Discoveries and Inventions of the Nineteenth Century

by Robert Routledge

INDEX

• A.
• Abel, Professor, [746].
• Accumulators, [530].
• Adhesion of locomotive, [21].
• Advantages of present age, [2].
• Aerolites, [30].
• Air, [734].
• Albert Bridge, Saltash, [283].
• Alizarine, [797].
• “Alliance” magneto-electric machine, [520].
• Aluminium, [717].
  • bronze, [719].
  • reduced cost of, [723].
• American Tract Society building, [78].
• Ampère’s hypothesis, [750].
  • rule, [492], [549].
• Amphioxus, [679].
• Anæsthetics, [731].
• Anemometer, [656].
• Angle, limiting, or critical, [399].
• Aniline, [787].
  • black, [793].
  • blue, [790].
  • green, [791].
  • purple, [788].
• Anomalous magnetisation, [538].
• Anthea Cereus, [678].
• Anthracene, [796], [797].
• Applegath printing machine, [312].
  • and Cowper, ditto, [308].
• Apps’s anemometer, [656].
  • induction coil, [506].
• Aquaria, [675].
• Arago, [599].
• Architecture, use of iron in, [72].
• Argand gas burners, [773].
  • lamps, [595].
• Armours, ships’, strengths of, [166].
• Armstrong 110–ton gun, [202].
• Armstrong’s guns, [192].
  • hydraulic crane, [333].
• Atoms, [733], [743].
• Aurora, [504].
• Australian gold, [688].
• Austrian torpedoes, [229].
• “Automobile” competition, [23].
• Axolotl, [686].
• B.
• Bacon, Francis, [799].
• Balloon, photographic, [628].
• Basic process (Gilchrist’s), [66].
• Battery, galvanic, [493].
• Battery, secondary, [530].
• Baxter House experiments, [58].
• Bell Rock Lighthouse, [593].
• Bells, electro-magnetic, [554].
• Benzol, [783].
• Bessemer, [26], [56].
  • Channel steamer, [142].
  • converter, [63].
  • iron, [62].
  • process, [64].
  • steel, [56]–67.
• Big Wheels, [81].
• Bitter Lakes, [261].
• Blanchard lathe, the, [86].
• Blast furnace, [40].
• Blind spot in eye, [460].
• Blister steel, [54].
• Blood spectra, [431].
• Boilers of steam engines, [13].
• Boring for coals, [361].
• Bourdon’s pressure gauge, [12].
• Bourseul, M., [582].
• Box girders, [280].
• Breakwater, [258].
• Breakwaters for Suez Canal, [258].
• Breech-loading rifles, [182].
• Brewster, Sir D., [405], [420], [470], [474].
• Bridge, projected Channel, [296].
• Bridgewater Canal, [250], [266].
• Brighton Aquarium, [682].
• Britannia Bridge, [280].
  • raising tubes, [336].
• British Aluminium Co., [723].
• British navy in 1894, [167].
• Brooklyn Bridge, [303].
• “Brown Bess,” [178].
• Browning’s micro-spectroscopes, [434].
  • spectroscope, [422], [432].
• Brunel, [283].
• Brunswick rifle, [180].
• Brush dynamo, [522].
• Bullet, Greener’s expanding, [182].
  • Lebel, [188].
  • Minié, [180].
• Bullets, machinery for making, [330].
• Bunsen and Kirchhoff, [422].
  • and Roscoe, [720].
• Bunsen’s battery, [496].
  • burner, [421].
• Bye-products in gas making, [772].
• C.
• Cable railways, [126].
• Cæsium, [426].
• Caissons for Forth Bridge, [293].
• Calais-Douvres, steamship, [141].
• Caledonian Canal, [250].
• Calico printing machines, [321].
• California, discovery of gold in, [688].
• Camera, [613].
• Canal, Caledonian, [250].
  • Manchester Ship, [262].
  • Nicaragua, [274].
  • North Sea, [271].
  • Panama, [272].
  • Suez, [251].
• Cantilever Bridges, [291].
• “Cape Horn,” [120].
