LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE
Heading—Rain, Steam, and Speed (after Turner)[1]
1.Portrait of James Watt[3]
2.Newcomen’s Steam Engine[4]
3.Watt’s Double-action Steam Engine[5]
4.Governor and Throttle-Valve[6]
4a.Watt’s Parallel Motion[8]
5.Slide Valve[9]
6.Section of Gifford’s Injector[11]
7.Bourdon’s Pressure Gauge[12]
8.Steam Generator[13]
9.Section of Locomotive[15]
10.Stephenson’s Link Motion[17]
10a.G. N. R. Express Passenger Locomotive[19]
10b.Joy’s Valve Gear[20]
11.Locomotive after Explosion[22]
12.Hancock’s Steam Omnibus[22]
13.Nasmyth’s Steam Hammer[27]
14.Merryweather’s Steam Fire-Engine[28]
15.A Foundry[29]
16.Aerolite in the British Museum[31]
17.Blast Furnace[41]
18.Section and Plan of Blast Furnace (obsolete type)[42]
19.Section of a Reverberatory Furnace[45]
20.Fibrous Fracture of Wrought Iron[47]
21.Cup and Cone[49]
22.Section of Blast Furnace[51]
23.Experiments at Baxter House[58]
24.Bessemer Converter[63]
25.Model of Bessemer Steel Apparatus[65]
26.Section of Regenerative Stoves and Open Hearth[68]
26a.Rolling Mill[71]
26b.The Eiffel Tower in course of construction[73]
26c.The Eiffel Tower[75]
26d.St. Paul Building, N. Y.[77]
26e.Manhattan Insurance Co.’s Building in course of erection[79]
26f.Manhattan Insurance Co.’s Building nearly completed[80]
26g.Original Design for the Great Wheel[82]
27.Portrait of Sir Joseph Whitworth[85]
28.Whitworth’s Screw Dies and Tap[86]
29.Screw-cutting Lathe[87]
30.Whitworth’s Measuring Machine[89]
31.Whitworth’s Drilling Machine[91]
32.Whitworth’s Planing Machine[93]
33.Pair of Whitworth’s Planes or Surface Plates[94]
34.Interior of Engineer’s Workshop[95]
35.Blanchard Lathe[96]
36.Vertical Saw[98]
37.Circular Saw[99]
38.Pit-Saw[100]
39.Box Tunnel[101]
40.Coal-pit, Salop[102]
41.Sankey Viaduct[103]
42.Rails and Cramp-gauge[104]
43.Fish-plate[105]
44.Section of Rails and Fish-plates[106]
45.Conical Wheels[107]
46.Centrifugal Force[107]
47.Points[108]
48.Signal Box on North London Railway[109]
49.Post Office Railway Van[111]
50.Gower Street Station, Metropolitan Railway[115]
51.Map of the Route of Pacific Railway[117]
52.Trestle Bridge[118]
53.American Canyon[119]
54.“Cape Horn”[121]
55.Snow Plough[122]
56.First Steam Railroad Train in America[123]
57.Railway Embankment[124]
57a.Train ascending the Rigi[126]
57b.At the summit of the Rigi[127]
58.The Great Eastern at Anchor[129]
59.Casting Cylinder of a Marine Steam Engine[131]
60.Screw Propeller[132]
61.Section of Great Eastern Amidships[134]
62.The Great Eastern in course of construction[135]
63.The Great Eastern ready for launching[136]
64.Comparative sizes of Steamships[137]
65.The ss. City of Rome[138]
66.The Castalia in Dover Harbour[140]
67.The same—End View[141]
68.Bessemer Steamer[142]
68a.A Whaleback Steamer, No. 85, built at West Superior, Wisconsin[146]
69.H.M.S. Devastation in Queenstown Harbour[149]
70.Section of H.M.S. Hercules[151]
71.Section of H.M.S. Inconstant[153]
72.Section, Elevation and Plan of Turret of H.M.S. Captain[154]
73.H.M.S. Captain[155]
74.Diagram of H.M.S. Captain[158]
