PREFACE.

Scandinavia prior to the tenth century is the region of romance,—of the wildest legends. These are admissible into the severe domain of history in so far only as they illustrate national opinions and manners,—the noblest part of the study. For this reason, chiefly, more have been retained in the present volume than are to be found in any preceding work on the subject. Indeed, were they rejected, nine tenths of northern history must be rejected with them.

Another reason for dwelling on the earlier and more obscure events has been the wish to deviate as much as possible from a recent popular work in the “Edinburgh Cabinet Cyclopedia.” Two publications on the same subject, and designed for the same class of readers, would scarcely be required, unless they were distinguished from each other in their manner of treating it.

If the present volume be one of entertainment chiefly, the next will be one of instruction. The religion and laws, the manners and opinions, of the Northmen, will receive their due notice.

TABLE,

ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,

TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF

THE HISTORY OF SCANDINAVIA.

INTRODUCTION.

UNCERTAINTY ATTENDING THE EARLY HISTORY OF ALL NATIONS.—MONSTROUS HYPOTHESES RESPECTING THAT OF NORTHERN EUROPE.—FABULOUS, OR AT LEAST DOUBTFUL, KINGS OF SWEDEN, NORWAY, AND DENMARK.—DISTINCTION OF RACES IN THE NORTH.—THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS, THE SWIONES, GOTTONES, DANKIONES, WERE PROBABLY THE SWEDES, GOTHS, AND DANES.—THE JUTES AND LAPPS AND FINNS DIFFERENT FROM THE NEW COMERS.—INFORMATION COLLECTED BY ALFRED RELATIVE TO THE NORTH.—NUMEROUS CHIEFS WITH THE REGAL TITLE.—KINGS OF DENMARK: DAN—HUMBLE—LOTHER—SKIOLD—GRAM, ETC.—WONDERFUL ADVENTURE OF HADDING AND OF THE GIANTESS HARDGRIPE.—FRODE I.—ODIN—HIS ORIGIN ACCORDING TO SAXO—ACCORDING TO THE YNGLINGA SAGA.—HIS SUPERNATURAL POWERS.—REASONS ASSIGNED FOR HIS EXISTENCE.—HODER AND BALDER.—THE FATAL SISTERS.—DEATH AND FUNERAL OF BALDER.—JOURNEY TO THE SHADES BELOW IN QUEST OF HIS SOUL.—HERMOD’S JOURNEY.—ODIN’S.—PROPHECY.—RINDA AND ODIN.—CHARACTER OF ODIN.—RURIC.—HAMLET PRINCE OF JUTLAND.—HIS REAL OR FABULOUS ADVENTURES.—FENGO.—DANISH KINGS AFTER RURIC.