• Captain, H.M.S., [141].
• Carbon transmitter, [590].
• Carbonic oxide, [44], [48].
• Carbons for arc lights, [527].
• Carcel lamp, [597].
• Carpenter, Dr. W. B., [462].
• Carriages, railway, [111].
  • for rock drills, [358].
• Carriers in pneumatic tubes, [344].
• Cars, Pullman, [112].
• Castalia, steamship, [139].
• Cast-iron, composition of, [43].
• Cast steel, [54].
• Catoptric lighthouse apparatus, [599].
• Cause of light and colour, [408].
• Celestial chemistry and physics, [436].
• Celluloid, [622].
• Central Telegraph Office, London, [574].
• Centres of gravity and buoyancy, [149].
• Centrifugal force, [107].
• Chains, [330].
• Chain-testing machine, [329].
• Channel Bridge (projected), [296].
  • steamers, [142].
• Channel Tunnel, [364].
• Chassepot rifle, [182].
• Chemical action of light, [608].
  • equations, [734].
  • nomenclature, [782].
  • symbols, [733].
  • work of electricity, [497].
• Chloroform, [608].
• Chromatic aberration of eye, [462].
• Chromo-lithography, [638].
• Chronograph}
• Chronoscope} electric, [656].
• Cincinnati Suspension Bridge, [287].
• City of Rome, steamship, [139].
• Clark’s hydraulic lift graving dock, [331].
• Clarke’s magneto-electric machine, [509].
• Clay process, stereotyping by, [633].
• Clerk Maxwell’s theory of light, [541].
• “Clermont,” the, [147].
• Clifton Suspension Bridge, near Bristol, [285].
  • Niagara, [287].
• Coal, [751].
• Coal in Kent, [371].
• Coal-gas, [764].
• Coal-tar colours, [781].
• Code, telegraphic, of American War Department, [528].
  • Morse’s, [560].
  • Wheatstone’s dot, [565].
• Cold-short iron, [62].
• Colesberg, [703].
• Collodion process, [618].
• Colour printing, [639].
• Colours not in the objects, [413].
  • photography of, [628].
• Comets, spectra of, [444].
• Composition rollers, [406].
• Condie’s steam-hammer, [28].
• Copying principle, [86].
• Cordite, [748].
• Corona, [438].
• Cort’s puddling furnace, [45].
• Couple, mechanical, [149].
• Cramp gauge, [129].
• Croll, on Stellar Evolution, [810].
• Crookes, [507].
• Crystal Palace, an example of use of iron in architecture, [72].
• Crystal Palace, [72].
  • Aquarium, [677].
• Crystalline lens, [455].
• Cup and cone, [49].
• Current, electric, [492].
  • induced, [502].
  • measurement of, [536].
• Currents in submarine cables, [579].
• D.
• Daguerre, [609].
• Daguerreotype, [610].
• Daimler motor, [24].
• Dallmeyer, [617].
• Daniell’s battery, [495].
• De Beers Mines, [707].
• Delphi, oracle at, [739].
• Dial telegraphs, [566].
• Diamond cutting, [700].
• Diamond, qualities of the, [698].
  • rock drill, [359].
• Diamondiferous, [703].
• Diamonds, [696].
  • use of, [701].
• Dioptric lighthouse apparatus, [600].
• Discoveries, progressive, [802].
• Dissipation of energy, [808].
• Distinct vision, [458].
• D lines of sodium spectrum, [425], [441].
• Dolls, talking, [674].
• Domestic consumption of coal, [755], [756].
• Double refraction and polarization, [399].
• Dredges, Suez Canal, [255].
• Drilling machine, [90].
• Dry digging, [702].
• Duboscq’s electric lamp, [497].
• Du Moncel, [590].
• Dynamical electricity, [490].
• Dynamo, Siemens’, [522].
  • Brush, [522].
• E.
• Earl’s Court, Great Wheel at, [83].
• Earth’s circuit, [574].
• Ebonite, [728].
• Eccentric, [9].
• Eclipse of sun, [438].
• Eddystone lighthouse, [594].
