Psychology

by Robert Sessions Woodworth

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I	PAGE
WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS AND DOES	[1]
Varieties of Psychology	[2]
Psychology as Related to Other Sciences	[5]
The Science of Consciousness	[7]
The Science of Behavior	[8]
Introspection	[10]
Objective Observation	[11]
General Lines of
Psychological Investigation	[14]
Summary and Attempt at a Definition	[17]
Exercises	[19]
References	[20]
CHAPTER II
REACTIONS	[21]
The Reaction Time Experiment	[22]
Reflex Action	[24]
The Nerves in Reflex Action	[26]
Internal Construction of the Nerves and Nerve Centers	[31]
The Synapse	[34]
Coördination	[37]
Reactions in General	[39]
Exercises	[42]
References	[44]
CHAPTER III
REACTIONS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS	[45]
Different Sorts of Stimuli	[47]
The Motor Centers, Lower and Higher	[49]
How the Brain Produces Muscular Movements	[53]
Facilitation and Inhibition	[54]
Super-motor Centers in the Cortex	[56]
Speech Centers	[57]
The Auditory Centers	[59]
The Visual Centers	[62]
Cortical Centers for the Other Senses	[68]
Lower Sensory Centers	[64]
The Cerebellum	[66]
Different Levels of Reaction	[65]
Exercises	[67]
References	[67]
CHAPTER IV
TENDENCIES TO REACTION	[68]
Purposive Behavior	[70]
Organic States that Influence Behavior	[72]
Preparation for Action	[74]
Preparatory Reactions	[77]
What the Preparatory Reactions Accomplish	[79]
What a Tendency Is, in Terms of Nerve Action	[82]
Motives	[84]
Exercises	[86]
References	[88]
CHAPTER V
NATIVE AND ACQUIRED TRAITS	[89]
The Source of Native Traits	[90]
Reactions Appearing at Birth Must Be Native	[91]
Reactions That Cannot Be Learned Must Be Native	[92]
Experimental Detection of Native Reactions	[93]
Is Walking Native or Acquired?	[95]
Universality as a Criterion of Native Reactions	[97]
Some Native Traits Are Far from Being Universal	[98]
Why Acquired Traits Differ from One Individual to Another	[99]
What Mental Traits Are Native?	[100]
Exercises	[103]
References	[104]
CHAPTER VI
INSTINCT	[105]
The Difference Between an Instinct and a Reflex	[107]
An Instinct Is a Native Reaction-Tendency	[109]
Fully and Partially Organized Instincts	[111]
Instincts Are Not Ancestral Habits	[113]
Instincts Not Necessarily Useful in the Struggle for Existence	[114]
The So-called Instincts of Self-preservation and of Reproduction	[115]
Exercises	[117]
References	[117]
CHAPTER VII
EMOTION	[118]
Organic States That Are Not Usually Classed as Emotions	[119]
How These Organic States Differ from Regular Emotions	[120]
The Organic State in Anger	[121]
Glandular Responses During Emotion	[122]
The Nerves Concerned in Internal Emotional Response	[124]
The Emotional State as a Preparatory Reaction	[125]
"Expressive Movements," Another Sort of Preparatory Reactions	[126]
Do Sensations of These Various Preparatory Reactions Constitute the Conscious State of Emotion?	[128]
The James-Lange Theory of the Emotions	[129]
Emotion and Impulse	[130]
Emotion Sometimes Generates Impulse	[132]
Emotion and Instinct	[134]
The Higher Emotions	[136]
Exercises	[136]
References	[136]
CHAPTER VIII
INVENTORY OF HUMAN INSTINCTS AND PRIMARY EMOTIONS	[137]
Classification	[138]
Responses to Organic Needs	[139]
Instinctive Responses to Other Persons	[145]
The Play Instincts	[151]
Exercises	[170]
References	[171]
CHAPTER IX
THE FEELINGS	[172]
Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Are Simple Feelings	[173]
Felling-tone of Sensations	[174]
Theories of Feeling	[175]
Sources of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness	[178]
Primary Likes and Dislikes	[180]
Other Proposed Elementary Feelings	[184]
Exercises	[186]
References	[186]
CHAPTER X
SENSATION	[187]
The Sense Organs	[188]
Analysis of Sensations	[197]
The Skin Senses	[197]
The Sense of Taste	[201]
The Sense of Smell	[203]
Organic Sensations	[204]
The Sense of Sight	[204]
Simpler Forms of the Color Sense	[209]
Visual Sensations as Related to the Stimulus	[212]
Color Mixing	[214]
What Are the Elementary Visual Sensations?	[216]
Theories of Color Vision	[220]
Adaptation	[224]
Rod and Cone Vision	[226]
After-images	[226]
Contrast	[227]
The Sense of Hearing	[228]
