THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

Some other and any, are most frequently denoted by te tahi, and its plural e tahi; sometimes also by the preposition i; (vid. prepositions.)

Whatever, whatsoever, &c., are expressed in various ways; as may be seen in the following examples:

Ko nga mea katoa e mea ai koutou, or}whatever ye do, Col. 3, 17.
Ko nga aha noa &c. &c.

CHAPTER VII.
OF THE VERBS.[11]

§ 1. Classification.—They may be distributed in

(a) Primitive, i. e., underived from other words; e. g.,

(b) Derivative, i. e. such as are derived from words of some other root; e. g.,

This class is by far the most numerous. Under it also may be comprised

(1) Verbs formed by reduplication; e. g.

(2) Compound verbs, i. e. verbs formed from two or more words joined together; e. g.

Note.—As the same word is very frequently used in Maori as verb, substantive, adjective, and adverb, it is often impossible to determine under which of the above classes it should be ranked; neither, indeed, will it be necessary; as the origin of the verb in no way affects its grammatical relations.

§. 2. Number, Person, and Gender.—Maori verbs are not declined by inflection; i. e. by variation of the ground form; and therefore know nothing of number, person, and gender.

§. 3. Mood and Tense.—As neither the ground form, nor the auxiliary particles experience any variation from change of mood, we cannot recognize any grammatical form for denoting moods in Maori, and shall not therefore enter any farther into the subject at present.

Note 1.—The only variations we have been able to discover are

1st. Those for denoting the imperative mood.

2nd. The prefixing of the particle waka to the verb, and thus causing a Hiphil, or causative, conjugation. The prefixing of a conjunction cannot, we think, warrant the creation of a distinct form for the subjunctive mood.

Note 2.—As the business of the grammarian lies principally with the grammatical form of words, i. e., with those means with which a language is supplied for expressing the different varieties of thought, it is clear that no form is to be admitted under any head, which does not denote a meaning specifically belonging to that head. Thus, in the case of the Maori moods, we never, (as we sometimes do in English and other languages,) meet with a variation in form from the root, either in the case of the verb itself, or its auxiliaries; and we therefore consider that, grammatically speaking, we have no form for these moods.

It is true, that in a logical point of view, i. e., when the signification alone is considered, a great many varieties both of mood and tense might be established. But this can never be admitted as the basis on which a grammar should be constructed; neither can any maxim be more true than that "equivalence in sense does not imply similarity in grammatical nature."

§. 4. Tense.—Maori abounds in a variety of forms for denoting modifications of time. They are designated by verbal particles, (vid. Note,) adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, and the articles he and te placed in connexion with the verb. The force of these, again, is, in a large majority of cases, determined by the context, and we believe ourselves to be correct in saying that there are, in this language, but few absolute forms for determining tense; for example:

Note.—The verbal particles are words which have no meaning in themselves, but which prefixed to a word, endue it with the qualities of a verb. They correspond to the auxiliary verbs of English, but do not admit of the same varieties of applications: neither can they lay claim to the rank of verb substantive. Thus in Maori we have no direct form for such phrases as the following, I am, you will, &c.

§. 5. They are as follows: e, ana, ha, kua, i, kia, hei, me, kaua, aua, and kei.

Their uses will be best ascertained by examining the paradigm at the end of this section. A more full consideration of them and of the other modes of construction, which are therein contained, will be deferred to the Syntax.

As the voice of the verb but little affects its conjugation, we have not thought it necessary to make any separate head for the different voices; but have represented all in the one table.

The student, however, is recommended to read our remarks on the passive voice before he proceeds to examine into the tenses.

§. 6. It may be naturally expected that, in an unpolished language like Maori, there should not be much that is artificial, or complicated, in the arrangement of tenses. Such we believe to be the case. It is true that some would contend for as many tenses as may be found in English; but, independently of the improbability of such a thing, we believe that a careful investigation will lead the inquirer to the arrangement which we have adopted; viz. the present, the past, and the future.

It is true that other tenses may sometimes be met with which are accurately defined; but we cannot admit them a distinct place in the modifications of the simple verb; because such forms are always compound, or depend, at least, for their meaning upon the construction, and belong more properly to the syntax than to this part of the grammar.

§ 7. In examining into the time of a verb, it will often be very necessary for the student to notice whether the sentence, in which it is contained, is simple, or compound; a simple sentence[12] is that which consists of only one time; e. g.

A compound sentence is that in which two times are introduced; e. g.

Of this, however, more hereafter.

We may here also mention that it will often be very necessary to notice the circumstances connected with the uttering of a sentence, i. e. whether it be emphatic; whether it be the answer to a question; whether a large measure of certainty is designed to be implied, &c., &c. On these particulars we shall remark in the Syntax.

.As it is quite immaterial with which part of the verb we commence, we begin with the imperative; simply because our remarks on it will be rather extended, and 2ndly, because we wish that our illustrations of that mood should appear in an unbroken line with our examples of the other parts of the Maori verbs.

§. 8. The imperative mood of Maori abounds in more minute distinctions than any other part of the verb. We present them all here; chiefly because the sentences in which they occur are, for the most part, simple.

