABLE II.

———

STRAIT OF MAGALHAENS,

INCLUDING

THE COCKBURN AND BARBARA CHANNELS, AND THE OTWAY AND SKYRING WATERS.

Coast, &c.	Name of		Latitude South.	Longitude West.	Variat East.	Tide.
	Place.	Particular Spot.				H. W. at F. & C.	Direction of Flood, and Rise of Tide.
			° ′ ″	° ′ ″	° ′	H. M.
East Entrance	Cape Virgins	S.E. extreme.	52 18 35	68 16 55 C. 68 17 46	22 30		Northward.
	Dungeness	Extremity	52 22 40	68 21 50
	Mount Dinero	Summit	52 18 25	68 30 00
Possession Bay	Cape Possession	Centre of Cliff	52 16 35	68 53 35
	Mount Aymond	Summit	52 06 35	69 30 30
	Cape Orange	Peak on the S. side of the entrance of the first Narrow	52 28 10	69 26 05		H. W. about 3 0, but the tide begins to set to the N.E. at noon.	36 feet.
	C. Espiritu Santo	Summit 5 miles inland	52 42 30	68 40 51
Eastern part (2d Narrow to Port Famine)	Cape Gregory	Extremity	52 38 18	70 09 50
	——	Bush on summit of land	52 38 03	C. 70 09 51	23 34
	Elizabeth Island	North-east bluff.	52 49 18	C. 70 33 25
	Oazy Harbour	Entrance	52 42 20	70 31 06
	Pecket Harb.	Beach opposite the anchorage outside.	52 46 45	70 40 31	23 49	12 0
	Cape Negro	South-east extreme	52 56 44	C. 70 45 30
	Sandy Point	Extremity	53 09 00	70 49 31
	Point St. Mary	——	53 21 40	70 54 01 C. 70 53 26	23 26
	Rocky Point	——	53 35 18	70 51 58
	Port Famine	Observatory	53 38 12	C. 70 54 01	23 30	12 0	South. 5 or 6 ft.
	——	Point Santa Anna	53 37 55	70 51 19
	Cape Monmouth	Extremity	53 23 30	70 24 01
	Point Boqueron	——	53 28 35	70 12 01
	Cape St Valentyn	Summit at extreme	53 33 30	70 30 01
	Nose Peak	Summit	53 32 30	70 01 36
Admiralty Sound	Port Cooke	Rivulet in the Bay	54 17 10	69 58 01
	Latitude Point	Extremity	54 16 45	69 50 51
	Bottom of Admiralty Sound	Summit of Mount Hope	54 26 30	68 59 11
	Curious Peak	Summit	54 19 35	70 08 31
East Coast of Dawson Island	Mount Seymour	Summit	54 19 05	69 46 36
	Ainsworth Harb.	Project point on W. side	54 23 00	69 34 01
	Parry Harbour	Outer point on W. side	54 25 20	69 16 31
	Card Point	Point	54 21 00	69 12 01
	Willes Bay	Islet in Ph. Gidley Cove	53 48 15	70 31 46
	Cannon Point	Extremity	54 03 47	70 25 31
	Soapsuds Cove	Rivulet	54 16 28	70 13 46
	Sharp Peak	Summit	54 06 50	70 23 01
	Cape Expectation	South Extremity, or trend at entrance of Gabriel Channel	54 19 00	70 15 21
Gabriel Channel	Port Waterfall	Port	54 20 20	69 19 01
	Nar. of Gabriel C.	Midway	54 15 08	69 32 31
	Cone Point	Summit	54 06 35	70 48 01
Dawson Island	Mount Graves	South summit	53 45 00	70 33 46
	St. Peter and St. Paul Islet	Centre	53 42 10	70 42 01
	Port San Antonio	Humming Bird Cove	53 53 52 53 54 25	70 50 26
	——	S.W. pt of North Island	53 54 03	70 51 51
Coast from Pt. Famine to C. Froward	Mount Tarn	Peak at North end	53 45 06	70 58 26
	Cape San Isidro	Extremity	53 47 00	70 55 03	23 30	1 0	8 feet Southw.
	C. Remarquable	Extremity	53 49 25	71 00 31
	Nassau Island	South-east point	53 50 23	71 00 56
	St. Nicholas Bay	Islet in the centre	53 50 38	71 03 13		2 6
Cape Froward to the Jerome Channel, and North shore of Clarence Island	Cape Froward	Summit of the Morro	53 53 43	71 14 31		1 0	N.E.
	Cape Holland	S. point of Wood Bay	53 48 33	71 35 41
	Bougainville Sugar Loaf	Summit of Peak	53 57 32	71 24 13
	Cascade Harb.	Small rock in Harbour	53 57 48	71 27 46	24 18
	Cordes Bay	Outer-point West side	53 42 55	71 53 08
	Bell Bay	N.W. pt. Bradley Cove	53 53 15	71 47 16
	Cape Inglefield	Islet off it	53 50 20	71 51 41
	Cape Gallant	Extremity	53 42 11	71 59 01	24 35
	Port Gallant	Wigwam Point	53 41 43	C. 71 56 57	24 04	9 3	5 or 6 ft.
	Charles Island	Wallis Mark	53 43 57	72 02 00
	Rupert Island	Summit	53 42 00	72 08 00
	Monmouth Islands	Summit of largest island	53 39 40	72 08 39
	Point Elizabeth	Passage Point Reef	53 37 00	72 08 41
	Point York	Extremity	53 32 35
	Bachelor River	Entrance	53 33 00	C. 72 17 11	24 06	1 46
	Jerome Channel	Bluff extremity, or W. point of entrance	53 31 00	72 20 41
Crooked Reach	Cape Cross-tide	Extremity	53 33 03	72 22 16		At Borja Bay.
						1 50	6 feet
	El Morrion, or St. David Head	Extremity	53 33 20	72 28 31
	Cape Quod	Extremity	53 32 10	72 29 41
Long Reach	Snowy Sound	Centre of Ulloa Island	53 31 30	72 36 13
	Cape Notch	Extremity	53 25 00	72 45 11
	Playa Parda Cove	Anchorage	53 18 30	72 56 00		1 8
	Half-port Bay	Centre	53 11 36	C. 73 14 57
	Cape Monday	Extremity	53 09 12	73 18 16
Sea Reach	St. Anne Island	Centre	53 06 30	73 12 46
	Cape Upright	Extremity, North trend	53 04 03	73 32 16
	Cape Providence	——	52 59 00	73 31 00	23 22
	Cape Tamar	Observatory, Tamar Bay	52 55 06	C. 73 44 02	23 24	3 5	5 feet
	——	Extremity of Cape	52 55 30	73 44 26			Eastwd.
	Beaufort Bay	Stragglers, Southernmost	52 48 03	73 46 00
	Cape Phillip	Sholl Bay	52 44 05	C. 73 48 20
	——	Summit over the Cape	52 44 20	73 53 00
	Cape Parker	Station near it	52 41 49	C. 74 07 10
	Point Felix	Station on its East side	52 56 31
	——	Extremity	52 56 00	74 09 00
	Valentine Harb.	Mount (see Plan)	52 55 00	74 15 00		2 0
	Cape Cuevas	Extremity	52 53 19	74 17 30
	Cape Cortado	Extremity	52 49 37	74 22 56	23 40
	Westminst. Hall	Eastern summit	52 37 18	74 20 26
	Observation Mt.	——	52 28 58	C. 74 32 18	25 09	3 0
	Harbr. of Mercy	Observation Islet	52 44 57	C. 74 35 31	23 48	1 47 or 0 58	4 feet
	Cape Pillar	Extremity	52 42 53	C. 74 37 41		1 0
	Cape Victory	Extremity	52 16 10	C. 74 50 55
	Evangelists, or Isles of Direction	Sugar Loaf to South Eastward	52 24 18	75 02 56			Variable
Magdalen Channel	Vernal	Pinnacle on summit	54 06 28	70 57 40
	Anxious Point	Extremity	54 06 50	70 53 26
	Mount Boqueron	Centre pinnacle	54 10 40	70 56 00
	Labyrinth Islands	Summit of Jane Island	54 19 10	70 57 36
	Cape Turn	Extremity	54 24 08	71 04 00
	Warping Cove	——	54 24 08	C. 71 05 25	24 57
	Mnt. Sarmiento	N.E. peak (6800 feet)	54 27 00	70 47 30
Cockburn Channel	King Island	Summit	54 22 38	71 13 15			Westwd 6 or 8 ft.
	Prowse Islands	Station	54 22 13	71 20 57
	Park Bay	Beach on isthmus	54 19 00	71 15 00	24 56	0 30	6 or 7 ft.
	Bayne Islands	Cove at the N. end of of South-east island	54 18 15	71 35 50
	Eliza Bay	Centre	54 17 45	71 37 00
	Kirke Rocks	Body	54 22 30	71 42 30
	Enderby Island	Centre	54 13 00	71 53 31
Melville Sound	Mount Skyring	Summit (3000 feet)	54 24 44	72 07 40
	Tom Harbour	Cove near it	54 24 23	C. 72 02 07 72 02 31	25 19
	North Cove	Entrance	54 24 27	C. 72 14 51 72 14 30
	Fury Harbour	West Point	54 28 25	72 15 00
	West Furies	Body	54 34 30	72 17 00
	East Furies	Body	54 38 00	72 08 00
	Cape Schomberg	Summit over extremity	54 38 48	72 02 46
	Cape Kempe	Peaks over	54 23 30	72 26 46
	Copper Kettle	Summit	54 23 50	72 21 41
Barbara Channel	Bynoe Island	Centre	54 19 30	72 09 00
	Mortimer Island	Summit	54 18 12	72 16 00
	Hewett Bay	South point	54 15 30	72 16 51	24 0	0 30	6 or 7 ft. Southw.
	Brown Bay	Anchorage	54 12 20	72 16 00
	Bell Mount	Summit	54 09 54	72 11 51
	North Anchorage	——	54 09 25	C. 72 11 21	24 12
	Bedford Bay	Entrance	54 00 15	72 18 31	24 0	0 30	7 or 8 ft. Southw.
	Field Bay	Point Cairncross	53 51 06	72 16 31
	Cayetano Peak	Summit	53 53 04	72 06 00
	Shag Narrow	North end	53 51 24	72 10 31		0 0	[[208]]
	Dighton Bay	Latitude Beach	53 48 40	72 09 36
	Point Elvira	Extremity	53 49 12	72 00 11
	Cape Edgeworth	Extremity	53 47 03	72 05 16
Jerome Channel	Bachelor Peak	Northernmost	53 29 30	72 15 46
	Three Island Bay	Centre	53 28 30	72 20 20
	Real Cove	Centre	53 24 30	72 23 55
Indian Sound	Cutter Cove	Centre	53 21 45	72 23 20		4 0
	False Corona	Smallest islet	53 21 49	C. 72 28 55
Otway Water	Bennett Island	——	53 13 14	72 16 46
	Fanny Bay	Gidley islet at S. entrance	53 11 00	72 08 30		5 0
	Point Martin	——	53 07 00	C. 72 00 51 71 58 00	23 58	5 0
	Inglefield Island	North Point	53 04 20	C. 71 52 27 71 49 30	23 56	4 0
	Shell-note Point	Extremity	52 51 34	71 29 50
	Point Hall	Extremity	52 49 45	71 22 10		4 0	N.W.
Fitz-Roy Passage	Donkin Cove	Spot marked on Plan	52 45 30	C. 71 21 36 71 19 55	23 40
	Wigwam Cove	Do.	52 39 30	C. 71 25 20 71 24 10	23 34	Sets to East until 1 30
Skyring Water	Euston opening	Centre	52 52 40	72 18 00
	Dynevor Castle	Summit	52 34 30	72 28 40

---

TABLE III.

———

THE WESTERN COAST, AND INTERIOR SOUNDS,

FROM

THE STRAIT OF MAGALHAENS TO THE NORTH EXTREMITY OF THE GULF OF PEÑAS.

Coast, &c.	Name of		Latitude South.	Longitude West.	Variat East.	Tide.
	Place.	Particular Spot.				H. W. at F. & C.	Direction of Flood, and Rise of Tide.
			° ′ ″	° ′ ″	° ′	H. M.
Smyth Channel	Fairway Isles	——	52 43 25	73 44 25
	Deep Harbour	South point of entrance	52 41 10	73 44 40	23 04
	Good Bay	North point	52 34 16	73 42 45	23 20	0 30	6 or 7ft.
	Oake Bay	Larch Island	52 25 38	73 43 25
	Otter Bay	Anchorage	52 23 50	73 40 15
	Summer Isles	Summit of larger island	52 20 25	73 39 20
	Fortune Bay	Rivulet	52 15 48	73 41 25	23 40	0 50	7 or 8 ft.
	Point Palmer	Extremity	52 13 38	73 38 40
	Isthmus Bay	Centre	52 10 30	73 36 40
	Welcome Bay	Entrance of Cove	52 09 15	73 43 03	23 40	0 50	7 or 8 ft. (Flood sets to the Northward.)
	Point St. Julian	Extremity	52 00 50	73 45 40
	Island Bay	Island at south side of port	51 59 05	73 49 00
	Hamper Bay	Anchorage	51 54 08	73 53 15
	Rocky Cove	N.W. point	51 50 04	74 05 20
	Cape Cheer	Summit	51 41 35	74 15 00
Lord Nelson Strait	Narrow Creek	——	51 47 22	74 09 30	24 09
	Mount Trafalgar	Summit	51 48 10	74 21 00
	Point West	Extremity	51 31 45	74 04 57
	Cape Kendall	Extremity	51 27 15	74 06 20
	Relief Harbour	Rock on West side	51 26 27	74 07 00	24 40
St. Estevan Channel	Escape Bay	Anchorage	51 22 00	74 12 00			Northw.
	Mount Trigo	Summit	51 15 04	74 12 00
	Cape Donaldson	Extremity	51 06 10	74 16 40
	Rejoice Harbour	North point of entrance	51 02 12	74 16 00
	Anchor Bay	North point of entrance	50 55 00	74 16 40
	Latitude Cove	——	50 50 54	74 16 00
	Guia Narrow	North extremity in mid channel	50 43 00	74 23 10		2 8	Southw.
Sarmiento Channel	Bonduca Island	Centre	50 55 00	74 09 40
	Puerto Bueno	N. pt. of Schooner Cove	50 58 35	74 07 10	21 00	1 40	Flood sets to the South.
	Blanche Passage	Entrance.	51 13 40	73 59 00
	Port San Mateo	——	51 23 50	74 00 35
	Cape St. Vincent	Northern trend	51 30 00	73 58 35
	Point Balthazar	Extremity	51 38 05	73 56 55
	Cape San Bartholomew	——	51 46 05	73 51 15
	Staines Peninsul.	Isthmus	51 40 35	73 37 00
	Cape Flamstead	Rock off the Extremity	51 46 35	73 48 00
Union Sound	Shingle Road	Anchorage	51 51 30	73 42 30
	Point Maskelyne	Extremity	51 55 00	73 42 30
	Brinkley Island	Summit	51 58 45	73 39 10
	Peñas de Altura	——	52 06 05	73 36 55
	Crater Cove	——	52 04 10	73 27 20
	Stony Bay	West point	52 06 03	73 23 58
	Cape Año Nuevo	North Extremity	52 07 30	73 27 40
Interior Sounds	Mount Burney	Centre peak	52 19 42	73 22 00
	Ancon Sin Salida	Summit of large island opposite to Cape Earnest	52 12 20	73 15 15
	Cape Earnest	Extremity	52 10 52	73 14 30
	Leeward Bay	Islets within anchorage	52 11 00	73 10 30
	Whale Boat Bay	Beach	52 05 32	73 08 35
	Cape Retford	Extremity	52 04 38	73 02 20
	Point Return	"	52 03 39	72 58 50
	Virginia Island	S. E. Point	52 06 16	72 58 00
	Easter Bay	Beach	51 53 10	C. 72 53 16
	Canal of the Mountains	Bottom	51 34 00	73 23 00
	Last Hope Inlet	——	51 25 38	73 09 48
	Focus Island	Summit (centre)	51 53 23	72 44 15
	Obstruction Sd.	Bottom	52 29 00	72 53 35
	——	S. E. bight, or the nearest part to Skyring Water	52 22 35	72 29 40
	Point San Juan	S. W. Extremity	50 39 52	74 29 38
Concepçion Strait	Guard Bay	Anchorage	50 34 10	C. 74 32 57
	Innocent Island	Summit at North End	50 31 55	74 43 00
	Tapering Point	Extremity	50 28 55	74 38 30
	Point Hocio de Cayman	——	50 24 30	74 48 35
	Walker Bay	Beach	50 21 15	74 48 00
	Molyneux Sound	Rock to N. of Point Michael	50 16 48	74 44 45
	Portland Bay	Centre of island fronting the anchorage	50 14 42	74 36 48
	Expectation Bay	Anchorage	50 25 08	74 13 15
	Tom Bay	Beach near anchorage	50 11 00	74 41 30
	Open Bay	Summit of Island off	50 07 00	74 31 00
	Pt. Brazo Ancho	Extremity	50 08 35	74 37 25
Gulf of Trinidad	Red Bill Island	Summit	50 05 30	74 44 15
	Windward Bay	Beach	50 03 12	74 38 00
	Double Peak Mt.	Eastern Peak	49 57 35	74 36 00
	Cathedral Mount	Summit	49 46 03	74 40 50
	Neesham Bay	Beach	49 53 54	C. 74 55 57
	Easter Peak	Summit	50 00 15	75 09 35
	Port Henry	Observatory	50 00 18	C. 75 15 11	20 50	Noon.	5 feet
	Seal Rocks	Body	49 54 48	75 14 02
	Cape Tres Puntas	Pillar Rock at the extremity	50 02 00	75 19 30
	Cape Primero	Extremity	49 50 04	75 32 07	20 58
Wide Channel	Mount Corso	Summit	49 45 02	75 28 55
	Small-craft Bight	——	50 01 20	74 27 00
	Sandy Bay	East Point.	50 45 25	74 13 10
	Saumarez Island	Bold Head	49 32 18	74 03 20
	Fury Cove	Head	49 31 46	74 00 00		1 15	W.S.W.
Sir Geo. Eyre Sd.	Falcon Inlet	Cape Wellesley, extrem.	49 28 15	73 51 30
	Bottom of the Sd.	——	48 56 50	73 40 00
Mesier Channel	Rocky Bight	West point.	49 25 35	74 10 40
	Level Bay	Outer point, N. side	49 07 35	74 11 30
	English Narrow	South end	49 06 00	74 13 20	12 45
	——	North end	48 55 30	74 13 38
	Halt Bay.	——	48 53 50	74 13 10		12 30	S.S.E.
	Iceberg Sound	Station Rock, on the N. side of entrance	48 39 23	74 11 20
	——	Bottom	48 47 00	74 10 10
	White Kelp Cove	Rock off the entrance	48 30 46	74 15 35
	Middle Island	North point	48 27 35	74 20 50		12 0	Northw.
	Waterfall Bay	Bottom	48 17 00	74 22 00			N. by W.
	Island Harbour	West point	48 06 25	74 28 38
	Millar Island	South extreme	48 03 20	74 35 30
	——	Millar's Monument, North extreme	47 55 12	74 41 50
	Campana Island	Summit at South end	47 45 10	74 37 30
	Cape Roman	Extremity	47 44 37	74 52 45
Guaianeco Islands	Ayautau Island	Summit on the largest	47 34 22	74 40 30
	Wager Island	Easternmost point	47 41 05	74 55 25
	——	Supposed position of the Wager's wreck	47 39 40	75 06 30
	Speedwell Bay	North Beach	47 40 17	C. 75 08 34 75 10 20
	Rundle Pass	South end	47 45 30	75 05 45
	Islet, the most Northern of the group	Summit	47 38 30	75 14 25
	Good Harbour	Isthmus at the bottom	47 45 00	75 20 50
	Byron Island	Most western point	47 44 50	75 24 32
Gulf of Peñas	Channel's Mouth	Body of rocks off the South entrance	47 30 20	74 33 20
	——	Hazard Isles, centre and westernmost	47 29 30	74 24 50
		E side of northern islet	47 28 56	C. 74 24 13
	——	Bottom of east arm	47 35 12	73 53 32
	——	Bottom of south arm	47 46 10	74 09 20
	Xavier Island	Ignacio Bay (beach)	47 10 28	C. 74 25 49	19 50
	——	Xavier Bay (Lyndsey Pt)	47 05 00	74 16 40
	Jesuit Sound	North point of entrance, or head of False Harbour	47 07 15	74 12 30
	Kelly Harbour	North point of entrance	46 58 54	C. 74 05 41
	Cirujano Islet	North-east point	46 51 15	74 21 50
	San Tadeo River	Sand Hills on East side of entrance	46 47 40	74 15 50		11 45	Head of St. Quintin Gulf. 6 ft.
	Purcell Island	Summit	46 55 30	74 39 55
	Isthmus	Centre	46 50 20	74 41 35
	Port Otway	Observatory	46 49 31	C. 75 19 00	20 32	11 37	6 feet.
	Sugar Loaf	Summit	46 42 40	75 15 00
	Dome of St. Paul	——	46 36 56	75 13 20
Peninsula of Tres Montes	Pt. Mitford Rees	Extremity	46 43 08	75 40 55
	Cape Raper	——	46 48 20	75 39 35
	Cape Tres Montes	——	46 58 57	75 27 30
Coast of Wellington and Campana Islands	Bynoe Island	Entrance of Fallos Ch.	47 57 55	75 23 45
	Break Sea Island	Northernmost point	48 01 00	75 29 15
	Port Santa Barbara	Observation Inlet	48 02 15	C. 75 29 12	19 10	11 45	3 to 4 feet at Neaps
	Dundee Rock	Summit	48 06 16	75 42 00
	Cape Dyer	Extremity	48 05 55	75 34 35
	Sisters	Centre peak	48 37 40	75 28 10
	Parallel Peak	Summit	48 45 40	75 29 35
Coast of Madre de Dios	Cape Montague	Summit	49 07 20	75 33 40
	April Peak	——	50 10 52	75 17 35
	Cape Santiago	——	50 42 02	75 24 00
	Cape Sta. Lucia	——	51 30 00	75 25 00
	Cape Isabel	——	51 51 40	75 09 30

---

TABLE IV.

———

OUTER, OR SEA COAST, OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO.

———

In order to adapt the longitudes of the places mentioned in this Table to the meridians of Port Famine and St. Martin Cove, at Cape Horn, the following corrections[^[209]] have been made to Captain Fitz-Roy's chronometrical results, viz:—

Townshend Harbour Stewart Harbour Doris Cove March Harbour Good Success Bay

have been placed

0′ 11″ 023 033 16 20

to the Eastward of Captain Fitz-Roy's chronometrical deductions.

By Captain Fitz-Roy's observations St. Martin Cove would be in long. 67° 31′ 18″, which is 2′ 15″ to the Westward of the mean of upwards of thirty chronometrical results from Monte Video. The difference has, therefore, been equally divided between North Cove and St. Martin Cove; the longitude of the latter being taken at 67° 29′ 03″, and of Port Famine at 70° 54′.

Coast, &c.	Name of		Latitude South.	Longitude West.	Variat East.	Tide.
	Place.	Particular Spot.				H. W. at F. & C.	Direction of Flood, and Rise of Tide.
			° ′ ″	° ′ ″	° ′	H. M.
Sea Coast of Tierra del Fuego	Dislocation Har.	Near the projecting pt.	52 54 13	C. 74 33 03	23 53	1 40	4
	Week Islands	Saturday Harbour	53 11 26	74 14 36	24 0	2 0	4
	Latitude Bay	West point of entrance	53 18 40	74 12 6	23 56	2 5	4
	Deepwater Snd.	——	53 34 58	C. 73 34 46
	Laura Basin	North point	54 06 58	C. 73 15 20		1 0	4
	Noir Roads	Penguin Point	54 28 15	72 56 00	24 40	2 30	4
	Cape Noir	Extremity	54 30 00	73 01 30	25 00
	Tower Rock	South Easternmost	54 37 05	72 59 00
	Cape Gloucester	Summit	54 30 00	73 01 30
	Fury Harbour	Island in the entrance	54 28 00	72 14 00	24 30	2 30	4
	Isabella Sound	——	54 13 00
	North Cove	——	54 24 26	C. 72 14 46	24 30	2 30	4
	Mount Skyring	Summit	54 24 44	72 07 40
	St. Paul	South-east Peak	54 39 48	71 56 50
	Townshend Har.	Islet on N. side of Harb	54 42 15	C. 71 51 49	24 34	1 30	4
	Cape Castlereagh	Extremity	54 56 40	71 25 00
	Stewart Harbour	E side of Shelter Island	54 54 24	71 25 05	24 14	2 50	4
	Doris Cove	East Point entrance	54 58 45	71 05 35	24 16	3 0	4
	Cape Alikhoolip	Extremity	55 11 55	70 47 50
	York Minster	Summit	55 24 30	70 01 50
	March Harbour	Entrance of the Basin	55 22 35	69 53 57	24 4	3 10	4
	Adventure Cove	Rocky Pt. N end of Beach	55 21 12	60 50 00	24 40	3 10	4
	Ildefonsos	——
	Henderson Id.	——	55 35 46	68 58 00	(Mount Beaufoy.)
	——	——	55 35 54
	Orange Bay	Middle of Bay	55 30 50	C. 68 00 23	23 56	3 30	4
	St. Martin Cove	Head of the Cove	55 51 19	C. 67 29 03
	Cape Horn	Summit	55 58 41	67 10 53
	Lennox Harbour	Point at N. end of Beach	55 17 04	66 44 03	23 40	4 40	8
	Evouts Island	Centre	55 33 00	66 40 03
	Diego Ramirez	S or Boat Island, summit	56 26 35	63 36 20	24 0
	——	Northernmost Rock	56 22 25	68 36 45
	Barnevelt Islds.	Centre	55 48 54	66 39 48
	Spaniard Harb.	Point Kinnaird	54 57 05	65 42 54
	Good Success Bay	S. side near Sandy Beach	54 48 02	C. 65 09 18	22 42	4 15	9
	Cape San Diego	Extremity	54 40 35	65 01 53

---

TABLE V.