• Edison, [669], [670], [674].
• Edison’s kinetoscope, [478].
• Eiffel Tower, the, [72].
• Electric lighting and electric power, [519].
• Electric current, [790].
  • furnace, [722].
• Electric induction, [488].
  • launch, [534].
  • light, cost of, [43].
• Electric light in lighthouses, [515].
  • telegraph, [598].
  • torpedo, [547].
  • tramway, [532].
  • welding, [537].
• Electricity, [481].
• Electricity, the new, [538].
• Electrode, [497].
• Electro-magnet, [500].
• Electromotive force, [494].
• Electro-plating, [499], [518].
• Electrotyping, [634].
• Elementary bodies, [716].
• Elementary phenomena of magnetism and electricity, [483].
• Elswick 4·7–in. gun, [206].
  • guns, [194].
• Energy, [806].
• Ether, [735].
  • the luminiferous, [408].
• Exhaustion of coal, [755], [756], [757].
• Expansive working of steam, [8], [17].
• Explosion by concussion, [745].
  • of locomotive, [21].
  • of torpedoes, [229].
• Explosives, [225], [740].
  • different effects of, [748].
  • names and classes of, [750].
• Eye, the, [451].
  • dimensions of some parts of, [462].
• Eye not optically perfect, [462].
• Eyeballs, muscles of, [461].
• F.
• Fairbairn, Sir W., [280].
• Faraday, [506], [508], [735].
  • ventilating gas-burner, [773].
• Faure’s accumulator, [530].
• Fellahs, [255].
• Ferris wheel, Chicago, [81].
• Field telegraphs, [555].
• Fire-arms, [169].
• Fish-plates, [105].
• Fizeau, [386].
• Floating matter in air, [383].
• Fluids, electric, [487].
• Fly-wheels, [7].
• Force, conservation of, [804].
  • electromotive, [494].
• Forth Bridge, the, [311].
• Foucault, [387].
• Fovea centralis, [456], [457].
• Fraser-Woolwich guns, [195].
• Fraunhofer’s lines, [420], [436].
• Fresnel’s mirrors, [409].
  • measurement of velocity of light, [600].
• Fribourg Suspension Bridge, [286].
• Froment’s dial telegraph, [567].
• Furnace, electric, [322].
• G.
• Galvanic batteries, [493], [494].
• Galvanometer, [493].
  • mirror, [570].
• Gas engine, [25].
  • governor, [769].
  • holder, [766].
  • making apparatus, [765].
  • meters, [775].
  • pressure, [769].
  • retorts, [766].
• Gases of blast furnace, [49].
• Gatling battery gun, or mitrailleur, [219].
• Gauge, broad and narrow, [106].
  • Bourdon’s pressure, [12].
• Geissler’s tubes, [505].
• Ghost, Pepper’s, [392].
• Giffard’s injector, [11].
• Girder bridges, [280].
• Glass, strains in, [407].
• Glatton, H. M. S., [161].
• Glynde, electric railway, [534].
• Gold, [686].
• Gold and diamonds, [687].
• Gold-mining operations, [690].
• Goodyear, Mr., [727].
• Governor of steam engines, [6].
• Gower Street Station, [114].
• Gramme magneto-electric machine, the, [511].
• Graphophone, [672].
• Graphotype, [644].
• Gray, [590].
• Great Brooklyn Bridge, [303].
• Great Eastern, [133], [152], [330], [465], [578].
• Greatest Discovery of the Age, [801].
• Greener’s expanding bullet, [182].
• Grove, Sir W. R., [804].
• Grove’s battery, [495].
• Gun, [32]–pounder, [191].
  • 68–pounder, [192].
  • 35–ton, [201].
  • 81–ton, [201].
  • 100–ton, [201].
  • 110–ton, [202].
  • Elswick 4·7–in., [206].
  • Maxim, [225].
  • Moncrieff, [208].
  • Nordenfelt, [223].
• Gun-cotton, [747].
  • torpedoes, [233].
• Gunpowder, [734].
• Guns, Armstrong’s, [192].
  • Elswick, [194].