1. The most common form for expressing the imperative of an active verb is by its passive; e. g.,

ACTIVE FORM.IMPERATIVE.
Patu, to strike, Patua, strike (it).
Tua, to fell, Tuaina, fell (it).

For the passive voice, see table under that head.

2. (a) If the verb be neuter, and in the second person, the simple ground form is used; e. g.,

(b) Occasionally, however, we find the passive form used, when the meaning of the verb is neuter; e. g.

Sometimes both active and neuter verbs will take the verbal prefixes e, kia, hei, me, kaua, aua, kei, before them to denote the imperative.

(c) E is used sometimes to denote the imperative of active and neuter verbs. It is chiefly used with the second person singular, dual, and plural.

It is never found in the first person singular; but is occasionally used in the first person dual and plural. We know of no instance in which it is employed in the third person, and we believe the following sentence to be incorrect: E aroha mai te Atua ki a tatou, may God love us.

N.B.—Illustrations of these remarks will be given in the table.

(d) Kia is capable of being used in all the persons of the imperative. It is the particle most frequently used with the first person. In the second, it is chiefly used with verbalized adjectives; though occasionally it is prefixed to the verb. In the third, it is used before either adjective or verb, and by its help we may, perhaps, make the best approximation to a form of the imperative in which Maori has been heretofore deficient; viz.—the benedictory; as in such sentences as the following: God be merciful to you.

N.B.—Another way for rendering the above sentence (and one equally deserving of attention) is by the preposition ma; as in the following; ma te atua koe e atawhai.

We ourselves much incline to a form which, at first sight, may not appear very appropriate; viz., kei te atua te atawhai, or tera kei te atua, &c. Though these forms are apparently indicative, yet they are frequently used in the imperative sense; Kei a koe te whakaaro mo tena the consideration for that is with you, i. e., you are to attend to that; kei a koe te tahi kupu ki a tatou, a word to us is with you, i. e., give us a word. Tena ano tetahi taro i a koe ma taku tamaiti, give me some bread for my child. E kite koe i a Hone tena te tahi paraikete, if you see John, give me a blanket, i. e., tell John to &c.

The dehortative and cautionary particles kaua, aua, kei, belong strictly to the imperative.

(e) Under this head we should perhaps also mention the particle me. As it is occasionally heard instead of the real imperative, we shall give it a place here. It will be observed that it does not take the passive after it; e. g.,

(f) The only particles the imperative of passive verbs will admit before it are, kia, kaua, aua, and kei. Following is a table of sentences illustrative of the above remarks. We have preferred placing them all in one list that the student may more easily catch the various distinctions. Other forms are given by which the imperative is sometimes denoted.

1st. Whakaakona ahau, teach me.
2nd. Whakatika, arise. Noho atu, remain away. Hoko mai, come back. Noho puku, sit quiet. Tupeke, jump. Pepeke, draw up your legs.
3rd. E ara, arise. E noho, sit down. Haere koe, e hoki, go, return. E kai, eat. E ngaki taua, let us two dig (it).
4th. Tena koe, kia wakamatu ahau, give it here let me try it. Kia kaha, be strong. Kia hohoro, make haste. Kia ara (te pou), let (the post) be upright. Ko tena, kia nekehia atu, as for that, let it be moved away (by them). Kia maia tatou, let us be courageous, &c.
5th. E! kaua ahau e haere ki reira. Pish! let me not go there. Aua e tukua, do not let it go. Kei ngaro, take care lest it be lost. Kei whakarongo atu tatou, let us not listen, &c.
6th. Ka oti tena, me ngaki a konei e koe, when that is finished this place must be dug by you.
7th. Maku etahi, (give) me some.
8th. Hei konei koutou noho ai, do you stop here.
9th. Kati te tahae i aku merene, cease stealing my melons, i. e., do not, &c.
10th. E tae koe, ka tono mai i a Hone, when you arrive there, send John here.
11th. Tatou ki te to, we to drag, i. e., let us go to drag (the canoe.)
12th. Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, (before you send the pigs) let the messenger be sent here.

The attention of the reader is also requested to the following paradigm of the tenses as classified according to our arrangement.

He will observe that, as number and person make no difference in the form, one example of a kind will be sufficient.

Most of the sentences here inserted are simple. We shall reserve the consideration of the compound sentences for the Syntax.

PRESENT SINGULAR.

  1. E patu ana ahau, I am striking or strike.
  2. E patu ana koe, you are striking, &c.
  3. E patu ana koe, you are striking, &c.

DUAL AND PLURAL.

  1. E patu ana maua, or matou.
  2. E patu ana korua, or koutou.
  3. E patu ana raua, or ratou.

OTHER FORMS FOR THE PRESENT.

  1. E kore ahau e pai, I am not willing.
  2. Ko au tenei, here I am, (lit. this is I).
  3. He tangata kino koe, you (are) a bad man.
  4. Ko toku matua ko Kukutai, Kukutai (is) my father.
  5. Ka pai, it is good.
  6. E haere mai, she is coming.
  7. E pai ranei koe? are you willing?
  8. E ki nei (or na) koe, you affirm.
  9. Kei te patu, he is killing (it), (lit. at the killing).
  10. Noku tenei wahi, this place is mine (lit. mine this place.)