———

COAST OF CHILE.

Coast, &c.	Name of		Latitude South.	Longitude West.	Variat East.	Tide.
	Place.	Particular Spot.				H. W. at F. & C.	Direction of Flood, and Rise of Tide.
			° ′ ″	° ′ ″	° ′	H. M.
Coast of Chile	San Carlos Chilóe	Sandy Point	41 51 34	C. 73 50 25	18 33	11 15	6
	Talcahuano	Fort Galvez	36 41 58	C. 73 03 05	16 47
	Valparaiso	Cerro Alegre	33 01 58	C. 71 34 12	15 18
	Juan Fernandez	Fort San Juan, in Cumberland Bay	33 37 36	C. 78 46 04	17 13

---

TABLE

OF

OBSERVED OR ESTIMATED HEIGHTS OF MOUNTAINS

AND

PARTICULAR PARTS OF THE SEA COAST.

Ang. denotes the height to have been ascertained by Angular Measurement; Bar. by Barometer; and Est. by Estimation.

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. ———
CAPE VERD ISLANDS.
	FEET.
Peak at the N.W. end of San Antonio	7086 Ang.
Pico Antonio, on St. Jago	4725 Ang.
Pico of Fuego	8815 Ang.
SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN.
——— COAST OF BRAZIL.
Corcovado, at Rio de Janeiro	2330 Bar. 5 Obs.
Sugar Loaf,do	1275 Ang.
Cubatoa, at Santos (Telegraph House)	2502 Bar. 5 Obs.
City of San Paulo (Base of the Cathedral)	2444 Bar. 16 Obs.
——— EAST COAST OF PATAGONIA.
Cliffy Coast, near Port St. Julian	300 to 330 Est.
Mount Entrance (Santa Cruz)	356 Ang.
Cape Fairweather and the Cliffs to the Northward	300 Est.
Cape Virgins and the Cliffs to the Northward	300 Est.
——— STRAIT OF MAGALHAENS.
Cape Possession	300 Est.
Table Mountain behind Cape Gregory	1500 to 2000 Est.
Point Santa Anna (Port Famine)	104 Ang.
Mount St. Philipdo.	1308 Ang.
Mount Graves, North Summit (Dawson Island)	1315 Ang.
Do.Southdo.do.	1498 Ang.
Lomas Range, the highest part over Port San Antonio	2963 Ang.
Mount Tarn (Peak at the N.E. end)	2602 Bar. 4 Obs. 2852 Ang.
Mount Buckland, Gabriel Channel	4000 Est.
Mount Boqueron (entrance of Magdalen Channel)	3000 Est.
Mount Sarmiento (bottom ofdo.)	6800 Ang.
Pyramid Hill(do.do.)	2500 Ang.
Cape Froward (Land behind the Morro)	2500 Est.
Cape Holland	1800 Est.
Mount Pond	2500 Est.
Mount Cross, Port Gallant	2290 Bar. 2264 Ang. 3 Obs.
Average height of the land near Sea Reach	1000 to 2500 Est.
——— OUTER COAST OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO.
Kater Peak, on Hermite Island	1742 Bar. 4 Obs.
Bell Mount, near Strait le Maire	4000 Est.[[210]]
Noir Island	600 Est.
SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN.
——— WESTERN COAST OF PATAGONIA.
Mount Burney	4800 Ang.
Cape Three Points	2000 Est.
Mountain within Kelly Sound	1540 Ang.
Sugar Loaf (Marine Islands, in Holloway Sound)	1836 Ang.
Dome of St. Paul (do.do.)	2284 Ang.
Highest peak of Juan Fernandez (The Yungue, or Anvil)	3005 Ang.

---

MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS,

DISCUSSED BY

MAJOR SABINE, R.A., F.R.S.

1. Observations of the Dip.

Captain Fitz-Roy was furnished with two Dip Circles, one by Gambey, and the other by Dollond; the latter supplied by Government, and Gambey's purchased by himself.

Gambey's, being found to give results more accordant with each other than Dollond's, was used at all the stations, except Rio de Janeiro. The Circle was nine and a-half inches in diameter, and was furnished with two needles. This instrument was, in all respects, a very superior one. It was placed for observation on a stand, which raised it from two to three feet above the ground. The needle was observed in eight positions, and as the readings accorded sufficiently well with each other, their arithmetical mean has been taken as the dip resulting from the observation. The eight positions were as follows: 1, with the graduated face of the circle towards the east; 2, with the same towards the west. The needle was then taken out and replaced with the ends of the axle changed, so that each end rested on a different plane to what it did before; it was then observed, 3, with the face of the circle towards the west, and 4, with the same to the east. The poles were then inverted, so that the end of the needle which was before a north pole became a south pole, and the four positions were again repeated. The arc indicated by both ends of the needle was read in every position: an observation of the dip consisted, consequently, of sixteen readings. In the subjoined tabular record these are comprised in four entries, a mean being taken of the arc read at the two extremities of the needle, and of the positions 1 and 3, 2 and 4: 1 and 3 form the column, a; 2 and 4 the column, a′; and the same positions, with the poles reversed, the columns a″ and a″′.

Magnetic Dip.

Station.	Date.	Above the Sea.	Therm.	Obs- erver.	Needle.	Needle				Dip Deduced.	Place of Observation.
						Marked end a N. Pole.		Marked end a S. Pole.
						a	a′	a″	a″′
	1831	Feet.	°			° ′	° ′	° ′	° ′	° ′ ° ′
Plymouth	Nov. 20	50	58	F.	1	69 49	69 06,5	69 53	69 08	69 29,1 69 27,6N. 69 26,1	Athenæum
		50	58	F.	2	69 23,5	69 29,5	69 26	69 25,5
	1832
Port Praya	Jan. 28	20	71	F.	1	46 46,5	46 19	46 36	45 40	46 20,4 46 20,2N. 46 20,0	Landing Place
		20	71	F.	2	46 16,5	46 23,5	46 23	46 17
Bahia	Mar. 6	16	83	S.		6 18	6 02	3 27,5	3 38	4 51,5 4 55,8N. 4 28,7 5 07,7 5 13,5	San Antonio (Dollond's Instr.)
		16	83	S.		7 19,5	7 02	1 39	1 54,5
		16	84	S.		7 59	9 29,5	1 08,5	1 54
		16	84	S.		6 29	6 02,5	4 11,5	4 11
Rio de Janeiro	Apr. 30	10	78	S.		13 42	12 05,5	14 27	14 05,5	13 34,2 13 37,4S. 13 52,7 13 24,5	Villegagnon Island. (Dollond's Instr.)
		10	78	S.		13 02	11 54,5	15 15,5	15 16,5
		10	79	S.		14 24	14 06	12 04,5	13 03
Blanco Bay	Sept.5	18	49	F.	1	40 45	42 50	40 50	43 42,5	42 01,9 41 54 S. 41 53,4 41 51,2 41 49,4	The Wells at Point Johnson.
		18	49	F.	2	42 34	41 47,5	41 15	41 57
	Sept.19	18	67	F.	1	41 28	42 02,5	41 32,5	42 22
		18	67	F.	2	41 48	41 52	41 46,5	41 51
	1833
Falkland Islands	Mar. 12	8	48	F.	1	53 23	53 27	56 22	51 48	53 45 53 30,4S. 53 07,2 53 34,7 53 34,8	Berkeley Sound, Magellan or Johnson Cove.
		8	49	F.	2	53 25	53 32	50 47	54 45
	Mar.13	8	50	F.	1	53 08	53 53	53 19	53 59
		8	51	F.	2	53 40	53 38	53 27	53 34
Monte Video	Nov. 25	10	84	F.	1	35 10	34 40	35 28,5	34 40	34 59,4 34 51,2S. 34 43,1	Rat Island.
		10	84	F.	2	34 55	34 47,5	34 20	34 50
Port Desire	Dec. 30	48	58	F.	1	53 05	52 29	53 20	52 22,5	52 49,1 52 43,5S. 52 37,9	Spanish Ruins.
		48	58	F.	2	52 45	52 27,5	52 49	52 30
	1834
Falkland Islands	Mar. 19	60	45	F.	1	53 16,5	53 21,5	52 58	54 05	53 25,2 53 19,6S. 53 14,7 53 18,9 53 19,7	Berkeley Sound, Port Louis.
		60	45	F.	2	53 40	52 58	53 23	52 58
		60	45	F.	1	53 23	52 45	53 59	53 08,5
		60	45	F.	2	53 19	53 19	53 22	53 19
River Santa Cruz	May 10	20	48	F.	1	55 37	54 37	55 45	54 48	55 11,7 55 15,7S. 55 19,7	Keel Point
		20	48	F.	2	55 30	55 21	55 21	55 07
Port San Andres	Dec. 24	8	62	F.	1	54 32	54 12	54 40	54 00	54 21,0 54 13,6S. 54 06,2	Christmas Cove
		8	62	F.	2	54 19	54 10	54 07	53 49
	1835
Port Low	Jan. 15	6	57	F.	1	51 27	50 44	51 42	51 00	51 13,2 51 20,1S. 51 27,0	Observation Islet
		6	57	F.	2	51 48	51 40	51 10	51 10
Chilóe	Jan. 26	10	66	F.	1	49 12	48 29	49 30	48 41	48 58 48 58,9S. 48 59,8	San Carlos, Pt. Arena.
		10	66	F.	2	49 09	49 02	48 57	48 51
Valdivia	Feb. 18	8	69	F.	1	46 58	46 18	47 22	46 34	46 48 46 46,5S. 46 45	Corral.
		8	69	F.	2	46 56	46 42	46 44	46 38
Concepçion	Apr. 13	90	59	F.	1	43 30	42 47	43 47	42 58	43 15,5 43 15,4S. 43 15,2	Fort Galvez.
		90	59	F.	2	43 25	43 15	43 11	43 10
Valparaiso	June 27	15	57	Sg.	1	38 24	37 26	38 33,5	37 46	38 02,4 38 03,1S. 38 03,8	Near Fort St. Antonio.
		15	57	Sg.	2	38 17,5	38 01,5	38 00	37 56
Callao	Aug. 26	12	64	Sg.	1	6 46,5	6 50	7 34,5	7 24	7 08,7 7 02,8S. 6 56,9	Arsenal.
		12	64	Sg.	2	7 05	6 35	6 54,5	7 04,5
Galapagos Islands	Sept.22	6	72	Sg.	1	9 08	8 53,5	8 35	8 30	8 46,6 8 41,2N. 8 35,9	Chatham Island, Stephen Bay
		6	73	Sg.	2	8 29,5	8 40,5	8 42,5	8 31
Galapagos Islands	Oct. 16	8	70	F.	1	9 47,5	9 41	9 17	9 13,5	9 29,7 9 28,6N. 9 27,6	Charles Island.
		8	70	F.	2	9 24,5	9 32,5	9 26	9 27,5
Otaheite, or Tahiti	Nov. 16	4	79	Sg.	1	30 02	30 06	30 39,5	29 51	30 09,6 30 13,5S. 30 10,6 30 23 30 10,6	Point Venus.
		4	79	Sg.	2	30 21	29 58	30 10,5	30 13
	Nov. 23	4	80	Sg.	1	30 17,5	30 11	30 58	30 05,5
		4	80	Sg.	2	30 18	30 07,5	30 08	30 09
New Zealand	Dec. 23	10	63	Sg.	1	59 44	59 04,5	60 09,5	59 14	59 33 59 32 S. 59 31	Paihia Islet.
		10	64	Sg.	2	59 43,5	59 28,5	59 32,5	59 19,5
	1836
Sydney	Jan. 15	24	72	Sg.	1	63 00,5	62 26,5	63 19	62 35	62 50,2 62 49,4S. 62 48,5	Fort Macquarie.
		24	72	Sg.	2	62 55,5	62 48,5	62 53,5	62 35,5
Hobart Town	Feb. 6	35	51	Sg.	1	70 51,5	70 13	71 02,5	70 15,5	70 35,6 70 34,9S. 70 34,2	Fort Mulgrave.
		35	51	Sg.	2	70 43,5	70 27	70 37	70 25,5
King George Sound	Mar. 8	4	67	Sg.	1	64 57,5	64 17,5	65 09	64 25	64 42,2 64 41,3S. 64 40,5	Landing Place.
		4	67	Sg.	2	64 49,5	64 35	64 44,5	64 33
Keeling Islands	Apr. 4	3	79	Sg.	1	38 48,5	37 45,5	39 08	38 24	38 31,5 38 33,1S. 38 34,7	Direction Inlet.
		3	79	Sg.	2	38 43,5	38 32	38 35,5	38 28
Mauritius	May 3	5	81	Sg.	1	54 21,5	53 23	54 41	53 46,5	54 03,1 54 00,8S. 53 58,6	Cooper Island.
		5	81	Sg.	2	54 08,5	54 00,5	53 58	53 47,5
Cape of Good Hope	June 2	4	64	Sg.	1	52 53	51 53	53 14,5	52 22	52 35,6 52 34,4S. 52 33,2	Simon Town.
		4	64	Sg.	2	52 40,5	52 32,5	52 34	52 26
	June 10	35	65	Sg.	1	53 03	52 37	53 14	52 27,5	52 35,4 52 35,5S. 52 35,5	Observatory (outside)
		35	65	Sg.	2	52 39	52 40	52 38	52 25
St. Helena	July 11	17	70	Sg.	1	18 01	17 18,5	18 43,5	18 10,5	18 03,4 18 01,2S. 17 59,0	James Town.
		17	70	Sg.	2	18 06,5	17 48,5	17 55	18 05,5
Ascension Island	July 21	15	72	Sg.	1	2 02,5	2 01	1 22,5	1 15,5	1 40,4 1 39,2N. 1 38,0	Barrack Square.
		15	72	Sg.	2	1 25,5	1 52	1 48,5	1 26
Bahia	Aug. 4	6	74	Sg.	1	5 34,5	5 29	6 28	6 10,5	5 55,5 5 53,5N. 5 51,5	San Antonio.
		6	74	Sg.	2	6 01	5 48,5	5 35	6 01,6
Pernambuco	Aug. 13	5	76	F.	1	13 37	13 24	13 05	12 52	13 14,5 13 12,9N. 13 11,5	Arsenal.
		5	76	F.	2	13 10	13 15	13 15	13 05
Port Praya	Sept. 1	18	80	Sg.	1	46 19,5	45 22,5	45 52	45 01	45 38,9 45 46,5N. 45 41,6 46 01,7 45 58,6 45 38,4 45 40,0	Landing Place.
		18	80	Sg.	2	45 42,5	45 40,5	45 47	45 36,5
	Sept. 2	25	81	Sg.	1	46 49,5	45 53,5	46 07,5	45 16,5
		25	81	Sg.	2	46 04	45 52,5	45 54,5	46 02,5
	Sept. 3	50	80	Sg.	1	45 15	45 22	45 48	45 08,5		Quail Island.
		50	80	Sg.	2	45 42,5	45 33	47 47,5	45 37
Terceira	Sept.21	4	72	Sg.	1	68 39	67 45	68 24	67 45,5	68 08,4 68 06 N. 68 03,5	Angra.
		4	72	Sg.	2	67 58,5	67 59	68 14	68 02,5
Falmouth	Oct. 4	100	58	F.	1	69 29	69 26	69 16	69 19	69 22,5 69 19,5N. 69 16,6	Mr. Fox's.
		100	58	F.	2	69 17	69 06,5	69 27,5	69 15,5
Plymouth	Oct. 12	50	54	Sg.	1	69 54	68 59,5	69 46,5	68 40,5	69 20,1 69 18,5N. 69 16,9	Mount Wise.
		50	54	Sg.	2	69 15,5	69 09	69 33	69 10
Plymouth	Oct. 15	100	56	Sg.	1	69 57	68 54	69 16,5	68 43	69 20,1 69 17,6N. 69 15	Athenæum.
		100	56	Sg.	2	69 17	69 02,5	69 29,5	69 11

Observers:—F. Capt. Fitz-Roy.S. Lieut. Sulivan.Sg. Mr. Stebbing

---

2. Observations of Intensity.

The method employed by Captain Fitz-Roy to determine the variations of the magnetic force was that of noting the time of vibration of a magnetic cylinder suspended horizontally.

The cylinder was one which had been given by M. Hansteen, in 1826, to Captain Phillip Parker King, R.N., and had been used by him during the survey of the coast of South America, which he conducted from 1826 to 1830. The apparatus in which it was vibrated, both in Captain King's and Captain Fitz-Roy's voyages, was the well-known one of M. Hansteen.

By observations made with this cylinder on the 22d March 1826, and again on the 24th January 1830, in the garden of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, it appeared that its time of performing 300 vibrations had increased from 734,45 seconds in 1826, to 775,80 seconds in 1831; or 41,35 seconds in 1,770 days. A change of such magnitude in the magnetic intensity of the instrument employed to measure the variations of the terrestrial intensity, and which ought itself, therefore, to be invariable, would, in the generality of cases, have prevented any satisfactory conclusion whatsoever being drawn from the observations. Fortunately from the nature of the duties in which Captain King was engaged, he had occasion to return frequently to the same anchorages, and by his extreme care to repeat observations on every such return, he has provided a means of computing the decrease of the intensity of the cylinder, proportioned to intervals of time, between 1826 and 1831; and of thus introducing compensations for it, which render the results on the whole nearly as satisfactory as if the cylinder had preserved an uniform magnetic condition throughout.

The voyage which Captain Fitz-Roy had to perform promised to furnish few, if any, such opportunities of examining the state of the magnetism of the cylinder, between the departure from and the return to England; and,—as it cannot but be extremely discouraging to officers to make observations which they have reason to apprehend may prove unavailing from defect in the instrument employed,—it must be regarded as exceedingly creditable to Captain Fitz-Roy and his officers, that, with the knowledge of the

change which the cylinder had undergone in the preceding voyage, they persevered in diligently observing, and carefully recording, its time of vibration, at most of the principal ports which they visited in their voyage of five years' duration. Nor was it until their return to the Cape Verd Islands, in September 1836, that they could infer, from observations repeated at the same spot as in their outward passage in 1832, that the cylinder had not varied in any thing like the degree that it had done in the preceding voyage, and that the care and pains they had bestowed were therefore likely to be recompensed by success.

This appears a fitting opportunity to remark, how much the establishment in England of a depository for magnetic needles is needed; whence officers, and persons desirous of making such observations, might be supplied with instruments, which had been kept a sufficient time to have attained their permanent magnetic state, and had been examined from time to time to prove that they had done so. The correction for temperature should be ascertained for each needle, and given with it; as well as the time of vibration (or whatever else constituted the measure of intensity,—as, for example, the angle of deflection in Mr. Lloyd's statical needles,)—observed at the spot which should be selected as most suitable for a point of general comparison; and the observations should be repeated at the same spot on the return of the needle. The want of such an establishment has long been greatly felt; and opportunities, where nothing was wanting but proper instruments, have been lost in consequence, where determinations of great value might have been obtained, in parts of the world of the highest magnetic interest, and where such opportunities are of rare occurrence.

The corrections necessary to render the times of vibration at the different stations strictly comparable with each other, are as follows.

1st, For the rate of the chronometer.

2d, For the temperature of the needle.

3d, For the arc of vibration.

4th, For any change in the magnetic condition of the cylinder.

In extensive voyages, the last-named correction, or that for the change in the cylinder itself, is the one which requires principal consideration. The corrections for temperature, and for the arc, on the first of which particularly much stress has sometimes been

laid, are important when extreme accuracy is sought; as for example, in comparing the force at stations which have served as the unities of different observers: their effect is, however, of little moment in observations which include great differences of the terrestrial intensity. But when the magnetic condition of the needle has varied, and interpolation becomes necessary, the instances are rare in which it can be done with entire satisfaction.

The time of vibration of this cylinder at Plymouth, with corrections applied for the chronometer's rate, the temperature, and the arc, was, in December 1831, 770,8 seconds, with a dip of 69° 27′,6, and in October 1836, 777,3 seconds with a dip of 69° 17′,5. The difference in its magnetic state, at the two periods, is shown by the squares of the times of vibration multiplied by the cosine of the dip observed at the respective periods. This makes known what the time of vibration of the same cylinder would have been, had it been free to move in the direction of the dipping-needle, instead of being suspended horizontally; and, consequently, if it had been acted upon by the total magnetic intensity, instead of by the horizontal component only. It is here assumed that the total terrestrial intensity is constant at the same place. This is doubtless not strictly true; but the amount of the change must be too small to require consideration in the period occupied by Captain Fitz-Roy's observations. The horizontal component must, however, necessarily vary with the changes in the dip: and it is, therefore, from the time of vibration in the direction of the dipping-needle, and not from the time of horizontal vibration, that the change, or otherwise, in the magnetism of the needle is to be inferred. We find, then, the equivalent time of vibration of this cylinder in the direction of the dipping-needle to have been 456,4 seconds in December 1831, and 462,2 seconds in October 1836; showing a difference of 5,8 seconds in fifty-eight months. If we compare this amount with the far greater loss of intensity sustained by this cylinder in the preceding voyage, it seems a probable supposition that, at the commencement of Captain Fitz-Roy's voyage, the cylinder had nearly attained its permanent magnetic state; and that its further loss of magnetism, occasioning an increase of 5,8 seconds in the time of vibration, took place in the early part of the voyage: supposing the loss to have been progressive, and not sudden, as from accidents, of which the observations give no indications.

Consistently with this supposition, the loss has been distributed through the first half, or twenty-nine months, of this voyage, in the proportion of three-tenths of a second per month in the first ten months, commencing December 1st 1831; two-tenths per month in the next nine months; and one-tenth per month in the remaining nine months. In the last twenty-nine months of the voyage, the intensity of the cylinder is supposed to have been uniform, and the same which it was found to possess on the return to England in 1836.

It is satisfactory that, with this compensation, the observations at Port Praya, in January 1832, and in September 1836, assign almost identically the same relative magnetic intensity to that station.

The correction for temperature for this cylinder not having been previously examined, I received it from Captain Fitz-Roy for that purpose, and made with it the following observations. The cylinder, in its own apparatus, was placed in a large earthen jar, glazed at the top, and standing in a larger earthen vessel, into which warm water could be poured at pleasure, and the cylinder was then vibrated alternately in heated air and in air of the natural temperature. These experiments were made at Tortington, in Sussex.

		Day.	Hour.	Thermom. (Reaumur.)	Time of Vibration
			h. m.	°	s
Exp. 1		June 12	11 50 A.M.	12,00	774,91		h. m.	°	s
		—	0 12 P.M.	12,00	775,37		Mean, 0 12 P.M.	12,0	775,33 Natural Temperature.
		—	0 34 P.M.	12,00	775,71
		—	1 58 P.M.	31,65	777,31
		—	2 21 P.M.	32,20	777,09		Mean, 2 20 P.M.	31,72	777,09 Heated Air.
		—	2 42 P.M.	31,30	776,86
		—	4 00 P.M.	15,45	774,00
		—	4 22 P.M.	15,80	774,25		Mean, 4 22 P.M.	15,65	774,16 Natural Temperature.
		—	4 44 P.M.	15,70	774,23
Exp. 2		June 13	10 49 A.M.	14,90	773,77		Mean, 11 02 A.M.	15,0	773,57 Natural Temperature.
		—	11 16 A.M.	15,10	773,37
		—	0 20 P.M.	34,80	775,94		Mean, 0 31 P.M.	35,7	775,92 Heated Air.
		—	0 42 P.M.	36,55	775,89
		—	1 30 P.M.	17,70	774,06		Mean, 1 41 P.M.	16,8	774,08 Natural Temperature.
		—	1 52 P.M.	15,90	774,11
In the first Experiment,T=777,09; T′ 774.74; t=103°,4 Faht.; and t′=63°,1 Faht. In the second Experiment, T=775,92; T′ 773,83; t=112°,3 Faht.; and t′=67°,8 Faht. The first Experiment gives T-T′ T(t-t′) = 2.35 777,09×40,3 = .000075. The second Experiment gives T-T′ T(t-t′) = 2,09 775,92×44,5 = .000061.

Whence the formula T′=T [1 × 0.000068 (60°-t)], in which T is the time of vibration at any station, t, the temperature of the cylinder in degrees of Fahrenheit, and T′ is the equivalent time at a standard temperature of 60°. The thermometer was noted at the beginning and ending of every set of vibrations, and was always placed in the box with the cylinder.

---

At all Captain Fitz-Roy's stations the apparatus was placed for observation on a stand, which raised it from two to three feet above the ground, thereby rendering the cylinder somewhat less liable to be disturbed by local influences: it was not furnished with a means of examining the strict horizontality of the cylinder, that improvement having been introduced into M. Hansteen's apparatus at a later period. On this point Captain Fitz-Roy remarks: "A small leaden tripod was used as a stand, whose upper surface was adjusted by a small spirit-level—or roughly by the trough of an artificial horizon, filled with mercury. Upon the leaden stand the box containing the needle was adjusted by its foot-screws, so that the suspending fibre of silk hung centrally in the wooden tube, the needle's centre being over that of the graduated circle, and the needle itself near, but not touching, the bottom of the box. The needle was not always strictly parallel to the bottom of the box, nor strictly horizontal, because I would not move the brass stirrup in which it was suspended, but its deviation from strict horizontality never exceeded two degrees, and was seldom nearly so much."