Page
Futility of Inquiries into the Origin of Nations[1]
That of the Swedes obscure and fabulous.—Pedigree of the Swedish Kings from Noah, according to Joannes Magnus[2]
Origin of Idolatry and War in the North.—Extension of the Gothic Empire, and a new Empire founded by them, the seat of which was in Poland or Hungary.[3]
The Empire of the Goths broken into numerous Principalities.—The Danes aspire to throw off the Yoke of Sweden; but being assailed by the Saxons, submit, and receive Dan, a Swedish Prince, as their King. This Prince gave his Name to the Danish Kingdom, and his Brother Angul, the First King of the English, left his name to that People.—Wars between Sweden and Denmark.—Swibdager, King of Norway, elected King of the Goths and Swedes.—Defeats and slays Gram, King of Denmark, and subjects his Kingdom to the Swedes. All this according to Joannes Magnus[4]
Norway. According to Torfœus, the Giants, of whom he gives a minute Account, were the most ancient Inhabitants of this Region[6]
Soon after them came the Goths, about the Period of the Fall of Troy; next came the Asae, or Scythians[7]
To these he adds an indigenous Race, which is evidently a Mythologic Creation[8]
Thor, the Father of Nor, the common Ancestor of all the Norwegian Princes, deemed by that People superior to Odin himself. The Danes and Swedes held Odin to be the Supreme God.—Amalgamation of the two Religions[9]
Denmark. Claims to great Antiquity.—List of Danish Kings from Noah to Odin, “that King of the Turks whom the Romans forced towards the North;” and from the latter to Hardicanute and Harald Harfager[10]
The Goths were in the North of Europe prior to the Times we call Historic; but the Cimbri were there before them; and these were probably preceded by other Swarms, whose very names are lost[11]
The Finns and the Lapps probably Descendants of the earliest Inhabitants of the North.—The People of the North were split into numerous Tribes, of which the Swiones were the most conspicuous.—The Dankiones, probably the Danskir, or Danes.—The Swiones, Goths, and Teutones, all kindred Tribes.—The Finns[12]
The Goths the last People that reached Western Europe.—Their gradual Amalgamation with the former Inhabitants produced that Form of Society peculiar to the North[13]
The Sons of Odin probably the first Gothic Monarchs of the North.—The original Inhabitants different, in all respects, from the Goths.—The Finns and Lapps represented in the early Gothic Poetry as Magicians, and the Jutes as Giants and Magicians.—Antipathy between the Goths and the former Races, and the Causes of it[14]
Tacitus’s meagre Account of the Northern Tribes that constituted the Anglo-Saxons.—Alfred’s Account of what he learned of the North from Otter, a Norwegian Navigator[15]
Curious Particulars of what constituted Riches in the extreme North, in the Days of Otter.—The Finns tributary to the Goths.—Credibility of Otter’s Relation.—Acknowledged Distinction between the various Tribes of the North[16]
The original Tribes gradually expelled, and driven North towards the Arctic Circle by the Goths and Swiar.—Scandinavian domestic History, for centuries after the Arrival of Odin, little known.—Numerous Chieftains in the North under the regal Title[17]
Contradictory Accounts of the Sovereigns and Transactions of the northern Kingdoms; yet they cannot be rejected as wholly fabulous, as the Songs which form the entire History of the North supply us with the best Picture of national Manners[18]
Summary of Saxo’s History of Denmark during the doubtful Period[19]
Dan, the first King of Denmark, gave his Name to that Country.—On his Death his Son Humble elected in his stead.—His Brother, Lother, revolts and usurps the Dignity.—Is slain by his Subjects, and his son, Skiold, the Hercules of the North, raised to the Throne[19]
His Prowess.—Overthrows the Duke of the Alemanni, reduces his People to the Condition of Tributaries, and marries his Daughter Awilda; his Wisdom equal to his Valour; his Benevolence, good Laws and Government; his love of Glory[20]
Gram, the Son and Successor of Skiold, equal to his Father in Strength and Enterprise, and his Life more romantic.—Subdues Sweden, and carries away the princess Gro[20]
His Inconstancy.—Is deprived of Empire and Life by Swibdager, King of Norway.—Saxo’s curious Account of the different Species of Giants[21]
Swibdager places Guthrum, the Son of Gram, as a Vassal on the Throne of Denmark.—Hadding, the Brother of Guthrum, the most celebrated of Danish Heroes.—His wonderful Adventure with the Giantess Hardgrip[22]
His farther wonderful Adventures and Exploits.—He slays Swibdager and his Son Asmund[24]
The wonderful Story of the Hero continued[25]
His Death.—He is succeeded by his eldest Son, Frode I., also a great Warrior, who carried his Depredations from Russia to the British Islands.—Frequent Intercourse between Denmark and Britain.—Frode fought and killed a Dragon, who brooded over immense Riches, in a Cave[27]
Takes London by a Stratagem.—Several Sovereigns succeeded, of whom little is known until the Danish States elected for their Monarch Hoder, a Descendant of the famous Hadding[28]
Odin, King of the Hellespont, according to Saxo, laid Claim to Divinity, and was worshipped by most of Europe.—His profound Knowledge of Magic.—A Golden Statue presented to him by the Kings of the North, and placed by him among the Gods.—Deceived by his Wife, Frigga.—Exiles himself for a Season, in consequence.—His Power and Divinity usurped during his Absence.—Returns, and compels the Usurpers to flee the Country[29]
Mitothin, one of the Usurpers of Odin’s Authority, flees to Fionia, and is killed by the Inhabitants.—A Plague ensues, which was stayed by his Body being exhumed, the Head cut off, and a stake driven through the Corpse.—Probably the first Vampire on Record.—Snorro’s Account in many Respects different from Saxo’s, as above.—The Cause of that Difference.—Odin’s Government theocratic.—His perpetual Wars.—Always successful.—Called the Father of Victory.—Peculiar Veneration attached to his Character.—War with the Vanir, his Neighbours[30]
They cut off the Head of Mimir, one of Odin’s Hostages, and send it to Asgard.—Odin, by his Magic, converts the Head to an Oracle.—He flees the Roman Arms with a Multitude of Followers, and advances to the West.—Reduces some States in Germany, over which he places his Sons.—Passes northward, and fixes his Seat at Odensey—Sends Gefio, one of his Prophetesses, to make Converts in the neighbouring Regions.—She is successful; marries Skiold, the Son of Odin, who reigned over the Danish Islands.—He compels the King of Sweden to cede him the eastern Part of that Kingdom.—He establishes his Seat at Sigtuna, erects Temples, and offers Sacrifices[31]
His Worship diffused throughout Germany and Scandinavia.—His extraordinary Qualities.—His wonderful Ship, Skidbladner[32]
The oracular Head of Mimir, which acquainted him with all he wished to know, and his two speaking Ravens, which brought him Intelligence of all that happened.—His miraculous Powers.—He and his Pontiffs worshipped as Gods.—His Laws, civil and religious[33]
Proofs of his Existence from written as well as from traditionary Testimony[34]
Rigs-mal, one of the Eddaic Poems, resembling in its Composition the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Bjówolf, throws much Light on the heroic Age in the North[38]
Distinguishes the different Races by which the Country was successively occupied.—The first Gothic Emigrants drive the Finnish Tribes to the Wilds of Norrland, Lapland, and Finland.—The Antipathy between the two Races illustrated by the Legend of Njördr[39]
The Sviar and the Goths, by whom they had been preceded, become one People through the religious Ascendancy of Odin[40]
Religious Sects in the North.—Junction of the old and new religions.—The temporal Government of Odin perpetuated through his Sons.—Odin the Progenitor of all the great Dynasties of the North.—The Mythic Nor, from whom Norway took its Name[41]
Alleged Succession of the Danish Kings.—Hoder beloved by Nanna, daughter of the King of Norway.—Balder, the Son of Odin, is enamoured of the same Princess and plans Hoder’s Destruction.—Hoder’s Interview with the Fatal Sisters[42]
He obtains the magic Bracelets and Sword kept by the Satyr Mimring.—Defeats King Gelder.—He encounters Balder, who is assisted by the Gods, with Odin and Thor at their Head[43]
He defeats them, and obtains the Hand of Nanna.—Is in turn defeated and dethroned by Balder.—Balder offers human Sacrifices.—Hoder again defeated, and compelled to flee to Jutland[44]
Hoder’s second Interview with the Fatal Sisters.—He is again defeated by Balder.—Receives a magic Belt from Balder’s mysterious Purveyors.—Gives Balder a mortal Wound[45]
Balder’s Death and Funeral.—Balder’s portentous Dream, according to the latter Edda[46]
The Descent of Hermod to the Shades, in quest of Balder’s Soul, with the Story of the famous Horse, Sleipner[46]
Poetical Description of Hermod’s Descent into the Regions of Hela[49]
The Journey to the Shades attributed to Odin himself, in the poetical Edda of Saemund the Wise, while Balder was yet alive.—The Descent of Odin, and what he saw and heard in the Regions below[51]
Hoder is killed by Bo, the Son of Odin, by the Princess Rinda.—Death of Odin[55]
His pompous Funeral.—His Character[56]
Ruric succeeds his Father Hoder on the Throne of Denmark.—The alleged Events on which the Tragedy of Hamlet is founded, happened in the Reign of this Prince.—Hamlet’s Father, Horwendil, Governor of Jutland, and a famous Pirate, killed by his Uncle, who marries the Mother[57]
Hamlet feigns Madness.—Is suspected and feared by his Uncle.—Kills one of the Courtiers who had been hid in order to overhear his Conversation with his Mother.—He upbraids his Mother[59]
Is sent to England with a View to his Destruction.—Substitutes the Names of his two Companions for his own in the Mandate to the English King, by whom they are put to Death[60]
Marries the English King’s Daughter.—Returns to Jutland.—Assumes the Fool.—Burns his Uncle’s Courtiers with the Palace, and slays the Fratricide himself[61]
He is declared his Uncle’s Successor.—His Death in Battle.—Skiold, the Son of Odin, the first Monarch of Denmark[62]
Various Kings in the North.—That Title given to all Chiefs, Pirates, and others.—The extent of the Authority of any of them uncertain[63]
Rational Conclusion drawn from the foregoing fabulous Accounts[65]

BOOK I.

HALF FABULOUS, HALF HISTORIC.