PAST TENSE.

  1. reira ahau i te ata nei, I (have been) there this morning.
  2. Ko Rawiri te matua a Horomona, David (was) the father of Solomon.
  3. He tangata mohio a Horomona, Solomon (was) a wise man.
  4. I haere ano ahau, I went.
  5. Nau i wakaatu, you disclosed.
  6. Ka haere a Ihu, Jesus went.
  7. E ngari a Hone ka kite, John rather saw it (not I.)
  8. Haere ana a Ihu, Jesus went.
  9. He ua tena, that was rain, it rained (used chiefly in animated description.)
  10. He tini aku korerotanga ki a ia, many (have been) my conversations with him.
  11. Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, the messenger had been sent (before the other thing was done.)
  12. Kihai i pai mai, he was not pleased.
  13. Ka te tuku tena wahi, (Ngapuhi) that place has been given to, &c.
  14. Kua patua te poaka? has the pig been killed?
  15. Kua oti noa ake taku mahi, my work has been finished this some time.
  16. He mea hanga naku te purutangi, the handle was made by myself; [lit. the handle (was) a thing made of mine, (actively).]

FUTURE.

  1. Ka haere ahau, I will go.
  2. E riri mai koe? will you be angry?
  3. Maku e patu, I will kill (it) [lit. the killing (it is to be) for me.]
  4. Ko koe te haere? are you (the person) that is to go?
  5. Tera e mate, he will die (perhaps), (lit. that will die.)
  6. E kore e tukua, it will not be let go.
  7. E tae koe ki Waitemata, When you go to Waitemata.
  8. Akuanei ko ia kua tae, the chances are that he will get there first; (lit. presently it is he that has arrived.)
  9. Kowai hei tiki? who is to fetch it?

INFINITIVE MOOD.

  1. Haere ki te whiu, go to drive (it), (lit. go to the driving.)
  2. Pai kia haere, willing to go.
  3. E kore e ahei te tohe, I cannot press you; (lit. the pressing cannot be effected.)

§. 6. Voice.—Maori verbs, in respect of voice, may be considered under the three well known heads of active, passive and neuter.

§. 7. The active is the simple root modified by one or more of the words already mentioned, e. g. e patu ana ahau, I am striking.

§. 8. The passive is the root varied in its termination; e. g. e patua ana ahau, I am struck.

Note.—The student will find, as we proceed, that the Maori passive differs in some respects from that of the English, Latin and Greek.

§. 9. The neuter expresses being, or a state or condition of being; when the agent and the object acted upon coincide, and the event is properly neither action nor passion, but rather something between both: as I am, I sleep, I walk."[14]

Note.—Verbs derived from the simple adjective will generally rank under the head of neuter. Under this class also do we reduce a species of verbs in the arrangement of which we have felt some difficulty; viz.—such words as, pakaru, broken; marere, conceded, &c., i. e., words which are neuter in form, but passive in meaning; which correspond in meaning to the past participle passive of the European languages, but are not traceable to any root. After much consideration we are inclined to think that they may most satisfactorily be regarded as adjectives, and classified accordingly: thus, in the following sentence, "kua pakaru te waka i te ngaru," the canoe has been broken by the waves, we should regard pakaru as an adjective, or rather a verbalized adjective, just as much as we should kino in the following, "kua kino te waka i te paru," the canoe is bad, or uncomfortable, through the filth.

To any who wishes to regard such a class as passive participles, we would reply, that the preposition i, (not e,) following them clearly determines them as belonging to the neuter family; and that though their meaning may not coincide with our definition of a neuter verb, yet we feel no difficulty on that head; for we only act in common with other grammarians, who have laid it down as a useful rule "a potiori nomen fit."

As it may be useful to the student to be acquainted with this class of words we will supply a table of some of the principal, after we have made some farther observations on the voices.[15]

In the passive we meet with variation in the termination of the ground-form.