  • Fraser-Woolwich, [195].
  • Krupp’s, [214].
  • quick-firing, [206].
  • submarine, [240].
• Gutta-percha, [728].
• H.
• Half-tone process, [629].
• Hancock, Mr. Charles, [729].
  • Mr. Thomas, [725].
• Harvey’s torpedoes, [234].
• Heat produced by electric current, [502].
• Heat spectrum, [613].
• Heating by gas, [776].
• Helmholtz, [462], [464], [472], [474].
• Henry, on Leyden jar discharge, [538].
• Hercules, H.M.S., [150].
• Hertz, Professor, [541].
• Hippocampus, [664].
• Hoe’s printing machines, [316], [318].
• Holmes’ magneto-electric machine, [520].
• Holophotal light, [604].
• Holyhead and Kingston steamers, [136].
• Horseless carriages (Automobiles), [23].
• Horse-power, [10].
• Hot-blast, [48].
• Hotchkiss quick-firing guns, [208].
• Hough’s metereograph, [654].
• Howitzers, [213].
• Hudson River steam navigation, [147].
• Hughes’ printing telegraph, [560].
  • microphone, [590].
• Hydraulic power, [324].
• I.
• Iceland spar, [399].
• Illuminating power of gas, [774].
• Illusion by movement of eye, [475].
  • by persistence of vision, [476].
  • stage, [290].
• Images formed by lenses, [399], [616].
• Impact theory of Stellar Evolution, [718].
• Incandescent electric light, [528].
• Incandescent gas-burners, [777].
• Inclined railways, [125].
• Inconstant, H.M.S., [152].
• India-rubber, [724].
• India-rubber and gutta-percha, [724].
• Indicator, [9].
• Induced currents, [502].
• Induction coils, [503].
• Injector, Giffard’s, [11].
• Instantaneous photography, [623].
• Introduction, [1].
• Iron, [29].
• Iron bridges, [276].
• Iron in architecture, [72].
• Iron, cast, [40].
  • chemical changes of, [34].
  • lighthouses, [596].
  • meteoric, [32].
  • ores, [39].
  • pig, [40].
  • ships, [133].
  • smelting, [39].
  • utility of, [30].
  • wrought, [47].
• Ismaïlia, [260].
• J.
• Jablochkoff’s electric candle, [525].
• Jackson, [551].
• Jacobi, [531].
• Jamin’s magnet, [513].
• Johannesburg, [694].
• Joule, [804], [805].
• Joy’s valve gear, [20].
• Jupiter, [384].
• K.
• Kaleidoscope, [389].
• Karoos, [705].
• Kimberley, [705].
• Kinetographic theatre, [479].
• Kinetoscope, [478].
• Kirchhoff, [422].
• Klondyke, [692].
• König or Kaiser Wilhelm, ironclad, [164].
• König’s printing machine, [308].
• Krupp’s guns, [214].
  • steel, [55].
  • works, [56].
• L.
• Lake Timsah, [260].
• Lathe at Woolwich, [198].
• Lathe, Blanchard, [96].
  • screw-cutting, [87].
• Lap of slide-valve, [9].
• Lebel rifle, [188].
• Lens, formation of image by, [616].
  • in steps, [600].
  • photographic, [616].
• Lepidosiren, [685].
• Letterpress printing, [306].
• Leyden jar, [490].
  • discharge, [538].
• Light, [380].
  • electric, [497].
  • invisible, [383].
• Lighthouses, [593].
• Limiting angle, [399].
• Link motion, [16].
• Linotype, the, [645].
• Lithium, [425].
• Lithography, [636].
• Liverpool and Manchester Railway, [14].
• Lock-gates, [267].
• Locks in Manchester Ship Canal, [264], [266].
• Locomotive, the, [14].
  • balancing of, [20].
  • compound, [18].
• Lodge, Professor O., [540].
• M.
• Machine-guns, [218].
• Madder, [796].
• Magazine rifles, [187].
• Magnesium, [720].
• Magnetic field, [537].
• Magnetism produced by current, [500].