The time of completing every tenth vibration was recorded. The time of performing 300 vibrations is deduced from a mean generally of seven partial results: i.e. from the 0th to the 300th; 10th to the 310th; and so on, to the 60th and 360th vibrations; the commencing vibration being always at an arc of 20°. In a very few instances the number of vibrations observed, after the commencing arc of 20°, was less than 360; in such cases the first vibration after the arc had become 20° has still been taken as the commencing one, though previous ones may have been recorded; it being kept strictly in view, to obtain the relative time of vibration in arcs as nearly the same as possible, and not exceeding 20° as the initial. The arc was reduced to 10° generally about the 100th vibration; and one thousandth of the time of vibration has been taken throughout the series as the correction to infinitely small arcs.

The object of noting the time of every tenth vibration is to check errors in the counting, which will sometimes occur in the course of the 360, particularly with the very short and quick-moving needles of M. Hansteen's very portable apparatus, and at stations of low dip, where the horizontal force is greatest, and the needle consequently moves most quickly. Several such mistakes evidently occurred. When the time of completing every supposed tenth vibration is observed with tolerable exactness, and the duration of each pair of vibrations decidedly exceeds any irregularity of probable occurrence, apart from miscounting the number of vibrations, such mistakes can be discovered with ease, and rectified with certainty. This has been done in every case where no doubt could exist of a mistake of the kind having occurred; such as when all the intervals are of nearly equal duration, with one or two exceptions, which differ as much as three or four seconds from the general body. There are two stations, however, Callao and Keeling Islands, where the rectification is not so clear, or the true result so obvious. At Callao there are three series of horizontal intensities, each of forty observed intervals, which should be of ten vibrations each. Several of these intervals are between 17,5 and 18,5 seconds, and several others between 20,5 and 21,5 seconds. These can hardly represent an equal number of vibrations, because the difference between them is greater than can easily be supposed due to any uncertainty in seizing the particular beat of the chronometer at which the vibration was completed; it is, moreover, about the time that would be occupied by two vibrations more or less. The question then arises, do the longer intervals represent 12, and the shorter 10 vibrations, or do the longer represent 10, and the shorter 8? In the former supposition the intensity at Callao would be about 1.01 (Paris = 1.348): in the latter about 0.75. The difference shews how great an error would be risked by either assumption. If we take a mean of all the intervals as they stand, the amount of error risked would be certainly lessened; but we should assuredly not have the true time of three hundred vibrations, except on one supposition: namely, that the irregularities in question are not errors in estimating the number of vibrations, but that each interval really represented an equal number, and that some unusual and accidental cause occasioned the needle to differ so greatly in successive intervals. But this

supposition would imply a disturbing cause vitiating the series as a measure of the magnetic intensity at the station. I have not ventured, therefore, to draw any conclusion from these observations, farther than to notice, as above, the limits within which, in either of the two first suppositions, the intensity would fall.

A nearly similar reasoning applies to the observations at Keeling Islands; of three series, one is decidedly so irregular, that no inference could be drawn from it; in the two other series the irregularities are neither so frequent, nor so large: my general impression (in the uncertainty created by the irregularity of the first series), is, that the majority of the intervals are of twelve vibrations, and not of ten: if of twelve, the intensity would be about 1,21; if of ten, about 0,85.

The inconvenience of the rapid motion of the needle, occasioned, at one part of the voyage, the practice to be discontinued of observing every tenth vibration, and every twentieth was substituted. This no doubt relieved the perplexity in which the observer occasionally found himself, in having to observe, and record, and be prepared again to observe, at every twenty seconds or less, and so far the change enabled him to observe better. But still, the disadvantage remains, in so quick moving a needle, that if a mistake of two vibrations is made, the difference of time occasioned is not of so marked and decided a character as to be at all times at once distinguished. It is of much more importance that there should be no miscount of the vibrations, than that the times should be recorded correctly to the fraction of a second. It is only the earlier and later times that are finally influential; but every undetected error in the number of vibrations falls with its whole weight upon the result.

The occasional discrepancies in the results of the same, or of different, observers, or on the same, or on different, days, which are seen in the subjoined table, are not, I believe, traceable to the source I have been discussing, nor apparently to any other than an actual difference in the time of the cylinder performing its vibration. A mean has been taken as the result at each station, except at St. Helena, where the discrepancy on the 11th and 13th of July was so considerable, that it has been thought more satisfactory to collect the observations of each day into separate results.

The subjoined table comprises the result of each observation,

and the general results deduced for each station. The column entitled "Time" is that of 300 vibrations; and the "Corrected Time" is the mean of these, corrected for the rate of the chronometer and the arc, and reduced to an average temperature of 60°. The dips are those observed by Captain Fitz-Roy; except at Port Famine, where, as Captain Fitz-Roy did not observe, it has been supplied from Captain King's observations; and at Coquimbo, where, for the purpose of computing the intensity, it has been supplied by estimation from the other geographic positions on this coast, at which Captain Fitz-Roy observed the dip. In the column showing the time of vibration as a dipping-needle at Plymouth corresponding to the periods of observation at the several stations, the compensations have been introduced for the variation in the intensity of the cylinder, agreeably to what has been said above on that subject. The two final columns exhibit the values of the total magnetic intensity at the different stations derived from these observations. In the first of the two columns, the values are given relatively to the force at Plymouth, considered as unity; and in the second column, relatively to the force at Plymouth, expressed by 1.375; for the purpose of exhibiting Captain Fitz-Roy's results in direct comparison with the determinations of continental observers, who have taken Paris as their basis, giving the force at Paris the arbitrary expression of 1.3482. I have taken the ratio of the force at Plymouth to that at Paris to be as 1.375 to 1.348, which I believe will prove a very near approximation; it is that which results from Captain Fitz-Roy's observations at Plymouth, in October 1836 (page 17), and mine, at Tortington, in Sussex, in June 1837 (page 10): the dip at Tortington, at the period in question being 68° 57′, and the intensity, compared with Paris, through the medium of London, 1.368.

Station.		Date.		Time.	Chron.'s Rate.	Therm.	Observer.		Corrected Time	Observed Dip	Time of Vibration as a Dipping-Needle.		Intensity
											At each Station.	At Plymouth.	1.	2.
		1831			s.	s.	°		s.	° ′	s.	s.
Plymouth		Dec.	1	770,79	-3,0	50	Kg.		770,6	69 27,6	456,4	456,4	1,000	1,375
		1832
Port Praya		Jan.	27	600,17	-6,4	83	F.		600,1	46 20,2	498,8	457,0	0,839	1,154
		—	27	604,58	-6,4	76	K.
		—	28	598,33	-6,4	75	F.
		—	31	602,19	-6,4	85	K.
		Feb.	1	602,50	-6,4	85	F.
Rio de Janeiro		May	1	582,78	-4,3	82	S.		581,3	13 37,8	573,1	457,9	0,638	0,878
Blanco Bay		Sept.	21	592,33	0,0	68	F.		591,9	41 54	510,7	459,4	0,810	1,113
		—	21	593,34	0,0	68	F.
		1833
Falkland Islands, Magellan Cove		Mar.	12	603,22	+1,5	50	F.		603,0	53 30,4	465,0	460,6	0,981	1,349
		—	14	604,56	+1,5	63	F.
		—	15	603,12	+1,6	55	F.
		—	15	603,40	+1,6	64	F.
Monte Video		Nov.	25	583,93	+7,1	90	F.		581,9	34 51,2	527,1	461,8	0,767	1,055
		—	25	583,61	+7,1	90	F.
Port Desire		Dec.	29	597,68	+3,9	62	F.		597,1	52 43,5	464,7	461,9	0,988	1,359
		—	29	597,98	+3,9	62	F.
		1834
Falkland Islands, Port Louis		Mar.	26	603,10	+5,0	60	K.		595,9	53 19,6	460,5	462,1	1,007	1,385
		—	26	598,72	+5,0	60	K.
		—	26	596,36	+5,0	60	K.
		—	26	590,29	+5,0	60	K.
		—	26	594,20	+5,0	61	K.
R. Santa Cruz		May	10	601,67	+8,0	53	K.		601,1	55 15,7	454,0	462,2	1,037	1,425
		—	10	601,72	+8,0	54	St.
		—	10	601,03	+8,0	50	St.
Port Famine		June	4	613,25	+6,0	70	S.		612,6	59 52,6	434,0	462,2	1,136	1,560
		—	4	614,03	+6,0	70	S.
Chilóe		Dec.	10	586,31	+9,2	62	K.		586,0	48 58,9	474,7	462,2	0,948	1,304
		—	10	587,14	+9,2	62	K.
		1835
Port Low		Jan.	15	587,14	+8,8	56	K.		588,7	51 20,1	465,3	462,2	0,964	1,260
		—	15	591,16	+8,8	56	K.
Valdivia		Feb.	19	587,67	+8,0	60	K.		588,7	46 46,5	487,2	462,2	0,900	1,238
		—	19	591,01	+8,0	61	K.
Concepçion		Apr.	13	584,63	+10,5	65	K.		583,1	43 15,4	497,7	462,2	0,863	1,186
		—	13	585,30	+8,6	65	K.
		—	14	584,94	+8,6	64	K.
		—	14	581,03	+8,6	64	K.
Coquimbo		June	4	566,81	+7,6	64	K.		565,8	34 20	514,2	462,2	0,808	1,111
		—	4	566,37	+7,6	64	K.
Galapagos Islands, Charles Island		Oct.	16	529,66	-0,4	88	St.		527,9	9 28,6	524,2	462,2	0,777	1,069
		—	16	529,21	-0,4	88	St.
Otaheite, or Tahiti		Nov.	16	580,33	+6,0	91	K.		578,4	30 13,5	537,6	462,2	0,739	1,017
		—	16	580,66	+6,0	93	K.
		—	23	578,44	+6,0	85	K.
		—	23	581,00	+6,0	85	K.
New Zealand		Dec.	22	604,76	+7,8	80	K.		603,6	59 32,0	429,8	462,2	1,157	1,591
		—	22	605,37	+7,8	80	K.
		1836
Sydney		Jan.	14	620,63	-5,4	78	S.		617,9	62 49,4	417,6	462,2	1,225	1,685
		—	14	619,83	-5,4	82	S.
		—	22	618,14	-5,8	86	K.
		—	22	619,21	-5,8	87	K.
Hobart Town		Feb.	6	698,63	+2,3	65	S.		697,4	70 34,9	402,1	462,2	1,321	1,817
		—	6	698,13	+2,3	65	S.
King George Sound		Mar.	7	634,17	-5,6	72	S.		634,1	64 41,3	414,6	462,2	1,243	1,709
		—	10	636,71	+2,4	80	S.
Mauritius		May	3	647,95	-9,2	87	K.		647,7	54 00,8	496,5	462,2	0,867	1,192
		—	3	650,79	-9,2	94	K.
		—	3	650,37	-9,2	94	K.
Cape of Good Hope		June	1	691,13	-7,2	68	S.		690,6	52 35,0	538,4	462,2	0,737	1,014
		—	1	691,42	-7,2	69	S.
		—	10	691,62	+0,4	61	F.
		—	10	692,00	+0,4	63	F.
St. Helena		July	11	612,90	-8,0	78	S.		613,2	18 01,2	598,0	462,2	0,598	0,822
		—	11	615,30	-8,0	79	St.
		—	11	615,40	-8,0	78	S.
St. Helena		—	13	604,69	-8,0	76	S.		602,9	18 01,2	587,9	462,2	0,618	0,850
		—	13	605,23	-8,0	77	S.
		—	13	602,34	-8,0	72	S.
Ascension		July	21	581,58	-9,4	75	S.		580,2	1 39,2	580,1	462,2	0,635	0,873
		—	21	581,31	-9,4	75	S.
		—	21	581,09	-9,4	75	S.
Bahia		Aug.	3	583,78	-9,4	75	S.		582,3	5 53,5	580,7	462,2	0,633	0,871
		—	3	583,26	-9,4	75	S.
		—	4	583,13	-9,4	79	S.
		—	4	583,89	-9,4	79	S.
Pernambuco		Aug.	13	576,12	-9.2	80	S.		574.5	13 12,9	566,8	462,2	0,665	0,914
		—	13	576,00	-9.2	81	S.
		—	17	575,96	-9.2	85	S.
		—	17	575,71	-9.2	87	S.
Port Praya		Sept.	1	603,13	-9.8	91	S.		603,4	45 46,5	503,9	462,2	0,841	1,157
		—	1	602,84	-9.8	92	S.
		—	1	607,63	-9.8	91	S.
		—	1	607,49	-9.8	89	S.
Terceira		Sept.	21	736,73	-9.2	77	S.		735,3	68 06	449,1	462,2	1,059	1,457
		—	21	737,01	-9.2	77	S.
Plymouth		Oct.	15	778,10	+5.0	63	Ss.		777,3	69 17,5	462,2	462,2	1,000	1,375
		—	15	778,26	+5.0	64	Ss.
		—	15	778,65	+5.0	64	Ss.
		Observers:— F. Captain Fitz-Roy. Ss. Mr. J. L. Stokes. Kg. Capt. King. S. Lieut. Sulivan. St. Mr. P. B. Stewart. K. Mr. P. G. King.

---

3. Captain King's Observations of Dip and Intensity.

Captain King, having hitherto made known his observations with the same cylinder in the years 1826 to 1830 only by communicating them to M. Hansteen, from whom he received the apparatus, has now given permission to Captain Fitz-Roy to publish them with his own. I have already noticed the great loss of magnetism which took place in this cylinder during Captain King's voyage, and the care with which that officer availed himself of every opportunity of ascertaining, by direct observation, the proportion of the loss sustained in separate portions of the voyage. There are twelve stations of observation on the east and west coasts of South America, besides three stations in ports of the Atlantic on the outward voyage. By the practice of repeating observations at the same station at distant intervals, the South American stations are so linked together and connected, that by adopting a method similar to that used in determining longitudes by means of chronometers, we may compute the intensity at all the South American stations referred to and dependent on the force at Rio de Janeiro; regarding Rio in the same light as a first meridian is considered in determinations of longitude. We may then make Rio the means of connecting the whole series with Europe; for which it is remarkably well suited, the intensity there having been determined, independently of Captain King, by four observers of different nations, whose results are extremely accordant.

The dip observations of Captain King were communicated, in occasional correspondence during the voyage, to M. Hansteen, who computed them by Mayer's formula, and arranged them in a table, of which a copy was given by Captain King to Captain Fitz-Roy, and is printed in the next page. At some of the stations Captain Fitz-Roy also observed the dip in the subsequent voyage, and, as will be seen, the results of the two observers sometimes differ considerably. This may have been caused, either by instrumental or other error of observation, or by actual differences of dip existing in different localities at the same station.

---

Dips, observed by Capt. P. P. King, 1826 to 1831.

Station.		Needle.	Marked end a N. Pole.		Marked end a S. Pole.		Dip deduced.			Remarks.
			a	a′	a″	a″′
			° ′	° ′	° ′	° ′	° ′		° ′
Rio de Janeiro		1	15 58,5	13 02,4	15 05,7	13 18,0	14 16,2		14 00,1 S.
		2	14 39,4	12 30,4	14 49,0	13 07,3	13 44,1
Sta. Catharina		1	22 54,1	24 04,7	21 55,6	22 46,0	22 49,6		22 12,4 S.
		2	23 22,8	20 32,3	23 34,2	21 00,7	22 03,6
		3	21 17,8	21 08,5	23 26,2	22 57,2	21 44,0
Monte Video		1	36 48,4	37 49,3	35 25,4	37 26,9	37 00,7		36 28,4 S.
		2	37 17,2	34 53,8	37 17,1	34 37,4	35 59,3
		3	36 36,1	35 10,3	37 12,4	36 13,2	36 25,3
Port Famine		1	64 41,7	52 42,6	65 51,2	54 54,0	59 44,9		59 52,6 S.
		2	60 41,9	59 32,2	60 32,1	59 33,6	60 04,5
		3	60 03,9	58 43,4	60 35,5	59 37,5	59 48,5
Gorriti		1	41 09,9	30 50,9	41 04,6	31 32,6	35 38,3		35 05,9 S.
		2	36 29,2	33 26,4	35 17,1	34 02,7	34 43,8
		3	34 52,3	34 18,5	36 06,9	35 01,3	34 55,6
Sea Bear Bay		1	58 26,5	47 53,8	60 34,8	47 53,4	53 13,5		53 13,5 S.
St. Martin Cove		1	65 24,7	54 23,8	65 47,7	54 43,6	59 46,4		59 43,8 S.
		2	60 25,6	59 28,3	59 49,9	58 48,6	59 38,4
		3	59 48,9	58 40,7	60 43,4	59 53,3	59 46,6
Chilóe		1	54 23,9	45 38,3	56 19,2	45 11,1	49 59,4		49 52,6 S.
		2	50 24,0	49 12,9	50 28,4	48 29,6	49 38,7
		3	49 43,9	48 48,3	51 24,5	50 02,2	49 59,7
Valparaiso		1	43 04,5	33 59,9	44 38,8	34 54,6	38 40,1		40 10,7 S.
		2	40 48,2	40 49,7	40 53,7	41 09,7	40 55,4
		3	40 54,9	40 45,4	40 49,8	41 16,7	40 56,7
Juan Fernandez		1	50 22,7	39 16,0	51 08,2	40 03,2	44 40,5		53 13,5 S.
		2	44 19,3	45 57,6	43 45,8	46 13,7	45 04,6
		3	45 50,4	45 07,9	44 34,8	43 25,7	44 44,7
Talcahuano									45 10,0 S.*	* The particulars of this observation are wanting.

The following Table contains Captain King's Observations of Intensity, with the times of vibration corrected for the arc and reduced to a standard temperature of 60°.

Magnetic Intensity, observed by Capt. P. P. King between 1826 and 1831.

Station.		Date.			Time.	Therm.	Corrected Time.			Particular place.
					s.	°
Greenwich		1826	Mar.	22	734,45	55,0		733,97		Observatory.
		1831	Jan.	24	775,80	41,6		776,01
Madeira		1826	May	31	628,68	66,0		627,79		Consul's Garden.
Teneriffe		—	June	12	607,96	75,0		606,73		Fort St. Pedro.
Port Praya		—	—	22	559,53	81,5		557,08		Landing Place, Quail Island.
		—	—	24	557,58	85,0
Rio de Janeiro		—	Aug.	29	546,36	77,0		545,16		Rat Island.
		1827	Sept.	12	552,06	75,5
		—	—	15	552,95	80,0		551,70
		—	—	15	553,73	83,0
		—	—	15	553,48	85,0
		1828	Dec.	21	562,55	84,0		561,05
Sta Catharina		1827	Nov.	3	554,42	67,5		553,58		Anhatomirim.
Gorriti		1826	Oct.	29	550,68	63,0		549,44		The Well.
		—	Nov.	6	549,63	66,0
		1829	Jan.	10	564,12	80,0		562,78
Monte Video		1827	Dec.	18	555,12	78,3		553,87		South point near the sea.
		1828	Oct.	8	562,00	72,5		560,95
		1830	June	1	565,41	59,0		564,89
Port Sta Elena		1826	Dec.	4	557,26	68,0		556,42		Landing-place.
Sea Bear Bay		1829	Mar.	20	577,36	70,0		576,37		Landing-place.
St. Martin Cove		1827	Jan.	15	584,88	56,0		584,29
		—	—	15	583,48	58,0				Head of the Cove.
		—	—	22	585,82	55,0
		—	Mar.	27	585,82	64,0		585,08
Port Famine		1828	Jan.	28	589,75	55,0		589,36		Observatory.
		—	May	8	596,49	43,8		596,54
		—	June	18	595,86	32,7		595,81
		—	July	30	594,85	36,2
		1830	Apr.	30	598,95	45,0		598,97
Chilóe		1829	Sept.	1	565,40	54,0		565,23		San Carlos.
		—	Dec.	15	565,69	53,0
Juan Fernandez		1830	Feb.	19	552,77	70,0		551,83		Landing-place.
Talcahuano		1829	Dec.	18	556,42	67,0		555,59		Fort Galvez.
		1830	May	12	557,18	60,5		557,18
Valparaiso		1829	Aug.	4	549,10	59,0		548,59		Almendral.
		1830	Jan.	11	551,77	77,0		551,60
		—	Feb.	1	553,50	68,5

At Rio de Janeiro, which was the first station observed at in South America, the cylinder was vibrated in August 1826, September 1827, and December 1828; in the intervals between these dates are comprised the greater part of the observations on the east side of South America. There is no direct observation at Rio subsequently to December 1828; but we are enabled to supply the time of vibration, which would have been observed had the cylinder been employed at Rio on June 1, 1830, in the following manner. We have seen that on the 15th September 1827 the time of vibration was observed at Rio; on the 18th December following it was observed at Monte Video. These observations give the intensity at Monte Video relatively to that at Rio, subject to whatever change of magnetism the cylinder may have undergone in the interval of three months. This comparison was repeated in the following year, on Captain King's return from Monte Video to Rio, the interval being nearly of the same duration, and the order of the experiment reversed, the passage being in this instance from Monte Video to Rio, it having been before from Rio to Monte Video. On the supposition of an uniform, or nearly uniform rate of change in the cylinder, the errors arising therefrom during the two passages would be of opposite kinds, and should compensate each other in a mean of the two comparisons. Calling the force at Rio unity, these comparisons give its value at Monte Video respectively as follows, namely,

September and December	1827 ... 1.197		Mean 1.202.
October and December	1828 ... 1.207

On the 1st of June 1830, being then on his return from the west coast of South America, and on the eve of sailing for England, Captain King again observed the time of vibration of the cylinder at Monte Video; whence, through the preceding comparison, we obtain the time of vibration at Rio, which should belong to the same date. We have thus a fourth date at Rio, which, added to those enumerated above, will include the whole of the South American stations; and we have only to distribute in each interval the loss of magnetism which the observations shew to have taken place from one date to the next, in the manner which may appear most suitable. There is no very obvious indication that the loss was other than gradual; and by considering it uniform in each separate

interval, the results are found extremely accordant at several other stations at which observations were repeated at distant intervals.

In the first of the subjoined tables are given the times of vibration at Rio at the four periods referred to; and the corresponding times as a dipping needle. In its three last columns are shewn,—the number of days comprised in each interval,—the increase in the time of vibration owing to the loss of magnetism,—and the resulting daily correction, on the supposition in each case of the loss having been uniform in the interval during which it occurred.

The second table contains the corrected times of horizontal vibration at each of the South American stations, at the dates respectively inserted,—the corresponding times as a dipping needle,—the times of vibration as a dipping needle at Rio de Janeiro at the same dates, derived from the observations in the first table,—and the resulting intensity at each station relatively to unity at Rio. Thus far the results are derived from Captain King's observations, unmixed with those of any other observer: but in order to bring Captain King's series into connexion with the general body of results of other observers, the values of his intensities are expressed in the final column in terms of the scale in common use, in which the force at Paris = 1,348, and at Rio de Janeiro 0,884; the latter being the mean of four independent determinations by the following observers, namely,

1817 and 1820	Freycinet	0,890		0,884
1827	Lütke	0,886
1830	Erman	0,879
1836	Fitz-Roy	0,878

Port St. Elena is not included in this table, as no dip was observed there, and the total intensity consequently cannot be computed. The three stations, Madeira, Teneriffe, and Port Praya, at which the cylinder was vibrated in the outward voyage, are also without dips observed by Captain King. The deficiency at Port Praya has been supplied from Captain Fitz-Roy's observations and my own, both having been made at the same place at which Captain King's intensity was observed,—Captain Fitz-Roy's at a later, and mine at an earlier date. At Madeira also the dip has been supplied from my observations, which were made in the British consul's garden at Funchal, where Captain King's cylinder was vibrated. I have

deducted, from my determination of the dip, 12′ for the probable change between 1822 and 1826. At Teneriffe the dip has been frequently observed; but the values assigned by different observers vary so much as to indicate a more than usual frequency of local disturbance, which might also be expected from the geological character of that island. It would be unsafe therefore to employ any dip for that station but one which was certainly obtained at the same spot at which the horizontal intensity was observed.

The dates of the observations at these three stations fall between the observations at Greenwich in March 1826, and those at Rio de Janeiro in August of the same year. Having the intensity at Greenwich = 1,372 and at Rio = 0,884, and the dip at Greenwich 69° 52′, and at Rio 14° 00, we have the time of vibration of Captain King's cylinder as a dipping needle at Rio at the respective dates as follows, namely,

March	1826	536,2.
August	1826	537,0.

It appears therefore that but a very slight change took place in the magnetism of the cylinder during the outward voyage, and we may take 536,6 as the time of vibration at Rio, corresponding to the dates of the intermediate observations; and this is done in the table for Madeira and Port Praya.

Table I.

Rio de Janeiro.	Time of Vibration.		Interval.		Loss.	Per Diem.
	Horizontal.	As a Dipping Needle.
	s.	s.	Days.		s.
August 29, 1826	545,2	537,0		382	6,5	.017
September 15, 1827	551,7	543,5
December 21, 1828	561,1	552,7		462	9,2	.020
June 1, 1830	563,8	555,4		527	2,7	.005

Table II.