§ 10. ACTIVE VOICE.PASSIVE VOICE.
A, to drive away, &c.Aia.
Ka, (v.n.) to light (as a fire)Kangia.
Maka, to throw away,Makā.
Wakama, to make clean.Wakamakia.
Hura, to expose (by taking off the cover)Hurahia, or Hurangia.
Whakateka, to denounce as false,Wakatekaina.
Aroha, to love,Arohaina or Arohatia.
Tua, to fell (as a tree,)Tuaina, or Tuakina.
Raranga, to knit (a native basket, &c.)Rangahia.
{Meatia.
Mea, to do,Meinga.
Meingatia (Ngapuhi).
He, (part. adj.) unacquainted with, &c.Hengia.
Kukume, to pull,Kumea.
Rere, (v.n.) sail as a boat,{Reia.
and to flow as water,Rerengia.
Whakatete, to milk,Wakatetekia.
Paihere, to bind in bundles,Paiheretia,
Ope, to gather &c. (in handfuls,)Opehia.
Whakapae, besige, or to accuse falsely,Whakapaea.
{Whakaaengia,
Whakaae, assent to, or
Whakaaetia.
Hi, to fish with a hook,Hia.
Ririringi, (v.a.) to spill,{Ringitia.
Ringihia.
Whaki, to confess,Whakina.
Arahi, to guide,Arahina.
Whawhaki, to gather (as grapes, &c.)Whakiia.
Kikini, to pinch,Kinitia.
Whangai, to feed,{Whangaia.
Whangainga.
Pupuhi, to fire (a gun), or to blow with the mouth,Puhia.
Pai, (adj.) good,Paingia.
Ho-mai, to give,{Ho-mai.
Ho-atu, to give,Ho-atu.
Waiho, leave,Waiho.
Ko, to dig,{Keia.
Kongia.
Mono, to calk,Monoa.
Aro, to regard with favour,Aroagia.
Horo, (part. adj.) tumble down, as a land-slip,Horongia.
Horo, to swallow,Horomia.
Whakato, to sow, or plant,{Wakatokia.
Wakatongia.
Takoto, (v.n.) to lie,Takotoria.
Manako, (same as aro)Manakohia.
Toko, to propel by poles,Tokona.
Rongo, to hear,Rangona.
Whawhao, to stow,{Whaowhina.
Whaoa.
Utuutu, to draw water,Utuhia.
Utu, to pay,Utua.
Ruku, (v.n.) to dive,Rukuhia.
Tu, (v.n.) to stand,Turia.
Whakau, to kindle,Whakaungia.
Hohou, to bind fencing, &c.Houhia.
Whawhau, (Waikato) idemWhauwhia.
Maumau, (part. a.) wasted,Maumauria.
Tatau, to fight against,Tauria.
Hahau, to seek,Hahauria.
Whakahou, to make new,Whakahoutia.
Mate-nui, much coveted,Mate-nuitia.
Tangata-whenua, a denizen,Tangata-whenuatia, to be naturalized.

(a) It will be seen that the above arrangement is made according to the final letter of the ground form, and that each division contains some examples of reduplicated words, and of words ending in diphthongs.

(b) That, in words ending in a, the passive is mostly made by adding to the last syllable ia, ngia, kia, hia, ina, atia, kina.

(c) That some verbs receive no additions to the last syllable; as maka, and that the active and passive are, in those cases, alike. On the Eastern coast ia takes the place of simple a in the passive; e. g. maka, makaia.

The speaker should be always careful, in pronouncing passive a to throw the emphasis strongly on the last syllable. The following words are of this description: panga, to throw away; pana, to shove away, &c.; kanga, to curse; wakamana, to ratify, &c.; taunaha, to bespeak; taka, to fall from a height; unga, to send; waha, to carry on the back.

(d) That some verbs have sometimes two or more terminations for the passive; as arohatia, arohaina, arohangia. We may here remark that some words have different passives in different districts; e. g.

(e) That in words, one or more of the syllables of which are repeated, the reduplication will very frequently be dropped in the passive; e. g.

Note.—It must however be noticed that there are many exceptions to this rule, and that the omitting or retaining the reduplication is often left to the option of the speaker. In those instances, however, in which he wishes to denote with peculiar emphasis the distribution, repetition, &c., implied by the reduplication, he always, as far as he can, retains it; e. g.

(f) In a few instances we meet with a passive formed by a change of the first syllable; e. g.

Examples of this rule are very few.

(g) Of the passives of compound verbs, two examples are given at the end of the table. The rule for their formation is the same as that for the passives of simple verbs: the final letters, in both cases, being the only thing on which they depend. Occasionally, however, we meet with a word resolved into two parts, and each part put into the passive voice; e. g.,

There is another form similar to the preceding, which requires to be mentioned here; viz., when two verbs follow each other in immediate succession, one of which acts as a kind of adverb, or qualifying word, to the other, they will both sympathize with each other in voice; will either be both active or both passive; e. g.,

In such phrases the latter of the two verbs will generally take tia for its passive form.

(h) Occasionally a passive word may be met with which has no active; as parangia e te moe, oppressed by sleep; rokohina and rokohanga, waiho, homai and hoatu.

(i) Passive verbs are used in a more extended sense in Maori, than what is commonly met with in other languages, not excepting, perhaps, even the three passives of Hebrew.

The following are a few illustrations of the various uses:—

For further remarks on this part of the Maori verb, vid. S.

(k) Note.—The student will sometimes find that the simple root is used with a similar variation of meaning; e. g.

Sentences, however, like the last of these are mostly employed when emphasis and brevity are desired more than accuracy.