• Magneto-electric machines, [496], [507], [508].
• Magneto-electricity, [506].
• Mallet’s Mortars, [212].
• Malus, [405].
• Manchester Ship Canal, [262].
• Manganese, [43].
• Manhattan Life Insurance buildings, [78].
• Mannlicher rifle, [187], [189].
• Manufacturing v. making, [85].
• Map, Channel Tunnel, [364].
  • Manchester Ship Canal, [263].
  • North Sea Canal, [271].
  • Pacific Railway, [117].
  • St. Gothard Railway, [372].
  • Suez Canal, [256].
  • Tower Bridge, etc., [299].
• Marconi, [546].
• Martini-Henry rifle, [184].
• Mary Powell, the, [148].
• Matter indestructible, [576].
• Mauser rifle, [187], [188].
• Maxim gun, [225].
• Measuring machines, [88].
• Mélinite, [748].
• Menai Straits bridges, [280], [284].
• Meteoric iron, [32].
• Meteorites, [30].
• Meteorology, importance of, [664].
• Metereographs, [654].
• Meters, gas, [775].
• Metropolitan Railway, the, [114].
• Microphone, [481].
• Minié bullet, [180].
• Mineral combustibles, [751].
• Mines, submarine, [241].
• Mirror, galvanometer, [570].
• Mirrors, plane, [388].
• Mirrors, illusions, [391]–395.
• Mitrailleur, [218].
• Molecules, [733], [743].
• Monarch, H.M.S., [156].
• Moncrieff’s gun carriages, [208].
• Mont Cenis Tunnel, [351].
• Montigny mitrailleur, [222].
• Morse’s code, [560].
  • instruments, [558].
  • plate, [562].
  • telegraphic line, [556].
  • transmitting key, [561].
• Mortar, Mallet’s, [212].
• Mount Washington Inclined Railway, [125].
• Musical sound, [666].
• N.
• Naphthaline, [669].
• Napier’s platen machine, [321].
• Nasmyth’s steam hammer, [26].
• Nature knowledge, [1].
  • printing, [640].
• Nebulæ, [626].
• Needle telegraphs, [553].
• Negretti and Zambra’s recording thermometer, [659].
• New metals, [714].
• New York, the, [148].
• Newton’s prism experiment, [418].
• Niagara Suspension Bridge, [287].
  • Falls, [537].
• Nicaragua Canal, [274].
• Nichol’s prism, [403].
• Niepce, J. N., [609].
  • de Saint-Victor, [611], [615].
• Nitro-benzol, [784].
• Nitrogen and oxygen compounds, [732].
• Nitro-glycerine, [734].
• Nordenfelt gun, [223].
• North Sea Canal, [271].
• Note A—Production of coal, [812].
• Note B—Conservation of energy, [812].
• O.
• Œrsted’s experiments, [548].
• Oil springs, [760].
• Oldbury, manufacture of aluminium, [722].
• Ophthalmoscope, [423].
• Optical apparatus of lighthouses, [598].
• Orders of lighthouse apparatus, [602].
• Organic bodies, [798].
• Oscillating engines, [14]
• P.
• Pacific Railway, the, [116].
• Paddle-wheels, [130].
• Page, Mr., [532].
• Panama Canal, [272].
• Papier-maché stereotype process, [633].
• Paraffin, [761].
  • oils, [762], [763].
• Parallel motion, [8].
• Paris Exhibition, buildings of, [76].
• Pascal’s principle, [325].
• Pattern printing, [321].
• Pepper, J. H., [392], [393], [505].
• Percussion cap, [180].
• Petroleum, [757].
• Phenakistiscope, [476].
• Phenomena of light, some, [382].
• Phonautograph, [666].
• Phonograph, [665].
• Photographic camera, [615].
• Photography, [607].
• Photography, celestial, [636].
  • in colours, [614], [630].
  • in the dark, [613].
  • X-Ray, [447].
• Photolithography, [644].
• Photozincography, [644].
• Pig iron, [40].
• Planes, Whitworth’s, [94].
• Planets, photographs of, [636].
• Planing machines, [92].
