HINTS TO TRAVELLERS
SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL
TENTH EDITION
REVISED AND CORRECTED
FROM THE NINTH EDITION EDITED FOR THE
Council of the Royal Geographical Society
BY
E. A. REEVES, F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S.
Map Curator and Instructor in Surveying to the Royal
Geographical Society.
Vol. II.
METEOROLOGY, PHOTOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, NATURAL
HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND
COMMERCE, ARCHÆOLOGY, MEDICAL, ETC.
LONDON
THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
KENSINGTON GORE, S.W. 7
AND AT ALL BOOKSELLERS
1921
Price of the two Volumes, 21s. net.
To Fellows, at the Office of the Society, 15s. net.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. 1, AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 1.
PREFACE TO VOL. II.
The first seven sections of this volume have been carefully revised, but required no serious alteration. The eighth section required very extensive changes and additions, due to the great progress of Tropical Medicine in the last fourteen years. The Society is much indebted to Dr. Andrew Balfour, C.B., C.M.G., Director-in-Chief of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, who has very kindly revised and extended the Medical Hints in the light of his wide experience in the Sudan and in the East during the War.
In the instructions for the use of drugs the word “tablet” has been used to denote products compressed in the form usually described by a proprietary word that belongs in law only to the products of a particular firm.
A. R. H.
CONTENTS.
| PAGE | |
| SECTION I. | |
| Meteorology and Climatology (by Hugh Robert Mill, D.SC., LL.D., F.R.S.E., formerly President Royal Meteorological Society and Director British Rainfall Organization) | [1-50] |
| General Remarks, [1]—A Record of Weather, [2]—Non-Instrumental Observations, [3]—Instrumental Observations, [11]—Observations for Forecasting the Weather, [32]—Extra-European Weather Services, [42]—Table of Relative Humidity, [44]—Table showing Pressure of Saturated Aqueous Vapour in Inches of Mercury at Lat. 45° for each degree Fahr. from -30° to 119°, [50]—Isothermal, Isobaric, and Rainfall Maps, [50]. | |
| SECTION II. | |
| Photography (by J. Thomson, formerly Instructor in Photography, R.G.S. Revised by the late J. McIntosh, Secretary Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain) | [51-62] |
| The Camera, [51]—Selecting a Camera, [51]—The Hand Camera, [52]—Camera Stand, [54]—Lenses, [54]—Exposure Tables, [56]—Sensitive Plates or Films, [57]—How to keep Plates and Films Dry, [58]—Apparatus and Chemicals for Development, [58]—Photography in Natural Colours, [61]. | |
| SECTION III. | |
| Geology (by the late W. T. Blanford, F.R.S. Revised by Prof. E. J. Garwood, F.R.S.) | [63-78] |
| General Remarks, [63]—Outfit, [64]—Collections, [65]—Mountain Chains, [70]—Coasts, [71]—Rivers and River-Plains, [72]—Lakes and Tarns, [73]—Evidence of Glacial Action, [74]—Deserts, [75]—Early History of Man in Tropical Climates, [76]—Permanence of Ocean Basins, [76]—Atolls or Coral-Islands, [77]. | |
| Memorandum on Glacier Observations. (Revised by Alan G. Ogilvie) | [78-81] |
| SECTION IV. | |
| Natural History (by the late H. W. Bates, F.R.S. Revised by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, British Museum, Natural History) | [82-105] |
| Outfit, [82]—Where and What to Collect, [89]—Mammals and Birds, [91]—Preserving Mammals, &c., in Alcohol, [92]—Preparation of Skeletons of Animals, [94]—Reptiles and Fishes, [96]—Land and Freshwater Mollusca, [97]—Insects, [99]—Botanical Collecting, [99]—Fossils, [104]—General Remarks, [104]—Observations of Habits, &c., [104]. | |
| SECTION V. | |
| Anthropology (by the late E. B. Tylor, D.C.L., F.R.S.) | [106-129] |
| Physical Characters, [106]—Language, [110]—Arts and Sciences, [113]—Society, [118]—Religion and Mythology, [124]—Customs, [126]. | |
| Note by Professor R. R. Marett | [129] |
| Queries of Anthropology (by the late Sir A. W. Franks, K.C.B., F.R.S.) | [129-132] |
| Anthropological Notes (by W. L. H. Duckworth, M.D., SC.D., M.A.) | [132-137] |
| SECTION VI. | |
| Industry and Commerce (by Sir John Scott Keltie, LL.D., formerly Secretary R.G.S.) | [138-147] |
| General Remarks, [138]—Minerals and Metals, [140]—Vegetable Products, [141]—Agriculture, [143]—Animal Products, [144]—Trade, [144]—Climate, [145]—Facilities and Hindrances to Commercial Development, [146]. | |
| SECTION VII. | |
| Archæology (by D. G. Hogarth, C.M.G., D.LITT.) | [148-159] |
| Recording, [148]—Cleaning and Conservation, [156]. | |
| SECTION VIII. | |
| Medical Hints (by the late William Henry Cross, M.D. Revised by Andrew Balfour, C.B., G.M.G., M.D.) | [160-292] |
| Introduction, [160]—General Hints, [168]—Diseases and their Prevention and Treatment, [169]—Medicines, Medical Appliances, &c., [252]—Treatment of Wounds and Injuries, [275]. | |
| Canoeing and Boating (by the late J. Coles) | [293-297] |
| Orthography of Geographical Names (by Maj.-General Lord Edward Gleichen, K.C.V.O.) | [298-305] |
| On the Giving of Names to Newly-Discovered Places | [306] |
| INDEX | [307-318] |