CHAPTER I.

DENMARK.

B.C. 40—A.D. 1014.

ANCIENT KINGS OF DENMARK.—THEY WERE NUMEROUS.—FRODE I.—LEGEND OF SWAFURLAMI AND THE SWORD TYRFING.—INCANTATION OF HERVOR.—THE BERSERKS.—STERKODDER, THE HERCULES OF THE NORTH—HIS ROMANTIC ADVENTURES.—WONDERFUL VOYAGE OF GORM I.—ONE EQUALLY WONDERFUL OF THORKIL.—KINGS OF DENMARK, CONTINUED: GURDIG AND GODFREY—RAGNAR LODBROG—SIGURD RING—HEMMING—GORM THE OLD—HARALD BLAATAND—SWEYN—INVASION OF ENGLAND.

Confusion and Uncertainty with respect to the Kings who reigned in Scandinavia prior to the Christian Era; the Discrepancy continued to the ninth Century[66]
Causes of this Discrepancy; Rex Danorum applied to the Governors of Jutland, as well as to those of Zealand and Scania; Uncertainty of the Case[67]
Little Dependence to be placed on any List of Kings given by northern Historians to the present Day; Denmark had three or four Sovereigns at the same Time; difficult to say which was the legitimate Rex Danorum; Adam of Bremen complains of the Uncertainty[68]
Little known of these Kings to the ninth Century; most of them petty Chiefs; the Danish Islands not united under one Sceptre until the fourth Century; first united under Dan Mykillati; too early a Period assigned to this event; independent States in the Danish Islands as late as the eighth Century[69]
B.C. 4.
to
A.D. 35.		Skiold, the reputed Founder of the Danish Monarchy, probably King of Zealand, with a Superiority over the rest; his Valour. Frode I., a valiant and conquering King, probably joined some one of the Confederations against Rome; his good Deeds and Laws[70]
His Laws and Institutions successful; the North had numerous Kings in his Age, probably all subordinate to him[71]
Arngrim, the Hero who shed the greatest Lustre on the Reign of Frode; his magic Sword Tyrfing, the Destroyer of Men; Osura, Daughter of Frode; Saxo’s Description of the Finns; their Magic[72]
Arngrim’s Conquests; marries Osura; their twelve Sons, eminent Pirates, destroyed at Samsoe; Song of the Scalds on the Subject, which throws much light upon the History of the Period; Swafurlam[73]
Swafurlam’s rencounter with Dwarfs or Fairies; obtains a wonderful Sword[75]
Slain by Arngrim, who marries his Daughter Eyvor[76]
Scaldic Story of their twelve Sons[77]
All slain; Arngrim’s Granddaughter by his eldest Son; Angantyr and Swafa; her extraordinary Character[78]
Becomes a Chief of Pirates, under the Name of Herward; her Boldness and Incantations in the Island of Samsoe[79]
Obtains the Magic Sword Tyrfing, which had been buried there[81]
Her Fame for Valour and Beauty; Marries Hafod, the Son of King Godmund; their Issue, two Sons, Angantyr and Heidrek, the former noted for his good, the latter for his mischievous, qualities; Hafod succeeds his Father; Heidrek exiled by his Father; his Mother presents him with the Magic Sword; he slays his Brother with it by rashly drawing it; frees Harald of Sweden from two great Chiefs; marries the Monarch’s Daughter; has a Son, whom he names Angantyr; Tyrfing fatal to Harald; his Wife hangs herself[82]
Is slain by the fatal Tyrfing, which is drawn by his Slaves; his Son, Angantyr, with it slays his Half Brother, in whose Tomb it is finally buried[83]
Angantyr, like all his Race, a Hero by Profession; Champions and Duels of the North[83]
Associations of Heroes sealed with their Blood and indissoluble; their Laws and Duties; Rolf’s famous Society of this kind; their necessary Qualifications and Discipline; Exceptions to this Discipline; Abduction common; the berserks[84]
Their Turbulence and Bloodshed among themselves; often became Bandits[85]
Fridleif II. destroys one of these Bands[85]
Fridleif slays Asmund, King of Norway, and seizes upon his Daughter Frogerth; is unfaithful to her; is succeeded by his Son Frode II.; the Name of this Prince, and of his Son Ingel, only interesting from their association with the Name of Sterkodder, the Hercules of the North[86]
Story, Adventures, and Fame of Sterkodder; the Intention of the Deities in forming him was to destroy Wikar, a King of Norway[87]
He effects Wikar’s Destruction; becomes a Pirate; his Continence and great Fame; his Abstemiousness; probably several of this Name, and their exploits all ascribed to one[87]
Kills nine Champions in defence of Helga, Sister of Ingel[88]
His Revenge on the Murderers of Frode[89]
His remarkable Death[90]
Legend of Gorm I. King of Denmark[91]
Importance of such Legends as illustrative of the Opinions of Mankind[99]
Gorm, according to Saxo, contemporary with the first of the Carlovingian Kings, probably King of Jutland; proofs that he was[100]
794–935.Ragnar[101]
Probability that there were two of the Name; the Actions of Ragnar and Regnier, a Jutish Pirate, probably confounded; his Death; doubtful whether his Sons revenged his Death, and made Northumberland a Danish State[102]
Sigurd II. succeeds Ragnar in Scania and the Isles, while Jutland had its separate Kings; Hemming, King of Jutland, contemporary with Sigurd; Hemming succeeded by Harald, who is exiled by the Sons of Godfrey, turns Christian, and returns in triumph, through the Assistance of Louis le Debonnaire; again, about 828, deprived of his Throne, and passes his future Days in religious Contemplation; his Baptism, and efforts to introduce Christianity in Jutland; St. Anscar; Sigurd, the other King of Denmark, a good and peaceable Prince[102]
803.Harda Canute succeeds his Father, Sigurd, but according to Saxo, Eric I.[103]
Several Kings ruled in Denmark and Jutland at the same time; all finally subdued by Gorm the Old; Gorm’s Conquests; he is defeated by Henry the Fowler, and compelled to admit the Christian Missionaries[104]
His good Policy in respect to Civil Affairs, yet hostile to the Diffusion of Christianity; married to a Christian Lady; restores the Pagan Temples; slays and exiles the Christian Teachers; his Sons noted Pirates; his Death, in 935 or 941[106]
935–964.Harald II. succeeds his Father in 941; he assists the Normans; vanquishes and captures the King of France, and reinstates the young Duke of Normandy; places Harald Graafeld on the Throne of Norway; Harald being murdered, he divides Norway into three States, reserving the best to himself; his Expedition against Otho I.[107]
Is compelled by the Emperor, with his Son Sweyn, to receive Baptism and encourage Christianity[108]
964.Proofs that Harald did homage to Otho[108]
964.Harald joins the rebel Duke of Bavaria against Otho II.; the Events of the War as respects Harald doubtful; he fails in an Expedition against Norway; his Son Sweyn rebels against him[110]
He flees to Normandy and is restored to Part of his Dominions by Duke Richard; is assassinated; his Character, and the Reverence in which he was afterwards held[111]
991.Sweyn; he encourages the old Religion, and rebuilds many of the Temples; Jomsburg, a famous City founded by Harald, as a piratical Fortress; the Laws of its community; no Christian admitted; Planotoko, Governor of Jomsburg, the Assassin of Harald, had been Tutor to Sweyn; his great Skill in Archery; a similar Story to that of William Tell told of him[112]
Gweyn. Much Obscurity and Contradiction respecting the early Part of his Reign[113]
False Statements of ancient and modern Historians respecting him refuted and rectified[114]
991–993.Leads an Armament against Hako, the Usurper of Norway; his Pirates defeated by Hako[115]
And put to death; their resolute bearing; the generous Conduct of Eric, the Son of Hako, towards them[116]
991–1001.Invasion of England; Brithnoth the Governor of Essex slain; Treacherous Conduct of Alfric of Mercia; Sweyn and his Ally, Olaf the Son of Trygve, appear in the Thames with a formidable Fleet[117]
Their Attack upon London repelled; their dreadful Depredations in Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Hampshire; Money paid them by Ethelred; Olaf visits the Court of the Saxon King, and, having been previously baptized, receives the Rite of Confirmation, and visits the Coast of England no more; Sweyn returns Three Years after, and wastes England without Opposition; Returns to contend with Olaf of Norway; the Danes return, 1001, exact another heavy Ransom, and procure extensive Estates in many Parts of the Kingdom[117]
1001–1003.Massacre of the Danes[118]
Cowardly and horrid Manner of it; Sweyn’s terrible Retribution[118]
1003–1009.Sweyn again visits England, 1004[119]
But returns in consequence of a Famine caused by the former Depredations; Deplorable Cowardice and Imbecility of the English King and Nobles; Ethelred marries Emma of Normandy; his brutal Conduct to her draws upon him the Hostility of Duke Richard;[119]
1010.Danegelt exacted as an annual Tribute; the Danes possess sixteen English Counties; exact 48,000l. for sparing the others; recommence their Atrocities; St. Elphege’s Description of the woful Condition of the Country[120]
Their Cruelties in Kent; Destruction of the City and Cathedral of Canterbury; admirable Conduct of St. Elphege; his Martyrdom[121]
1013–1014.In 1013 Sweyn receives the Submission of all England as their Sovereign; Ethelred flees to Normandy; Sweyn dies or is killed one Year after his Elevation; his Character[122]