Station.		Date.				Time of Vibration.			Intensity.
						At the Station.		At Rio.	Rio=1,000.			Rio= 0,884.
						Horizon.	As a Dipping Needle.	As a Dipping Needle.
						s.	s.	s.
Madeira		1826	May	31		627,79	430,1	536,6	1,556			1,377
Port Praya		1826	June	22		557,08	465,4	536,6	1,330			1,177
			and	24
Sta Catharina		1827	Nov.	3		553,58	532,7	544,5	1,045			0,920
Gorriti		1826	Oct.	29		549,44	497,0	538,1	1,172		1,175	1,041
		and	Nov.	6
—		1829	Jan.	10		562,78	509,0	552,8	1,179
Monte Video		1827	Dec.	18		553,87	496,7	545,4	1,206		1,203	1,065
—		1828	Oct.	8		560,95	503,0	551,3	1,201
—		1830	June	1		564,89	506,6	555,4	1,202
Sea Bear Bay		1829	Mar.	20		576,37	446,0	553,1	1,538			1,361
St. Martin Cove		1827	Jan.	15		584,29	414,9	539,4	1,691		1,692	1,498
			and	22
—		—	Mar.	27		585,08	415,4	540,6	1,694
Port Famine		1828	Jan.	28		589,36	417,5	546,2	1,712
—		—	May	8		596,54	422,6	548,2	1,683		1,700	1,505
—		—	June	18		595,81	422,1	549,3	1,694
		and	July	30
—		1830	April	26		598,97	424,3	555,1	1,712
Chilóe		1829	Sept.	1		565,23	453,7	554,2	1,402			1,321
		and	Dec.	15
Juan Fernandez		1830	Feb.	19		551,83	464,7	554,8	1,425			1,262
Talcahuano		1829	Dec.	18		555,59	466,5	554,6	1,413		1,412	1,250
—		1830	May	12		557,18	467,4	555,3	1,412
Valparaiso		1829	Aug.	4		548,59	479,5	553,9	1,334		1,329	1,176
—		1830	Jan.	11		551,60	482,1	554,6	1,324
		and	Feb.	1

4.—The following Table exhibits the Magnetic Observations of Captains King and Fitz-Roy collected in one view.

	° ′		° ′		° ′				° ′
Madeira	32 38	N.	16 56	W.	—							K.	1,377
Terceira	38 39	N.	27 13	W.	24 18	W.		F.	68 06	N.		F.	1,457
Port Praya	14 54	N.	23 30	W.	16 30	W.			—			K.	1,177
								F.	46 20,2	N.		F.	1,154
								F.	45 46,5	N.		F.	1,157
Ascension	7 56	S.	14 24	W.	13 30	W.		F.	1 39,2	N.		F.	0,873
St. Helena	15 55	S.	5 43	W.	18 00	W.		F.	18 01,2	S.		F.	0,822
												F.	0,850
Falkland Islands	51 32	S.	58 07	W.	19 00	E.		F.	53 30,4	S.		F.	1,349
								F.	53 19,6	S.		F.	1,385
Pernambuco	8 04	S.	34 51	W.	5 54	W.		F.	13 12,9	N.		F.	0,914
Bahia	12 59	S.	38 30	W.	4 18	W.		F.	4 55,8	N.		F.	0,871
								F.	5 53,5	N.
Rio de Janeiro	22 55	S.	43 09	W.	2 00	E.		K.	14 00,1	S.		F.	0,878
								F.	13 37,4	S.
Sta Catharina	27 26	S.	48 33	W.	—			K.	22 12,4	S.		K.	0,920
Gorriti	34 57	S.	54 57	W.	—			K.	35 05,9	S.		K.	1,041
Monte Video	34 53	S.	56 13	W.	12 00	E.		K.	36 28,4	S.		K.	1,065
								F.	34 51,2	S.		F.	1,055
Blanco Bay	38 57	S.	61 59	W.	15 00	E.		F.	41 54,0	S.		F.	1,113
Port Desire	47 45	S.	65 55	W.	20 12	E.		F.	52 43,5	S.		F.	1,359
Sea Bear Bay	47 51	S.	65 48	W.	—			K.	53 13,5	S.		K.	1,361
R. Santa Cruz	50 07	S.	68 24	W.	20 54	E.		F.	55 15,7	S.		F.	1,425
St. Martin Cove	55 51	S.	67 34	W.	—			K.	59 43,8	S.		K.	1,498
Port Famine	53 38	S.	70 58	W.	23 00	E.		K.	59 52,6	S.		K.	1,505
												F.	1,560
Port San Andres	46 35	S.	75 35	W.	20 48	E.		F.	54 13,6	S.			—
Port Low	43 48	S.	74 02	W.	19 48	E.		F.	51 20,1	S.		F.	1,326
Chilóe	41 51	S.	73 56	W.	18 00	E.		K.	49 52,6	S.		K.	1,321
								F.	48 58,9	S.		F.	1,304
Valdivia	39 53	S.	73 29	W.	17 30	E.		F.	46 46,5	S.		F.	1,238
Concepçion	36 42	S.	73 10	W.	16 48	E.		K.	45 10,0	S.		K.	1,250
								F.	43 15,4	S.		F.	1,186
Valparaiso	33 02	S.	71 41	W.	15 18	E.		K.	40 10,7	S.		K.	1,176
								F.	38 03,1	S.
Coquimbo	29 59	S.	71 26	W.	14 24	E.			—			F.	1,111
Callao	12 04	S.	74 14	W.	10 00	E.		F.	7 02,8	S.
Galapagos Islands	0 50	S.	89 37	W.	9 30	E.		F.	8 41,2	N.
Ditto	0 15	S.	90 31	W.	9 30	E.		F.	9 28,6	N.		F.	1,069
Juan Fernandez	33 38	S.	78 53	W.				K.	44 49,8	S.		K.	1,262
Otaheite	17 29	S.	149 30	W.	7 54	E.		F.	30 13,5	S.		F.	1,017
Cape of Good Hope	34 11	S.	18 26	E.	28 30	W.		F.	52 35,0	S.		F.	1,014
Mauritius	20 09	S.	57 31	E.	11 18	W.		F.	54 00,8	S.		F.	1,192
Keeling Islands	12 05	S.	96 55	E.	1 12	W.		F.	38 33,1	S.
New Zealand	35 16	S.	174 00	E.	14 00	E.		F.	59 32,0	S.		F.	1,591
King George Sound	35 02	S.	117 56	E.	5 36	W.		F.	64 41,3	S.		F.	1,709
Hobart Town	42 53	S.	147 24	E.	11 06	E.		F.	70 34,9	S.		F.	1,817
Sydney	33 51	S.	151 17	E.	10 24	E.		F.	62 49,4	S.		F.	1,685

General Remarks.

1. Variation.

Captain Fitz-Roy's observations are so well distributed over the southern hemisphere, that a good view of the changes which the variation is undergoing throughout its meridians may be obtained by comparing his determinations with those of earlier observers at the same stations. The following table has been formed for the purpose of exhibiting such a comparison at all those stations where materials for it exist; and I may here remark how much such comparisons are facilitated by the valuable collection of early observations contained in the Appendix to the Magnetismus der Erde.

Cape of Good Hope.					Valparaiso.
Observer.	Date.	Variation.			Observer.	Date.	Variation.
		°	′				°	′
Davis	1605	0.	30	E.	Don G. Juan	1744	12.	30	E.
Keeling	1609	0.	12	W.	Vancouver	1793	14.	49	E.
Leydecker	1675	8.	28	W.	Lütke	1827	15.	00	E.
Mathews	1724	16.	22	W.	Fitz-Roy	1835	15.	18	E.
La Caille	1752	19.	0	W.
Wales	1772	20.	26	W.	Callao.
Wales	1775	21.	14	W.	Ulloa	1740	9.	02	E.
Bligh	1788	23.	16	W.	Duperrey	1823	9.	30	E.
Dentrecasteaux	1792	24.	30	W.	Fitz-Roy	1835	10.	36	E.
Freycinet	1818	26.	31	W.
Fitz-Roy	1836	28.	30	W.	Galapagos Islands.
					Vancouver	1794	8.	00	E.
St. Helena					B. Hall	1821	8.	20	E.
Davis	1610	7.	13	E.	Fitz-Roy	1835	9.	30	E.
Halley	1677	0.	40	E.
Halley	1691	1.	0	W.	Otaheite.
Mathews	1724	7.	30	W.	Cook	1769	4.	45	E.
Wales	1775	12.	18	W.	Wales	1773	5.	40	E.
Hunter	1789	15.	30	W.	Bayley	1774	5.	49	E.
Macdonald	1796	15.	48	W.	Vancouver	1794	6.	12	E.
Krusenstern	1806	17.	18	W.	Duperrey	1823	6.	40	E.
Fitz-Roy	1836	18.	00	W.	Fitz-Roy	1835	7.	34	E.
Rio de Janeiro.					Bay of Islands, N. Zealand.
Cook	1768	7.	34	E.	Tasman	1643	8.	40	E.
Hunter	1787	6.	12	E.	Cook	1769	11.	25	E.
Freycinet	1820	2.	54	E.	Duperrey	1824	13.	22	E.
Rumker	1821	3.	21	E.	Fitz-Roy	1835	14.	00	E.
Erman	1830	2.	10	E.
Fitz-Roy	1836	2.	00	E.	Sydney.
					Cook	1770	8.	00	E.
Falklands Islands.					Hunter	1787	8.	30	E.
Freycinet	1820	19.	26	E.	Flinders	1803	8.	51	E.
Duperrey	1822	19.	07	E.	Freycinet	1819	9.	15	E.
Fitz-Roy	1833	19.	00	E.	Duperrey	1824	8.	56	E.
					Fitz-Roy	1836	10.	24	E.
Port Famine
Wallis	1766	22.	30	E.	Van Diemen's Land.
Carteret	1766	22.	22	E.	Tasman	1642	3.	00	E.
Fitz-Roy	1831	23.	00	E.	Bayley	1777	7.	29	E.
					Bligh	1778	8.	33	E.
Concepçion.					Fitz-Roy	1836	11.	06	E.
La Perouse	1786	15.	15	E.
B. Hall	1821	15.	30	E.	Mauritius.
Duperrey	1823	16.	16	E.	Keeling	1609	21.	0	W.
Fitz-Roy	1835	16.	48	E.	Mathews	1722	19.	4	W.
					Freycinet	1818	12.	46	W.
					Duperrey	1824	13.	46	W.
					Fitz-Roy	1836	11.	18	W.

We may derive from the facts in the above table the following general and easily remembered conclusion in regard to the changes of the variation in the southern hemisphere; namely, that taking for our point of departure the meridian of 65° west in South America, we find that at all the stations east of that meridian to the Cape of Good Hope inclusive, the north pole of the needle has moved towards the west; and that all the stations west of the same meridian to Mauritius inclusive, the north pole of the needle has moved towards the east.

An almost equally simple generalization may be drawn in respect to the changes of situation of the lines of equal variation in the southern hemisphere: but here it must be supposed either that the reader is thoroughly familiar with the general arrangement of these lines, or that he has a map of them before him. He will find such a map of the variation lines in 1787 in the Fifth Report of the British Association; but any other map, corresponding to any epoch within the last hundred years, will equally serve the purpose. Referring to such a map, it will be seen that the lines of variation in the South Pacific, form a system of nearly concentric curves, of an oval, or pear-shaped form, the outside curves having a higher variation, which progressively diminishes to the centre. We may regard this system as comprehending the whole of the geographical space between the coast of South America and the meridian of New Zealand. Throughout this space the variation is easterly, and increases: we may consequently characterize the change in the situation of the lines of equal variation as a progressive closing-in

of the curves from all sides towards the centre, by which the areas severally comprehended by them become less; and the lower variations, as they successively reach the centre, disappear, and are replaced by the closing-in of those of next higher amount. The changes which have taken place at all Captain Fitz-Roy's stations comprised within the space referred to, are accordant with the systematic alteration thus described.

In all other parts of the hemisphere the lines of variation have a progressive westerly movement, and to this also Captain Fitz-Roy's observations correspond.

It follows, from what has been stated, that the lines on the western side of the concentric system in the South Pacific have an eastward movement, which presents an apparent anomaly to the general progress of the lines of variation in the southern hemisphere, which is from east to west.

Otaheite, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand, present examples of changes in the variation corresponding to this apparent anomaly. The consistency, however, both of the movement and of the configuration of the lines of variation in this quarter, with those in other parts of the southern hemisphere, and with the general system of the magnetic phenomena, has been shewn by Mr. Hansteen in the Magnetismus der Erde, and in the Annalen der Physik, vol. xxi.

The annual amount of the change of the variation appears considerably greater at the Cape of Good Hope and Mauritius than at any other of Captain Fitz-Roy's stations, amounting to about eight minutes; shewing that the variation lines in that quarter are changing their position more rapidly than elsewhere. The north pole of the needle is moving to the west at the Cape, and to the east at Mauritius; but it will be seen, by a reference to the map, that these opposite movements are in perfect correspondence with the uniform westerly progression of the variation lines, and result from their configuration.

At the stations in the vicinity of the meridian of 65° west, the change appears to be very small.

[The variation at Ascension (13° 30′ W.) is correctly inserted in the tables: it is the only one of Captain Fitz-Roy's stations at which his observations are not accordant with those of other observers: the discordance may be occasioned by the great prevalence of local disturbances at Ascension.]

II. Dip.

The following table exhibits the comparison of Captain Fitz-Roy's observations of the dip in the southern hemisphere, with those of earlier observers, at stations where the materials for such a comparison exist.

Ascension.					Observer.	Date.	Variation.
Observer.	Date.	Variation.					°	′
		°	′		Lütke	1827	45.	33	S.
La Caille	1754	11.	10	N.	King	1829	45.	10	S.
Cook	1775	8.	57	N.	Fitz-Roy	1835	43.	15	S.
Sabine	1822	4.	30	N.
Duperrey	1825	1.	58	N.	King George Sound.
Fitz-Roy	1836	1.	39	N.	Vancouver	1791	64.	54	S.
					Flinders	1801	64.	01	S.
St. Helena.					Fitz-Roy	1836	64.	41	S.
La Caille	1754	9.	0	S.
Cook	1775	11.	25	S.	Van Diemen's Land.
Fitz-Roy	1836	18.	01	S.	Cook	1777	70.	15	S.
					Bertrand	1792	70.	50	S.
Cape of Good Hope.					Dentrecasteaux	1792	70.	30	S.
La Caille	1751	43.	0	S.	De Rossel	1793	70.	10	S.
Bayley	1772	45.	37	S.	Fitz-Roy	1836	70.	35	S.
Bayley	1775	45.	19	S.
Abercrombie	1775	46.	26	S.	Sydney.
Bayley	1776	46.	31	S.	Flinders	1803	62.	52	S.
Freycinet	1818	50.	47	S	Freycinet	1819	62.	47	S.
Fitz-Roy	1836	52.	35	S.	Brisbane	1821	62.	36	S.
					Duperrey	1824	62.	20	S.
Mauritius (Port Louis)					Fitz-Roy	1836	62.	49	S.
La Caille	1754	52.	17	S.
Duperrey	1824	53.	51	S.	N. Zealand (Bay of Islands).
Fitz-Roy	1836	54.	01	S.	Duperrey	1824	59.	45	S.
					Fitz-Roy	1835	59.	32	S.
Otaheite.
Cook	1773	29.	43	S.	Tierra del Fuego.
Cook	1774	29.	59	S.	Bayley Lat. 55°. 22′; Long. 70. 03.
Bayley	1777	29.	47	S.		1774	66.	54	S.
Duperrey	1823	30.	03	S.
Erman	1830	30.29.5S.			King Lat. 55°. 51′; Long. 67. 34.
Fitz-Roy	1835	30.13.5S.				1828	59.	44	S.
Lima and Callao.
Feuillée	1710	10.	30	S.	Falkland Islands.
Humboldt	1799	9.	59	S.	Freycinet	1820	55.	20	S.
Duperrey	1823	8.	33	S.	Duperrey	1822	54.	49	S.
Fitz-Roy	1835	7.	03	S.	Fitz-Roy	1833-4	53.	25	S.
Valparaiso.					Sta Catharina.
Malaspina	1793	44.	58	S.	Duperrey	1822	22.	54	S.
Vancouver	1795	44.	15	S.	King	1827	22.	12	S.
Lütke	1827	39.	56	S.
King	1829	40.	11	S.	Rio de Janeiro.
Fitz-Roy	1835	38.	03	S.	La Caille	1751	20.	0	S.
					Freycinet	1817	14.	42	S.
Concepçion.					King	1826	14.	00	S.
Feuillée	1710	55.	30	S.	Lütke	1827	14.	35	S.
Perouse	1786	50.	00	S.	Erman	1830	13.	31	S.
Duperrey	1823	44.	55	S.	Fitz-Roy	1832	13.	37	S.

We may classify the changes which are taking place in the dip in the southern hemisphere in four divisions, characterised by an

alternate increase and decrease of dip. Commencing with the meridian of Greenwich, and proceeding eastwardly round the hemisphere, we may distinguish the divisions as follows, in the order of their geographical succession.

1st. South dip increasing.

		annually.			annually.
St. Helena	1754 to 1775	6,9′	Cape of Good Hope	1775 to 1836	6,6
Do.	1775 to 1836	6,5	Mauritius	1754 to 1824	1,3
Cape of Good Hope	1751 to 1775	7,2	Do.	1824 to 1836	0,8

To this division also belongs Ascension; but as the north end of the needle dips at that island, the change is north dip diminishing, instead of south dip increasing.

Ascension	1754 to 1775	6,3 annually.
Do.	1775 to 1836	7,2 —
2d. South dip decreasing.
New Zealand	1824 to 1835	1,2 annually.[[211]]
3d. South dip increasing.
Otaheite	1775 to 1836	0,5 annually.

4th. South dip decreasing.

		annually.			annually.
Lima and Callao	1710 to 1799	0,4′	Tierra del Fuego	1774 to 1828	8,0
Do	1799 to 1835	4,9	Falkland Islands	1820 to 1834	8,2
Valparaiso	1794 to 1835	10,0	Sta Catharina	1822 to 1827	8,4
Concepçion	1710 to 1786	3,7	Rio de Janeiro	1751 to 1817	4,8
Do.	1786 to 1835	8,3	Do.	1817 to 1832	4,3

In the 2d and 3d divisions the annual change is small; in the 1st and 4th considerably greater. It is greatest at the southern station in South America; the observations at Valparaiso, Concepçion, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands, concur in shewing it to exceed 8′. The observations at Ascension, St. Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope, concur in shewing an annual change in that quarter of the 1st division exceeding 6′.

As the south dip decreases in South America, and increases in Africa, it is obvious that somewhere intermediately the dip must be stationary. Between Africa and New Zealand, for the same reason, there must be a second locality so characterised. Between New Zealand and Otaheite, a third; and between Otaheite and the west coast of South America, a fourth. Captain Fitz-Roy has

stations in the second of these localities only, between Africa and New Zealand. At Hobart Town, Sydney, and King George Sound, there appears to have been little or no change in the dip since the commencement of the present century.

The arrangement of the changes of dip in the southern hemisphere in four divisions, characterised by an alternate increase and decrease of dip, is in correspondence with the double flexure of the lines of dip; and is a consequence of the western motion of the two southern magnetic poles.

Careful observations made at St. Petersburgh, have shewn that the annual change of the dip in the northern hemisphere takes place altogether between the months of May and December; there being in fact a small movement in an opposite direction between December and May. This fact is of great interest in its bearing on the study of the causes of the magnetic phenomena. We have as yet no corresponding knowledge in regard to the southern hemisphere. The magnitude of the annual change which Captain Fitz-Roy's observations show is now taking place at the Cape of Good Hope, is deserving of attention in this respect. A large amount of annual change is obviously highly favourable for a determination of all the circumstances belonging to it; and its existence at the Cape, where there is already a fixed observatory, points to that station as most eligible for this investigation.

The observations at Ascension shew that the epoch is fast approaching when the needle will pass from north to south dip at that island: it is extremely desirable that the period at which this change takes place should be determined with as much precision as possible.

III. Intensity.

I have discussed in the Seventh Report of the British Association, the very important inferences in regard to the general distribution of magnetism in the southern hemisphere, afforded by Captains King and Fitz-Roy's most valuable series of intensity observations; but no inferences in regard to the changes which this phenomenon may be supposed to undergo can be drawn, as has been done in the cases of the variation and dip, because we possess no observations of the intensity made at a sufficiently early period to afford good materials for such a comparison.

EDWARD SABINE.

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Catalogue of the more interesting Specimens of Natural History that were collected during the voyage.

———

MAMMALIA.

1. Mustela Zorilla. Desm:[^[212]]

The skunk. This animal was found abundantly on the coast of Patagonia, between Monte Video and Cape Gregory, at the eastern entrance of the Strait of Magalhaens. It appeared to be the same species throughout the whole extent of the coast.—Mus. Zool. Soc.

2. Mustela lutris.—Lin.

Lutra marina, Steller. Erxleb. Harlan; Enhydra marina, Fleming.

The sea otter exists, but not very plentifully, on the coast of Tierra del Fuego; we saw very few. The Fuegian Indians hunt them with dogs which are trained for the purpose.—Museum Zool. Soc.

3. Canis.

The dogs belonging to the Fuegian Indians are certainly of the domesticated kind, originally obtained, probably, from the Spanish settlements at Buenos Ayres; generally they resemble the Esquimaux breed, but are much more diminutive in size.

4. Canis Vulpes.

Two if not three distinct species of the fox were brought home; one, of a small size, was thought to be a novelty; the other, perhaps, was only remarkable for its large size. Mr. Vigors thought the small one was quite new; the last is perhaps C. cinereo argenteus.—Museum of Zool. Soc.

5. Felis puma.

Several were seen: a skeleton was found on the shores of the Strait, supposed to be one of the above species.

6. Felis pajeros.—Desm. E. M. p. 231.

Chat pampa, D'Azara, 1. 179.

A variety of this species was given to me, by the Patagonian Indians, that had been recently killed; the skin was preserved, and is now in the museum of the Zoological Society. The following is the description of my specimen:—

The prevailing colour is a yellowish grey, deeper above, and gradually blending into the colour of the belly, chin, neck, inner part of the legs, the region of the anus, and below the root of the tail, which are white; the under part of the neck and belly also are spotted with black, disposed in transverse bands; the fore arms have three similar transverse bands, and the thighs four encircling the legs; ears white inside and tipped black; eyes dark blue, eyelids whitish, corner of the eyes black, particularly at the anterior or inner angle; claws whitish, and paws black; whiskers white, and some long white hairs over the eyes; the canine teeth are very acute, and have the longitudinal grooves or angles deeply marked.

	Inches.
Length of the body from the extremity of the nose
to the root of the tail	29
Length of tail	11¾
Ditto head	6
Breadth of head between the ears	2⅞
Height at the shoulder	12

7. Otaria jubata.—Desm. E. M. No. 380.

The sea lion of Anson and other voyagers; numerous in the eastern entrance of the Strait, and particularly at Port San Julian and the neighbourhood of Port Desire.

8. Otaria flavescens.—Desm: E. M. 250.

A young male was found on the beach, near Port Famine, that had been recently wounded by the Indians, and had crawled on shore to die.

9. Ctenomys Magellanicus. n. s.—Bennet.

This little animal possesses fur as soft as the chinchilla. It abounds in the neighbourhood of Cape Gregory, at the eastern entrance of the Strait of Magalhaens, and burrows under the

ground, which is so much undermined by them that it gives way at almost every step. It is a timid little fellow, feeds upon grass, and is eaten by the Patagonian Indians.—See Bennet in the Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. Dec. 22, 1835. A specimen is preserved in the Museum.

10. Kerodon Kingii. n. s.

See Bennet ut supra, in Museum of Zool. Soc.

11. Cavia Cutleri, n. s. nob.—See Bennet ut supra.

This specimen is in the collection of the Society. It was known in the voyage by the name of the Peruvian cavy: it was presented to one of the officers of the Beagle by an American sailing master, Mr. Cutler, of Stonington, U.S., a very intelligent person, to whom we are much indebted for information. The name which I have proposed for it is in recollection of the benefit we derived from his experience and knowledge of the intricate navigation of the south-western coast of Patagonia, which was freely imparted to us on several occasions.—See Bennet in Proceedings of Zool. Soc. ut supra.

12. Dasyprocta Patachonica.—Desm. E. M. 358.

I regret very much that the only specimen obtained was not preserved. Desmaret seems to suspect that it differs sufficiently in its dentition from the agouti to constitute a new genus, for which he has proposed the name Dolichotis.—See E. M. 359.

13. Dasypus minutus.—Desm.

Procured at Port S^ta Elena, and corresponds exactly with the description of the above species. It is the Tatou pichiy, or Tatou septième of D'Azara.

14. Auchenia Glama.—Desm. E. M. 655.

A living female guanaco was brought home in the Adventure, and placed in the garden of the Zoological Society. The guanaco inhabits Patagonia from Buenos Ayres to the Strait of Magalhaens: we also found it on King Charles Foreland, the eastern island of Tierra del Fuego, and on Navarin Island, at the north side of Nassau Bay, in the vicinity of Cape Horn.

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BIRDS.

1. Sarcoramphus Gryphus.—Duméril. The Condor. Vultur Gryphus.—Lin.

2. Cathartes Iota.—Chilian Eagle.

3. Polyborus vulgaris.—Falco Brasiliensis. Latham. Caraçara Eagle.

Strait of Magalhaens.

4. Milvago ochrocephala.—Spix. Young birds.

Strait of Magalhaens.

5. Haliætus erythronotus.—Nob. in Zool. Journal, iii. 424.

Hal. capite alisque fusco-griseis; dorso scapularibusque rufis, corpore caudâque subtus albis, fasciis fuscis gracilibus leviter notatis, hâc fasciâ latâ prope apicem nigrâ.

The total length of the bird from the apex of the bill to the extremity of the tail is 2 feet; of the bill from the rictus to the apex 2 inches; from the cere 1 inch; of the wing, from the end of the carpal joint to the end of the third quill feather, 18 inches; of the tail 10½ inches; of the tarsus three inches.

Strait of Magalhaens.

6. Falco sparverius.—Latham.

Strait of Magalhaens.

7. Falco peregrinus?

Strait of Magalhaens.

8.	Polyborus Brasiliensis. Polyborus Novæ Zealandiæ. Falco Novæ Zealandiæ of Latham.

9. Circus histrionicus.—Nob. in Zool. Journal, iii. 425.

Falco histrionicus, Quoy and Gaimard.

Circo cineraceus uropygio corporeque subtus albis: hoc fasciis frequentibus rufis notato.