§. 12. The verbal nouns also (for which vid. chap. 3 §. c.) experience considerable variations in meaning. They are in most cases formed from the passive voice of the root; and as the rules for their formation may be easily learned by comparing a few with their respective ground forms, it may perhaps be sufficient to give the nouns derived from the verbs of the last mentioned table:

PASSIVE NOUNS. VERBAL NOUNS.
Aia,Anga.
Kangia,Kānga.
Makā,Makanga.
Wakamakia,Wakamakanga.
Hurahia,Hurahanga.
Wakatekaina,Wakatekanga.
Arohatia,Arohatanga.
Tuakina,Tuakanga.
Meatia,Meatanga.
Hengia,Heanga, or Henga.
Kumea,Kumenga.
Rerengia,Rēnga.
Paiheretia,Paiheretanga.
Hia,Hianga.
Ringihia,Ringihanga.
Whakina,Whakinga.
Kinitia,Kinitanga.
Whangaia,Whangainga.
Homai,Homaitanga.
Waiho,Waihotanga.
Koia,Koanga.
Horo,Horonga.
Horomia,Horomanga.
Rangona,Rongonga.
Whaowhina,Whaowhanga.
Utuhia,Utuhanga.
Rukuhia,Rukuhanga.
Houhia,Houhanga.
Tauria,Tatauranga.
Houtia,Houtanga.

Sometimes where it is desirable to make a distinction, on account of the greatness of the difference between the two branches of the same root, a different form will be adopted for each meaning; e. g.

§. 13. Neuter verbs.—On these but few remarks are required. For the distinction between the preposition i, by which they are followed, and the particle i, which follows active verbs, vid. i (prepositions, §. 10, note.)

That they sometimes take the passive form may be seen in the illustrations of the passive voice. In some cases also their passives change their nature, and become similar in meaning to the passives of active verbs; e. g.

§. 14. As the participial adjectives may be most conveniently classed under this head, we shall insert here a table of the principal of them:—

§. 15. That we are correct in denominating such words, as the above, "participial adjectives," will appear from the consideration that they will assume the form of an adjective, or participle, according to the nature of the word by which they may be translated: thus marie may be translated quiet, and be considered an adjective; or pacified, and be considered a participle. Neither indeed will it appear strange that an adjective should be found, in one language, exactly corresponding to a participle in another, if we only reflect on the origin of the following adjectives of the English; exact, competent, complete, perfect, correspondent, &c., &c.

Like adjectives, these words will assume the form of a verb, when in connexion with the verbal participles. Indeed, (as we have already observed,) our impression is, that, the more we examine, the more shall we be led to think that a genuine verb is by no means a common thing in Maori; and that substantives, adjectives, and other classes, are the fountains to which most of the verbs of the language may be traced.

[11]  There are many things connected with this subject that will, no doubt, often appear strange to the European reader; and he will frequently have to be careful lest he be misled by theories derived from occidental grammars. In those languages the verb is a leading word in the sentence, and by it exclusively is the office of affirmation or predication performed.

In Maori, on the contrary, a pure genuine verb is by no means of frequent occurrence: almost any word denoting a thing, or quality, is capable of sustaining that office; and predication is as frequently implied as expressed. In considering, therefore, the Maori verbs, we shall have to examine, not only those words which have been invested with the properties belonging to that class; but also those forms in which no mark of predication is expressed. The term predication we have adopted, for want of better, to denote those functions which are peculiar to the verb, and which are sometimes described by grammarians under the terms "affirmation" and "assertion."

[12]  We have adopted the term "sentence" in preference to "proposition," lest the student should be led into perplexity by conceiving that we used the terms simple and compound in the same senses as those in which they are used by logicians.

From our examples he will see that we should call a sentence simple, even though the subject and predicate be complex terms.

By noticing whether, when the sentence is translated, one or two verbs are introduced, and whether either of them is dependent in time on the other, the student will easily make the distinction that we are desirous of establishing. The importance of this distinction will be seen in our examples of a compound sentence. For, in the first e-ana, which is present in a simple sentence, is now past; in the second, kua is future, though it strictly belongs to the past tense; in the fourth example this same particle stands for the pluperfect potential.

[13]  We may here mention that, in speaking of actions done by members of the body, Maori never supposes the individual, but rather the member, to perform the act. Thus, such expressions as "lift up your head," "open your mouth," "stretch out your leg," would not be rendered, as we have heard some speakers express it, by "huaia ake to matenga," "hamamatia to waha, &c.," but rather "kia ara ake to matenga," "hamama tou waha," "wharoro tou waewae."

We have, indeed, occasionally heard a native say, wheterongia, (whaterongia, Ngapuhi) tou arero, titahangia; but these phrases are very rare.

[14]  Lowth.

[15]  N.B.—When we have occasion to speak of this class of words by themselves, as distinct from neuter verbs, we shall denominate them participial adjectives.

CHAPTER VIII.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

Scarcely any part of Maori is more worthy of attention than the prepositions. In no language, that we are acquainted with, are their powers so extensive. While, in common with those of English and Hebrew, they serve to express those relations, which in some languages are chiefly marked by the different endings of the nouns, they extend their influence still farther, and are, in many instances, of material importance in determining the time of the sentence in which they are placed.

They are simple and compound. The simple are those which, in construction, take no other preposition into union with them. The principal prepositions of this class are as follows:

The compound prepositions are those which, like the composite of Hebrew, require one or more of the simple to set forth their meaning. They are as follows:

The meaning and uses, however, of the above, both simple, and compound, are exceedingly various; and the attention of the student is therefore requested to the following notices respecting them.[16]

E, by (applied to the agent, not the instrument) is always prefixed to the agent when a passive verb precedes; e. g.,

When neuter[17] verbs assume the passive form the agent follows, as in regular transitive verbs, and is preceded by e; e. g.