CHAP. II.

SWEDEN.

A.C. 70-A.D. 1001.

UNCERTAINTY AND CONTRADICTION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SERIES OF KINGS EXPLAINED BY THE FACT THAT THE GOTHS AND SWIONES WERE UNDER DISTINCT RULERS—HENCE THEIR CONFUSION.—THE YNGLINGS, OR SACRED FAMILY OF ODIN, REIGN AT UPSAL.—KINGS OF THAT RACE: ODIN—NIORD—FREYR—FREYA— FIOLNER—SWEGDIR—VANLAND—VISBUR—DOMALD—DOMAR—DYGVE—DAG—AGNE, ETC.—FATE OF THE PRINCES OF THIS HOUSE, OF WHOM MOST DIE TRAGICALLY.—LEGEND OF AUN THE OLD.—INGIALD ILLRADA.—CONQUEST OF SWEDEN BY IVAR VIDFADME.—GOTHIC KINGS FROM GYLFO TO IVAR VIDFADME.—KINGS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GOTHS.

Difficulty attending all Researches into the early History of Sweden[124]
The Gothones were in Possession of Sweden previously to the Arrival of Odin and the Swiones; the People long under different Rulers; the Discrepancy in the Lists of Swedish Kings accounted for[126]
A.C. 40.
to
A.D. 14.		The Race of Odin, the Pontiff Kings of the Swedes who reigned at Upsal. Niord succeeds his Father Odin as Prophet, Priest, and King in the Capital of Sigtuna; Numerous Kings in Sweden at the Time; Skiold, the Son of Odin, King of Ledra in Zealand; Freyr, Pontiff Chief of Upsal; Heimdal, over the Temple at Hemenbiorg; Thor, at Thrudvang and Balder Breidablik; The happy Reign of Niord[127]
His Death and Funeral; He is worshipped as a Deity; Succeeded by his Son Freyr; Freyr’s prosperous Reign; He builds the great Temple at Upsal; more esteemed than his Predecessors; his Surname of Yngve adopted by his Posterity, the Ynglings, as a proud Distinction; a magnificent Tomb erected for him; is succeeded by Freya, the last of the Divine Personages who accompanied Odin from Asia; her Celebrity while living and after Death; her Statue placed with those of Odin and Thor; succeeded by Fiolner, the Son of Freyr; Fiolner’s accidental Death while on a friendly Visit to Frode I. King of Denmark[128]
Swegdir goes with twelve Nobles to Asia, to inquire into the Family and Exploits of Odin, where he found many of his Blood; he marries a Lady in the Land of the Vanir, and after five Years returns to Upsal; his Second Journey to Asia; Legend of his Death[128]
34–220.Vanland succeeds his Father Swegdir; his warlike Character; he marries the Daughter of a Swede established among the Finns, whom he soon abandons[129]
He refuses to return to his Wife, and is, in consequence, destroyed by Witchcraft[130]
Visbur, the Son of Vanland by his neglected Wife, succeeds; he dismisses his Wife and two Sons, and takes another; Donald, his Son by the second Marriage; the Sons of the repudiated Queen, Gisle and Ondur, claim their Mother’s Dowry of Visbur, especially a precious Necklace, which is refused; they apply to Hulda the Witch, who had destroyed the Father of Visbur; she promises to destroy him also, and to leave his Doom to the whole of the Ynglings[130]
He, with his House, is burned by Gisle and Ondur[131]
Domald succeeds; is sacrificed by the People to propitiate the Gods and induce them to avert a Famine; Domar, the Son of Domald; Dygve, the Son of Domar[131]
Dag the Wise, the Son of Dygve, celebrated in Northern History; his wonderful Sparrow; his Death[131]
Agne, the Son of Dag, succeeds; he slays the Finnish King, and makes his Daughter Skiolfa his Wife; is, while drunk in his Tent, hanged by her[131]
Alaric and Eric, his Sons, divide the supreme Power between them; they destroy each other. Yngve and Alf, the Sons of Alaric, divide the Government between them, and also destroy each other[132]
Hugleik, the Son of Alf, succeeds; he is slain, and the Swiones subdued by Hako, a Danish Sea King; Hako is slain by Eric and Jorund, the Sons of Hugleik; Eric also slain, and Jorund hailed as the Monarch of the Swedes; he is defeated and hung by Gylang, the Son of Gudlaug, King of Halogia, and is succeeded by Aun, surnamed ‘Hinn’ Gamle, or The Old; Kings of the Danes contemporary with Aun; he is expelled his Kingdom by Halfdan[133]
Returns to his Kingdom; consults the Gods respecting the Duration of his Life; sacrifices his Sons on the Altar of Odin; Fables respecting him[134]
448–545.He is succeeded by his Son Egil; Rebellion of Tunne, a Slave, and formerly Treasurer to Aun[134]
The Rebel defeated by Egil, with the Assistance of Danish Troops, for which he promised to pay Tribute; Egil is killed by a wild Bull, and is succeeded by Ottar, his Son, who, refusing to pay the Tribute to Denmark, is defeated and slain, and is succeeded by his Son Adils, a noted Pirate; he marries Ursa, a Saxon Lady, his Captive; is expelled his Kingdom by Helge, Son of Halfdan of Ledra; the Victor marries Ursa, and has by her a Son, Rolf Krake[135]
Ursa discovered to be Helge’s Daughter, and returns to Adils; his Death by a Fall from his Horse; he is succeeded by his Son Eystein; his troublesome Reign; the Sea Kings; he is burnt, with his House, by Solvi, a Jutish Chief, who is killed in his turn by the People of Sigtuna[136]
Yngvar succeeds his father Eystein; leads many piratical Expeditions; killed on the Coast of Esthonia, 545[136]
545–623.Braut-Onund, a wise Prince, next fills the Throne of the Ynglings; his great agricultural Improvements[136]
He is killed by an Avalanche, and succeeded by Ingiald Illrada, his Son; fabulous Account of his Youth; he burns Six Reguli and Jarls on the Night of his Inauguration, and by that atrocious Act becomes absolute Master of all Swionia, except Sudermania, the Dominion of King Grammar[137]
Grammar enters into an Alliance with Hiorvardar, a famous Sea King, to whom he gives his Daughter Hildegund; characteristic Description of the Wedding Feast; Ingiald defeated by the Allies; Peace between them; Ingiald treacherously burns Grammar and Hiovardar in a Country House[138]
623–630.Asa, the wicked Daughter of Ingiald, persuades her Husband, the King of Scania, to murder his Brother, Halfdan III., King of Zealand; joins in the Destruction of her Husband; flees to Upsal; Ivar Vidfadme, to revenge the Murder of his Father, invades Swionia; Ingiald, by the Advice of his Daughter, in despair, burns her, his Guests, the House, and himself, and is succeeded by Ivar Vidfadme, while Olaf Trætelia, the Son Ingiald, the Last of the Ynglings, retires to the Desert Lands North and West of the Vener Lake, and by clearing them, founds the State of Vermeland; he is the Ancestor of Harald Harfager[139]
Reflections on the Crimes and Misfortunes of the Ynglings; Sweden henceforth under the Sway of the Skioldungs, also of Odin’s Race[140]
The Goths and Swiones always under different Kings; the more powerful Monarch always called King of the Goths; the Kings of all the Provinces, except Jutland, confounded[141]
Confused Chronology of Northern Historians[142]
Gylfo, King of the Goths at the Period of Odin’s Arrival in the North[143]
The Swiar become the dominant Caste more by the moral Influence of Odin and his Successors than by Force; the different Races in Scandinavia probably from Asiatic Scythia[144]
Cause of the rapid Progress of the Odinic Religion; the moral Influence of the Pontiff Sovereigns often resisted by the Gothic Kings, who frequently slew and dethroned them[145]
70–260.The Line of the Gothic Kings imperfectly recorded; one of the Gothlands the Seat of Gylfo’s Empire; succeeded by Frode; Frode by Sigtrug; Sigtrug slain by Gram, a Danish King, who rescues his Daughter from a Giant, marries her, and obtains the Gothic Kingdom; like the Daughter of Alcinos, he found her washing with her Maidens; Gram is slain by Swibdager of Norway, who seizes upon Gothia and Scania; Swibdager slain by Hadding, the Son of Gram; Asmund, the Son and Successor of Swibdager, also slain by Hadding, who seizes upon his States; Hadding is defeated by Uffo, the Son of Asmund; Uffo treacherously murdered by Hadding, who gives the vacant Throne to Hunding, Uffo’s Brother[146]
Doubts as to the Reign of Madding; Ragnar, the Son of Uffo, ascends the Gothic Throne; Gothland invaded by Frode of Denmark, who dies in the Expedition; Death of Ragnar; the Throne seized by Holward or Hodbrod; he invades Denmark, and kills Roe, one of her joint Kings; is mortally wounded by Helge, the remaining Danish King, who makes a Prize of his Kingdom; Atil I. marries Helge’s Daughter, and is raised to the Throne; their Son Hoder becomes in the sequel King of Scania and Gothland[147]
Ruric, the Son of Hoder, King of Scania and Gothland; Attil II. assassinated; Hogmor and Hogrin, joint Kings, killed in Battle with the Danes; succeeded by Alaric or Ebric Prince of the Swedes; the Goths and Swedes at this Time united; Confusion of Chronology; Halfdan; Siward; Eric; Halfdan II.; Ragnald; Asmund; Haquin (or Hako); the Story of Birnam Wood, admitted by Shakspeare into the Tragedy of Macbeth, taken from a similar Story told by Hako, while marching to revenge the Death of his Brothers upon the Danish King[148]
448–623.Egil Auniff, King of the Goths and Swedes; Identity of many of the Kings mentioned by Snorro and the Swedish Writers; the Subject rendered more intelligible[149]
623–794.The four next Kings of the Swedes and Goths also Kings of the Danes; Ivar Vidfadme; his Conquests extend to England[150]
Harald Hildetand, Grandson and Successor of Ivar, exceeded him in Glory; his Valour; his Death in Battle against his Nephew, Sigurd Ring[151]
Doubts as to the Kings who reigned between Harald and Ragnar Lodbrog[152]
794–1001.Ragnar succeeded on the Throne of Sweden by his Son Biorn I., who tolerates the Christian Mission, allowing St. Anscar to exercise his Functions unmolested; Olaf, a doubtful King; Eric I., the Son of Biorn; Eric II.; Edmund; Biorn II.; no Records of their Reigns; Biorn III. (923) enjoyed a long reign; Eric IV. (993) a longer still[154]
Eric V. closes the List of Pagan Kings; the Confusion of Swedish History from the eighth to the tenth Century; Cause of that Confusion; Eric IV., the Victorious, King of the Goths and Swedes[154]
Eric V., King, surnamed Arsael, King of the two Provinces; embraces Christianity; much Obscurity over his Reign[155]

CHAP. III.