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
| PAGE | |
| Diagram showing how to read Thermometer Scale | [13] |
| Mr. H. F. Blanford’s Portable Thermometer Screen | [15] |
| Hut for Sheltering Thermometers | [16] |
| Section of Assmann’s Aspiration Psychrometer | [20] |
| Diagram showing how to read Barometer Vernier | [27] |
| The Collie Barometer, with the Deasy Mounting | [30] |
| Diagram showing Cyclone Paths and Circulation of Winds in Cyclones | [33] |
| Charts of the World showing Isothermal Lines for January and July | [50] |
| Charts of the World showing Isobaric Lines for January and July | [50] |
| Rainfall Chart of the World | [50] |
| Bellows Camera | [52] |
| Twin-Lens Camera | [53] |
| Homocentric Lens | [55] |
| General Collecting Case for Natural History Specimens | [93] |
| Drying Press for Botanical Specimens | [100-101] |
| Diagrams of the Human Skull illustrating Craniological Descriptions | [134] |
| Diagrams of the Human Skull illustrating Cranial Measurements | [135] |
| Diagram of Portion of the Thigh-Bone for Measurement of its length | [137] |
| Diagram showing some of the Principal Organs of the Body, and the Course of the Main Blood-Vessels | [162] |
| Spectacles for Preventing Snow-Blindness | [199] |
| Diagram illustrating method of compressing the Main Artery of the Thigh | [278] |
| Diagrams illustrating methods of Restoring Breathing in cases of Drowning | [284] |
| Diagram of the Human Skeleton, giving the Names and Positions of the Chief Bones | [285] |
| Diagrams showing Bandaging of Broken Jaw | [289] |
HINTS TO TRAVELLERS.
VOL. II.
I.
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY.
By Hugh Robert Mill, D.SC, LL.D., F.R.S.E.,
Formerly President Royal Meteorological Society, and Director of the British Rainfall Organization.
The nature of the meteorological observations made by a traveller or by a resident in regions where there is no organised meteorological service will necessarily depend on the object which he has in view, the time he is able to devote to meteorological work, his knowledge of meteorology as a science, and his interest in it.
Of the many ways in which a traveller may add to the knowledge of atmospheric conditions, five may be specially mentioned:—
1. A record of the weather, observed day by day with regard both to non-instrumental observations and the readings of instruments. This may be taken as the minimum incumbent on all travellers.
2. Observations for forecasting the weather and obtaining warning of storms. This is sometimes of vital importance; it is always valuable at the time, and occasionally the results are worth recording. It may, however be looked upon as a practical application of the systematic observations.
3. Observations with a view to determining the character of the local climate. The traveller passing through a country can do little in this way, as long continued uniform observations in one place are necessary to fix the annual variations. Still, the recording of such data as may be obtained is always important in a little-known region, and the work of several travellers at different seasons will allow some fair deductions to be drawn. When a day is spent in camp, much importance attaches to regular observations made every two hours, from which the diurnal changes of climate may be ascertained.
4. Special meteorological researches. These usually demand special instruments and skilled observers. Observations in the upper air by kites or balloons in particular, must be an end in themselves. Exact measures of radiation in deserts, of rainfall in forests and on adjacent open ground, of temperature during land and sea breezes, or of fogs, thunderstorms, tornadoes, etc., in places subject to those visitations, are always of value. As a rule, however, the traveller cannot devote much time to these matters, unless the study of physical geography is the object of his journey.
5. The collection of existing meteorological records. It sometimes happens that at outlying stations meteorological observations have been taken and recorded for a considerable time. If they have not been already communicated to some meteorological centre, the traveller should obtain a copy of them, and also compare the instruments in use with his own. He might in some cases aid in securing a knowledge of local climate by inducing residents at outlying stations to start regular observations.
The first two ways of advancing meteorology need alone be considered in detail; but with regard to all, it must be clearly understood that the value of the work is greater the more carefully the observations are made and recorded, and the more remote and less known the region.
1. A Record of Weather.—The traveller who makes his journey for any other purpose than the study of physical geography would be wise to burden himself as little as possible with instruments, but to understand thoroughly and use faithfully the few he carries. In a rapid march many different climates may be traversed in a few weeks, and the records of variation of weather so obtained could not have much value; but when a halt of a few days or of a week or two is made, systematic observations become valuable.