Verbal nouns, and verbs preceded by such words as hohoro, oti, ahei, hei, pau, taea, taihoa, taria, &c., will take e after them; e. g.

The following, also, are instances in which e is found after the active verb—after a verb, at least, active in form.

I, by, (follows a neuter verb, no matter whether the agent be animate or inanimate):

2. With.

Note.—In this latter sentence foreigners often make mistakes, and render it, ka riro mai ki a au. Wherever obtaining, receiving, taking, for possession, or such like, is intended, i mostly signifies the person, ki the place; as in the following examples:

If the following passage were properly and correctly translated, how different would its meaning be from that intended by the speaker! kia riro atu ratou i te hunga nanakia, rescue them out from the cruel people. The true meaning of the passage, as it stands, is, Let them depart into the power of the cruel.

3. From,

Note.—For the difference between i and no see the latter proposition § 4. Under this head may be mentioned a partitive sense in which i is sometimes taken; e. g.,

4. To, (denoting possession, used somewhat similarly to the dative we find in Latin when sum is used for habeo;) e. g.,

Note.—Beginners are often misled by natives and each other in the use of this preposition. Such sentences as the following are incorrect, I a koe haere, go thou, I a koe korero, you said. It should be, Haere koe; and, nau i korero.

5. Through, (or in consequence of),

6. In, or at.

7. At, (past time),

8. At, (future),

9. Than, (used in comparison); (vid. S. adjectives),

10. Under this head may be classed some instances that cannot well be reduced to any of the above rules:

The following examples seem to be opposed to rule 1, and are therefore deserving of notice. They are perhaps confined to Waikato:

In such instances as these, we should regard i as pleonastic, somewhat like, perhaps, the prepositions from and in of Hebrew and Arabic.

The student should ever be mindful of the distinction between the preposition i and the particle by which the accusative, (as it would be called in Latin,) is denoted. This particle has, of itself, no specific meaning. In many instances its use is similar to that of êhth in Hebrew; e. g.,

It follows an active verb, whereas the preposition follows the neuter, and signifies by. The uses of the two words are totally opposite, as may be seen in the following example. A young teacher wishing to say, sin produces pain, thus expressed his sentiment: Ko te kino ka whanau i te mamae. Now, whanau is not an active verb. It is a participial adjective. It is used correctly in John iii. 8, Whanau i te Wairua, born of the Spirit. The sentence therefore that we have adduced, if strictly translated, would run thus, sin is born of, or produced by pain.

KI, with, (denotes the instrument); e. g.,

Note.—When used in this sense it very rarely follows neuter verbs; for example it would not be correct to say, Ka wera i a au ki te ahi, it will be burned up by me with fire. Some passive verb, as tahuna, &c. should, in this case precede instead of wera. The following form, however, is correct:

Many speakers confound the instrumental character (if we may so speak) of this preposition with another use of the word with, which, we believe, is seldom denoted by ki.

If, for example, we had to translate into Latin the following sentence, "to speak with fear;" (i. e. timidly,) how incorrect would it be to render fear into the ablative that is used for denoting an instrument! All would see that dicere metu does not express that meaning, and that cum metu dicere, or something to that effect, was the true rendering. So also here, wherever appendage, connexion and such like is intended, ki is, we believe, a preposition that is very seldom called into use. We therefore disapprove of such a sentence as the following:

It should however be noticed that ki is sometimes found in other uses of the word with, in which no instrumentality is designed; e. g.,

This last example, however, might perhaps be most correctly translated at; as in the following:

On this use of ki we shall have to remark in the Syntax.

2. To,

3. For,

4. At (past time),

5. At (future time),

6. According to,

We would here suggest by way of corollary that in quoting the sentiments of any writer, the most appropriate form for the phrase "according to" would be ki ta, as in the above example. Thus the gospel according to St. Matthew might be well rendered by "ko te rongo pai ki ta Matiu;" the rule, according to my opinion, is, &c., "ko te tikanga, ki taku whakaaro, ko &c."

It is used also where if would be employed in English:

Sometimes (in Waikato) it is used pleonastically:

Frequently, in consequence of the elliptical character of the language, it is found in various other uses, which it is difficult to reduce to rule. The following are a few examples:

From the above sentence the student will form an idea of how much the business of language is performed in Maori by prepositions.

KEI, at.—It denotes chiefly present time; e. g.

2. At. (future time.) It is not unfrequently found in such constructions as the following:

3. Sometimes, in animated language, it is used instead of ko before the nominative case; e. g.,

4. Occasionally, in Waikato, it is used in the following construction: kua riro kei te hoe mai, he is gone to fetch it (the canoe). We are aware that it has been said that there should be a stop at riro, and that properly the above may be said to consist of two sentences, as follows: he is gone, he is fetching it. We are, however, certain that many sentences will be heard, in which no stop can be detected in the native pronunciation.