The length from the apex of the bill to that of the tail is 18

inches; bill 1 inch; wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the third quill feather, 13½ inches; tail 9 inches; tarsus 2½ inches.

Strait of Magalhaens.

10. Strix rufipes.—Nob. in Zool. Journ., iii. 426.

Str. saturate brunnea, albido fulvoque maculata fasciataque femorum tarsorumque plumis rufis.

The total length is 15½ inches; that of the bill 1 inch; of the wing, from the carpus to the end of the fourth quill feather, 11 inches; of the tail 7½ inches; of the tarsi 2⅜.

11. Strix nana.—Nob. in Zoological Journal iii. 427.

Str. fusco brunnea, fronte nuchâ alisque albo-notatis, gulâ albâ, caudâ fasciis frequentibus rufis notatâ.

The total length is 54⁄5 inches; of the bill ½ inch; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the extremity of the fourth quill feather, 3¾ inches; of the tail 2¾ inches; of the tarsi ⅞.

N.B.—Three other species of this genus are in the collection which appear to be new.

12. Hirundo.—Sp.*

13. Hirundo.—Sp.*

14. Hirundo.—Sp.*

* Three distinct species of swallow, very much resembling the British species,—Hir. rustica, urbica, and riparia.

Strait of Magalhaens.

15. Turdus Magellanicus.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Turd. corpore supra grisescenti olivaceo, subtus pallidè rufescenti, capite supra, remigibus, caudâque fusco-atris gulâ-alba, fusco-atro lineatâ.

Strait of Magalhaens.

16. Synallaxis anthoides.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Syn. supra brunnea plumis in medio fusco latè striatis, tectricibus alarum superioribus rufo tinctis subtus pallidè cinerea; rectricibus lateralibus ad marginem externum, fasciâque alarum, rufis. Statura. Syn. Spinicaudæ.

Strait of Magalhaens.

17. Sylvia Spinicaudæ.—Latham.

18. Sylvia dorsalis.—Nob. in Zool. Journ. iii. 428.

Syl. nigra, dorso scapularibusque rufis, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis.

The length from the end of the bill to that of the tail is 4½ inches.

19. Sylvia obscura.—Nob. in Zool. Journ. iii. 429.

Syl. corpore unicolore fusco-nigro, alis brevibus rotundatis caudâ brevi, pedibus elongatis, fortibus pallidis.

The length from the apex of the bill to that of the tail is 4¼ inches; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the fourth quill feather, 1⅞; of the tail 1¼; of the tarsi ¾.

20. Troglodytes.

21. Fringilla.—(Several species, probably new.)

22.	Sturnus Militaris.—Lin. Motacilla patachonica.—-Lin. Patagonian warbler of Dixon's voyage.

23. Sturnus.—Sp. (black)? Leistes sp. Vigors.

24. Dendrocolaptes albo-gularis.
Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Dend. corpore supra, abdominisque lateribus, rufo brunneis; remigibus secundariis, dorso imo, caudâque rufis; mandibulâ inferiori ad basim, gulâ, jugulo, pectore, abdomineque medio, albis, hujus plumis brunneo ad apicem marginatis; rostro sursum recurvo.

Length 64⁄10 inches.—Strait of Magalhaens.

25. Psittacus smaragdinus.—Gmel.

26. Psittacara leptorhynca.
Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Psitt. viridis: fronte, strigâ per oculos, caudâque rufis: capite nigro, abdomine imo rufo, variegatis; mandibulâ superiori elongatâ, gracillimâ.

Staturâ.—Psitt. Lichtensteinii æqualis. Habitat in insulâ Chilóe.

27. Picus Magellanicus.—Nob. in Zool. Journ. iii. 430.

Pic. niger, capite cristato colloque coccineis, remigibus albo notatis.

Fœm. Capite cristato nigro, fronte mentoque coccineis.

The length of the bird from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail is 17 inches; of the bill 2½; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the fourth quill feather, 8¾; of the tail 7½; of the tarsi 1⅛; of the external hind toe, the nail included, 2.

Strait of Magalhaens.

28. Picus melanocephalus.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Pic. capite corporeque supra nigris, hoc albo maculato; pectore abdomineque albis, illo albo lineato, hoc albo fasciato.

Length 6 or 7 inches.—Strait of Magalhaens and Chilóe.

29. Mellisuga Kingii--Vigors in Zool. Journal, iii. 432.

Ornismya sephanoides.—Lesson et Garn.

Mell. supra metallicè viridis, infra alba viridi variegata, vertice splendide rubeo, rectricibus acuminatis.

This bird was found in the Strait of Magalhaens, so late in the year as the month of May, when it was seen flying in a snow-squall. It seemed regardless of the cold, and so long as the fuchsia and veronica were in blossom, so long did this hitherto supposed to be delicate little bird, remain to cull their sweets, or rather to prey upon the insects which buried themselves in the flowers; for, innocent as it seems, it is insectivorous. The bird was long known to naturalists, but was not described until November 1827, when Mr. Vigors described it, from a specimen transmitted by me to the Museum of the Zoological Society. It was found by MM. Lesson and Garnot, on the coast of Chile, where we also subsequently found it. M. Lesson described it in his useful little Manuel d'Ornithologie, ii. p. 80, as above, and has given a detailed account. Had not Mr. Vigors previously described it, I should have had pleasure in referring it to their description, and their excellent plate, in Lesson's Monograph upon the Trochilidæ.

30. Trochilus Fernandensis.—Nob. in Proceedings Zool. Soc.

Troch. ferrugineo-rufus; capitis vertice splendenti-coccineo; remigibus fuscis.

Length, 5 inches.

Island of Juan Fernandez, South Pacific.

31. Trochilus Stokesii.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Troch. corpore supra viridi-splendente, subtus albo viridi-guttato; capite supra, guttisque confertis gulæ lazulino-splendentibus; remigibus fusco-atris; remigum omnium, mediis exceptis, pogoniis internis albis.

Length 5 inches.

Island of Juan Fernandez.

Hylactes.—Novum genus. Megapodio affine.

Characteres Generici.

Rostrum subelongatum, subtenue, apice subemarginato; naribus basalibus, longitudinalibus, membranâ subtumescenti pilisque per mediam longitudinem tectâ.

Alæ, brevissimæ, rotundatæ; remige 5ta longissimâ.

Cauda, subelongata, gradata.

Pedes, fortes: tarsis subelongatis, in fronte scutellatis; digitis unguibusque elongatis, hic fortioribus subcompressis; halluce fortissimo, incumbente.

This genus appears to have some resemblance to MM. Quoy and Gaimard's genus Megapodius: but no specimen of it being in this country, and my bird differing in essential points from its generic characters, particularly in the length and form of the wings, which in my bird are rounded, and so short as not to reach beyond the base of the tail, I have formed it into a new genus, for which the term Hylactes (from its note, which very much resembles the sharp bark of a dog) has been selected.

32. Hylactes Tarnii.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Hyl. saturate fusco-brunneus; fronte, dorso, abdomineque rufis, hoc fusco fasciato.

At Chilóe and Port Otway, in the Gulf of Peñas.

The specific name I have selected is in compliment to Mr. John Tarn, surgeon of the Adventure, to whose attention, in procuring and preserving numerous specimens in ornithology, I am greatly indebted.

33. Struthio Rhea.—Lin. (223.)

The American ostrich. Maldonado.

34. Columba Fitz Royii.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Col. binacea; alis, dorso imo, caudâque plumbeis, hujus fasciâ remigibusque atris: nuchæ plumis viridi-splendentibus; fascia occipitali albá.

In the woods of Chilóe.

Dedicated to Captain Robert Fitz Roy, who succeeded to the command of H.M.S. Beagle upon the death of Captain Stokes.

35. Columba meridionalis.—Nob. in Zool. Journal, iv. 92.

Col. brunnescenti-plumbea, subtus rufescens; colli lateribus purpureo nitore splendentibus, genis pennisque secundariis nigro maculatis, rectricibus apice griseo fasciâque sub-apicali nigrâ.

Length, 9½ inches.

36. Ardea.—Sp. One of the night bitterns.

37. Ardea Major.—Bonat., E. M. 1148.

Port Otway, Gulf of Peñas.

38. Ibis Melanopis.—Bonat., E. M. 1148.

Port San Julian.

In the Ency. Méth. the length of the bird is stated to be 21 inches, but in the Dict. d'Histoire Naturelle 27 inches is given, which is correct.

39. Totanus Fuscus?

40. Scolopax Magellanicus.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 93.

Scol. supra brunneus, rufo fulvo nigroque maculatus undulatusque; abdomine medio albo; pectore brunneo rufoque sparso; tarsis brevibus.

The length of the bird from the front to the end of the tail is 8½ inches; of the beak 2½; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the quill feather, 5; of the tail 2½; and of the tarsi 11⁄16.

Strait of Magalhaens.

41. Rhynchæa Occidentalis.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 94.

Rhync. supra brunnea, capite summo pectore alisque saturatioribus, fulvo undulata strigataque; abdomine, maculâ utrinque pectorali, maculisque alarum, albis, stringâ frontali brunneâ.

The length of the bird from the forehead to the end of the tail is seven inches; of the bill 1⅜; of the wing from the carpal joint to the extremity of the first quill feather, 4¼; of the tarsus 15⁄16; of the tail 1¾.

Strait of Magalhaens.

This bird may be considered as one of the most interesting acquisitions made in our voyage. The singular and strongly marked genus has been hitherto considered peculiar to the Old World; and two species only having been discovered, an additional species from the New World is an important accession to science. The form of our Magellanic bird accords accurately with that of the Old World species, the bill being distinguished chiefly by its

inferior length. The general appearance of the plumage also is similar, although it possesses sufficiently distinctive characters to authorize this species being separated from the other.

42. Rallus Setosus.—Nob. in Zool. Journ. iv. 94.

Rall. supra brunneus, dorso alisque nigro notatis, subtus plumbeus; remigibus primariis rectricibusque fuscis, his saturatioribus; fronte setoso.

The length of the bird from the forehead to the extremity of the tail is 10 inches; of the bill 115⁄16; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the second quill feather, 4⅞; of the tail 3; of the tarsus 1⅝.

43. Rallus antarcticus. Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 95.

Rall. supra brunneus, nigro strigatus; subtus plumbeus, femorum tectricibus crissoque atris, albo-fasciatis.

The length of the body is 7½ inches; of the bill 1¼; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the second quill feather, 3¾; of the tail, 1¾; of the tarsus 15⁄16.

44. Fulica chloropoïdes.—Nob. in Zool. Journ. iv. 95.

Ful. capite, coll. superiore, caudâque atris; corpore reliquo atro-fusco, crisso albo.

The length of the body is 15 inches; of the bill 1¼; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 6½; of the tail 3; of the tarsi 2.

45. Fulica gallinuloïdes.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 96.

Ful. atro-fusca; dorso saturatiore, capite atro, gulâ albo-notatâ crisso albo, rostro angusto, in frontem parum extendente.

46. Chionis alba.—Forster.

Seen at Cape Horn, and at sea, four hundred miles from the nearest land. Captain Foster, of H.M.S. Chanticleer, saw some at South Shetland.

47. Hæmatopus palliatus.—Temminck.

Strait of Magalhaens.

48. Hæmatopus leucopus.—Gam.

Strait of Magalhaens.

The above two species of Hæmatopus were frequently seen on

the shores of the Strait; the latter appears to answer the description of M. Bougainville. See Lesson, Manuel d'Ornithologie, ii. 30.

49. Charadrius pluvialis.—Var.

Not to be distinguished from the golden plover.

50. Charadrius rubecola.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 96.

Char. capite summo, dorso, alis, caudâque supra grisescenti-fuscis, thorace nuchâque pallide griseis; pectore rufo, collari subpectorali nigro; fronte, striga superciliari, abdomine, crisso, rectricibusque lateralibus albis.

The length of the body is 8⅔ inches; of the bill ¾; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the first quill feather, 5⅝; of the tail 3; of the tarsi 1¼.

Mountains of the Strait of Magalhaens 2,000 feet above the level of the sea.

51. Vanellus cayanensis.—Ency. Méth. 1073. pl. 57, fig. 2.

Maldonado, River Plate.

52. Podiceps.—Sp.

Very much resembling P. minor.

53. Podiceps.—Sp.

54. Podiceps Leucopterus.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 101.

Pod. capite colloque superioribus nigris, gulâ griseo-albidâ, collo inferiore rufo; dorso fusco-atro; abdomine strigâque latâ alarum albis.

The length of the body is 20 inches; of the bill 3; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the apex of the second quill feather, 7¼; of the tarsi 2.

55. Aptenodytes Magellanica.—E. Méth.

56. Aptenodytes Chrysocome.?—A young bird.

57. Phalacrocorax niger.—Nob. in Zool. Journal, iv. 101.

Phal. intensè niger, circulo angusto ab oculis descendente, mandibulasque circumcingente, paucisque genarum capitisque plumis albis.

The length of the bird is 31 inches; of the bill 3⅜; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the extremity of the third quill

feather, 11; of the tail 7½; of the tarsi 2. The irides a bright blue green; the pupils black.

This bird is probably D'Azara's black Zaramagullon (No. 432 of his Birds of Paraguay), but it has not hitherto been described.

58. Phalacrocorax atriceps.—Nob. in Zool. Journal, iv. 102.

Phal. capite supra corporeque superiore atris, inferiore albo; rostro pedibusque flavescentibus, rectricibus duodecim.

The dimensions are nearly the same as those of the last bird, except those of the bill, which is a quarter of an inch longer.

59. Phalacrocorax cirriger.

Phal. supra fusco-griseus, subtus albidus; gulâ, cirroque longitudinali per collum utrinque descendente, albis; rostro pedibusque rubris; rectricibus quatuordecim.

The length of the body is 26 inches; of the bill 33⁄16; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the extremity of third quill feather, 10; of the tail 6; of the tarsi 1¾.

60. Phalacrocorax imperialis.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zoological Society.

Phal. capite cristato, collo posteriori, corporeque supra intense purpureis; alis scapularibusque viridi atris; remigibus rectricibusque duodecim fusco-atris; corpore subtus, fasciâ alarum, maculâque dorsi medii sericeo-albis; rostro nigro; pedibus flavescentibus.

Statura.—Phal. carbonis.

Hab.—Interior Sounds of Western Patagonia.

61. Phalacrocorax Sarmientonus.

Phal. capite, collo, dorsoque imo atro-purpureis; pectore abdomineque albis; dorso superiori, scapularibus, alisque viridi-atris; remigibus rectricibusque duodecim atris; gulâ, genis, femorumque tectricibus superioribus albo-notatis; rostro nigro; pedibus flavescentibus.

Staturâ præcedentis.

Strait of Magalhaens.

62. Phalacrocorax erythrops.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zoological Society.

Phal. capite, collo, corporeque supra purpureo-atris; pectore abdomineque albis; genis parcè albo-notatis; facie nudâ rubrâ; remigibus, rectricibus duodecim, rostroque sub-brevi atris: pedibus flavescentibus.

Staturâ paulo minor præcedentibus duobus.

63. Larus hæmatorhynchus.—Nob. in Zool. Journ. iv. 103.

Lar. corpore plumbeo-griseo, dorso medio alisque nigris, his albo notatis; rostro pedibusque sanguineis.

The length of the bird is 18 inches; of the bill 2; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the first quill feather, 13; of the tail 6; of the tarsi 2. Irides green silvery colour, pupil dark.

64. Larus fuscus?

65. Larus ridibundus?

66. Lestris catarrhactes?

67. Procellaria gigantea. A young bird.

68. Procellaria capensis.

This beautiful, but well-known petrel, was, of course, our constant companion on all occasions of our being at sea, and was particularly numerous off the entrance to the river Plata, feeding probably upon the exuviæ that drift out with the current. One being taken with the hook, was killed, and in its entrails several small fragments of granite were found mixed with the half-digested food. A remarkable instance of the natural habits of this bird has lately come to my knowledge, which deserves to be recorded. The late Mr. George Fairfowl, surgeon R.N., on his return from New South Wales, in the year 1831, caught one of these birds, and let it go, with a ribbon tied round the body, by which it was easily distinguished; the bird was thereby observed to follow the ship, from day to day, for the space of 5,000 miles.

69. Procellaria Berardi.

70.	Procellaria Wilsonii.—Prince of Musignano. Thalassidroma Wilsonnii—Vigors.

71. Diomedea exulans.

72. Cygnus anatoïdes.

Cygn. albus, remigibus primariis ad apicem nigris; rostro pedibusque rubris, illo lato, subdepresso, tuberculo nullo.

Interior Sounds on the west coast of Patagonia.

Molina describes a Chilian duck, anas coscoroba, thus: A. rostro extremo dilatato rotundato; corpore albo; but I do not think it can be the same as mine, or he would have noticed its red feet and bill. It certainly is not A. candidus, of Viellot; the ganso blanco of D'Azara, which the author of the article in the Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. supposes to be the one and the same with A. coscoroba. Molina gives but a short description of that bird.

73. Anser inornatus.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Society.

Mas. Ans. albus: dorso inferiori, caudâ, fasciis nuchæ dorsique superioris femorumque tectricum, pteromatibus, remigibusque atris: rostro nigro, pedibus flavescentibus. Fœm. Capite colloque canis; dorso superiori corporeque inferiori albis, nigro confertim fasciatis; dorso imo remigibus, rectricibusque nigris; ptilis speculoque albis; tarsis subelongatis.

Strait of Magalhaens.

74. Micropterus brachypterus.—Quoy and Gaimard. Zool. de l'Uranie, pl. 39.

Oidemia patachonica.—Nob. Zool. Journal, iv. 100. Anas brachyptera.—Latham. Racehorse.—Cook.—Byron.

Micropt. supra plumbeo-grisescens, abdomine albescente speculo alarum albo; rostro luteo; ungue nigro.

75. Micropterus Patachonicus.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

Micropt. supra plumbeo grisescens; gulâ scapularibusque rufescentibus; abdomine speculoque alarum albis; rostro virescenti-nigro, ungue nigro.

Smaller than M. brachypterus.

This bird having a smaller body than the first, is enabled to fly; which with the scapulars and the feathers of the throat being of a redder hue than those of M. Brachypterus, authorizes its being considered as specifically new.

76. Anas nigricollis.—Ind. Orn. ii. 834.

This bird has a wide range on the South American continent. It frequents the River Plata, Strait of Magalhaens, and several parts of the Western Coast, as far up as Chilóe.

77. Anas chiloensis.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Society.

An. fronte, genis, abdomine, uropygio, pteromatibusque albis; capite posteriori, collo, dorso inferiori, ptilis, remigibusque primariis, caudâque fuscis; dorso superiori, pectoreque fusco et albo fasciatis; remigibus secundariis et tertiis scapularibusque nitidè atris, his albo lineatis; abdominis lateribus crissoque rufescentibus; strigâ post oculos, latâ splendidè purpurascenti-viride.

Length about 16 inches. Island of Chilóe.

78. Anas fretensis.—Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

An. gulâ, genis, collo, pectore, dorsoque anteriori pallidè badiis; collo graciliter undulato; pectore dorsoque anteriori atro maculato; dorso abdomineque imis, crisso, caudâque albis nigro fasciatis; dorsi fasciis latis, abdominis gracillimis, caudæ sublatioribus, crissi sparsim undulatis; capite supra, remigibus, scapularibusque virescenti-atris; his albo in medio lineatis; tectricibus plumbeo-canis, fasciâ apicali albâ; speculo supra viridi, deinde purpureo, fasciâ atrâ apice albo terminatâ.

Statura Anatis creccoidis, Nob.

Strait of Magalhaens.

79. Anas Rafflesii.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 97.

An. castaneo-rufa, capite abdomineque medio saturatiorbus; notis dorsi, remigibus, caudâ supra, crissoque nigris; ptilis cæruleis, pteromatibus albis, speculo alarum viridi.

A figure of the bird is given in the supplementary plates of the Zool. Jour. Supp. XXIX.

Length, 20 inches.

Strait of Magalhaens, and Western coast to Chilóe.

This beautiful bird bears the name of the late Sir J. Stamford Raffles, to whose exertions the science of Zoology is under no trifling obligation.

80. Anas specularis.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 98.

An. capite summo, dorso, alis, caudâque nigris: subtus pallidè griseus, pectore brunneo undulato: speculo lato purpurascenti-aureo splendente, fasciâ atrâ alterâque albâ marginato: maculâ utrinque suboculari, mento, thoraceque albis.

The length of the bird is 26 inches; of the bill 2⅜; of the wing,

from the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 11; of the tail 6; of the tarsi 2¼.

81. Anas specularioides.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 98.

An. capite summo corporeque supra fuscis: subtus pallidè griseus, pectore rufo-brunneo fasciato: remigibus, crisso, rectricibusque atris: speculo subangusto purpurascenti-aureo splendente, fasciâ atrâ, alterâque apicali albâ.

The length of the bird is 24 inches; of the bill 2⅛; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 10½; of the tail 6; of the tarsus 1½.

Strait of Magalhaens.

This is the common duck in the vicinity of Port Famine, and in the winter months is excellent eating.

82. Anas creccoides.—Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 99.

An. pallidè brunneo-griseus, fusco sparsus notatusque; dorso imo, ptilisque fuscis, his apice rufo; speculo nigro, fulvo marginato.

The length of the bird is 16½ inches; of the bill 1¾; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 83⁄16; of the tail 4⅜; of the tarsus 1¼.

---

SHELLS.

Description of the Cirrhipeda, Conchifera, and Mollusca, in a Collection formed by the Officers of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the Southern Coasts of South America, including the Strait of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. By Captain Phillip P. King, R.N., F.R.S., &c., assisted by W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., &c. (From the Zoological Journal.)

The testacea, of which the following paper is a descriptive list, were principally collected upon the coast of South America; and, upon my arrival in England, were submitted to the examination of Mr. George Sowerby; who very obligingly selected the undescribed species from the collection which had been formed under my superintendence by the Officers of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, employed under my command in surveying the southern coast of South America.

To these gentlemen I am greatly indebted for the unwearied assiduity which they at all times displayed, and for the extent of the collection in this, as well as in other departments of Natural History.

In the description of the species I have had the benefit of the advice and assistance of my friend Mr. Broderip; and to his knowledge of the subject, and the attention which he has devoted to my collection, I owe in a great measure the paper which I have now the satisfaction of presenting to the public through the medium of the Zoological Journal.

Upon examining my specimens, Mr. George Sowerby found that he possessed several species not in my collection. These had been obtained during the voyage, and had been purchased from some of the crew by Mr. Sowerby, who handsomely put his acquisitions into my hands for description.

———

1. Balanus Psittacus.

Syn. Lepas Psittacus. Molina, 1., 223.

B. testâ albido-rosaceâ, subconicâ, elongatâ, rudi, longitudinaliter creberrimè striatâ; radiis transversim striatis; operculo transversìm profundè sulcato, lineis elevatis creberrimè plicatis; valvis posticis valdè productis, acuminatis.

Habitat ad oras Concepçionis et insulam Chilóe. Mus. Brit., nost., Broderip, &c.

This cirrhiped which, at Concepçion de Chile, is frequently found of a larger size than 5½ inches long and 3½ in diameter, forms a very common and highly esteemed food of the natives, by whom it is called Pico, from the acuminated processes of the two posterior opercular valves. The anterior and posterior opercular valves, when in contact, present some resemblance to a parrot's beak, whence Molina's name. It is also found very abundantly at Valdivia and at Calbuco, near the north end of the island of Chilóe. It occurs in large bunches, and presents somewhat of a cactus-like appearance. The parent is covered by its progeny, so that large branches are found composed of from fifty to one hundred distinct individuals, each of which becomes in its turn the foundation of another colony. One specimen in the possession of my friend W. J. Broderip, Esq., consists of a numerous group based on two large individuals. They are collected by being chopped off with a hatchet. At Concepçion, where they are found of larger size than to the southward, they are principally procured at the Island of Quiriquina, which lies across the entrance of the bay; whence they are exported in large quantities to Valparaiso and Santiago de Chile, where they are considered as a great delicacy, and indeed with some justice, for the flesh equals in richness and delicacy that of the crab, which, when boiled and eaten cold, it very much resembles.

2. Elminius Leachii.[^[213]]

E. testâ albidâ, truncatâ, longitudinaliter striatâ, radiis creberrimè longitudinaliter substriatis; operculo ad basin transversim striato, quadripartito; long. ⅝; lat. ⅜; poll.

Habitat.In Museo Geo. Sowerby et nost.

3. Scalpellum Papillosum.

S. pedunculo creberrimè papilloso; testâ lævi valdè compressâ; long. omnino 11⁄16; 4⁄16 pedunculi; lat. 5⁄16, poll.

Habitat in mare alto circa oras Patagonicas. Mus. nost., G. Sowerby.

Taken by a dredge in 40 fathom water, off the coast of South America, in latitude 44½° south, and found adhering to a Terebella.

4. Pholas Chiloensis. Molina.

P. testâ elongatâ posticè ovato-rotundatâ, costis posticis dentato-muricatis; anticè attenuatâ striis transversis posticè undato-muricatis, anticè muticis; lat. 5: long. 2; poll.

Habitat ad insulam Chiloei. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod., Stokes.

Some doubt has been thrown upon the existence of this shell, notwithstanding the description of Molina. A species very nearly approaching it, if not identical, was found at Rio de Janeiro; but as only single valves were obtained, and these were in a very imperfect state, I have not ventured to characterise it.

The soft parts of Pholas Chiloensis are considered very delicate by the inhabitants of the Island of Chilóe, by whom the animal is called "Co-mes." They are found in great abundance at low water imbedded in the rocks near Sandy Point, at San Carlos de Chilóe.

5. Solen scalprum.

S. testâ lineari subrectâ extremitatibus subrotundatis; cardine bidentato; long. 13⁄16; lat. 311⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Patagoniæ oras Orientates (Sea Bear Bay). Mus. nost.