NORWAY.

ABOUT 70 B.C.-A.D. 1030.

NEW KINGDOM OF THE YNGLINGS IN VERMELAND.—KINGS FROM OLAF TRÆTELIA TO HALFDAN THE BLACK.—HALFDAN THE TRUE FOUNDER OF THE NORWEGIAN MONARCHY.—HARALD HARFAGER.—ERIC OF THE BLOODY AXE.—HAKO THE GOOD.—HARALD GRAAFELD.—HAKO THE JARL.—SURPRISING ADVENTURES OF OLAF TRYGVESON.—HIS EARLY PIRATICAL EXPLOITS.—HIS ROMANTIC FORTUNES.—HE BECOMES KING OF NORWAY.—HIS DESTRUCTION OF THE IDOLS.—HIS INTOLERANT BIGOTRY AND CRUEL PERSECUTIONS.—HIS TRAGICAL DEATH, OR, ACCORDING TO SOME WRITERS, HIS MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE FROM THE WORLD.—OLAF THE SAINT.—HIS ADVENTURES OF A PIRATE.—HIS ACCESSION TO THE CROWN OF NORWAY,—HIS PERSECUTING CHARACTER.—HIS QUARRELS AND SUBSEQUENT ALLIANCE WITH SWEDEN.—IS DRIVEN INTO EXILE BY CANUTE THE GREAT.—HE RETURNS, AND IS SLAIN.—HIS PRETENDED SANCTITY.