75.Ditto[159]
76.H.M.S. Glatton[162]
77.H.M.S. Thunderer[163]
78.The König Wilhelm[165]
78a.The Victoria leaving Newcastle-on-Tyne[166]
78b.Firing at Floating Battery[168]
79.Krupp’s Works at Essen, Prussia[169]
80.Trajectory of a Projectile[174]
81.Diagram for Trajectory of a Projectile[176]
82.Muzzle-loading Musket and Rifles (obsolete patterns)[179]
83.The Minié Bullet[181]
84.Greener’s Expanding Bullet[182]
85.The Chassepot Rifle—Section of the Breech[183]
86.Section of the Martini-Henry Lock[185]
87.The Martini-Henry Rifle[186]
88.The Mannlicher Magazine Rifle[188]
89.The Magazine and Breech of the Mannlicher Rifle[189]
90.32–pounder, 1807[191]
91.Whitworth Rifling and Projectile[193]
92.600–pounder Muzzle-loading Armstrong Gun[194]
93.35–ton Fraser Gun[195]
94.Section of 9–in. Fraser Gun[196]
95.Millwall Shield after being battered with Heavy Shot—Front View[200]
96.Rear View of the Millwall Shield[200]
97.Comparative Sizes of 35 and 81–ton Guns[201]
98.Diagram of Velocities and Pressures[205]
99.Elswick 4·7–in. Q. F. Gun on Pivot Mounting[207]
100.The Moncrieff Gun raised and ready for firing[209]
101.Moncrieff Gun lowered for loading[209]
102.68–ton Gun on Elswick Hydro-Pneumatic Mounting[211]
103.Mallet’s Mortar[213]
104.32–pounder Krupp Siege Gun, with Breech-piece open[214]
105.The Citadel of Strasburg after the Prussian Bombardment[215]
105a.The Shrapnel and Segment Shells[217]
105b.The Gatling Gun—Rear View[219]
105c.The Gatling Gun—Front View[221]
105d.The Montigny Mitrailleur[222]
105e.A Hotchkiss Gun[224]
106.Harvey’s Torpedo.—Working the Brakes[227]
107.Submerged Torpedo[228]
108.Mode of Firing Torpedo[230]
109.Explosion of Whitehead’s Torpedo[231]
110.Effect of the Explosion of Whitehead’s Torpedo[232]
111.Experiment with a Torpedo charged with 10 lbs. Gun Cotton[233]
112.Explosion of Torpedo containing 67 lbs. Gun Cotton[234]
113.Explosion of 432 lbs. Gun Cotton in 37 ft. Water[235]
114.The same in 27 ft. Water[235]
115.Section of Priming Case and Exploding Bolt[236]
116.Harvey’s Torpedo[237]
117.The same[238]
118.The same[239]
119.Official Trial of “Harvey’s Sea Torpedo”[239]
120.Model of Submarine Guns[240]
121.The Warner Experiment off Brighton[241]
122.Portrait of M. Lesseps[249]
123.The Sand-Glass[253]
124.A Group of Egyptian Fellahs and their Wives[254]
125.Dredges and Elevators at Work[255]
126.Map of the Suez Canal[256]
127.Port Saïd, the Mediterranean Entrance to the Suez Canal[257]
128.Bird’s-eye View of Port Saïd[258]
129.One of the Breakwaters at Port Saïd[259]
130.Lake Timsah and Ismaïlia[259]
131.Railway Station at Ismaïlia[260]
132.The Viceroy of Egypt cutting Embankment[261]
133.Map of the Manchester Ship Canal, Western Portion[263]
134.Map of the Manchester Ship Canal, Eastern Portion[263]
135.A Cutting for the Manchester Ship Canal[265]
136.Blasting Rocks for the Manchester Ship Canal[266]
137.Manchester Ship Canal Works, Runcorn[267]
137a.The French Steam Navvy[268]
137b.The English Steam Navvy[269]
137c.Sketch Map of the North Sea Canal[271]
138.Britannia Bridge, Menai Straits[276]