6. Anatina elliptica.

A. testâ ellipticâ, subtenui, transversim striató, anticè sub-truncatâ, epidermide fuscâ, tenui; long. 1⅜; lat. 2⅜; poll.

Habitat ad oras Antarcticas (New South Shetland). Mus. Brit., nost.

This shell was found at New South Shetland, by Lieutenant Kendall, of his Majesty's sloop, Chanticleer, by whom it was presented to me.

7. Mactra edulis.

M. testâ subtrigonâ, tumidâ, sublævi, fulvo-squalidâ, intus albâ, dentibus lateralibus prominentibus; long. 2; lat. 24⁄8; poll.

Habitat in freto Magellanico (Port Famine). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

This shell was found in great abundance on the flat of sandy mud, which fronts the west shore of Port Famine, and proved a

valuable article of food to the ship's company, particularly during the winter months, when sea-birds and game were not to be procured, and the fish had deserted us. I have named it, in allusion to its affording us a grateful, as well as seasonable, supply of fresh food.

8. Erycina Solenoides.

E. testâ subellipticâ, transversim creberrimè substriatâ, albidâ, epidermide fusco-griseâ; long. 1 paulo minus; lat. 2; poll.

Habitat in freto Magellanico (sandy mud flats of Port Famine). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

9. Tellinides rosacea.

T. testâ subtrigonâ, planulatâ, striis concentricis creberrimis; long. 6⁄8; lat. 15⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad littora Brasiliæ (Santos). Mus. nost.

10. Venus inflata.

V. testârotundatâ, concentricè substriatâ, albente, intus albâ, lunulâ obsoletâ; long. 19⁄16; lat. 1⅝; poll.

Habitat in freto Magellanico (Port Famine). Mus. nost.

11. Venus antiqua.

V. testâ sub-ovali, convexiusculâ, creberrimè cancellatâ, sub-fuscâ, intus albidâ; lunulâ cordatâ; long. 2⅝; lat. 3; poll.

Obs. in junioribus, striis transversis concentricis elevatis, acutis.

Habitat ad littora occidentalia Patagoniæ (Gulf of Peñas and its vicinity). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

12. Arca angulata.

A. testâ transversâ, subcordato-quadratâ, intus fusco-violascente; latere antico producto, elevato, undulatim lamellato, postico rotundato; umbonibus valdè remotis, areâ cardinali maximâ, striatâ; margine hiante; long. 1⅛; lat. 1⅞; poll.

Habitat ad Juan Fernandez. Mus. nost.

This shell was dredged up from 80 fathoms water in the offing of Cumberland Bay, at Juan Fernandez; it was attached to a branch of coral.

The hinge is broad and smooth, with distinct markings; the gape is rather wide, and the anterior part of the shell rises rather elegantly, like the stern of some Indian canoes, and in all the specimens but one, terminates in a point. The one above

described has a rounded form; the bows or front being rather elegantly and finely lamellated in a wavy form; the colour of the hinge is red, and the inside is generally of a brownish purple; in some it has a more yellow tinge.

13. Arca pectinoides.

A. testâ auriculatâ, cordatâ, ventricosâ, multi-costatâ, transversim striatâ, albâ, epidermide rufo nigricante, pilosâ; umbonibus sub-approximatis, incurvatis, margine crenulato; long. 1; lat. 12⁄8; poll.

Habitat ad Rio de Janeiro. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

14. Nucula striata.

N. testâ striatâ, subtumidâ, crassâ, sub-trigonâ, albâ; latere antico productiori, sub-rostrato; long. 9⁄32; lat. ⅜; poll.

Habitat in mari alto circa oras Patagonicas. Mus. nost.

Taken by a dredge in 40 fathoms water, 20 miles from the coast of South America, in the neighbourhood of Port Sta Elena.

15. Modiola sinuosa.

M. testâ ventricosâ, subovatâ, longitudinaliter striatâ; intus iridescente, margine sinuoso, epidermide fuscâ; long. 7⁄16; lat. 14⁄16 fere; poll.

Habitat ad littora Brasiliæ (Santos). Mus. nost.

16. Pecten Patachonicus.

P. testâ sub-æquivalvi, brunneâ, longitudinaliter creberrimè elevato-radiatâ; intus albidâ, longitudinaliter sub-radiatâ; long. 24⁄8; lat. 24⁄8; poll.

Obs. auribus inæqualibus.

Habitat in freto Magellanico passim. Mus. nost.

17. Pecten vitreus.

P. testâ subæquivalvi, translucente, longitudinaliter multi-sulcatâ; sulcis convexis flavidulis, valvâ inferiore pallidiori; long. 19⁄16; lat. 14⁄8; poll.

Obs. Auribus inæqualibus.

Habitat in freto Magellanico passim. Mus. nost.

This shell is found attached to the leaves of the Fucus giganteus, and, with other Mollusca, is the food of the Steamer or Race-horse Duck (Micropterus brachypterus and M. Patachonicus).

18. Terebratula flexuosa.

T. testâ rotundato-cordatâ, gibbâ, sub-fuscâ, longitudinaliter creberrimè sulcatâ; margine valdè flexuoso; long. 1⅜; lat. 14⁄8 paulo minus; poll.

Habitat in freto Magellanico (Port Famine). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

This shell, which was dredged up from deep water in the bay of Port Famine, attached to stones, is not a common shell in the Strait.

19. Terebratula Sowerbii.

T. testâ subrotundâ, planiusculâ, subfuscâ, longitudinaliter radiatim transversim substriatâ, medio supernè depressâ, infra convexâ, subglabrâ; margine utrinque crenulato, medio glabro; long. 17⁄16; lat. 7⁄16 paulo plus; alt. 11⁄16 poll.

Habitat in freto Magellanico. Mus. nost., Geo. Sowerby.

20. Chiton setiger.

C. testâ ovali, anticé subattenuatâ; valvis subdentatis, tenuiter concentricè striatis, anticâ 10-radiatâ, posticâ lævi, parvulâ; areis lateralibus striis duabus elevatis marginalibus; ligamento marginali lævigato, setigero; long. 2⅜; lat. 1⅜; poll.

Habitat ad oras insulæ Tierra del Fuego et in freto Magellanico. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

Shell ovate, rather attenuated towards the anterior end, generally of a light blue-green colour, variegated with markings of dark slate. Valves slightly beaked with minute concentric striæ, the lateral compartments with two marginal ridges, which in some specimens are granulose, in others smooth. The anterior valve has eight, besides two marginal, ridges of the same character; the posterior valve is very small and smooth. Border coriaceous, and set with bristles produced from three rows of tufts or pores. In some of the specimens in my possession the bristles are rubbed off.

The shell is found in all parts of the shores of Tierra del Fuego, particularly on its seaward coast, and the western parts of the Strait of Magalhaens.

21. Chiton Bowenii.

C. testâ oblongo-ovatâ, castaneo-rufâ; dorso elevato; valvis subdentatis, sublævibus concentricè tenuiter striatis; areis lateralibus radiatim sulcatis; ligamento marginali granuloso, nigro; long. 32⁄8; lat. 1½; poll.

Habitat ad oras insulæ Tierra del Fuego et in freto Magellanico. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

Shell oblong-ovate, and generally of a chestnut red, and the granulose ligament black; the colour of the younger specimens is more brilliant, and sometimes interspersed with yellow. Middle valves slightly toothed, and very delicately lineated, the lines forming an obtuse angle in the direction of the axis of the shell; the lateral compartments are marked with deeper striæa or grooves, radiating from the upper angle to the base, which, crossing the transverse markings of the valve, have a reticulated appearance: the anterior and posterior valves are radiated with fine lines.

This Chiton was discovered by Mr. Bowen, surgeon of the Beagle, by whom it was presented to me. The specimen was sent home among a collection of Natural History, transmitted in the year 1827.

22. Fissurella coarctata.

F. testâ ovatâ, anticé attenuatâ, elevatâ; radiis frequentibus elevatis; internè virescenti; foraminis margine externo juxta medium coarctato, subdentato; long 25⁄16; lat. 113⁄16; alt. 14⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Portum Praya. Mus. Brit., nost.

23. Helix translucens.

H. testâ subglobosâ, translucente, levissimè transversim striatâ; anfractu basali lineâ longitudinali castaneâ sub-mediâ ornato; long. 17⁄32; lat. 9⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Rio de Janeiro. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

24. Helix pusio.

H. testâ rotundo-complanatâ, creberrimè striatâ, translucente, maculis castaneo-rufis ornatâ; long. 1⁄16; lat. 3⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Juan Fernandez. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

25. Helicina sordida.

H. testâ globoso-conoideâ; anfractibus rotundatis longitudinaliter striatis; operculo castaneo; long. 2⁄8 paulo plus; lat 5⁄16 paulo plus; poll.

Habitat ad Rio de Janeiro. Mus. Brit., nost.

The colour of this shell is of a dirty yellowish white, with a slight tinge of diaphanous violet within the margin of the lip.

26. Pupa subdiaphana.—No. 194. MSS.

P. testâ cylindraceâ, albâ, subdiaphanâ, transversim creberrimè substriatâ; long. 4⁄8 paulo minus; lat. 3⁄16 paulo minus; poll.

Habitat ad Portum Praya. (Cape Verd Islands.) Mus. Brit., nost.

27. Bulinus Gravesii.

B. testâ subventricosâ, longitudinaliter subrugosâ, sub-albidâ, fusco-maculatâ, spirâ longitudinaliter striatâ; long. 14⁄8; lat. 13⁄16 paulo minus; poll.

Habitat ad Valparaiso. Mus. nost.

I have named the shell after my shipmate and friend, Lieutenant Thomas Graves, whose zeal and assiduity in assisting and increasing my collections of Natural History was as unwearied as the alacrity and ability which he displayed in the primary and more important objects of the voyage, of which, in his Majesty's ship Adventure, he filled the appointment of assistant surveyor. To Lieutenant Graves I am principally indebted for my land-shells, and I therefore take the opportunity of recording the valuable assistance he rendered me during the whole period of his serving under my command.

28. Bulinus Gravesii, var.

B. testâ subpyramidali, scabrâ, albidâ, aliquando lineolis raris; epidermide lutescente; long. 19⁄16; lat. 11⁄16 paulo plus. poll.

Habitat ad Valparaiso. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

This is certainly a variety of No. 27, Bulinus Gravesii.

29. Bulinus dentatus.

B. testâ cylindraceâ, punctatâ, sub-diaphanâ, fusco maculatâ; aperturâ dentatâ, clausiliam mentiente; long. 15⁄16; lat. 5⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad oras Brasiliæ (St. Catherine). Mus. Brit., nost.

30. Bulinus lutescens.—No. 140. MSS.

B. testâ obovatâ, ventricosâ, subscabrâ, lutescente; long. 1⅛; lat. 11⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Maldonado (Gorriti). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

31. Bulinus corrugatus.—No. 941 MSS.

B. testâ subalbidâ, transversim et longitudinaliter rugoso-striatâ, maculis fuscis, obsoletis; aperturâ purpurascente; columellâ nigricante purpureâ; long. 16⁄8 paulo plus; lat. 13⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Concepcion. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

The body-whorl of the older specimens of this shell is rather roughly striated or wrinkled, the last but one slightly so, and the remaining whorls are quite smooth. The colour is whitish, with

purple spots more or less obsolete: the old specimens are sometimes of a dull yellowish white. A specimen is deposited in the British Museum.

The young shells of this species are of a whitish brown, with darker coloured striæ. They are very fragile and semi-transparent.

32. Bulinus sordidus.—No. 803 MSS.

B. testâ pyramidali, transversim striatâ, fuscâ; anfractu basali ad suturam subalbido, lineâ subcentricâ pallidâ; labii vix reflexi margine albo; long. 115⁄16; lat. ⅞ poll.

Habitat ad Brasiliam (Rio de Janeiro). Mus. nost.

33. Bulinus multicolor.[^[214]]—No. 791 MSS.

B. testâ ovato-pyramidali, longitudinaliter et transversim creberrimè substriatâ, luteo-fuscâ maculis albis et purpureo-atris fucatâ; labio roseo subreflexo; columellâ subalbidâ, aperturâ intus subatropurpureâ; long. 15⁄16; lat. 9⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Brasiliam. Mus. nost., Geo. Sowerby.

33.* Bulinus rosaceus.

B. testâ ovato-oblongâ, scabriusculâ; apice et anfractibus primis, rosaceis, cæteris viridi-fuscis; labro albo; suturis crenulatis seu plicatis; long. 2⅛; lat. 1; poll.

Habitat ad oras Americæ meridionalis (Chile). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod., Geo. Sowerby, &c.

Soon after the return of the expedition, my friend Mr. Broderip, to whose inspection Lieutenant Graves had submitted his collection, observing symptoms of life in some of the shells of this species, took means for reviving the inhabitants from their dormant state, and succeeded. After they had protruded their bodies, they were placed upon some green leaves, which they fastened upon and ate greedily. These animals had been in this state for seventeen or eighteen months, and five months subsequently another was found alive in my collection, so that this last had been nearly two years

dormant. The shells were all sent to Mr. Loddige's nursery, where they lived for eight months, when they unfortunately all died within a few days of each other. Soon after the shells were first deposited at Mr. Loddige's, one got away, and escaped detection for several months, until it was at last discovered in a state of hybernation; it was removed to the place where the others were kept, when it died also. The upper surface of the animal when in health is variegated with ruddy spots and streaks on an ash-coloured ground.

34. Partula flavescens.

P. testâ subfusiformi, pallide flavâ, interdum castaneâ vel flavo et castaneo variâ; long. 11⁄16; lat. 5⁄16 paulo plus; poll.

Habitat ad oras Americæ meridionalis (Valparaiso). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

This shell varies in its colour almost as much as Bulinus citrinus.

35. Achatina Donellii.—No. 413 MSS.

A. testâ subalbidâ, transversim substriatâ, anfractu basali ventricosâ; long. 7⁄16 paulo plus; lat. 2⁄8; poll.

Habitat ad Lima. Mus. nost.

36. Achatina diaphana.

A. testâ subcylindraceâ, diaphanâ, transversim striatâ; long. 5⁄16; lat. 5⁄32; poll.

Habitat ad insulam Juan Fernandez, in montibus. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

37. Achatina strigata.—No. 462 MSS.

A. testâ diaphanâ, subalbidâ, creberrimè transversim substriatâ, strigis longitudinalibus castaneis raris; anfractu basali subangulato; long. 11⁄16 paulo plus; lat. 6⁄16 paulo minus; poll.

Habitat in paludibus Brasiliæ (Santo Paulo). Mus. nost.

38. Achatina sordida.—No. 798 MSS.

A. testâ subdiaphanâ, subconicâ, anfractu basali ventricoso; long. 6⁄8 paulo plus; lat. ⅜ paulo plus; poll.

Habitat ad Brasiliam (Rio de Janeiro). Mus. nost.

39. Achatina Sellovii.

A. testâ cylindraceâ transversim striatâ subdiaphanâ; long. 5⁄16; lat. 2⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad Brasiliam (St. Catherine). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

This shell, which I found at the city of Nossa Sen^a. de Estero,

I have dedicated to my friend, Dr. Sellow, whose researches in Natural History for several years past in the interior of Brazil, are well known to the scientific world.

40. Succinea fragilis.

S. testâ ovato-acutâ, diaphanâ, ventricosâ, transversim striatâ, obliquè subrugosâ; spirâ brevi; long. 9⁄16 paulo minus; lat. 6⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad insulam Juan Fernandez. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

41. Succinea patula.

S. testâ diaphanâ, ovato-rotundatâ, ventricosissimâ, transversim creberrimè striatâ; spirâ brevissimâ; aperturâ patulâ; long. 4⁄8 paulo plus; lat. ⅜ paulo plus; poll.

Habitat ad insulam Juan Fernandez.

Marinula. Nov. Genus.

Character Genericus.

Testâ ovato-productâ, sub-solidâ; aperturâ ovatâ, integrâ; columellâ bidentatâ, et basin versus uniplicatâ; dentibus magnis sub-remotis conniventibus, superiore maximo; operculum nullum.

42. Marinula pepita.

M. testâ ovato-productâ, viridi-fuscâ; anfractibus sub-tumidis; spirâ brevi; aperturâ nigricante; dentibus plicâque albidis; long. 7⁄16; lat. 4⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad insulam Chilóe. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod., G. Sowerby.

This animal, which I have thought it necessary to assign to a new genus, appears to have for its nearest neighbours the genera Auricula and Pedipes. It was found on the wooden piles which support the mole in the Bay of San Carlos, in Chilóe, below the wash of the high water. The mole stands out into the sea, and there is no fresh water near it, save a very little rill, which discharges its tiny stream more than fifty yards off.

43. Lymnæa diaphana.—No. 349 MSS.

L. testâ turritâ, transversim substriatâ, anfractibus ventricosis; long. 11⁄16; paulo plus; lat. 5⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum (Cape Gregory). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

This shell was found in the fresh-water ponds in the neighbourhood of Cape Gregory, which is on the continental side of the eastern end of the Strait of Magalhaens.

44. Ampullaria Cumingii.

A. testâ globosâ, transversim striatâ, subalbidâ, longitudinaliter castaneo-lineatâ et fasciatâ, epidermide virescente; umbilico parvo; lat. 17⁄16; long. 16⁄16; poll.

Habitat in Sinu Panamæ; (island of Saboga, in a small hill-stream). Mus. Brit, nost., Brod.

From Mr. Cuming's collection. I have named this shell after Mr. Cuming, from whom I received it.

45. Natica globosa.

N. testâ globosâ, tenui, ventricosissimâ, corneâ, vel subalbidâ, subtilissimè striatâ; spirâ brevi; umbilico parvo; operculo valdè tenui; long. 15⁄16 paulo plus; lat. ⅞; poll.

Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum (Cape Gregory). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

46. Natica castanea.

N. testâ ovato-acutâ castaneâ, albo-lineatâ; aperturâ mediocri; columellâ valdè callosâ; umbilico mediocri; long. 13⁄16; lat. 21⁄32; poll.

Habitat ad Brasiliæ; oras, circa Santos. Mus. nost.

47. Turbo lugubris.

T. testâ nigricante, striatâ; aperturâ argenteâ; labri margine nigrâ, subcrenulatâ; operculo valdè lapidoso, albo; long. 2⅛; lat. 22⁄8 fere; poll.

Habitat ad Sinum Peñas. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

48. Odontis subplicata.

O. testâ granuloso-striatâ, viridi-fuscâ, nigro maculatâ; umbilico mediocri; labri margine sub-plicato; long. 10⁄16; lat. 13⁄16 paulo plus; poll.

Habitat ad Brasiliam (Rio de Janeiro). Mus. Brit., nost.

49. Littorina flava.

L. testâ longitudinaliter striatâ, sub-flavâ; spirâ brevi; anfractu basali ventricoso; columellæ purpurascentis margine et aperturâ sub-flavâ; operculo nigricante; long. ⅝ paulo plus; lat. 7⁄16 poll.

Habitat ad Brasiliam (Rio de Janeiro). Mus. Brit., nost.

In young shells there are a few obscure reddish brown streaks crossing the striæ.

50. Littorina perdix.

L. testâ striis elevatis balteatâ, albidâ, fusco-maculatâ, striis interstitialibus minus elevatis, ambabus sub-cancellatis; aperturâ albâ, labri margine tenui, castaneo-maculatâ; long. 13⁄16; lat. 17⁄32 poll.

Habitat? Mus. nost.

51. Littorina striata.

L. testâ ovato-conicâ, fuscâ, striis elevatis scabrâ; spirâ brevi; anfractu basali tumido; aperturâ nigricante, basin versus strigâ luteoalbâ ornatâ; labri margine crenulato albo-fulvido; operculo nigro; long. 4⁄8 paulo plus; lat. 7⁄16 ferè; poll.

Habitat in Mari Atlantico boreali (Port Praya). Mus. Brit., nost.

52. Margarita fasciata, n. s.

M. testâ albidâ, creberrimè striatâ, purpureo fasciatâ, aperturâ argenteâ; long. 4⁄16; lat. 5⁄16 ferè; poll.

Habitat in Mari Pacifico. Mus. nost.

Portions of the striated surface are elevated into belts, which are of a purple colour.

53. Margarita violacea.

M. testâ sub-ovatâ, violaceâ, spirâ brevi; anfractibus tumidis; aperturâ iridescente; long. 7⁄16; lat. 8⁄16 fere; poll.

Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

Of this shell the Indians make their necklaces; it is found adhering to the leaves of the Fucus giganteus, and is the principal food of the Steamer or Racehorse Duck (Micropterus Patachonicus, nob. in Proceedings of the Zoological Society, December 14, 1830, page 15).

54. Margarita cœrulescens.

M. testâ sub-complanatâ, cœruleâ, striatâ, albido-lineatâ, aperturâ iridescente; lat. 13⁄16 ferè; long. 15⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum (Cape Gregory). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

55. Turritella tricarinata.

T. testâ turritâ, anfractibus tricarinatis; carinis nodulosis; long. 1⅝; lat. 9⁄16 paulo minus; poll.

Habitat ad oras Americæ meridionalis (Valparaiso). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

The Carinæ are nodulous, or twisted like the strands of a rope; the twists of the upper carina are in the direction of a water-laid,

or right-handed rope, and those of the two lower carinæ are in the opposite direction, or like what is termed a hawser-laid rope. Between these nodulous carinæ are elevated lines, and the base is very strongly striated. Found in deep water in the Bay of Valparaiso. Dead shells of this species are occasionally found thrown upon the beach, near the Almendral.

56. Turritella nodulosa.

T. testâ elongato-turritâ; anfractibus striatis; striis duabus maximis subnodulosis; long. 111⁄16; lat. 7⁄16 fere; poll.

Habitat? Mus. Brit., nost.

The two large striæ, which are remarkable for the nodules, are not far from the middle of each whorl, and generally are nearer the upper suture: of these the lowest is the largest.

57. Murex salebrosus.

M. testâ elongato-ovatâ, subalbidâ, fasciis fuscis, epidermide cinereâ; spirâ brevi; anfractibus angulatis, nodulosis; aperturâ oblongâ ad basin angustâ, castaneâ, intus albâ; labro internè denticulato, dentibus obtusis albis; columellâ rectâ, lævi; canali brevi; long. 37⁄16; lat. 2; poll.

Habitat? Mus. nost., Geo. Sowerby.

This species approaches Murex vitulinus very nearly; the body-whorl is very much elongated, and the nodules which mark the angles of the whorl are formed of the more elevated parts of what may be termed coarse longitudinal plaits.

58. Murex Rhodocheilus.

M. testâ ventricosâ, albâ, fasciis elevatis striatis; septemfariam varicosâ, varicibus roseis denticulatis; aperturâ rotundatâ, roseâ, intus albidâ; labri margine asperrimè denticulato; caudâ mediocri, sub-recurvâ; long. 313⁄16; lat. 27⁄16; poll.

Habitat? Mus. nost.

59. Triton ranelliformis.

T. testâ ovato-fusiformi, subdepressâ, albidâ fusco fasciatâ, costatâ; costis granulosis, interstitiis striatis; aperturâ subrotundâ, albidâ; columellâ subrugosâ; labro internè obtusè denticulato; margine undulato; epidermide viridi-fuscâ, scabrâ; long. 33⁄16; lat. 16⁄8; poll.

Habitat ad Sinum Peñas et oram occidentalem Americæ meridionalis. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

The denticules of the outer lip are ranged in pairs, at regular and somewhat distant intervals.

60. Triton scaber.

T. testâ ovato-acutâ, cancellatâ; spirâ elongatâ; epidermide fuscâ, setosâ; aperturâ albâ granulosâ; labro interne obtusè denticulato; long.; lat.; poll.

Habitat ad oras Americæ meridionalis (Valparaiso). Mus. nost.

The denticules of the inner lip are more elevated than those of the last (T. ranelliformis), and are equidistant. It was fished up with the anchor in Valparaiso Bay.

61. Monoceros fusoides.

M. testâ ventricosâ, spirâ mediocri, anfractibus bicarinatis; anfractu basali lineis elevatis admodum distantibus cincto; aperturâ patulâ; dente labiali brevi, lato, obtuso; canali producto, recto, integro; operculo corneo; long. 2¾; lat. 1⅝; poll.

Habitat ad oras Americæ meridionalis (Concepcion). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

Approaching Fusus in its elongated and entire canal, while its exterior lip has the labial tooth which distinguishes Monoceros. The columella is not straight, as in all the other species, but curved, so as to make an angle in some specimens at the commencement of the canal, and in all it becomes very broad at the point where it is opposite to the tooth. The shell is of a reddish colour, ventricose, and girt with elevated lines, about a quarter of an inch apart. The spire has only two of these lines on each whorl, and has a bicarinated appearance. The aperture is wide, the outer lip sinuous, its tooth short, broad, and obtuse, and the operculum horny. The shell is seldom found in a perfect state, the beak being generally broken off, and the surface is, in all the specimens that I have seen, covered with a calcareous encrustation, entirely concealing the colours.

62. Buccinum muriciforme.

B. testâ ovato-fusiformi, cinereâ; anfractibus tumidis, costellatis, costellis cancellatis; aperturâ castaneo-nigricante; labri margine crenulato. Muricem mentiens; long. 1; lat. 9⁄16; poll.

Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

The eggs of this species were found, and are preserved in spirits.

63. Buccinum squalidum.

B. testâ conico-fusiformi, fuscâ; anfractu basali ventricoso; spirâ mediocri; aperturâ fuscâ, lutescenti, patulâ; long. 115⁄16; lat. 1⅛; poll.

Habitat? Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

64. Buccinum deforme.

B. testa ovatâ, subponderosâ, subalbidâ, fasciis duabus fuscis obscuris; spirâ brevi; anfractu basali subdepresso, suturam versus crasso; columellâ valdè callosâ; long. 19⁄16; lat. 1 paulo plus; poll.