Comparison of Sight and Hearing	[231]
Theory of Hearing	[234]
Senses of Bodily Movement	[236]
Exercises	[241]
References	[243]
CHAPTER XI
ATTENTION	[244]
The Stimulus, or What Attracts Attention	[245]
The Motor Reaction in Attention	[248]
The Shifting of Attention	[251]
Laws of Attention and Laws of Reaction in General	[256]
Sustained Attention	[257]
Distraction	[259]
Doing Two Things at Once	[260]
The Span of Attention	[261]
Summary of the Laws of Attention	[262]
Attention and Degree of Consciousness	[265]
The Management of Attention	[267]
Theory of Attention	[268]
Exercises	[270]
References	[270]
CHAPTER XII
INTELLIGENCE	[271]
Intelligence Tests	[272]
Performance Tests	[275]
Group Testing	[276]
Some Results of the Intelligence Tests	[278]
Limitations of the Intelligence Tests	[281]
The Correlation of Abilities	[288]
General Factors in Intelligence	[285]
Special Aptitudes	[288]
Heredity of Intelligence and of Special Aptitudes	[289]
Intelligence and the Brain	[292]
Exercises	[294]
References	[295]
CHAPTER XIII
LEARNING AND HABIT FORMATION	[296]
Acquired Reactions Are Modified Native Reactions	[297]
Acquired Tendencies	[299]
Animal Learning	[302]
Summary of Animal Learning	[310]
Human Learning	[311]
Human Compared with Animal Learning	[313]
Learning by Observation	[317]
The Learning of Complex Practical Performances	[321]
Higher Units and Overlapping	[323]
Moderate Skill Acquired in the Ordinary Day's Work	[326]
Habit	[328]
Exercises	[330]
References	[331]
CHAPTER XIV
MEMORY	[332]
The Process of Memorizing	[333]
Economy in Memorizing	[333]
Unintentional Learning	[346]
Retention	[348]
Recall	[364]
Recognition	[357]
Memory Training	[360]
Exercises	[364]
References	[365]
CHAPTER XV
ASSOCIATION AND MENTAL IMAGERY	[366]
What Can Be Recalled	[366]
Memory Images	[368]
Limitations of Imagery	[371]
The Question of Non-Sensory Recall	[373]
Hallucinations	[375]
Free Association	[376]
Controlled Association	[381]
Examples of Controlled Association	[384]
Exercises	[386]
References	[388]
CHAPTER XVI
THE LAWS OF ASSOCIATION	[389]
The Law of Exercise	[389]
The Law of Effect	[391]
Limitations of the Law of Exercise	[393]
Association by Similarity	[395]
Association by Contiguity	[396]
The Law of Combination	[398]
The Law of Combination in Recall	[413]
The Laws of Learning in Terms of the Neurones	[414]
Exercises	[418]
References	[418]
CHAPTER XVII
PERCEPTION	[418]
Some Definitions	[421]
The Difference Between Perception and Sensation	[423]
Perception and Image	[425]
Perception and Motor Reaction	[427]
What Sort of Response, Then, Is Perception?	[431]
Practiced Perception	[433]
Corrected Perception	[435]
Sensory Data Serving as Signs of Various Sorts of Fact	[437]
The Perception of Space	[439]
Esthetic Perception	[443]
Social Perception	[444]
Errors of Perception	[446]
Illusions	[450]
Exercises	[460]
References	[461]
CHAPTER XVIII
REASONING	[462]
Animal and Human Exploration	[463]
Reasoning Culminates in Inference	[465]
Varieties of Reasoning	[468]
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning	[474]
Psychology and Logic	[476]
Exercises	[480]
References	[480]
CHAPTER XIX
IMAGINATION	[481]
Beginnings of Imagination in the Child	[482]
Preliminary Definition of Imagination	[483]
Play	[485]
The Play Motives	[488]
Empathy	[491]
Worry	[497]
Day Dreams	[498]
Dreams	[499]
Freud's Theory of Dreams	[505]
Autistic Thinking	[508]
Invention and Criticism	[509]
The Enjoyment of Imaginative Art	[512]
The Psychology of Inventive Production	[517]
Imagination Considered in General	[519]
Exercises	[521]
References	[522]
CHAPTER XX
WILL	[523]
Voluntary and Involuntary Action	[524]
Development of Voluntary Control	[526]
Ideomotor Action	[527]
Conflict and Decision	[528]
Obstruction and Effort	[535]
Thought and Action	[539]
Securing Action	[541]
The Influence of Suggestion	[546]
Exercises	[551]
References	[561]
CHAPTER XXI
PERSONALITY	[552]
Factors in Personality	[553]
The Self	[555]
Integration and Disintegration of the Personality	[558]
The Unconscious, or, the Subconscious Mind	[561]
Unconscious Wishes and Motives	[565]
Exercises	[571]
References	[571]
INDEX	[573]

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