139.Diagram showing Strains[278]
140.Ditto[279]
141.Girder[279]
142.Ditto[279]
143.Ditto[280]
144.Section of a Tube of the Britannia Bridge[281]
145.Albert Bridge, Saltash[283]
146.Clifton Suspension Bridge, near Bristol[285]
147.Section of Shaft[286]
147a.Clifton Suspension Bridge, Niagara[288]
147b.Living Model of the Cantilever Principle[291]
147c.Principal Dimensions of the Forth Bridge[294]
147d.Map of the Tower Bridge and its Approaches[299]
147e.The Tower Bridge[301]
147f.Sketch[302]
148.Newspaper Printing-Room[305]
149.Inking Balls[306]
150.Inking Roller[306]
151.Diagram of Single Machine[308]
152.Diagram of Perfecting Machine[309]
153.Cowper’s Double Cylinder Machine[309]
154.Tapes of Cowper’s Machine[310]
155.Hopkinson and Cope’s Perfecting Machine[311]
156.Section of Casting Apparatus[314]
157.Diagram of the Walter Press[315]
158.Hoe’s Type Revolving Cylinder Machine[317]
159.Hoe’s “Railway” Machine[319]
160.Napier’s Platen Machine[320]
161.Roller for Printing Wall-Papers[322]
162.Machine for Printing Paper-Hangings[323]
163.Chain Testing Machine[324]
164.Pascal’s Principle[325]
165.Collar of Hydraulic Cylinder[326]
166.Hydraulic Press[327]
167.Section of Hydraulic Lift Graving Dock[331]
168.Section of Column[332]
169.Sir W. Armstrong’s Hydraulic Crane[335]
170.Raising Tubes of Britannia Bridge[336]
171.Press for Raising the Tubes[337]
172.Head of Link-Bars[338]
173.Apparatus to Prove Transmission of Pressure[339]
174.Pneumatic Tubes and Carriages[340]
175.Diagram of Tubes, &c.[342]
176.Sending and Receiving Apparatus[343]
177.Section of Receiving Apparatus[344]
178.Sommeiller Boring Machines[349]
179.Transit by Diligence over Mont Cenis[353]
180.Burleigh Rock Drill on Tripod[356]
181.The same on Movable Column[358]
182.The same Mounted on Carriage[359]
183.Diamond Drill Crown[360]
184.Diamond Drill Machinery[363]
185.Chart of the Channel Tunnel[367]
186.Section of the Channel Tunnel[368]
187.View of Dover[369]
187a.Map of the St. Gothard Railway[372]
187b.The Uppermost Bridge over the Maïenreuss[375]
187c.The Bridges over the Maïenreuss, near Wasen[377]
187d.Windings of the Line near Wasen[378]
188.Contrasts of Light[380]
189.Rays[382]
190.Diagram[383]
191.Telescopic Appearance of Jupiter and Satellites[384]
192.Diagram[386]
193, 194, 195.Diagrams[388]
196.Diagram[389]
197.Polemoscope[390]
198.Apparatus for Ghost Illusion[391]
198a.The Ghost Illusion[393]
199.Illusion produced by Mirrors[394]
200.A Stage Illusion[395]
201.View of Venice—Reflections[396]
202.Refraction[397]
203.Diagram[398]
204, 205.Diagrams of Crystals[400]
206.Diagram[401]
207.Diagram[403]
208.Diagram[404]
209.Polariscope[406]
210.Section showing Polarisation[407]
211.Iceland Spar, showing Double Refraction[407]
212.Diagram[408]
213.Diagram[410]
214.Diagram[412]
215.Portrait of Professor Kirchhoff[416]
216.Diagram[417]
217.Newton’s Experiment[418]
218.Bunsen’s Burner on Stand[421]
219.Spectroscope with one Prism[423]
220.Miniature Spectroscope[426]
221.The Gassiot Spectroscope[427]
222.Browning’s Automatic Adjustment of Prisms[429]
223.Apparatus for Spark Spectra[430]
