Pages 414 to 469.
JACOTOT.
1. Set pupils to learning by their own investigation and refrained from giving them direct instruction.
2. Asserted that all human beings are equally capable of learning.
3. Declared that every one can teach; and, moreover, can teach that which he does not know.
4. Has done great service by giving prominence to the principle that the mental faculties must be developed and trained by being put to actual work.
5. By his doctrine “All is in all,” he gave prominence to the correlation of knowledge.
6. Made the thorough mastery of a single book and the retention of it all in the memory his basis of all further accumulation.
7. His methodology summarized: Learn something, repeat it, reflect upon it, test all related facts by it.
HERBERT SPENCER.
1. The value in the views of one who comes to educational problems free from tradition and prejudice.
2. The teaching that gives the most valuable knowledge also best disciplines in the mental faculties.
3. The end and aim of education is to prepare us for complete living.
4. The test of the relative value of knowledge lies in its power to influence action in right or wrong directions.
5. In method we must proceed from the simple to the complex; from the known to the unknown; from the concrete to the abstract.
6. Every study should have a purely experimental introduction, and children should be led to make their own investigations and draw their own inferences.
7. Instruction must excite the interest of pupils and therefore be pleasurable to them.