FOOTNOTES
[1] Equivalents obtained by Mr. R. H. Curtis using Köppen’s method. See ‘Symons’s Meteorological Magazine,’ 40 (1905), p. 157.
[2] For comparison of scales see Table XXVI., Vol. I., p. 333.
To convert Centigrade readings into Fahrenheit the rule is “Multiply by 1.8 and add 32.” This can be done mentally in a moment, thus: “Multiply by 2, subtract one-tenth of the product, and add 32.” E.g., to convert 10° C. to F.: 10 × 2 = 20; one-tenth of 20 = 2; 20 - 2 = 18; 18 + 32 = 50° F.
[3] Travellers in tropical countries will do wisely to poison all their labels before using them, to preserve them from attacks of insects and mites. Washing with a very weak solution of corrosive sublimate is an efficient plan. A large number of labels, with the collector’s name printed on them, may be taken, and if made of strong thin paper they will not occupy much space. Bank-note paper is well adapted for the purpose. Any writing should be, if possible, in ink; if not, a very hard black pencil should be used. Some tie labels should be added, as paper coverings soon run short.
[4] There are plenty of good works on the use of the blow-pipe. The best are by Plattner and Scheerer, of both of which English translations have been published. Of Von Kobell’s tables for the determination of minerals, several translations have appeared. Brush and Penfield 1906 edition is a practical work. A very portable outfit may be obtained from J. T. Letcher, Truro, Cornwall.
[5] In high latitudes care must be exercised in distinguishing between true raised beaches and ridges of beach material pushed up by the pressure of shore ice in winter.
[6] In some valleys the lateral tributaries enter at a higher level than the floor of the main valley, owing to the overdeepening of the latter; this overdeepening has been attributed to four different causes:—(1) Inequality in the hardness of the rocks, especially when the main valley runs along the strike; (2) the presence of joints, or other lines of weakness; (3) increased erosion of the main valley by river action owing to the elevation of the upper end of the district, while the lateral valleys were merely tilted sideways, or were protected by the presence of ice or lakes; (4) erosion of the main valley by ice more rapidly than its tributaries, owing to the ice being thicker in the former. The problem is complicated by the fact that the upper end of the main valley is frequently a ‘hanging’ valley. Any evidence bearing on the formation of these ‘hanging’ valleys should be carefully noted.
[7] Travellers who intend to make collections of zoological specimens are advised to call on the Secretary of the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. He will be happy to supply any information required.
[8] General travelling outfit can be procured from Messrs. Silver & Co., 67 Cornhill, E.C.
[9] Ejector guns are apt to get out of order in sandy countries.
[10] The shafts of old golf-drivers, when shortened to about 2 feet 6 inches in length, make the most perfect handles for nets.
[11] All the above-mentioned articles for collecting insects may be procured from Mr. Janson, 44 Great Russell Street, W., or from Messrs. Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, W.C., or from Miss E. M. Sharpe, 4 Barrowgate Road, Chiswick.
[12] Cf. British Museum ‘Handbook,’ p. 47.
[13] Cf. British Museum ‘Handbook,’ pp. 15-32.
[14] Much useful information may be found in the ‘Manual of the Mollusca,’ by S. P. Woodward, F.G.S., one of Weale’s series; an admirable book in a small form.
[15] More extended accounts of the departments of the Science of Man here noticed will be found in Tylor’s ‘Anthropology: an Introduction to the Study of Men and Civilisation’ (Macmillan and Co., New edition, 1895).
[16] Some useful training under this head can be obtained at the London School of Economics.
[17] In the case of sculptures, owing to their deep depressions, it is best to wet the paper before laying on.—Ed.
[18] A tourniquet is a special instrument devised for the purpose of applying pressure to the main vessels of the limbs; in its absence, one may be improvised by rolling a handkerchief into a narrow band, and inserting a stone or a cork between its folds to serve as a pad; the pad is adjusted over the spot where it is proposed to compress the vessel, and the ends of the handkerchief knotted loosely round the limb. A stick is now slipped between the knot and the limb, and twisted round until sufficient pressure is exerted to arrest the bleeding.
[19] As far as British officials were concerned.
[20] Including ‘Latin’ alphabets containing extra or modified letters, such as Česky, Croatian, Polish, Rumanian, etc. The pronunciation of these letters is given in the ‘Alphabets of Foreign Languages,’ etc., mentioned below ([p. 301]).
[21] ‘Rules for the Transliteration of Place-names occurring on Foreign Maps.’ Compiled in the Topographical Section, General Staff, by Alexander Knox, B.A., Map Curator. 1906.
[22] ‘Instructions for the Spelling of Place-names in Foreign Countries.’ Naval Staff Intelligence Division. 1917.