Prehistoric Men

by Robert J. Braidwood

Index

• Abbevillian, [48];
• core-biface tool, [44], [48]
• Acheulean, [48], [60]
• Acheuleo-Levalloisian, [63]
• Acheuleo-Mousterian, [63]
• Adams, R. M., [106]
• Adzes, [45]
• Africa, east, [67], [89];
• north, [70], [89];
• south, [22], [25], [34], [40], [67]
• Agriculture, incipient, in England, [140];
• in Near East, [123]
• Ain Hanech, [48]
• Amber, taken from Baltic to Greece, [167]
• American Indians, [90], [142]
• Anatolia, used as route to Europe, [138]
• Animals, in caves, [54], [64];
• in cave art, [85]
• Antevs, Ernst, [19]
• Anyathian, [47]
• Archeological interpretation, [8]
• Archeology, defined, [8]
• Architecture, at Jarmo, [128];
• at Jericho, [133]
• Arrow, points, [94];
• shaft straightener, [83]
• Art, in caves, [84];
• East Spanish, [85];
• figurines, [84];
• Franco-Cantabrian, [84], [85];
• movable (engravings, modeling, scratchings), [83];
• painting, [83];
• sculpture, [83]
• Asia, western, [67]
• Assemblage, defined, [13], [14];
• European, [94];
• Jarmo, [129];
• Maglemosian, [94];
• Natufian, [113]
• Aterian, industry, [67];
• point, [89]
• Australopithecinae, [24]
• Australopithecine, [25], [26]
• Awls, [77]
• Axes, [62], [94]
• Ax-heads, [15]
• Azilian, [97]
• Aztecs, [145]
• Baghouz, [152]
• Bakun, [134]
• Baltic sea, [93]
• Banana, [107]
• Barley, wild, [108]
• Barrow, [141]
• Battle-axe folk, [164];
• assemblage, [164]
• Beads, [80];
• bone, [114]
• Beaker folk, [164];
• assemblage, [164–165]
• Bear, in cave art, [85];
• cult, [68]
• Belgium, [94]
• Belt cave, [126]
• Bering Strait, used as route to New World, [98]
• Bison, in cave art, [85]
• Blade, awl, [77];
• backed, [75];
• blade-core, [71];
• end-scraper, [77];
• stone, defined, [71];
• strangulated (notched), [76];
• tanged point, [76];
• tools, [71], [75–80], [90];
• tool tradition, [70]
• Boar, wild, in cave art, [85]
• Bogs, source of archeological materials, [94]
• Bolas, [54]
• Bordes, François, [62]
• Borer, [77]
• Boskop skull, [34]
• Boyd, William C., [35]
• Bracelets, [118]
• Brain, development of, [24]
• Breadfruit, [107]
• Breasted, James H., [107]
• Brick, at Jericho, [133]
• Britain, [94];
• late prehistory, [163–175];
• invaders, [173]
• Broch, [172]
• Buffalo, in China, [54];
• killed by stampede, [86]
• Burials, [66], [86];
• in “henges,” [164];
• in urns, [168]
• Burins, [75]
• Burma, [90]
• Byblos, [134]
• Camel, [54]
• Cannibalism, [55]
• Cattle, wild, [85], [112];
• in cave art, [85];
• domesticated, [15];
• at Skara Brae, [142]
• Caucasoids, [34]
• Cave men, [29]
• Caves, [62];
• art in, [84]
• Celts, [170]
• Chariot, [160]
• Chicken, domestication of, [107]
• Chiefs, in food-gathering groups, [68]
• Childe, V. Gordon, [8]
• China, [136]
• Choukoutien, [28], [35]
• Choukoutienian, [47]
• Civilization, beginnings, [144], [149], [157];
• meaning of, [144]
• Clactonian, [45], [47]
• Clay, used in modeling, [128];
• baked, used for tools, [153]
• Club-heads, [82], [94]
• Colonization, in America, [142];
• in Europe, [142]
• Combe Capelle, [30]
• Combe Capelle-Brünn group, [34]
• Commont, Victor, [51]
• Coon, Carlton S., [73]
• Copper, [134]
• Corn, in America, [145]
• Corrals for cattle, [140]
• “Cradle of mankind,” [136]
• Cremation, [167]
• Crete, [162]
• Cro-Magnon, [30], [34]
• Cultivation, incipient, [105], [109], [111]