224.The Sorby-Browning Micro-Spectroscope[433]
225.Section of Micro-Spectroscope, with Micrometer[434]
226.Diagram[435]
227.Section of Micro-Spectroscope[436]
228.Solar Eclipse, 1869[439]
229.The Planet Saturn[441]
230.Solar Prominences, No. 1[442]
231.Ditto, No. 2[443]
232.Section of Amateur Star Spectroscope[444]
232a.X. Ray Photo of Living Hand, Exposure 4 minutes[446]
232b.Skiagraph of a Hand by Dr. Roentgen[448]
232c.Metal objects photographed through Calico and sheet of Aluminium[450]
232d.Skiagraph of Layers of various substances[451]
233.Portrait of Professor Helmholtz[452]
234.Vertical Section of the Eye[454]
235.Section of Retina[456]
236.Diagram[457]
237.Muscles of Eyes[459]
238.Diagram[461]
239.Diagram[464]
240.Diagram[465]
241.Ruete’s Ophthalmoscope[466]
242.Diagram[467]
243.Wheatstone’s Reflecting Stereoscope[469]
244.Diagram[470]
245.Diagram[471]
246.The Telestereoscope[473]
247.Lines[475]
248, 249.Diagrams[476]
250, 251.Diagrams[477]
251a.Edison’s Kinetographic Theatre[479]
252.Portrait of Sir W. Thomson[481]
253.A simple Electroscope[485]
254.The Gold-leaf Electroscope[489]
255.The Leyden Jar[490]
256.A Voltaic Element[491]
257.Ampère’s Rule[492]
258.Galvanometer[493]
259.Daniell’s Cell and Battery[495]
260.Grove’s Cell and Battery[495]
261.Wire Ignited by Electricity[496]
262.Duboscq’s Electric Lantern and Regulator[497]
263.Decomposition of Water[498]
264.Electro-plating[499]
265.A Current producing a Magnet[500]
266.An Electro-magnet[501]
267.Ruhmkorff’s Coil[503]
268.Discharge through Rarefied Air[504]
268a.Large Induction Coil at the Old Polytechnic Institution, London[505]
269.Appearance of Spark on Looking-glass[507]
270.Magneto-electric Spark[508]
271.A Magnet producing a Current[509]
272.Clarke’s Magneto-electric Machine[509]
273.Magneto-electric Light[510]
274.Diagram[511]
275.Gramme Machine[512]
276.Insulated Coils[513]
277.Hand Gramme Machine[513]
278.Gramme Machine, with eight Vertical Electro-Magnets[516]
279.Gramme Machine, with Horizontal Electro-magnets[517]
280.Gramme Machine[519]
280a.The Alliance Machine[520]
280b.Wilde’s Machine[521]
280c.Siemens’ Dynamo[522]
280d.The Brush Dynamo[523]
280e.Siemens’ Regulator[524]
280f.Jablochkoff Candle[525]
280g.Electric Lamp[526]
280h.Incandescent Lamp[529]
280i.Poles with Single Arms for Suburban Roads.—The Ontario Beach Railway, Rochester, N.Y.[533]
280j.The Glynde Telepherage Line, on the system of the late Fleeming Jenkin[534]
280k.Diagrams[540]
280l.The Tesla Oscillator[542]
280m.M. Nikola Tesla[543]
281.Portrait of Professor Morse[547]
282.Double-Needle Instrument[554]
283.Electro-magnetic Bells[555]
284.Portable Single-Needle Instrument[556]
285.Connections of Telegraph Line[558]
286.Morse Recording Telegraph[559]
287.Morse Transmitting Key[561]
288.Morse Transmitting Plate[562]
289.Step-by-step Movement[567]
290.Froment’s Dials[567]
291.Wheatstone’s Universal Dial Telegraph[568]
292.Mirror Galvanometer[571]
293.Telegraph Post and Insulators[573]
294.Ditto[573]
295.Wire Circuit[574]
296.Wire and Earth Circuit[574]
297.Submarine Cable[575]