5. Sometimes it is used in the sense of like:

NO, of, (the sign of the possessive case.) In this signification he is the only article that it will admit before it; e. g.,

The following construction, however, is an exception:

Note.—We may here observe that, in denoting the possessive case, no follows he, and o follows te, or nga. The following sentence is incorrect:

The he here requires no after it. We shall have occasion hereafter (vid. verbs Syntax) to mention an exception to this rule which is sometimes heard among the tribes to the southward of Waikato.

2. From, (that time),

3. From, (that cause),

Note.—In all examples of this, and the preceding head, no will take a past tense after it.

4. From, (that place),

There is a distinction between this meaning of no, and that of i, (vid. i. 3.) which is very useful and important. No signifies the place to which you belong, whether it be England, Rotorua, &c. I signifies the place you have been visiting as a mere sojourner.

Thus if we were to ask a person, "No hea koe?" he would most probably reply, "No Hauraki, no Waikato," or some place of which he was a denizen; but if we were to ask "I hea koe?" he would then mention some place he had been just visiting. This distinction does not seem to be so clearly recognized at the northward as it is in all the central parts of the island.

NA, of, the active form of no, (vid. Syntax for the distinction between o and a).

2. By,

Note.—Na does not in this sense take a passive after it. It is not quite certain that na does, in such sentences as the above, signify by. The subject will be more fully considered in the Syntax. (vid. verbs).

Na, in this sense, always takes i after it. The following sentence is incorrect: Nana hoki kua tohutohu enei mea, he also has appointed these things. (For na followed by ka vid. Ma. 5.)

3. Through or BY (what cause, instrumentality, &c.)

Sometimes, in this use of it, it is followed by a passive voice, with ai.

Sometimes (but rarely) it is followed by an active verb:

4. By (place, conveyance. &c).

MO.—N.B. Mo and ma seem to be future forms of no and na in many particulars.

1. For or BECAUSE OF, (followed most frequently by a past tense, even though the meaning be present); e. g.,

Sometimes, however, it is followed by other particles:

2. For, (denoting appropriation, use, or some action passing on to the noun or pronoun to which it is prefixed):

3. For (in exchange), he utu mo taku mahi.

Sometimes but rarely it is found in the following construction:

4. For.

5. At, (future time),

6. Concerning.

We have observed mo used by foreigners in sentences in which for would appear to be pleonastic, as open the door for me; dress this wound for me, &c. We have no hesitation however in affirming that mo is never used in such a construction.

7. Used with a verbal noun to denote a preparedness, &c., for some future act; e. g.

MA. The active form of mo. (Vid. S.) It implies always future time.

1. For.

2. By or more strictly, for,

3. By, (what means, &c.)

4. Sometimes it is used to denote a simple future:

5. It is very frequently employed in hypothetic and contingent propositions; e. g.

A very common way of denoting contingency is to associate ma or na with a personal pronoun, even though the latter have no direct meaning in the sentence. We give the following sentence in full, that the reader may better understand our meaning.

To this interesting point of Maori criticism we shall return when we treat on the tenses; vid. S.

6. By, (with reference to place or conveyance) in the same sense as na; vid. Na. 4.

RA, by, same as Ma 6; vid.

HEI, at,—always future, applied to place, intention &c.

2. It is often used to denote purpose, object, use, &c., where in English we should use as, to, for, instead, &c., e. g.

Sometimes we hear the following:

3. Occasionally, but rarely, it is used to denote frequent action; e. g.

Note.—A very strange use of this preposition is to be found in some parts of the south-eastern coast; as in the following examples:—

On the western coast such an address would be a most offensive curse.

O, of; e. g.

A, of; the active form of o; vid. S.

N.B.—We sometimes meet with to and ta; e. g.

Such words however are clearly composed of to and o, or a.

A. (This seems to be different from the article a, as also from the foregoing.)

KO. (This seems to be different from the verbal particle ko;—vid. verbal particles Syntax.)

TO, up to. The following is the only construction in which we have heard this preposition.

N.B.—To almost always takes a plural number after it.

Compound Prepositions.—One or two examples will be a sufficient illustration of all.

Runga is capable of the following combinations: I runga i, ki runga ki, ki runga i, ki runga o, no runga no, no runga i, o runga o, kei runga kei, kei runga i, hei runga i, hei runga hei, mo runga mo, &c., &c. The first preposition in the combination and the meaning of the sentence will always determine the last.

Sometimes the adverbs ake and iho, (vid. adverbs,) as also the particles atu and mai, are postfixed to the prepositions to increase its force; e. g.

A very singular use of roto (or ro) may be found in the neighbourhood of the East Cape: e. g.

A similar use of waenga may be found in all parts of the island; e. g.

Its use however does not extend much beyond those instances.

A very common and elegant use of runga is, when it is employed in the sense of amongst, on, or with, to denote concomitancy, &c., &c.; as in the following examples:

The preceding examples suggest a good approximation to a form of expression which, we confess, we have been unable to find under the preposition ki; i. e. with noting concomitancy, (vid. ki (1)), as in the following examples: "Pray with faith;" "love God with your whole heart." In these sentences we should have no hesitation in using runga.

A very common form of, we believe, Maori origin, is,

The other compound prepositions may often be rendered very useful by giving them, as in the above, a figurative acceptation according with the nature of the subject. One or two examples will suffice.