• Plants in coal measures, [753].
• Plaster of Paris, stereotype process, [633].
• Pneumatic dispatch, [340].
  • force, [333].
• Pniel, [701].
• Points, railway, [108].
• Polariscope, [405].
• Polarizer, [403].
• Polytechnic institution, Regent Street, [505].
• Portable engines, [24].
• Portable telegraphic instruments, [556].
• Portrait, Davy, [714].
  • Helmholtz, [452].
  • Joule, [789].
  • Kirchhoff, [416].
  • Lesseps, [249].
  • Morse, [547].
  • Senefelder, [632].
  • Simpson, [731].
  • Tesla, [572].
  • Thomson, [481].
  • Watt, [3].
  • Whitworth, [85].
• Port Saïd, [257].
• Post-office railway van, [111].
• Potassium, [715].
• Powder, smokeless, [748].
• Power, horse, [10].
  • hydraulic, [324].
  • of steam engine, [9].
  • of locomotive, [21].
• Powers, mechanical, [32].
• Pressure gauge, [12].
  • transmitted in fluids, [324].
• Principle, the copying, [86].
  • of the cantilever, [291].
• Printing machines, [305].
  • processes, [632].
  • telegraphs, [570].
• Process blocks, [629].
• Progress of mankind, [2].
• Projectiles, [166].
  • air’s resistance to, [175].
  • deviation, [199].
  • long range of Whitworth, [193].
  • speed of, measured, [659].
  • trajectory of, [174].
• Propagation of sound, [668].
• Prospecting, [361].
• Proteus anguinus, [684].
  • the modern, [807].
• Pseudoscope, [472].
• Puddling furnace, [45].
• Q.
• Queensferry, [292].
• Quick-firing guns, [206].
  • Hotchkiss, [208].
• R.
• Railways, [101].
  • Great Western, [106].
  • Metropolitan, [114].
  • Midland, [112].
  • London and Manchester, [102], [124].
  • London and Woolwich, [103].
  • Pacific, [116].
  • St. Gothard, [371].
  • Stockton and Darlington, [101].
• Randt, the, [694].
• Rangoon petroleum, [759].
• Rays polarized, [401].
• Réaumur’s steel, [67].
• Recoil, [172].
• Recording instruments, [653].
• Red-short iron, [62].
• Reflection of light, [388].
• Reflection in water, [396].
  • total, [399].
• Refraction, [397].
  • double, [399].
• Regulators for electric lamps, [523].
• Reiss, [583].
• Reliance building, the, [78].
• Resistance, electrical, [494].
• Resonance, electric, [540], [541].
• Retina, [456].
• Reverberatory furnace, [45].
• Rifle, Brunswick, [180].
  • Chassepot, [182].
  • Lebel, [188].
  • Lee, [188].
  • Mannlicher, [187], [189].
  • Martini-Henry, [184].
  • magazine, [187].
  • Mauser, [187], [188].
  • military, [178].
  • Minié, [181].
  • Snider Enfield, [184].
  • Vetterli, [189].
  • Whitworth, [182].
• Rifled cannon, [190].
• Rifles, breech-loading, [182].
  • reduction of bores of, [189].
• Rifling, [171].
  • guns, [199].
• Righi, Professor, [541].
• Rigi, railways ascending the, [126].
• River steamboats, [144].
• Rock boring, [349].
• “Rocket,” [14].
• Rock-drilling machines, [355].
• Roentgen’s X-Rays, [445].
• Rolling iron, [71].
• Ronald’s telegraph, [548].
• Roscoe, [425], [437], [444].
  • and Bunsen, [664].
• Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich, [27].
• Ruete’s ophthalmoscope, [466].
• Ruhmkorff’s coil, [730].
• S.
• Saint Paul building, the, [78].
• Saltash Bridge, [283].
• San Francisco, [123].
• Sand, properties of, [253].
• Saw, circular, [100].
• Sawing machines, [98].
• Saturn, [440].
• Schilling’s telegraph, [549].
• Science, benefits of, [1].
• Science and useful arts, [2].