• Culture, change, [99];
• characteristics, defined, [38], [49];
• prehistoric, [39]
• Danube Valley, used as route from Asia, [138]
• Dates, [153]
• Deer, [54], [96]
• Dog, domesticated, [96]
• Domestication, of animals, [100], [105], [107];
• of plants, [100]
• “Dragon teeth” fossils in China, [28]
• Drill, [77]
• Dubois, Eugene, [26]
• Early Dynastic Period, Mesopotamia, [147]
• East Spanish art, [72], [85]
• Egypt, [70], [126]
• Ehringsdorf, [31]
• Elephant, [54]
• Emiliani, Cesare, [18]
• Emiran flake point, [73]
• England, [163–168];
• prehistoric, [19], [40];
• farmers in, [140]
• Eoanthropus dawsoni, [29]
• Eoliths, [41]
• Erich, [152]
• Eridu, [152]
• Euphrates River, floods in, [148]
• Europe, cave dwellings, [58];
• at end of Ice Age, [93];
• early farmers, [140];
• glaciers in, [40];
• huts in, [86];
• routes into, [137–140];
• spread of food-production to, [136]
• Far East, [69], [90]
• Farmers, [103]
• Fauresmith industry, [67]
• Fayum, [135];
• radiocarbon date, [146]
• “Fertile Crescent,” [107], [146]
• Figurines, “Venus,” [84];
• at Jarmo, [128];
• at Ubaid, [153]
• Fire, used by Peking man, [54]
• First Dynasty, Egypt, [147]
• Fish-hooks, [80], [94]
• Fishing, [80];
• by food-producers, [122]
• Fish-lines, [80]
• Fish spears, [94]
• Flint industry, [127]
• Fontéchevade, [32], [56], [58]
• Food-collecting, [104], [121];
• end of, [104]
• Food-gatherers, [53], [176]
• Food-gathering, [99], [104];
• in Old World, [104];
• stages of, [104]
• Food-producers, [176]
• Food-producing economy, [122];
• in America, [145];
• in Asia, [105]
• Food-producing revolution, [99], [105];
• causes of, [101];
• preconditions for, [100]
• Food-production, beginnings of, [99];
• carried to Europe, [110]
• Food-vessel folk, [164]
• “Forest folk,” [97], [98], [104], [110]
• Fox, Sir Cyril, [174]
• France, caves in, [56]
• Galley Hill (fossil type), [29]
• Garrod, D. A., [73]
• Gazelle, [114]
• Germany, [94]
• Ghassul, [156]
• Glaciers, [18], [30];
• destruction by, [40]
• Goat, wild, [108];
• domesticated, [128]
• Grain, first planted, [20]
• Graves, passage, [141];
• gallery, [141]
• Greece, civilization in, [163];
• as route to western Europe, [138];
• towns in, [162]
• Grimaldi skeletons, [34]
• Hackberry seeds used as food, [55]
• Halaf, [151];
• assemblage, [151]
• Hallstatt, tradition, [169]
• Hand, development of, [24], [25]
• Hand adzes, [46]
• Hand axes, [44]
• Harpoons, antler, [83], [94];
• bone, [82], [94]
• Hassuna, [131];
• assemblage, [131], [132]
• Heidelberg, fossil type, [28]
• Hill-forts, in England, [171];
• in Scotland, [172]
• Hilly flanks of Near East, [107], [108], [125], [131], [146], [147]
• History, beginning of, [7], [17]
• Hoes, [112]
• Holland, [164]
• Homo sapiens, [32]
• Hooton, E. A., [34]
• Horse, [112];
• wild, in cave art, [85];
• in China, [54]
• Hotu cave, [126]
• Houses, [122];
• at Jarmo, [128];
• at Halaf, [151]
• Howe, Bruce, [116]
• Howell, F. Clark, [30]
• Hunting, [93]
• Ice Age, in Asia, [99];
• beginning of, [18];
• glaciers in, [41];
• last glaciation, [93]
• Incas, [145]
• India, [90], [136]
• Industrialization, [178]
• Industry, blade-tool, [88];
• defined, [58];
• ground stone, [94]
• Internationalism, [162]
• Iran, [107], [147]
• Iraq, [107], [124], [127], [136], [147]
• Iron, introduction of, [170]
• Irrigation, [123], [149], [155]