Tua is thus employed:

The student should carefully remember that muri and mua do not exactly correspond with behind and before in English, and that tua is very frequently employed to denote those words.

We have heard the following very erroneous expressions from some old settlers:

Muri and mua (as well as the substantive aroaro) are chiefly employed in connexion with living objects. When allusion is made to the date of events, the student will remember that the prepositions a, mo, mo, a, hei, kei, ko, hei a and ko a, denote future time, and that no, i, and o will always indicate past time.

These prepositions will sometimes take verbal particles into connexion with them, and may be frequently found in other forms to occupy the place of verbs, substantives, and adverbs; vid. ch. 1, § 6. (c), ch. 7. § 1. (b), and ch. 9.

Sometimes we meet with other forms for denoting what would be represented by a preposition in English. Though their proper place belongs to the dictionary, we beg the reader's permission to insert a few here:

Puta noa i tera taha, (make its appearance out at the other side);—through.
A taea noatia tenei ra,{arrives on to}
or orthis day.
A tae noa ki tenei ratill it reaches

The prefix whaka, when in union with a word, will impart the meaning of towards, and change it into an adverb; e. g.,

The above form deserves, we think, the notice of our Missionary brethren as supplying a good approximation to an use of the word by, which we have not been able to find under the preposition ki or mo, viz., when it is used in adjuration. If, for example, we had to translate into prose the following stanza:—

By thy birth, and early years;
By thy griefs, and sighs, and tears;
Jesus look with pitying eye.
Hear, and spare us when we cry,

we should feel very reluctant to use either ki or mo. For, in that case, our Lord's hearing would be represented as a thing to be accomplished, or purchased by himself with his birth and early years—a version quite foreign from the original.

We should therefore prefer something to this effect:—"Whakarongo mai, tohungia hoki matou, &c., wakamaharatia tou whanautanga, &c.," or, "kia mahara hoki ki tou whanautanga ki tou taitamarikitanga, &c., &c."

Some, perhaps, would prefer—"I whanua nei hoki koe i taitamariki, &c.;" neither should we object to such a form. All we contend for is, that ki and mo will not answer, and that they would often, in such kind of sentences, convey very erroneous doctrines. Approximation to such a meaning is all we can hope for; and that is the best which differs least in sense from the original.

[16]  Many of the following remarks belong properly to the Syntax. The student however will, we trust, find it advantageous to have the whole subject placed thus, in one connected view before him.

[17]  By neuter verbs, here, are intended also participial adjectives. (Vid. verbs, note, under head "Neuter.")

CHAPTER IX.
OF THE ADVERBS.

The adverbs of Maori may be considered under two heads, primitive and derivative.

The primitive are but few in number.

The derivative are very numerous, and may be thus ranked:

1st. Those which require some preposition to exhibit their application; e. g.,

2ndly. Those which are derived from words of other parts of speech.

3rdly. Those phrases which supply the place of adverbs.

The last class is very large, Maori being deficient in the variety of adverbs; and though, strictly speaking, most of them cannot claim a place in this chapter, we shall mention them:

1stly. Because many foreigners are much perplexed from not being acquainted with them, and

2ndly. Because, being idiomatic phrases, a knowledge of them is of great importance to the composition of elegant Maori.

Note 1.—Some of the following adverbs might, it will be seen, have been easily classified under other heads. It was necessary, however, to have a classification, and it is not of much consequence under which head a phrase of equivocal character should be classed.

Note 2.—Some of the adverbial particles are fully considered in the next chapter.

Adverbs may be reduced to the following classes:—to those of time, place, order, quantity, quality, manner, affirmation, negation, comparison, interrogation, and intensity.

ADVERBS OF TIME.[18]

Aianei,}
Anaianei,presently.
Akuanei,
Akuaina.
Moanaianei, for this present occasion.
Nonaianei,}now, just now.
Inaianei,
A moroki noa nei,}
A mohoa noa nei,
A tae noa ki,}tenei ra (lit. until it isdown to this.
taea noatia,arrived to this day),present time.
A, e noho nei, (Waikato), [lit. down to
this (time) in which (we) are sitting.]
Rapua Te Atua i tona kitenga ai, karangatia atu kei tata ana ia, seek the Lord while he may be found, call upon him while he is near.

While he may be found, might also be rendered by i tona kiteatanga.

Wawe,}
E kore e taro, it will not be long,soon.
E kore e roa, idem,
E kore e wheau, idem,
{ake nei,}
Tukua or(leave hence forward,) hereafter.
atu,
No}tahi ra,{the day before yesterday; (lit.
I from or on the other day).
No}tahi ra atu,{a short time ago, (lit. from or on
I the other day besides, or beyond).
No}mua, formerly.
I
No}nanamata, a long time ago, or in old times.
I
No{muri}afterwards.
I
Muri{iho}afterwards.
ake
I}te aonga ake, next day.
No
No te atatu, early in the morning.
No reira, from that time, occasion, &c.
I tenei ra i tenei ra, (lit. this day, this day),}continually.
I te ao i te po, (lit. day and night),
Tena ano, do it again.
Ka{turua}waenga, at midnight.
turoto