Habitat ad flumen Plata (Gorriti). Mus. Brit., nost.

The eggs of this shell, contained in a transparent orbicular nidus, the size of a turtle's egg, were found thrown up on the sea-beach of the island. In the month of January they were observed in all stages of growth. A series was preserved in spirits, and presented to the College of Surgeons.

65. Columbella mitriformis.

C. testâ fusiformi, luteo-rufescente, fasciis nigro-castaneis, maculis albis tessellatâ; long. 7⁄16; lat. 3⁄16; poll.

Habitat? Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.

66. Mitra pusilla.

M. testâ ovato-acutâ, ventricosâ, fulvâ, creberrimè costatâ; costis interstitiisque striatis, basi granulosâ; spirâ brevi, anfractibus suturam supereminentibus; columellâ quinque-plicatâ; long. ⅝; lat. 5⁄16 paulo plus; poll.

Habitat? Mus. nost.

The denticules of the outer lip are arranged in pairs, at regular, and somewhat distant, intervals.

67. Voluta.

A fragment of a turbinated shell, bearing marks more assignable to Voluta than to any other genus, was found on the sea-beach in the neighbourhood of Cape Fairweather, on the east coast of Patagonia, in latitude 51½° south. The remains appear to differ from Voluta Ancilla and V. Brasiliana.

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COPIES OF ORDERS.

———

His Majesty's surveying vessel Adventure, Sea Bear Bay.

Sir;	27th March 1829.

It is my direction, that when finally parting company from me, you proceed to the execution of the following orders, in company with the Adelaide schooner, the commander of which, upon our meeting him, will receive instructions to put himself under your command.

You will, as soon as possible, make the best of your way to Port Famine, stopping at Pecket Harbour to communicate with the Indians, should they be there, for the purpose of securing a supply of guanaco meat for the ship's company.

At Port Famine you will immediately detach Lieutenant Skyring, with a boat and boat's crew, in the Adelaide, to co-operate with Lieutenant Graves in surveying the Magdalen Channel and its communication with the sea; after which you will direct him to rejoin you, by the Barbara Channel, at Port Gallant, whither you will proceed, after completing your water at Port Famine; on your way to which, if you should have an opportunity, the following bays, on the south side of the Strait, might be planned, viz. Lyell Bay, Cascade Bay, San Pedro Bay, and Freshwater Bay (or Cove). The coast also to the west of the Barbara Channel, behind the islands of Charles and Ulloa, should be examined; and of the northern arm of the Jerome Channel, called in the chart, Indian Sound, we know nothing.

If, after the return of the Adelaide, you should find the weather so favourable as to permit your extending your exploration of those parts of the Strait which are yet unknown to us, you will remain for that purpose; but, at all events, you are to leave the Strait by the middle of June, or the first of July at latest, and repair with the Adelaide to San Carlos, at the north end of Chilóe, where you will find or hear of me, by the 10th of August.

In performing the above orders you will act as you may consider best for their most effectual execution, keeping in mind that the most desirable part is the survey of the Magdalen Channel.

From our experience, last year, of the weather during the months of April and May, I am in hopes of your being able to work during those months, with success; but should you meet with bad weather, you will be most careful in not exposing your people unnecessarily to the severity of the climate.

Upon detaching the Adelaide you will appoint Lieutenant Skyring to the superintendence of the service upon which she is sent, giving Lieutenant Graves instructions to that effect accordingly.

(Signed)

I have, &c. Phillip Parker King, Commander and Senior Officer.

---

His Majesty's surveying sloop Beagle, Port Famine.

Sir;	April 19, 1829.

In obedience to the orders I have received from Commander Phillip Parker King, senior officer of the Expedition for the survey of a part of South America, it is my direction that you proceed immediately, in the Adelaide schooner, to survey as much of the Magdalen Channel and the Strait or Channel of Santa Barbara as you find practicable at this season of the year.

If, in the execution of this service, you should find the season too much advanced to proceed without much risk to the vessel, or exposing yourself and the men to much bad weather, you will give up the design, and hasten to Port Gallant.

Should the Beagle not be in Port Gallant at your return, and no letter left for you in a bottle, you will wait there one week, and then return to Port Famine. At all events, you will endeavour to rejoin the Beagle before the first week in June has ended.

(Signed)

I have, &c. Robert Fitz-Roy, Commander.

To Lieut. Wm. Geo. Skyring,

His Majesty's sloop Beagle.

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Sir;	Beagle, Port Famine, 19th April 1829.

In obedience to the orders I have received from Captain King, it is my direction that you put yourself under the orders of Lieut. Skyring, and proceed with him as he may think best for the execution of the service upon which he is ordered, and in which you will give him every assistance that you can afford.

Mr. Kirke, with a boat and boat's crew, will be sent to assist you.

(Signed)

I have, &c. Robert Fitz-Roy, Commander.

To Lieut. Thos. Graves,

Commanding His Majesty's schooner Adelaide.

---

Sir;	Beagle, Port Gallant, 19th June 1829.

It is my direction that you put yourself under the orders of Lieutenant Skyring, and co-operate with him in the execution of the service on which he is about to be employed.

Mr. Kirke, with a boat and five men, will be sent to assist.

I have, &c.

(Signed) Robert Fitz-Roy.

To Lieut. Thos. Graves, Commander.

His Majesty's schooner Adelaide.

---

Sir;	Beagle, Port Gallant, June 19th 1829.

It is my direction that as soon as you consider the rates of the chronometer on board the Adelaide sufficiently settled, you proceed in her to search for, and, if practicable at this season of the year, survey such part of the passage which is supposed to lead from the vicinity of Cape Tamar to Concepcion Strait and the Gulf of Trinidad, as your time and provisions will allow.

Your chief object will be to open a passage from Cape Three Points to Cape Tamar, between the mass of islands which lie between those capes.

When to the northward of Cape Tamar, and before reaching as far north as Oracion Bay, or the latitude of 52° 6′, should you notice an opening to the eastward, with a current or stream of tide setting through it, and an appearance of its joining another body of water, of considerable extent, you will endeavour to ascertain whether it communicates with the Skyring Water, provided that, in so doing you do not turn from your chief object more than a few days.

In the execution of the above orders you will act as you may consider best for the service of his Majesty; and if, at any time before its completion, you find your provisions getting short, the climate too severe, or yourself, or those under your orders, in bad health, you will immediately make the best of your way to Chilóe.

You will endeavour to be at San Carlos, in the island of Chilóe, before the 20th of September, and will let nothing that can be avoided detain you beyond that time.

(Signed)

I have, &c. Robert Fitz-Roy, Commander.

To Lieutenant Wm. Geo. Skyring,

His Majesty's sloop Beagle.

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By Phillip Parker King, Esq., Commander of His Majesty's surveying vessel Adventure, and Senior Officer of an Expedition for the survey of a part of South America.

As soon as you shall have completed the rates of your chronometers and be otherwise ready, it is my direction that you proceed to sea in His Majesty's sloop under your command, to survey the sea-coast of Tierra del Fuego, from Cape Pillar to the east entrance of the Strait of Magellan, in the progressive examination of which you will be guided by the state of the weather, and other circumstances, keeping in view that the most interesting part of the coast is that portion between Christmas Sound and the Strait Le Maire, particularly the openings of New Year Sound and Nassau Bay, and the openings to the eastward of the latter as far as New Island; as there is reason to believe that there is a considerable body of water to the eastward of the termination of Admiralty

Sound, communicating with the sea by some one if not many openings in the neighbourhood of Nassau Bay, and with an outlet on the N.E. coast (St. Sebastian Channel); and as the existence of such a strait would be of the greatest importance to small vessels bound to the westward round Cape Horn, you will see it fitting not to spend so much time to the westward of Cape Noir as may in the least impede the determination of the question, or prevent it being completely explored. It is my intention to be at Port Famine by the 1st of April, and at Rio de Janeiro by the 1st June, calling in my way at Monte Video, or Gorriti, for chronometrical observations; and if can, conveniently, I shall also go to Port Desire for the same purpose. But as it is at present uncertain what orders I may find for me at Valparaiso, you are to act according to your own discretion, so that you arrive at Rio by the 20th of June to rejoin me.

Given under my hand, on board the Adventure, at St. Carlos de Chilóe, November 18th, 1829.

Phillip P. King, Commander.

To Robert Fitz-Roy, Esq.,

Commander of H.M.S. Beagle.

---

By Phillip Parker King, Esq., Commander of His Majesty's surveying vessel Adventure, and Senior Officer of an Expedition for the survey of a part of South America.

As soon as the Adelaide Tender is ready, you will proceed to sea, in the execution of the following orders:—

As your principal object will be to trace the main-land from the peninsula of Tres Montes to the southward, by penetrating into all the openings that lead easterly, you will commence at the Channel Mouths, and explore them to their termination.

In the event of their affording a communication with the Gulf of Trinidad, and your having time, you will examine the channels that you have reported to exist in the neighbourhood of Neesham Bay, so as to complete the Fallos Channel, which separates Campana from the land within it.

Should the Channel Mouths not afford the expected termination, you will proceed through the Mesier or Fallos Channels, in

which, and in the channels more to the southward, you will explore all openings leading into the interior, and, if possible, not lose sight of the main-land until you reach the Strait of Magellan; by doing which it is expected, from the results of your last survey, that you will pass through the Skyring and Otway Waters, and enter the Strait by the Jerome Channel. The above being the principal object of your operations, you will take every opportunity of examining all other interesting parts of the coast, in the vicinity of your anchorages, among which the following seem to be of most interest:—

The Guaianeco Islands, and the probable place of the Wager's wreck, which would seem to be to the southward of, and not far from the Dundee Rock of your former survey.

If time afforded, it would be interesting to lay down the shores of Concepcion Strait; also to examine the deep opening on the west side of St. Estevan Channel, in the latitude of 51° 8′.

Lord Nelson Strait is also of much interest, and any extension of our knowledge of the land that bounds the western side of Smyth Channel.

But in these you will be guided by your own discretion, keeping in mind the principal object of the present survey, that of tracing the shores of the main-land.

The Adventure will be at Port Famine by the 1st of April, if nothing occurs to prevent it; and at Rio de Janeiro by the 1st of June, where you will rejoin me; but you are at liberty to call at Monte Video, on your way, for any supplies which you may require.

(Signed) Phillip P. King.

7th Dec. 1829. San Carlos de Chilóe.

To Lieutenant W. G. Skyring,

commanding H.M. schooner Adelaide,

Tender to H.M.S. Adventure.

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Some Observations relating to the Southern Extremity of South America, Tierra del Fuego, and the Strait of Magalhaens; made during the Survey of those Coasts in his Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1830. By Captain Phillip Parker King, F.R.S., Commander of the Expedition.

———

[The original paper, from which the following observations have been extracted, was read before the Geographical Society of London on the 25th of April and 9th of May 1831; and was printed in the Journal of that Society for the same year.

It is here reprinted, with a few omissions and very slight alterations, in order that this volume may contain all that the Author has yet published respecting South America; excepting particular Sailing Directions.]

———

Considering the vast extent of the sea-coast of the southern extremity of America, it is not a little surprising that it should have been so frequently passed by, during the last century, without having been more explored. Within the last twenty years, however, it has been very much resorted to by English and American vessels in the seal trade, and to the observing portion of their enterprising crews many of its intricacies are well known; but as the knowledge they have derived from their experience has only in one instance, that of Mr. Weddell's voyage, been published to the world, our charts cannot be said to have been much improved for the last fifty years.

The eastern coast of Patagonia, by which name the country between the River Plata and the Strait of Magalhaens[^[215]] is known,

was coasted, as well as the north-eastern side of Tierra del Fuego, by Malaspina; and the charts of his voyage not only vie with any contemporaneous production for accuracy and detail, but are even now quite sufficient for the general purposes of navigation.

The Strait of Magalhaens has been explored by several navigators; but, among the numerous plans of it extant, those of Sir John Narborough and Cordova are the most correct. The first is particularly noticed in the late Admiral Burney's very useful work, and the result of the last has been published in the Spanish language, and is entitled "Ultimo Viage al Estrecho de Magallanes." A second voyage was also made by Cordova to the Strait, the proceedings of which form an appendix to the above work. It is furnished with a good general chart of the coast, another of the Strait, and many plans of the anchorages within it. Byron, Wallis, Carteret, and Bougainville, had already made considerable additions to Narborough's plan, from which a chart had been compiled that answered all the purposes of general geographical information, and might even have been sufficient for navigation: for the latter purpose, however, Cordova's chart was much superior; but, being published in Spain only, and its existence little known in England, I found great difficulty in procuring a copy before I sailed, for my own use.

The southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, between Cape Good Success, the southern limit of Strait le Maire, and Cape Pillar at the western end of the Strait of Magalhaens, was very little known. Cook's voyage affords several useful notices of the coast between Cape Deseado and Christmas Sound, and the Dutch fleet under Hermite partially explored the neighbourhood of Cape Horn: a confused chart of this coast, however, was the best that could be put together; and although Mr. Weddell has more recently published an account of the harbours and anchorages near Cape Horn and New Year Sound, yet little available benefit was derived from it, because these different navigators having confined their examinations to small portions of the coast, it was difficult to connect their respective plans, even on so small a scale as that of the general chart.

The western coast of South America, which is very intricate, extending from Cape Victory (the north-west entrance of the

Strait of Magalhaens) to the island of Chilóe, may be said to have been wholly unknown; for since the time of Sarmiento de Gamboa nothing in the least descriptive of it had been published, with the exception of the brief notices of two missionary voyages in piraguas, from Chilóe to the Guiateca and Guaianeco islands.

Every person conversant with South American geography, must be acquainted with the voyage of Sarmiento. From the determined perseverance shown by that excellent and skilful navigator, through difficulties of no ordinary nature, we are possessed of the details of a voyage down the western coast, and through the Strait of Magalhaens, that has never been surpassed. His journal has furnished us with the description of a coast more difficult and dangerous to explore than any which could readily be selected—for it was at that time perfectly unknown, and is exposed to a climate of perpetual storms and rain: yet the account is written with such minute care and correctness, that we have been enabled to detect upon our charts almost every place described in the Gulf of Trinidad, and the channels to the south of it, particularly their termination at his Ancon sin Salida.

It would be irrelevant to enter here into the history of Sarmiento's voyage, or indeed of any other connected with these coasts. Modern surveys are made so much more in detail than those of former years, that little use can be made of the charts and plans that have been hitherto formed; but the accounts of the voyages connected with them are replete with interesting and useful matter, and much amusement as well as information may be derived from their perusal, particularly Sir John Narborough's journal, and Byron's romantic and pathetic narrative of the loss of the Wager.

The Cordillera of the Andes, which is known to extend from the northern part of the continent almost to its southern extremity, decreases in elevation near the higher southern latitudes. In the neighbourhood of Quito, Chimborazo and Pinchincha rear their summits to the height of nearly twenty-two thousand feet above the level of the sea; near Santiago de Chile the highest land is supposed to be fourteen thousand feet; farther south, near Concepcion, it is lower; and near Chilóe there are few parts of the range exceeding seven thousand feet. Between Chilóe and the

Strait of Magalhaens the average height may be taken at three thousand feet; though there are some mountains which may be between six and seven thousand feet high.

By a reference to the chart it will be seen that about the parallel of 40° the coast begins to assume, and retains to its furthest extremity, a very different appearance from that which it exhibits to the northward, where the sea, which is kept at a distance from the Cordillera by a belt of comparatively low land for continuous intervals of some hundred miles, washes a long unbroken shore, affording neither shelter for vessels nor landing for boats; but, to the southward of that parallel, its waters reach to the very base of the great chain of the Andes, and, flowing as it were into the deep ravines that wind through its ramifications, form numerous channels, sounds, and gulfs, and, in many instances, insulate large portions of land. In fact, the whole of this space is fronted by large islands and extensive archipelagoes, of which the most conspicuous are the great island of Chilóe, Wellington Island, the Archipelago of Madre de Dios, Hanover Island, and Queen Adelaide Archipelago. The last forms the western entrance of the Strait on its north side. The land of Tres Montes, however, is an exception: it is a peninsula, and is the only part of the continent within the above limits that is exposed to the ocean's swell. It forms the northern part of the Gulf of Peñas, and is joined to the main by the narrow isthmus of Ofqui, over which the Indians, in travelling along the coast, carry their canoes, to avoid the extreme danger of passing round the peninsula. It was here that Byron and his shipwrecked companions crossed over with their Indian guides: but it is a route that is not much frequented; for this part of the coast is very thinly inhabited, and the trouble of pulling to pieces and reconstructing the canoes,[^[216]] an operation absolutely necessary to be performed, is so great, that I imagine it is only done on occasions of importance. In this way the piraguas which conveyed the missionary voyagers to the Guaianeco Islands were transported

over the isthmus; the particulars of which are fully detailed in their journals.[^[217]]

The river San Tadeo, although of small size, being navigable only for eleven miles, is the largest river of the coast south of the archipelago of Chilóe, and therefore merits a particular description. At seven miles from the mouth it is fed by two streams or torrents, the currents of which are so strong that a fast-pulling boat can hardly make way against it. One of these streams takes its rise in a mountainous range, over which perhaps the communicating road passes; and the other is the drain of an extensive glacier or plain of ice of fifteen miles in extent. The river falls into the Gulf of St. Estevan over a shallow bar, upon which there is scarcely two feet water, and at low tide is probably dry.

At the head of St. Estevan Gulf is St. Quintin Sound; both were examined and found to afford excellent anchorage, and they are both of easy access should a ship, passing up the coast, find herself upon a lee shore and not able to weather the land, as was the case with the ill-fated Wager.[^[218]]

The Guaianeco islands form the southern head of the Gulf of Peñas; then follows Wellington Island, separated from the main by the Mesier Channel, which had not been previously explored, its mouth only being laid down in the charts, compiled from the information of Machado, a pilot who was sent in 1769 by the Viceroy of Peru to examine the coast from Chilóe to the Strait

of Magalhaens.[^[219]] This channel is also noticed in one of the two missionary voyages above mentioned; but the object of these expeditions being for the purpose of converting the Indians to Christianity,[^[220]] and not for the extension of geographical knowledge, little information of that nature could be obtained from their journal: the entrance of the Mesier, however, is described by them; and on one occasion they were obliged to take refuge in it for fifteen days.[^[221]] With this exception I cannot find that it had ever been entered before our visit.

The length of the channel is one hundred and sixty miles, and it joins the Concepcion Strait behind the Madre de Dios archipelago, at the Brazo Ancho of Sarmiento. Lieutenant Skyring, who superintended this particular part of the survey, called the land which it insulates, Wellington Island; the seaward coast of which is fronted by several islands. Fallos Channel, which separates the Campaña and Wellington Islands, was examined, from its northern entrance, for thirty-three miles, and was conjectured, after communicating with the sea at Dynely Sound, to extend to the southward, and fall into the Gulf of Trinidad by one of the deep sounds which were noticed on the north shore.

About thirty miles within the Mesier Channel, from the northern extremity, the west side appears to be formed by a succession of large islands, many of which are separated by wide channels leading to the south-west, and probably communicating with the Fallos Channel. On the eastern shore the openings were found to be either narrow inlets or abruptly terminating sounds.

On both sides of the channel the coast is hilly, but not very high, and in many places there is much low and generally thickly wooded land. This character distinguishes the Mesier from other channels in these regions.

The trees here are nearly of the same description as those which are found in all parts between Cape Tres Montes and the Strait of Magalhaens. Of these the most common are an evergreen beech (Fagus betuloides), a birch-like beech (Fagus antarctica), the Winter's bark (Winterana aromatica[^[222]]), and a tree with all the appearance and habit of a cypress, of which the Indians make their

spears. Among others there is one, the wood of which being extremely hard and weighty, answers better than the rest for fuel: the sealers call it 'the red wood,' from its colour. From the great quantity of timber which grows here it would be naturally supposed probably that spars for masts could be easily obtained, or at least wood useful for less important purposes; but although many trees were found that were sufficiently large at the base, they grew to no great height; and, in consequence of the moisture of the climate, and the crowded state of the forests preventing the admission of the sun's rays, the wood generally proved to be decayed in the heart; besides being very apt, even after a long seasoning, to warp and split when exposed to a dry air.

Ten miles beyond White-kelp Cove, which is fifty miles within the entrance, the character of the Mesier Channel changes entirely; the shore on either side being formed of mountainous and precipitous ridges rising abruptly from the water. After this, at Halt Bay, twenty-three miles beyond White-kelp Cove, the channel narrows for a considerable distance, and in three particular places is not more than four hundred yards wide. This part of the channel is called in the chart the English Narrow. It is long and intricate, with many islands strewed throughout; and preserves its tortuous and frequently narrow course to its junction with the Wide Channel, in which the breadth increases to two miles and a half; and then, running thirty-four miles with a direct and unimpeded course, falls into the Concepcion Strait as above stated.

At the point where the Mesier and the Wide Channels unite, a deep sound extends to the N. N. E. for forty-six miles. It was named Sir George Eyre Sound. An extensive glacier sloping into the sea from the summit of a range of high snowy mountains, that are visible from many parts of the Mesier Channel, terminates this sound; and near the head of it several large icebergs, containing no inconsiderable blocks of granite, were found aground.[^[223]]

Of the archipelago of Madre de Dios we know very little. It has probably many deep openings on its seaward face, and is fronted by islands and rocks. Its character is rocky and mountainous, and by no means agreeable. The wide and safe channel of Concepcion Strait separates it from the main land, which in this part is much intersected by deep sounds, the principal of which, the Canal of San Andres, extends to the base of the snowy range of the Cordillera, and there Lieutenant Skyring describes it to be suddenly closed by immense glaciers.

Behind Hanover Island, which is separated from Madre de Dios by the Concepcion Strait, the main-land is very much intersected by sounds like the San Andres Channel, extending to the base of the Andes.

South of Hanover Island is Queen Adelaide Archipelago, through which are several channels that communicate with the Strait of Magalhaens; of which the principal, Smyth Channel, falls into the Strait at Cape Tamar.

In the winter of 1829, Captain Robert Fitz-Roy, then commanding the Beagle, in examining the Jerome Channel, which communicates with the Strait in that part called Crooked Reach, discovered 'Otway Water,' an inland sea fifty miles long, trending to the N.E., and separated from the eastern entrance of the Strait by a narrow isthmus; the actual width of which was not ascertained, for in the attempt the boats were nearly lost. The south-eastern shore is high and rocky, and generally precipitous, but the northern is formed by low undulating grassy plains, free from trees, and precisely like the country about the eastern entrance of the Strait. At the north-west corner of the water a passage was found leading in a north-west direction for twelve miles, when it opened into another extent of water, about thirty-four miles long and twenty wide. This he called the Skyring Water. Its southern and western sides are bounded by mountainous land, but the northern shore is low, apparently formed of undulating downs and grassy plains, and in some places watered by rivulets. At the western extremity of the water two openings were observed, separated by a remarkable castellated mountain which was called Dynevor Castle. Beyond the southernmost opening there was no land visible, not even a distant mountain, which induced Captain Fitz-Roy to suppose that it was a channel communicating with the

western coast; but from what we now know, it is not probable that it can lead to anything of consequence. It is, perhaps, backed by low marshy land reaching to the hills at the bottom of Glacier Bay, which, from the distance being seventy miles, were not visible above the horizon. The northern opening probably passes Dynevor Castle, and, perhaps, nearly reaches the bottom of Obstruction Sound. The Skyring Water was not further explored; partly from want of a sufficient quantity of provisions to undertake it with any prospect of succeeding, and partly from a strong south-westerly gale, from which there was no shelter for the open boats in which this examination was performed. The remainder, therefore, of Captain Fitz-Roy's time was spent in completing what he had commenced; and, after an absence of thirty-two days, he rejoined his ship at Port Gallant.

At the western end of the passage, which unites the waters, the shore is well clothed on the north side with luxuriant grass and trefoil, with here and there a sprinkling of brushwood, but is entirely destitute of trees. The soil, although dry, is light, and tolerably good; but the ground is perforated everywhere by some burrowing animal, probably skunks, or cavias. The tracks of horses were noticed in many places, and the bones of guanacoes were scattered about. Water was not very plentiful, but several small brooks and springs in the sides of the hills were observed, sufficient for all useful purposes.

On the south side of the passage the land is low, but wooded: the banks are from five to forty feet high, sloping to the water, and covered with grass. In the entrance the tide ran five or six knots at the neaps, but inside with only half that rapidity. On the north side, at the distance of a mile and a-half, there is a ridge of hills, to the summit of which Captain Fitz-Roy made an excursion, which is described in the Narrative.

In consequence of the supposed communication of the Skyring Water with some part of the western coast, a careful examination was made of every opening trending into the interior behind the islands and archipelagoes that line the western coast; the result of which has proved that the hypothesis so naturally formed was not confirmed by fact. A reference to the chart will show how carefully the search was carried on, and with what want of success it was concluded. The deep opening discovered by Sarmiento, and

named by him, 'Ancon sin salida,' was found, upon examination, to extend so far into the interior, and in the direction of the Skyring Water, that the most strict investigation of the numerous sounds and canals was made, in the perfect conviction of finding the desired communication. But after a patient, laborious, and minute examination, particularly of those openings which led to the southward, among which Obstruction Sound held the most flattering appearance, Lieutenant Skyring, who performed this service, was obliged to give up the search and return. At one part, near the south-eastern end of the sound, he entered an opening, which at first had an appearance that was favourable to the desired communication, but it terminated in low, woody land. There was, however, a hill near the shore, which he ascended with the hope of obtaining a view of the country; but the sides and summit of the hill were so thickly wooded as to obstruct his view, and with the exception of some distant high land in the south-east quarter, and a sheet of water about six miles off in the same bearing, nothing was discerned to repay him for the fatigue and trouble of the ascent. Whether the water is a lagoon, or a part of the Skyring Water, or whether it communicates with the opening trending round the north side of Dynevor Castle, yet remains to be ascertained.