• Scott’s phonautograph, [669].
• Screw, [86].
  • cutting lathe, [87].
  • dies and taps, [86].
  • propeller, [116], [117].
• Sea anemones, [679].
  • horses, [684].
• Secondary batteries, [530].
• Segment shells, [217].
• Senefelder, [556], [636].
• Shear steel, [54].
• Ship canals, [249].
• Ships of war, [149].
• Shrapnel shells, [216].
• Siemens, [67].
• Siemens’ dynamo, [522].
  • pneumatic tubes, [341].
  • regenerator, [68].
  • regulator, [523].
• Siemens-Martin steel, [70].
• Sight, [452].
• Signals, railway, [108].
• Silver plating by electricity, [500].
• Sirius, [440].
• Skerryvore, [596].
• Skiagraphs, [447].
• Slide rest, [87].
• Smokeless powder, [226].
• Snider rifle, [184].
• Snow-plough, [123].
• Sodium, [715].
• Some phenomena of light, [382].
• Sommeiller perforators, [351].
• Sömmering’s telegraph, [548].
• Sound, [665].
  • waves, [640].
• Sounding telegraph, [566].
• South African diamond fields, [701].
• Speaking machine, [670].
  • tubes, [730].
• Spectra, absorption, [431].
  • bright lined, [425].
  • of permanent gases, [430].
  • of salts, [424].
  • of stars, [440].
  • spark, [420].
• Spectroscope, [416].
• Spectrum, continuous, [422].
  • lithium, [425], [436].
  • of sodium, [424].
  • pure, [420].
  • solar, [418], [613].
• Sphygmograph, [660].
• Spiegeleisen, [64].
• Stage illusions, [395].
• Stars, distance of, [440].
  • motion of, [442].
  • spectra of, [440].
• Steamboats, river, [144].
• Steam engine, agricultural, [23].
  • domestic, [25].
  • forms of, [14].
  • Newcomen’s, [3].
  • portable, [23].
  • Watt’s double-acting, [6].
  • Watt’s improvements, [4].
• Steam Engines, [3].
• Steam carriages, [21].
  • expansive working of, [8], [17].
• Steam hammer, the, [25].
• Steam Navigation, [129].
• Steam fire engine, [23].
  • “navvies,” [269].
  • rollers, [23].
  • superheated, [9].
• Steamships, comparative sizes of, [138].
  • recent improvements in, [139].
  • speed of, [137].
• Steel, [52], [68].
  • Bessemer, [58].
  • blister, [54].
  • cast, [54].
  • Krupp’s, [55].
  • puddled, [55].
  • Réaumur’s, [67].
  • shear, [54].
  • Siemens, [68].
  • tempering, [53].
  • tensile strength of, [53].
• Stellar evolution, [810].
• Stephenson, George, [14], [102].
  • Robert, [280].
• St. Gothard Railway, [371].
• Stereoscope, Brewster’s refracting, [470].
  • Wheatstone’s reflecting, [469].
• Stereoscopic effect, [469].
  • lustre, [472].
  • views, [470], [474].
• Stereotyping, [642].
• Stevenson, Alan, [602], [603].
• Storage battery, [530].
• Strada, [547].
• Stratified discharge, [517].
• Stroboscopic disc, [476].
• Submarine cables, [575].
• Sub-Wealden, exploration, [362].
• Suez Canal, the, [251].
• Sun, elements in, [438].
  • constitution, [438].
• Superheated steam, [9].
• Surface plates, Whitworth’s, [94].
• Suspension bridges, [284].
• Sympathetic needles, [547].
• Syphon recorder, [571].
• Swan’s carbon process, [619], [481].
• T.
• Table, air resistance to projectile, [177].
  • benzol and toluol compounds, [789].
  • coal raised in Great Britain, [727].
  • coal-tar, colours, [794].
  • composition of cast iron, [43].
  • dimensions of parts of eye, [462].
  • dimensions of steamships, [138].
  • electric light v. gas, [514], [515].
  • floatation of Monarch and Captain, [160].
  • formulæ of hydro-carbon, [758].