• Italy, [138]
• Jacobsen, T. J., [157]
• Jarmo, [109], [126], [128], [130];
• assemblage, [129]
• Java, [23], [29]
• Java man, [26], [27], [29]
• Jefferson, Thomas, [11]
• Jericho, [119], [133]
• Judaidah, [134]
• Kafuan, [48]
• Kanam, [23], [36]
• Karim Shahir, [116–119], [124];
• assemblage, [116], [117]
• Keith, Sir Arthur, [33]
• Kelley, Harper, [51]
• Kharga, [126]
• Khartoum, [136]
• Knives, [80]
• Krogman, W. M., [3], [25]
• Lamps, [85]
• Land bridges in Mediterranean, [19]
• La Tène phase, [170]
• Laurel leaf point, [78], [89]
• Leakey, L. S. B., [40]
• Le Moustier, [57]
• Levalloisian, [47], [61], [62]
• Levalloiso-Mousterian, [47], [63]
• Little Woodbury, [170]
• Magic, used by hunters, [123]
• Maglemosian, assemblage, [94], [95];
• folk, [98]
• Makapan, [40]
• Mammoth, [93];
• in cave art, [85]
• “Man-apes,” [26]
• Mango, [107]
• Mankind, age, [17]
• Maringer, J., [45]
• Markets, [155]
• Marston, A. T., [11]
• Mathiassen, T., [97]
• McCown, T. D., [33]
• Meganthropus, [26], [27], [36]
• Men, defined, [25];
• modern, [32]
• Merimde, [135]
• Mersin, [133]
• Metal-workers, [160], [163], [167], [172]
• Micoquian, [48], [60]
• Microliths, [87];
• at Jarmo, [130];
• “lunates,” [87];
• trapezoids, [87];
• triangles, [87]
• Minerals used as coloring matter, [66]
• Mine-shafts, [140]
• M’lefaat, [126], [127]
• Mongoloids, [29], [90]
• Mortars, [114], [118], [127]
• Mounds, how formed, [12]
• Mount Carmel, [11], [33], [52], [59], [64], [69], [113], [114]
• “Mousterian man,” [64]
• “Mousterian” tools, [61], [62];
• of Acheulean tradition, [62]
• Movius, H. L., [47]
• Natufian, animals in, [114];
• assemblage, [113], [114], [115];
• burials, [114];
• date of, [113]
• Neanderthal man, [29], [30], [31], [56]
• Near East, beginnings of civilization in, [20], [144];
• cave sites, [58];
• climate in Ice Age, [99];
• “Fertile Crescent,” [107], [146];
• food-production in, [99];
• Natufian assemblage in, [113–115];
• stone tools, [114]
• Needles, [80]
• Negroid, [34]
• New World, [90]
• Nile River valley, [102], [134];
• floods in, [148]
• Nuclear area, [106], [110];
• in Near East, [107]
• Obsidian, used for blade tools, [71];
• at Jarmo, [130]
• Ochre, red, with burials, [86]
• Oldowan, [48]
• Old World, [67], [70], [90];
• continental phases in, [18]
• Olorgesailie, [40], [51]
• Ostrich, in China, [54]
• Ovens, [128]
• Oxygen isotopes, [18]
• Paintings in caves, [83]
• Paleoanthropic man, [50]
• Palestine, burials, [56];
• cave sites, [52];
• types of man, [69]
• Parpallo, [89]
• Patjitanian, [45], [47]
• Pebble tools, [42]
• Peking cave, [54];
• animals in, [54]
• Peking man, [27], [28], [29], [54], [58]
• Pendants, [80];
• bone, [114]
• Pestle, [114]
• Peterborough, [141];
• assemblage, [141]
• Pictographic signs, [158]
• Pig, wild, [108]
• “Piltdown man,” [29]
• Pins, [80]
• Pithecanthropus, [26], [27], [30], [36]
• Pleistocene, [18], [25]
• Plows developed, [123]
• Points, arrow, [76];
• laurel leaf, [78];
• shouldered, [78], [79];
• split-based bone, [80], [82];
• tanged, [76];
• willow leaf, [78]
• Potatoes, in America, [145]
• Pottery, [122], [130], [156];
• decorated, [142];
• painted, [131], [151], [152];
• Susa style, [156];
• in tombs, [141]
• Prehistory, defined, [7];
• range of, [18]
• Pre-neanderthaloids, [30], [31], [37]
• Pre-Solutrean point, [89]
• Pre-Stellenbosch, [48]