298.Making Wire for Atlantic Cable[577]
299.Instrument Room at Valentia[578]
300.Breaking of the Cable[579]
301.Atlantic Telegraph Cable, 1866[580]
302.Diagram[580]
302a.Reiss’s Musical Telephone[584]
302b.Bell’s Musical Telephone[585]
302c.Superposition of Currents[587]
302d.Bell’s Speaking Telephone[588]
302e.Hughes’s Microphone[591]
Lighthouse (heading)[593]
303.Eddystone Lighthouse[594]
304.Eddystone in a Storm[595]
305.Revolving Light Apparatus[601]
306.Stephenson’s Holophotal Light[604]
307.Camera[607]
308.Camera and Slide[615]
309.Folding Camera[616]
310.Lenses[617]
311.Bath[619]
311a.The Roll-Slide[622]
312.Portrait of Aloysius Senefelder[632]
313.Press for Stereotyping by Clay Process[633]
313a.The Linotype Machine[645]
313b.A Matrix[646]
313c.Diagram of Movements[647]
313d.A Line of Matrices[648]
313e.A finished Line entering galley[649]
313f.The Melting Pot and Mould Wheel[650]
313g.The Finished Line[651]
313h.Lines assembled into a “Form”[651]
313i.Matrices dropping into Magazine[652]
314.Recording Anemometer[653]
315.Registration of Height of Barometer and Thermometer[655]
316.Electric Chronograph[657]
317.Negretti’s Deep-Sea Thermometer[661]
318.Ditto, General Arrangement[662]
319.Atmospheric Recording Instrument[663]
319a.Traces of Vibrations of a Tuning-Fork[667]
319b.Phonautographic Tracings of Different Vowel Sounds[667]
319c.Diagram[668]
319d.Phases of Sound Waves[668]
319e.Edison’s Original Phonograph[670]
319f.Diagrammatic Section of Phonograph[671]
319g.The Graphophone[672]
319h.Edison’s Perfected Phonograph[674]
320.Domestic Aquarium[675]
321.The Opelet[679]
322.Viviparous Blenny[680]
323.The Lancelet[681]
324.Sea-Horses[683]
325.Proteus anguinus[684]
326.Mud-Fish[685]
327.The Axolotl[686]
328.Sorting, Washing, and Digging at the South African Diamond Fields[687]
329.Gold Miner’s Camp[689]
330.Gold in Rocks[690]
331.“Cradle” for Gold-washing[690]
332.Pniel, from Jardine’s Hotel[702]
333.Sifting at the “Dry Diggings”[703]
334.Vaal River, from Spence Kopje[704]
334a.Sketch Section of the Kimberley Diamond Mine[709]
335.Portrait of Sir Humphrey Davy[714]
336.Apparatus[717]
337.Portrait of Mr. Thomas Hancock[724]
338.Portrait of Sir James Young Simpson, M.D.[731]
339.Railway Cutting[740]
340.View on the Tyne[751]
341.Fossil Trees in a Railway Cutting[752]
342.Impression of Leaf in Coal Measures[753]
343.Possible Aspect of the Forests of the Coal Age[754]
344.The Fireside[756]
345.View on Hyde and Egbert’s Farm, Oil Creek[761]
346.View of City of London Gas-Works[764]
347.Section of Gas-making Apparatus[765]
348.The Retort[767]
348a.Retort House of the Imperial Gas-Works[768]
349.The Gas Governor[770]
350.Bunsen’s Burner[772]
351.Faraday’s Ventilating Gas-Burner[773]
351a.Diagram[778]
351b.Diagram[778]
351c.Diagram[779]
351d.Diagram[779]
351e.Diagram[780]
352.Apparatus for making Magenta[781]
353.Iron Pots for making Nitro-Benzol[784]
354.Section of Apparatus for making Nitro-Benzol[785]
355.Apparatus for making Aniline[786]
356.Section of Hollow Spindle[787]
357.Portrait of J. Prescott Joule, F.R.S.[801]