Early Chiefs of Norway[156]
630–640Olaf Trætelia lays the Foundation of Vermeland; put to Death as the supposed Cause of a Famine; his Character; his Children by the Daughter of Halfdan, King of Soleyr[158]
640–840Halfdan, the Son of Olaf, is demanded by the Swedes for their King; his Grandfather refuses to surrender him; a Battle ensues, and the King of Soleyr is slain; Halfdan governs both States; conquers Raumarik; marries the Daughter of the King of Hedmark; acquires half that State, and subdues part of Westfold[160]
730–840Eystein, the Son of Halfden, succeeds to the united Crowns of Raumarik and Westfold; becomes a Pirate; is killed in one of his Expeditions, and is succeeded by his Son, Halfdan II.[161]
His Inconsistency of Character; is succeeded by his Son Gudred; he receives as the Dowry of his Wife part of Vingulmark; demands as his second Wife the Daughter of Harald, Chief of Adger, who, refusing Compliance, falls in Battle, and Adger becomes the Prey of Halfdan; is murdered; his Sons Olaf and Halfdan divide his States[162]
840–850Halfdan the Black only a Year old when his Father died; his Territories (except Adger, his maternal Inheritance) seized by Olaf; at eighteen demands and obtains part of his Inheritance; obtains by Force half of Vingulmark; recovers Raumarik; defeats the King of Hedmark; but grants his Brother one half of Hedmark; subdues two small States bordering on Hedmark[163]
850.Marries the Daughter of the King of Sogne; on her Death and that of her Son, takes Possession of that State; defeated by some Chiefs of Vingulmark; is Victor in his turn, and subdues the whole Province[164]
852–863Sigurd Hiort, King of Ringarik, killed by Hako the Berserk and his Company, who capture Guthrum the Son, and Ragnilda the Daughter, of Sigurd; they are rescued by Halfdan[165]
Who marries Ragnilda; Issue, Harald Harfager; Character of Harald the Black; his Laws; wonderful Vision preceding his Death; he is drowned[166]
863.Harald Harfager a Child at his Father’s Death; his Youth is taken advantage of by the neighbouring Reguli; is defended by his Uncle Guthrum[167]
865–868His General and Minister; his Enemies defeated and spoiled of their Territories; he demands the Hand of Gyda of the King of Hordaland; her proud Reply[168]
Harald vows never to cut or comb his Hair until he has subdued all Norway; subdues many Districts, in which he establishes the feudal System; his local Administration and Revenue[169]
867–882Is joined by Jarl Hako; subdues Orkadal, Strinda, Spordal, Veradal, Scaunia, Sparbyggia, and the Islands in the West; the two Kings of Naumdal submit, and are made Jarls; returns to Drontheim, builds a Town as his Seat of Government, and marries Asa, Daughter of Jarl Hako; his military Preparations and System of Discipline[170]
He subdues the Möre Tylk, south of Drontheim, and slays their Chiefs; makes the celebrated Rognevald, Father of Rollo, first Duke of Normandy, their Governor; Sunmore and the Fiords subdued[171]
Quarrels among his Chiefs[172]
882–884War with Eric of Sweden, who conquers Vermeland; Interview between Harald and Eric; strange Expedient of Aki, their Host[172]
Resented by Eric, by whom he is treacherously slain; mutual Hostilities; Conspiracy of the subdued Reguli against Harald[173]
The combined Chiefs defeated, and the celebrated Victory of the Bay of Hafursfiord gained by Harald[174]
The Conspirators go into Exile, or become Pirates, and infest his Coasts, and those of Britain; Norway being conquered, he cuts his Locks, and obtains the Epithet of Harfager or Fair-haired; marries Gyda, who bears him a Daughter and four Sons[175]
Wonderful Story of his Marriage with Snæfrida, the Daughter of a Finnish Magician, who bears him four Sons, Sigurd, Halfdan, Gudred, Rognevald; miraculous Story of her Death, and Harald’s Infatuation[176]
He dismisses his four Sons, by the Witch Snæfrida; receives them again at the Intercession of Jarl Hiodulf; they excel in military Exercises; his numerous Wives and Offspring[177]
The Crimes and Ambition of most of his Sons shortened their Days; the Sons of Snæfrida burn Rognevald[178]
Harald appoints his Sons Kings over the Provinces; Thorgils and Frode conquer Dublin; end their Days tragically[179]
Eric Blodöxe burns his Brother Rognevald, with eighty pretended Wizards; slays his Brother Biorn, King of Westfold[180]
910–913Harald’s unaccountable Attachment to Eric; Eric’s early piratical Depredations; his marvellous Adventure in Finland with Gunhilda and two Magicians; he marries Gunhilda[181]
930–934Gudred, the Son of Harald, lost at Sea; Harald resigns the Imperial Dignity to Eric[182]
He is opposed by Halfdan the Black, with Olaf, the Brother of the murdered Biorn, King of Westfold; Harald dies at the age of eighty; his Character; military Prowess almost his only great Quality[183]
934–936Hostilities between Eric and his Brothers, Olaf and Sigurd; they are defeated and slain; the People look for a Deliverer from the Tyranny of Eric in the Person of Hako, who had been educated in the Court of Athelstane of England, where he then resided[185]
Hako, being supplied with Ships and Money, sails for Norway[185]
937–946He lands at Drontheim; is proclaimed King in a General Assembly of Freemen; he is joined by many Chiefs in the Uplands; he makes Sigurd King of Westfold[186]
And Drygve King of Raumarik and Vingulmark; Eric, abandoned by the People, flees to the Orkneys; he ravages the Scottish Coast; he embraces Christianity, and receives the Government of Northumbria from Athelstane[187]
His continual Ravages on the Coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; his Fame draws many Norwegians, Danes, and Swedes to his Standard; he is absent from Northumbria during the Reign of Edmund the Elder; returns in the first Year of Edred’s Reign, and lays waste the English Coast; is defeated and slain by Edred; Northumbria becomes henceforth an English Province[188]
939–940Hako’s Hostilities with the Danes and Gothlanders, whom he defeats[188]
The piratical Sons of Eric, encouraged by the Danish King, commit Depredations on the Coasts of Norway; King Trygve retaliates upon Denmark; Hako encourages Christianity in Norway; sends to England for a Bishop and Priests[189]
Pagan Sacrifices; Sigurd’s Zeal for the Religion of Odin[190]
941.Hako proposes the Establishment of the Christian Religion in a National Assembly; is opposed by Gaulandal[191]
942–956Hako’s Unwillingness to comply with the Rites of Paganism[192]
He is compelled partially to comply, and vows Revenge[193]
956–958The Sons of Eric invade his Coasts; he defeats them, and kills Guthrum with his own Hand; Law for the Protection of the Coasts[194]
Eric’s Sons again invade Norway; are defeated by Hako[195]