  • Gramme machine, [518].
  • hydro-carbon in coal-tar, [782].
  • illuminating power of gases, [774].
  • lighthouse apparatus, [602].
  • lighthouse lamps, [597].
  • Martini-Henry rifle, [187].
  • nitrogen and oxygen compounds, [731], [732].
  • photographic actions, [612].
  • products from 100 lbs. of coal, [796].
  • ships of war, [166].
  • telegraph code, Morse’s, [560].
  • telegraph, war department, [557].
  • tenacities of iron, [277].
  • wave-lengths of colours, [411].
  • Wheatstone’s dot signals, [565].
• Talbot, [610].
• Talbotype, [611].
• Tall buildings, [76].
• Tawell, arrest of, [550].
• Telegraphic instruments, [553].
• Telegraphic lines, [572].
• Telegraph poles, [572].
• Telegraphs in Great Britain, [574].
• Telegraphy, wireless, [546].
• Tel-el-Kebir, [260].
• Telepherage, [549].
• Telephone, the, [581].
• Telestereoscope, [472].
• Tenacities of iron, [277].
• Tension of electricity, [498].
• Tesla, Nikola, [542].
  • oscillator, [542].
• Tesla’s experiments, [545].
• Thallium, [426].
• The Terrible, H.M.S., 167.
• Thomson, Sir W., [483], [570], [571], [805], [808].
• Throttle valve, [6].
• Thunderer, H.M.S., [164].
• “Times” newspaper, [387], [312].
• Tools, [85].
• Torpedo-boats, [231].
• Torpedoes, [227].
• Tour de Cordouan, [593].
• Tourmaline, [404].
• Tower Bridge, the, [297].
• Trajectory of projectile, [174].
• Tramways, [22].
• Transfer process, [638].
• Transvaal, [693].
• Tunnel, Mont Cenis, [351].
  • St. Gothard, [373].
• Tunnels, helicoidal, [379].
• Turbine, [144].
• Turbinia, the, [144].
• Turret ships, [154].
• Tyndall, [383], [803], [809].
• U.
• Undulation of the ether, [409].
• V.
• Vaal River, [701].
• Valentine, electric, [581].
• Valve, throttle, [6].
  • slide, [8].
• Vegetable nature of coal, [753].
• Velocity of light, [384].
• Venice, view in, [396].
• Vetterli rifle, [189].
• Victoria, Australia, gold-field of, [688].
• Victoria Bridge, Montreal, [282].
• Victoria, H.M.S., [166], [168].
• Vision, persistence of, [476].
• Visual impressions, [468].
• Voltaic element, [490].
• Vulcanite, [728].
• Vulcanized india-rubber, [727].
• W.
• Wall papers, machines for printing, [322].
• Walter press, [323].
• Warner’s torpedo experiment, [241].
• Warren girder, [280].
• Warrior, H.M.S., [150].
• Warships, new types of, [167].
• Water decomposed by electricity, [498].
• Waterproof cloths, [726].
• Watt, [3], [4], [8], [14].
• Welding, electric, [537].
• Wells, Horace, [735].
• Welsbach incandescent gas lights, [777].
• Whaleback, [147].
• Wheatstone, [387], [470], [474], [552].
  • and Cooke’s telegraph, [548], [554].
• Wheatstone’s automatic telegraph, [564].
  • dial telegraph, [568].
  • dot signals, [565].
• Wheels of railway carriages, [107].
• Whitehead’s torpedoes, [232], [242].
• Whitworth’s guns, [193].
  • rifle, [182].
• Wire-drawing for Atlantic cables, [576].
• Wireless telegraphy, [546].
• Woodbury printing process, [641].
  • process for engraving photographs, [643].
• Woolwich, [27].
  • “infants,” [201].
• Work, [11], [12], [160], [325], [804].
• X.
• X-Rays, [445].
• Y.
• Young’s paraffin oil, [762].
• Z.
• Zinc, amalgamated, [490].
• Zincography, [644].
• Zoetrope, [478].
• Zöllner, [475].

EDINBURGH: PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED

---