Being foiled in this attempt, Lieutenant Skyring proceeded onward in a S.S.W. direction, and after a pull often miles came to the bottom of the sound, which was terminated by high, precipitous land encircling every part. Neither wigwams nor traces of Indians were seen, another proof, were one required, of the sound not communicating with the Skyring Water; for the Indians very rarely visit these deep inlets, but are always to be found in narrow straits or communicating channels, where, from the strength of the tide, seals and porpoises, which constitute the principal food of the Fuegian Indians, abound. Sarmiento's name, therefore, of 'Ancon sin salida,' which we had hoped to have expunged from the chart, must now remain, a lasting memorial of his enterprising character, and of a voyage deservedly one of the most celebrated, as well as most useful, of the age in which it was performed.

The termination of Obstruction Sound is one of the most remarkable features in the geography of this part of South America.

In this examination the southern extremity of the Cordillera was

ascertained. The eastern shores of the interior channels were found to be low plains, with no hills or mountains visible in the distance; and such being characteristic also of the northern shores of the Otway and Skyring Waters, it is probable that all the country to the east of the sounds is a continued plain.

Recent traces of Indians were seen in some places; but at the time our party was there, they were either absent or had concealed themselves. I should not think that these interior sounds are much frequented by them; a family was, however, met in the passage between the Otway and the Skyring Water, clothed with guanaco skins, like the Patagonian tribes, but in manners and disposition resembling the wandering inhabitants of the Strait and Tierra del Fuego; and they had canoes, which the Patagonians do not use. They had probably come thus far for the purpose of communicating with the latter tribes, with whom they frequently have friendly intercourse. No guanacoes were seen either on the shores of the inland waters or of the sounds within the 'Ancon sin salida,' although the country, being open and covered with luxuriant grass, was peculiarly suited to their habits; but as several large herds of deer were observed feeding near the sea-shore of Obstruction Sound, and the neighbouring country, the presence of these latter animals may probably be the cause; for on the eastern coast, where the guanacoes are every where abundant, the deer do not make their appearance. Sea-otters were the only other animals that we met with; but they were only occasionally noticed, swimming about the kelp. The shores of the sounds were in many places crowded with the black-necked swan (Anas nigricollis, Linn.), and there were a few seen, but only one captured, whose plumage, excepting the tips of the wings, which were black, was of a dazzling white colour. I have described it in the first part of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society as a new species (Cygnus anatoïdes.)

The Strait of Magalhaens, being a transverse section of the continent, exhibits a view of its geological structure. The Strait may be divided into three portions; the western, the central, and the eastern. The western and central are of primitive character, rugged and very mountainous; but the eastern portion is of recent formation and low. The western tract is composed of a succession of stratified rocks, a difference at once distinguishable by the form

and nature of the ranges, and the direction of the shores: the hills are irregularly heaped together; the sounds are intricate and tortuous in their course, and the shores are formed by deep sinuosities and prominently projecting headlands: the channels, also, are studded with innumerable islands and rocks extremely dangerous for navigation. In this portion the rock is, for the most part, granite and greenstone.

Near the centre of the Strait, the rock being clay-slate, the mountains are higher, and more precipitous and rugged in their outline; and consequently not easily to be ascended. They are in general three thousand feet, but some are found to be four thousand feet, in height; and one, Mount Sarmiento, is upwards of six thousand feet high, and is covered throughout the year with snow. The line of perpetual snow in the Strait seems to be about three thousand five hundred feet above the sea: the mountains, whose height does not exceed three thousand, are, during the summer, frequently free from any, excepting in holes, where a large quantity is accumulated by drifting, and protected from the sun. The Strait here is quite free from islands, and it is a remarkable fact, that where the greenstone formation terminates, there the islands cease to appear.

The slate formation continues as far as Freshwater Bay, where the stratified rocks leave the coast and extend in a north-west direction. The soil then becomes apparently a mixture of decomposed slate and clay; the slate gradually disappearing on approaching to Cape Negro, where the rock partakes of the character of the east coast. Here again we observe, along with the change of geological character, the re-appearance of islands, the soil of which is clayey, but with masses of granite, hornblende rock and clay slate protruding in many places through the superficial soil, which, although it yields a poor grass, is entirely destitute of trees.

In that portion of the Strait to the eastward of Cape Negro the hills are remarkable for the regularity and parallelism of their direction, and their general resemblance to each other. On the north shore, near Cape Gregory, a range of high land commences suddenly, with rather a precipitous ascent, and extends for forty miles to the north-east, where it terminates in detached rocky hills. The south-western end of the range is a ridge of flat-topped

land covered with soil, but with here and there a protruding mass of primitive rock: one of these appeared to be of sienite or granite. The north-eastern end of this range is perhaps more bare of soil, and, therefore, exposes the rock, which shows itself in detached hills. Precisely similar in appearance and direction is a range on the south shore, about fifty miles in length, commencing at Cape Monmouth and terminating in detached hills in the vicinity of the south side of the First Narrow. The courses, also, of both the First and Second Narrow, which are just within the eastern entrance of the Strait, are nearly parallel with these hills; and the smaller ranges of eminences, Elizabeth Island and the cliffy land of Cape Negro, where the clay formation commences, all trend to the N.N.E., preserving a general resemblance of form and character to the two ranges above mentioned.

The irregularity of the topographic features of the western portion of the Strait, combined with its confused assemblage and immense number of islands and rocks;—the regularity of the strata—the coinciding parallelism of all the bays, channels, and sounds,—and the total absence of islands in the central portion or slate formation;—together with the remarkable similarity of the direction of the hills and coast line, and the stratification of the north-eastern tract, which is very different from that of the centre;—are very striking facts, and, geologically considered, are of great interest.

No less remarkable, however, and equally interesting, is the character of the vegetation; not so much in the variety of plants, as in their stunted growth to the westward, their luxuriance in the centre, and the total absence of trees to the eastward. For this modification the following reasons seem to me to account sufficiently. To the westward the decomposition of granite, and the other primitive rocks which are found there, forms but a poor, unproductive soil; so that, although the land is thickly covered with shrubs, they are all small and stunted: the torrents of water also that pour down the steep sides of the hills, wash away the partial accumulations of soil that are occasionally deposited; consequently, few trees are to be found, excepting in clefts and recesses of the rock, where decomposed vegetable matter collects and nourishes their growth; but even there they are low and stunted, for the most luxuriant seldom attain a larger diameter than nine or ten inches.

From the regularity of the direction of the strata in the slate districts the vallies are very extensive, and, being bounded on either side by precipitous mountains much intersected by deep ravines, receive large streams of water, which, uniting together in their course to the sea, form no inconsiderable rivers. During the winter months these rivers become swollen and overflow their banks, and deposit a quantity of alluvium, which, blending with the fallen leaves and other putrescent substances, produces a good superficial soil, in which trees grow to a large size, and the shrubs and smaller plants become particularly luxuriant and productive.

At Port Famine, and in its neighbourhood, the evergreen beech (Fagus betuloides) grows in the greatest abundance, and reaches a very large size. Trees of this species, of three feet in diameter, are abundant; of four feet, there are many; and there is one tree (perhaps the very same noticed by Commodore Byron[^[224]]), which measures seven feet in diameter for seventeen feet above the roots, and then divides into three large branches, each of which is three feet through. This venerable tree seemed to be sound, but from our experience of several others that were cut down, might be expected to prove rotten in the centre. This tendency to decaying in the heart may be attributed to the coldness of the schistose sub-soil upon which the trees are rooted, as well as to the perpetual moisture of the climate above alluded to.

The slate formation ceases at Port St. Mary, but there is no decided change in the vegetation until we come to Cape Negro, where the clay commences; and from thence onwards there is not a tree to be found. The nature of the soil is not favourable to plants which take a deep root, and, therefore, only shrubs and grasses are found: the former are thinly scattered over the extensive plains which characterise this country; but the grasses are abundant, and although of a harsh and dry appearance, must be nourishing, for they form the chosen food of numerous and large herds of guanacoes.

Besides the evergreen beech above-mentioned, there are but few other trees in the Strait that can be considered as timber trees. Such an appellation only belongs to two other species of beech and the Winter's bark. The last, which is also an evergreen, is to be found mixed with the first, in all parts of the Strait; so that

the country and hills, from the height of two thousand feet above the sea, to the very verge of the high-water mark, are covered with a perpetual verdure which is remarkably striking, particularly in those places where the glaciers descend into the sea; the sudden contrast in such cases presenting to the view a scene as agreeable as it seems to be anomalous. I have myself seen vegetation thriving most luxuriantly, and large woody-stemmed trees of Fuchsia and Veronica[^[225]] (in England considered and treated as tender plants), in full flower, within a very short distance of the base of a mountain, covered for two-thirds down with snow, and with the temperature at 36°. The Fuchsia certainly was rarely found except in sheltered spots, but not so the Veronica; for the beaches of the bays on the west side of San Juan Island at Port San Antonio are lined with trees of the latter, growing even in the very wash of the sea. There is no part of the Strait more exposed to the wind than this, for it faces the reach to the west of Cape Froward, down which the wind constantly blows, and brings with it a succession of rain, sleet, or snow; and in the winter months, from April to August, the ground is covered with a layer of snow, from six inches to two or three feet in depth.

There must be, therefore, some peculiar quality in the atmosphere of this otherwise rigorous climate which favours vegetation; for if not, these comparatively delicate plants could not live and flourish through the long and severe winters of this region.

In the summer, the temperature at night was frequently as low as 29° of Fahrenheit, and yet I never noticed the following morning any blight or injury sustained by these plants, even in the slightest degree.

I have occasionally, during the summer, been up the greater part of the night at my observatory, with the internal as well as the external thermometers as low as freezing point, without being particularly warmly clad, and yet not feeling the least cold; and in the winter, the thermometer, on similar occasions, has been at 24° and 26°, without my suffering the slightest inconvenience. This I attributed at the time to the peculiar stillness of the air, although, within a short distance in the offing and overhead, the wind was high.

Whilst upon this subject, there are two facts which may be

mentioned as illustrative of the mildness of the climate, notwithstanding the lowness of the temperature. One is the comparative warmth of the sea near its surface, between which and the air, I have in the month of June, the middle of the winter season, observed a difference of 30°, upon which occasion the sea was covered with a cloud of steam. The other is, that parrots and humming-birds, generally the inhabitants of warm regions, are very numerous in the southern and western parts of the Strait—the former feeding upon the seeds of the Winter's bark, and the latter having been seen by us chirping and sipping the sweets of the Fuchsia and other flowers, after two or three days of constant rain, snow, and sleet, during which the thermometer had been at freezing point. We saw them also in the month of May upon the wing, during a snow shower: and they are found in all parts of the south-west and west coasts as far as Valparaiso. I have since been informed that this species is also an inhabitant of Peru; so that it has a range of more than 41° of latitude, the southern limit being 53½° south.[^[226]]

Tierra del Fuego is divided by several channels; a principal one of which is opposite to Cape Froward, and another fronts Port Gallant. The easternmost, called Magdalen, trends in a due south direction for nineteen miles, and separates the clay slate from the more crystalline rocks, which seem to predominate in Clarence Island, and are chiefly of greenstone; though, at the eastern end, there is much mica slate. At the bottom of Magdalen Sound the channel turns sharply to the westward; and, after a course of about forty miles, meets the Barbara Channel, which, as above-mentioned, communicates with the Strait opposite to Port Gallant, and both fall into the sea together. Magdalen Sound and its continuation, Cockburn Channel, are almost free from islands and rocks; but the Barbara Channel, which separates

the granite from the greenstone and mica slate districts, is throughout thickly strewed with islands, which reduce the channel in some parts to a mile, and, in one place, to not more than fifty yards in width. Here, of course, the tide sets with great strength. Several vessels, however, have passed through it under sail; and one ship, a whaler belonging to Messrs. Enderby, working through the Strait, and finding much difficulty in passing to the westward, bore up, and, the wind being fair and the distance to sea only fifty miles, ran through it without accident. The land to the westward of the Barbara Channel is high and rugged; and although in the vallies, ravines, and sheltered nooks, there is no want of vegetation, yet, in comparison with the eastern part of the Strait, it has a very dismal and uninviting appearance. It was called by Sarmiento, 'Santa Ines Island';[^[227]] but Narborough called it, 'South Desolation; it being,' as he says, 'so desolate land to behold.'[^[228]]

Clarence Island, which is fifty-two miles long and twenty-three broad, although equally rocky, is much more verdant in appearance. The uniform direction of the headlands of the north shore of the island is remarkable. Upon taking a set of angles with the theodolite placed upon the extremity of the west end of Bell Bay, opposite to Cape Holland, the most prominent points to the south-east, as far as could be seen, were all visible in the field of the telescope at the same bearing. The same thing occurred on the opposite shore of the Strait, where the projections of Cape Gallant, Cape Holland, and Cape Froward, are in the same line of bearing; so that a parallel ruler placed on the map upon the projecting points of the south shore, extended across, will also touch the headlands of the opposite coast.

The eastern island, which had been previously called, and of course retains on our chart the name of King Charles South Land, extends from the entrance of the Strait to the outlet of the Barbara and Cockburn Channels, at Cape Schomberg. The northern part partakes of the geological character of the eastern portion of the Strait. The centre is a continuation of the slate formation, which is evident at a glance, from the uniformity of the direction of the shores of Admiralty Sound, the Gabriel Channel, and all the bays and mountain ranges of Dawson Island. The south shore, or seaward coast line, is principally of greenstone,

excepting the shores of the Beagle Channel, which extends from Christmas Sound to Cape San Pio, a distance of a hundred and twenty miles, with a course so direct that no points of the opposite shores cross and intercept a free view through; although its average breadth, which also is very parallel, is not much above a mile, and in some places is but a third of a mile across. The south shores of Hoste and Navarin Islands are of horn-blende rock, which is also the principal component of the islands in the neighbourhood, as well as of the island itself of Cape Horn. The eastern part of King Charles South Land is low, with plains like the Patagonian coast; but the range of high land interrupted at Port Famine extends down the north side of Admiralty Sound, and perhaps, with some few intervals, continues to the south-east extremity of the land, near Cape Good Success, which is the south cape of the west side of Strait Le Maire, and there terminates in lofty mountains covered with snow, one of which, called in the charts 'The Sugar Loaf,' is probably four thousand feet high.

The eastern shore of King Charles South Land, towards the south part, is lofty, but near the northern part is very low. The interior is also low, with extensive plains, abounding with guanacoes, some of which also were found, and shot by the officers of the Beagle, within fifty miles of Cape Horn.

The eastern coast of Patagonia, from the entrance of the Strait of Magalhaens to the River Plata, is comparatively low. From Cape Virgins to Port St. Julian, where porphyritic claystone commences, the coast is formed of clay cliffs, horizontally stratified, and the country is undulating, with extensive plains, or pampas, covered with grass, but without trees. At Port St. Julian, the country becomes hilly, and continues so as far to the northward as latitude 44°, the rock being porphyritic. The clay formation to the southward has been likened to the appearance of the coast of Kent, and at a short distance it bears certainly a very great resemblance to it; but the cliffs, instead of being of chalk, are composed of a soft marly clay, without any gravel or impressions of organic remains, excepting at Port St. Julian, where fossil shells, both bivalves and univalves, are found imbedded in clay cliffs; and on the surface are lying, strewed about, large oyster-shells.

In the clay formation there are two rivers: the Gallegos, in lat. 51° 38′; and Port Santa Cruz, in lat. 50° 7′. The Gallegos, at

high water, may be easily entered, but at low water the banks are dry to a great extent; a channel, however, is left on its south side, of sufficient depth for a small vessel: the tide rises forty-six feet, and the stream is very strong.

Port Desire, in 47° 45′ south latitude, has a narrow entrance with strong tides; but affords in the offing very good anchorage as well as shelter from the prevailing winds, which are offshore, or westerly. The inlet extends up the country, nearly in a west direction, for eighteen miles; but the land is dry and parched, and very unsuitable for the establishment which the Spanish government formed there not many years since, and of which evident traces remain to this day.

St. George's Gulf, called in the old charts 'Bahia sin Fondo,' or Deep-Sea Gulf, was formerly considered to be a deep sinuosity of the coast, into which a river emptied its waters after winding through a large tract of country; for, until the Descubierta and Atrevida's voyage of discovery, very vague accounts had been given of this, or indeed of any other part of the coast. The Gulf, upon that examination, was found to possess no river or creek in any part excepting on the north side, where there are several deep bays and coves, which are, and have been frequented by our sealing vessels. The country about is dry and parched, although partially covered with small shrubs, and a wiry grass on which large herds of guanacoes feed.

According to Falkner (the Jesuit missionary, who resided many years among the Indian tribes inhabiting the country about Buenos Ayres), the eastern coast between the latitudes of 41° and 51° is frequented by the natives for the purpose only of burying the dead: they have, however, been occasionally met with travelling along the coast, apparently without any particular object in view. Near Port Desire I have seen the graves of the Indians on the summit of the hills, but the bodies had been removed, probably by the Indians themselves; for we are informed by Falkner, that, after the dead have been interred twelve months, the graves are visited by the tribe, for the purpose of collecting the bones and conveying them to their family sepulchres, where they are set up and adorned with all the beads and ornaments the friends and family of the deceased can collect for the occasion. The ceremony

is performed by certain women of the tribe whose peculiar office it is to attend to these rites.

In the year 1828, from the commencement of January to the middle of August, the Adventure (the ship I commanded) was at anchor at Port Famine, in the Strait of Magalhaens, in latitude 53° 38¼′ south, and longitude 70° 54′ west of Greenwich; and during the whole of that time a careful meteorological journal was kept. The temperature was registered from a very good thermometer of Fahrenheit's scale, suspended within a copper cylindrical case of nine inches diameter, and perforated above and below with holes, to admit a free current of air. The cylinder was fixed to the roof of a shed, thatched with dried leaves to shelter it from the sun, while the sides were open. The barometer (a mountain barometer made by Newman, with an iron cylinder) was hung up in the observatory, five feet above the high-water mark, and both instruments were examined carefully and regularly at the following hours, namely: six and nine o'clock in the morning, at noon, and at three and six o'clock in the evening. The state of the atmosphere was observed daily, by Daniel's hygrometer, at three o'clock in the afternoon. The maximum and minimum temperatures were also observed twice in twenty-four hours, from a Six's thermometer, namely: at nine o'clock in the morning, and at nine in the evening. From this journal the following abstract has been drawn up:—

SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

———

Table I.

Mean height of the Barometer, corrected for Neutl. Pt. and Capilly. and reducedto the temperature of 32°.
Hour	AUTUMNAL PERIOD.			BRUMAL PERIOD.			12 Days of August.	MEANS.
	Feb.	March.	April.	May.	June.	July.		Autumn.	Brumal.	Au.&Br.
	inches	inches	inches	inches	inches	inches	inches	inches	inches	inches
VI.	29.404	29.631	29.569	+29.322	+29.279	29.581	29.230	29.531	+29.394	29.463
IX.	+.415	+.655	+.581	.311	.277	.584	.257	+.550	.391	+.470
XII.	.405	-.641	.574	.292	.272	.576	.308	.540	.380	.460
III.	-.399	.647	-.555	-.285	-.271	-.542	.318	-.534	-.366	-.450
VI.	.404	.657	.579	.308	.294	.571	.318	.540	.391	.465
Means	29.405	29.646	29.572	29.304	29.279	29.571	29.286	29.539	29.384	29.462

Table II.

Thermometer—Fahrenheit.
Hour	AUTUMNAL PERIOD.			BRUMAL PERIOD.			12 Days of August.	MEANS.
	Feb.	March.	April.	May.	June.	July.		Autumn.	Brumal.	Au.&Br.
	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°
VI.	44.30	44.20	35.82	34.74	30.67	30.53	33.46	41.44	31.98	36.71
IX.	51.38	49.87	40.61	36.36	31.83	31.50	35.11	47.29	33.23	40.26
XII.	54.23	52.53	45.42	40.68	36.02	35.93	37.92	50.73	37.54	44.13
III.	54.44	52.39	44.88	39.62	34.36	34.59	36.24	50.57	36.19	43.38
VI.	51.16	47.84	39.83	35.97	31.98	32.58	33.54	46.13	33.51	39.82
Means	51.10	49.37	41.22	35.47	32.97	33.03	33.25	47.23	34.49	40.86

Table III.

Daniel's Hygrometer, observed at 3 P.M., daily, and compared with the meantemperature.
Hour	AUTUMNAL PERIOD.			BRUMAL PERIOD.			12 Days of August.	MEANS.
	Feb.	March.	April.	May.	June.	July.		Autumn.	Brumal.	Au.&Br.
	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°
Monthly mean tem. from Table II.	51.10	49.37	41.22	35.47	32.97	33.03	33.25	47.23	34.49	40.88
Temperature of dew point	41.31	40.75	34.83	34.88	30.28	29.41	30.28	38.96	31.52	35.24
Difference between mean temperat. and dew point	9.79	8.62	6.39	0.59	2.69	3.62	2.97	8.27	2.30	5.28
Dryness (the point of Saturation being 1000)	711.8	736.42	809.9	980.6	903.8	876.3	894.6	752.71	920.23	836.47
Elasticity of vapour	295.7	289.0	238.64	239.04	202.24	196.46	202.2	274.44	212.58	243.51
Weight of a cubic foot of vapour in grains	3.3441	3.2801	2.7550	2.7926	2.3731	2.3048	2.3421	3.1264	2.4902	2.8083

Table IV.

Months	Pressure.			Temperature.						Dew Point, Hygrometer.
				Air.			Water.
	Max.	Min.	Range	Max.	Min.	Range	Max.	Min.	Range	Max.	Min.	Range
	inches	inches	inches	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°	°
February	30.087	28.768	1.319	66	28	38.0	52.5	43.7	8.8	51.2	31	20.2
March	30.099	29.004	1.095	68	30.5	37.5	50.5	41.5	9.0	47	35	12
April	30.055	28.844	1.211	57.5	28	29.5	47.8	40.5	7.3	42	27	15
May	29.850	28.795	1.055	49.5	20.5	29.0	48.2	42.8	5.4	43	21	22
June	30.079	28,274	1.805	48.7	19.2	29.5	47.0	40.3	6.7	41.5	20	21.5
July	30.500	28.942	1.558	44.2	12.6	31.6	45.0	41.8	3.2	39.7	19	20.7
August 12 days	29.782	28.709	1.073	49.2	18.5	30.7	43.1	40.2	2.9	37.2	2.5	16.7

From the preceding tables it will be seen that the mean temperature for the autumnal period (the months of February, March, and April) was 47°.2; the maximum and minimum were respectively 68° and 28°. For the brumal period, the three following months, the mean temperature was 34°.5, and the maximum and minimum 49°.5 and 12°.6. During the former, or autumnal period, the barometer ranged between 30.099 and 28.768 inches, and for the latter it was between 30.5 and 28.274 inches. The range for the first being 1.331 inches, and for the last 2.226 inches.

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EXTRACT

FROM THE

BEAGLE'S 'GAME' BOOK, 1830.

Date.		Giver.	Given for Fresh Provisions.
May	16	Mr. May	4 Ducks 2 Redbills.
	—	George West	3 Gulls, 1 Goose.
	17	Mr. Murray	90 lbs. of Guanaco meat.
	19	Capt. Fitz-Roy	36 Fish (from Natives).
	19	Do.	10 Shags, 4 Redbills.
	27	J. Bennett	2 Shags, 1 Goose, 3 Penguins.
June	6	J. Bennett	7 Shags, 14 Fish.
	7	Capt. Fitz-Roy	1 Albatross, 1 Bittern.
	16	Lieut. Kempe	5 Shags, 2 Geese.
	16	Mr. Brailey	1 Hawk, 1 Owl.
	16	Jas. Forsyth	17 Redbills, 5 Sea-pigeons,
	17	Do.	15 Redbills, 1 Hawk.
	19	Do.	6 Shags.
	—	Lieut. Kempe	16 Shags, 4 Ducks, 6 Redbills, 4 Sea-pigeons.
	20	Lieut. Kempe, Mr. Stokes, and J. Forsyth	41 Shags, 3 Steamer-ducks, 11 Redbills, 5 Sea-pigeons, 3 Hawks, 2 Owls.

Note.—Otters, foxes, and seal, were tried more than once, but discarded. Very young seal, however, were liked, as well as young penguins.

EXTRACT

FROM THE

BEAGLE'S 'GAME' BOOK, 1830.

Date.			Given as Fresh Provisions.			To whom.
May	17			4 Ducks, 1 Goose			The Sick.
	—			3 Gulls, 2 Redbills			The Fuegians.
	18			90 lbs. of Guanaco meat			All Hands.
	19			36 Fish			Sick & Fuegians.
	20			6 Shags, 2 Redbills			Sick.
	21			4 Shags, 2 Redbills			Fuegians.
	28			2 Shags			Sick.
	29			1 Goose, 3 Penguins			Fuegians.
June	7			7 Shags, 14 Fish			Sick.
	8			1 Albatross, 1 Bittern			Fuegians.
	17 18			5 Shags, 17 Redbills, 1 Owl, 5 Pigeons, 2 Hawks, 2 Geese			All Hands.[[229]]
	19			6 Shags			Sick and Fuegians.
	20			16 Shags, 4 Ducks, 6 Redbills			All Hands.[[230]]
	21			20 Shags, 9 Pigeons, 2 Owls			All Hands.
	23			11 Shags, 6 Redbills, 3 Hawks			All Hands.[[231]]
	24			5 Shags, 5 Redbills			Sick and Fuegians.
	25			5 Shags, 3 Steamers

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