958.The Sons of Eric again defeated by Hako, who is mortally wounded; he declares them his Heirs; dies; probably died a Pagan; his Character[194]
963–969Harald Graafeld, eldest Son of Eric, declared King[196]
His Power limited by five Chiefs, or Kings; he procures the Murder of Sigurd[198]
He betrays and murders King Trygve, and King Gudred[199]
969.Unpopularity of the Sons of Eric; two of them killed by the People[200]
Harald betrayed, and killed in Battle; Harald of Denmark becomes supreme Monarch of Norway[201]
Deeds of Jarl Hako, Son of Sigurd, Governor of seven Norwegian Provinces; joins Harald against Otho; both compelled to receive Baptism by the Emperor[202]
He relapses into Paganism; proclaims his Independence; fabulous Guardians of Iceland; Harald dies[203]
His Son Sweyn assails Norway; Story of Harald Grenske and Sigfrida; he is killed by her; Birth of his posthumous Son, Olaf[204]
993–995Hako’s licentious Conduct; Olaf, the Son of Trygve[205]
Flight of his Mother Astridda; romantic Circumstances attending his Birth; their miraculous Escapes; they find an Asylum with Hako the Old[206]
964–966Gunhilda’s deceitful Attempts to obtain Possession of his Person[208]
976–984Astridda flees to her Brother Sigurd, to the Court of Waldemar, King of Gardarik; they are captured by Pirates, and sold[209]
Mother and Son separated; Olaf becomes his Master’s Favourite; with his Foster-brother Thorgils, redeemed by his Uncle Sigurd, who accidentally discovers them, and introduces them at the Court of his Master; his Education; becomes a Pirate at twelve Years of Age; protects the Coasts of Gardarik; in favour with the King; he pursues his Fortunes on the Deep[210]
985–994His great Fame; he marries the Widow of Duke Borislaf of Pomerania, and protects her Dominions; treacherous Attempt on his Life[211]
Which he defeats, with the Slaughter of his Enemies; he ravages the Coasts of the Baltic; assists the Emperor against the Danes; his Aversion to Idolatry; he returns to Pomerania[212]
His Wife dies; he leaves Pomerania; a Christian, yet a Pirate; Visits the Coasts of Britain; marries an Irish Princess[213]
967–993Fate of Astridda after her Capture; she is ransomed by a noble Pirate of Norway, whom she marries[214]
995–996Snares laid for Olaf by Hako of Norway, who employs Thorer, a Pirate, to entrap him[215]
Olaf sails for Norway; compels the Jarl of Orkney to embrace Christianity, and do him Homage[216]
He discovers Thorer’s Treachery, and slays the Traitor; Hako’s licentious Conduct causes a Conspiracy of the Nobles against him[217]
995.Romantic Adventures of Hako and his Slave; Dream in the Cave; Death of Erleng, Son of Hako[218]
Second Dream in the Cave; Hako and Kark repair to the House of Thora, and are concealed in a subterraneous Recess; they are pursued by Olaf; Hako killed by his Slave[219]
Character of Jarl Hako[222]
Olaf, now King of Norway, commences his Persecution of Idolaters[222]
997–999Olaf and the Magicians; he is honoured by a Visit from Odin[224]
998.Opposition which his religious Zeal encounters from the Pagans; politic Manner in which he evaded the Demand of his Chiefs that he should sacrifice to the Gods[226]
He overthrows the Idols in the great Temple of Drontheim; individual Conversions[227]
999.He proceeds on a missionary Tour into Helogia; Legend concerning Bishop Sigurd; Destruction of a noted Pagan[228]
Atrocious Manner in which, through his Poet Halfrod, he punishes a Chief who had refused to embrace Christianity[230]
His Brutality offends Sigrida, a Swedish Princess, who devotes her future Life to Revenge; marries a Danish Princess[232]
999–1000His new Wife persuades him to equip an Armament for the Coast of Pomerania; Sweden and Denmark oppose him; he is defeated and slain[234]
Character of this Monarch[235]
1000–1012Division of Norway by the Conquerors[236]
Youth of St. Olaf[237]
1007–1014He becomes a Sea King; his Adventures on several Maritime Coasts, especially on those of Finland and England[238]
1012.He returns to Norway, and captures Hako the Jarl, the Lieutenant of the Danish King; proceeds into the Uplands; his Reception by his Mother; curious Picture of domestic Manners[240]
1014.He consults with his Friends as to the meditated Seizure of the Throne, and is encouraged by them to proceed[242]
He is promised Support by the Upland Kings, obtains Possession of Nidaros, but is expelled by Sweyn, another Jarl[243]
1015.His Victory over his domestic Enemies, and consequent Recognition as Monarch of Norway[245]
1016.His legal and religious Reforms; his punctual Attendance at public Worship the chief Cause of his subsequent Apotheosis[246]
His Disputes with Sweden; he hangs the Ambassadors of that Prince, and encroaches on her Frontiers[247]
1017.Negotiations for Peace at the Court of the Swede long fruitless; Diet of the Kingdom; bold Language of the venerable Thorgnyr; Olaf compelled to promise Obedience to the Wish of his People[249]
1018.Olaf of Sweden resolves to evade his Promise of marrying his Daughter Ingigerda to Olaf of Norway; Rage of the latter; he clandestinely marries Astridda, another Daughter of the Swedish King[252]
Reconciliation between the two Kings, who play at Dice for a Frontier Province[255]
Zeal of St. Olaf in the Diffusion of Christianity; a Conspiracy against him by the Pagan Kings of the Uplands; it is discovered, and the Actors punished[255]
1019.Ruric, one of the Captive Kings whom Olaf had blinded, plots his Destruction; Banishment of the Royal Pagan[257]
1020–1021.Severity of Olaf against the secret Pagans of Naumdal and Drontheim[259]
1021.He is equally severe in the Uplands; Opposition of Gunbrund, King of the Dales; dispersed by Olaf; new Pagan reinforcements; Interview in the Defiles; the Idol Thor broken to pieces by the Followers of the Saint; Baptism of the foolish Wretches[261]
1022–1025Furious Persecution of the Pagans[264]
1026–1027Canute the Great threatens the Invasion of Norway; St. Olaf combines his Fleet with that of Sweden; Hostilities on the Coasts of Zealand and Scania[265]
1027.Canute arrives in the North; orders the Assassination of Ulf, his Brother-in-law[267]
1027–1028St. Olaf finds Treachery in his Councils; Lukewarmness of the People; his great Unpopularity the Result of his own Misconduct[268]
1028–1029Triumphant Invasion of Canute, who is acknowledged Monarch of Norway; Olaf flees with Precipitation, first into Sweden, and then into Russia[270]
1029.His good Reception by the King and Queen of Holmgard; is at length enabled to return into Sweden[271]
1030.Aided by Swedish Forces, he returns towards Norway; his unfavourable reception by his former Subjects; he dies in Battle[272]
Character of this precious Saint[273]