• Proto-Literate assemblage, [157–160]
• Race, [35];
• biological, [36];
• “pure,” [16]
• Radioactivity, [9], [10]
• Radioactive carbon dates, [18], [92], [120], [130], [135], [156]
• Redfield, Robert, [38], [49]
• Reed, C. A., [128]
• Reindeer, [94]
• Rhinoceros, [93];
• in cave art, [85]
• Rhodesian man, [32]
• Riss glaciation, [58]
• Rock-shelters, [58];
• art in, [85]
• Saccopastore, [31]
• Sahara Desert, [34], [102]
• Samarra, [152];
• pottery, [131], [152]
• Sangoan industry, [67]
• Sauer, Carl, [136]
• Sbaikian point, [89]
• Schliemann, H., [11], [12]
• Scotland, [171]
• Scraper, flake, [79];
• end-scraper on blade, [77], [78];
• keel-shaped, [79], [80], [81]
• Sculpture in caves, [83]
• Sebilian III, [126]
• Shaheinab, [135]
• Sheep, wild, [108];
• at Skara Brae, [142];
• in China, [54]
• Shellfish, [142]
• Ship, Ubaidian, [153]
• Sialk, [126], [134];
• assemblage, [134]
• Siberia, [88];
• pathway to New World, [98]
• Sickle, [112], [153];
• blade, [113], [130]
• Silo, [122]
• Sinanthropus, [27], [30], [35]
• Skara Brae, [142]
• Snails used as food, [128]
• Soan, [47]
• Solecki, R., [116]
• Solo (fossil type), [29], [32]
• Solutrean industry, [77]
• Spear, shaft, [78];
• thrower, [82], [83]
• Speech, development of organs of, [25]
• Squash, in America, [145]
• Steinheim fossil skull, [28]
• Stillbay industry, [67]
• Stonehenge, [166]
• Stratification, in caves, [12], [57];
• in sites, [12]
• Swanscombe (fossil type), [11], [28]
• Syria, [107]
• Tabun, [60], [71]
• Tardenoisian, [97]
• Taro, [107]
• Tasa, [135]
• Tayacian, [47], [59]
• Teeth, pierced, in beads and pendants, [114]
• Temples, [123], [155]
• Tepe Gawra, [156]
• Ternafine, [29]
• Teshik Tash, [69]
• Textiles, [122]
• Thong-stropper, [80]
• Tigris River, floods in, [148]
• Toggle, [80]
• Tomatoes, in America, [145]
• Tombs, megalithic, [141]
• Tool-making, [42], [49]
• Tool-preparation traditions, [65]
• Tools, [62];
• antler, [80];
• blade, [70], [71], [75];
• bone, [66];
• chopper, [47];
• core-biface, [43], [48], [60], [61];
• flake, [44], [47], [51], [60], [64];
• flint, [80], [127];
• ground stone, [68], [127];
• handles, [94];
• pebble, [42], [43], [48], [53];
• use of, [24]
• Touf (mud wall), [128]
• Toynbee, A. J., [101]
• Trade, [130], [155], [162]
• Traders, [167]
• Traditions, [15];
• blade tool, [70];
• definition of, [51];
• interpretation of, [49];
• tool-making, [42], [48];
• chopper-tool, [47];
• chopper-chopping tool, [45];
• core-biface, [43], [48];
• flake, [44], [47];
• pebble tool, [42], [48]
• Tool-making, prehistory of, [42]
• Turkey, [107], [108]
• Ubaid, [153];
• assemblage, [153–155]
• Urnfields, [168], [169]
• Village-farming community era, [105], [119]
• Wad B, [72]
• Wadjak, [34]
• Warka phase, [156];
• assemblage, [156]
• Washburn, Sherwood L., [36]
• Water buffalo, domestication of, [107]
• Weidenreich, F., [29], [34]
• Wessex, [166], [167]
• Wheat, wild, [108];
• partially domesticated, [127]
• Willow leaf point, [78]
• Windmill Hill, [138];
• assemblage, [138], [140]
• Witch doctors, [68]
• Wool, [112];
• in garments, [167]
• Writing, [158];
• cuneiform, [158]
• Würm I glaciation, [58]
• Zebu cattle, domestication of, [107]
• Zeuner, F. E., [73]

[Transcriber’s Note]

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

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