CHAP. IV.

MARITIME EXPEDITIONS OF THE NORTHMEN DURING THE PAGAN AGE.

SECTION I.

IN ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND.

EARLY EXPEDITIONS OF THE NORTHMEN TO THE COASTS OF THE ROMAN PROVINCES.—CAUSES WHICH LED TO THEM:—POVERTY OF THE SOIL, FAMINE, COURAGE.—DOMESTIC PIRACY.—TRIBES OF PIRATES.—INVASION OF ENGLAND BY THE SAXONS AND DANES.—AUTHORITY OF SAXO GRAMMATICUS.—DEPREDATIONS IN ENGLAND PRIOR TO THE REIGN OF ATHELSTANE.—VICTORY OF THAT MONARCH.—RAVAGES OF THE NORTHMEN IN FRANCE.—HASTINGS.—ROLLO THE GREATEST OF THE SCANDINAVIAN PIRATES.—HIS CONQUEST OF NORMANDY, OF WHICH HE WAS THE FIRST DUKE.—THE NORTHMEN IN IRELAND.—EARLY COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE IRISH AND THE NORTH OF EUROPE.—FIRST RAVAGES OF THE NORTHMEN.—THEIR ALARMING PROGRESS IN THAT ISLAND.—VICTORY OBTAINED OVER THEM BY KING BRIAN.—THEIR SUBSEQUENT DEPREDATIONS AND DECLINE.

Early Appearance of the Scandinavian Pirates on the Coasts of the Roman Provinces and in Ireland[276]
Causes which led to the voluntary or compulsory Expatriation of the Northmen:—Poverty of the Soil, Insufficiency of Food, Expertness in the Management of small Vessels[278]
Progress of Piracy in the North[279]
Domestic Piracy gives rise to maritime Expeditions into the South[280]
The Roman Provinces the chief Objects of Plunder at a very early Age[283]
Expeditions of the Saxons and Northmen to England[283]
Foundations of the Saxon Kingdoms in England[285]
On the Degree of Reliance to be placed in the Statements of Saxo Grammaticus, respecting the early Communications between Denmark and England[286]
Extract from Mr. Turner, on this Subject, and Comments thereupon[287]
794–806Depredations in Northumbria; Danish Kingdom in that Province; heroic Behaviour of the Coldingham Nuns[289]
868–876Graphic Account of the Destruction of Croyland Monastery[291]
870–924Transactions in Northumbria[294]
924–934Splendid Victory of Brunanburgh[296]
400–840Earliest Depredations of the Northmen in France[296]
840.Hastings, the Veteran Pirate, arrives in France[297]
842–844Havoc in France and Spain[298]
845–859Ravages in France; Hastings sails to Italy; he surprises the City of Luna[299]
858–863Numerous piratical Bands in France; Hastings returns, and on the Condition of renouncing Piracy, is created Count de Chartres[301]
863–876Continued Excesses in the different Provinces of France[303]
Early Life of Rollo[304]
876–888His Expedition to France[306]
888–896Faithlessness of the Normans[308]
896–909Great Successes of Rollo[308]
910–912He is created Duke of Normandy[310]
Advantage of the Policy of the French Court in this respect[311]
First Appearance of the Northmen in Ireland[312]
795–820Their early Progress was rapid, and for some Time they met with little Resistance[314]
820–848Progress of the Northmen[315]
842–879Various Successes, with alternate Reverses[317]
872–1000Rapid Decline of the Scandinavian Power in Ireland[319]
1000–1014Its ultimate Destruction[320]
Appendix[321]
Footnotes[328]

THE

HISTORY

OF

SCANDINAVIA.