E-text prepared by Bryan Ness, Barry Abrahamsen,
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([http://www.pgdp.net])
from page images generously made available by
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([https://archive.org])

Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See [ https://archive.org/details/historyofdenmark02dunhuoft]
Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.
[Volume I]: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/59593/59593-h/59593-h.htm

Transcriber’s Note:

On page [66] (beginning "seas, and streams, on the same principle" and ending "They also, to a certain extent, retain their distinction into white and") there are several words and phrases in Anglo-Saxon that were impossible to transcribe exactly as in the original. The characters are not available in the Unicode standard. However, those words were found in “The Student’s Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon” by Henry Sweet available on-line here: [ https://archive.org/details/studentsdictiona00swee] and transcribed as well as possible.

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

London:

Printed by A. Spottiswoode,

New-Street-Square.

THE

CABINET CYCLOPÆDIA.

CONDUCTED BY THE

REV. DIONYSIUS LARDNER, LL.D. F.R.S. L.&E.

M.R.I.A. F.R.A.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Hon. F.C.P.S. &c. &c.

ASSISTED BY

EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN.

History.

DENMARK, SWEDEN, AND NORWAY.

BY THE AUTHOR OF

THE “HISTORY OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.”

VOL. II.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR

LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER-ROW;

AND JOHN TAYLOR,

UPPER GOWER STREET.

1839.

HISTORY
OF
DENMARK, SWEDEN AND NORWAY,

BY

S. A. DUNHAM,

Author of “The History of Spain & Portugal”

VOL. II.

Copenhagen. E. Finden sc

London:

PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW

AND JOHN TAYLOR, UPPER GOWER STREET.

1839.

TABLE,

ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,

TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF

THE HISTORY OF SCANDINAVIA.

CHAPTER IV.—continued.

MARITIME EXPEDITIONS OF THE NORTHMEN DURING THE

PAGAN TIMES.

SECTION II.

IN THE ORKNEYS, THE HEBRIDES, ICELAND, GREENLAND, NORTH

AMERICA, RUSSIA, ETC.

795–1026.

ESTABLISHMENT OF A GOVERNMENT IN THE ORKNEYS.—SUCCESSION OF JARLS, ROGNEVALD, SIGURD, HALLAD, EINAR, SIGURD II., ETC.—DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION OF ICELAND.—DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION OF GREENLAND.—ALLEGED DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA.—STATEMENT OF FACTS CONNECTED WITH IT.—FOUNDATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE BY THE SCANDINAVIAN RURIC.

Page
888.Establishment of a Government in the Orkneys by Harald Harfagre; Sigurd, the first Jarl[1]
889–892.Able Administration of Sigurd; he is succeeded by Einar[2]
893–936.Administration of Einar[4]
936–943.Of Arnkel and Erlend, the Sons of Einar[5]
946–980.Succession of Jarls[5]
980–1014.Sigurd, the next Jarl, compelled to embrace Christianity; Legend[6]
Piratical Depredations on the neighbouring Islands[8]
861, &c.Iceland Discovered by the Norwegian Naddod, who is followed by other Navigators[9]
874.Iceland first colonised by Ingulf; Fate of Jorleif[10]
884.Other Colonists, especially Thorolf, the Priest of Thor; Manner in which he established the new Colony[11]
874–936.Progress of the new Colonies[13]
Formation of a Northern Code[14]
930.Internal Economy of this important Island; the great Chief of the Law[15]
Circumstances which led to the Discovery of Greenland by Eric the Red[16]
Christianity Introduced into Greenland by Leif, the Son of Eric[17]
1001.Alleged Discovery of North America by Biarn, a Descendant of Ingulf[17]
The newly-discovered Country visited by Leif, the Son of Eric[18]
Remarks on this Relation[19]
1004–1008.Voyage of Thorwald, who dies in the Country called Vinland[19]
1009.Thorfin, a Norwegian Chief, makes the first Attempt at Colonisation[20]
1026–1121.The Country visited by other People, especially by the Missionaries[21]
The Balance of Evidence decidedly in favour of the alleged Discovery of the American Continent many Ages before Columbus[22]
862.A Scandinavian Dynasty founded in Russia by Ruric[23]
Circumstances connected with that memorable Event; how far probable[24]
861, 862.Novogrod the Seat of the new Dynasty[25]
The Domination of the Strangers extended to Kief; two Governments[26]
882.Evils arising from the Creation of two States; Kief subdued by the Regent of Novogrod[27]
Maritime Expeditions of the Northmen into Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Greece, &c.[27]

CHAP. V.

COSMOGONY AND RELIGION OF SCANDINAVIA.

INTRODUCTION.

THE TWO EDDAS, THE ELDER AND THE YOUNGER, THE POETIC AND THE PROSE.—CONTENTS OF THE FORMER.—DIVISION INTO CLASSES. 1. THE MYSTICAL. 2. THE MYTHIC-DIDACTIC. 3. THE PURELY MYTHOLOGICAL. 4. THE MYTHIC-HISTORICAL.—POEMS OF EACH CLASS.—THE PROSE EDDA.—SNORRO STURLESON.

Page
Religion of the Pagan Northmen an interesting Subject of Inquiry[30]
The Two Eddas[30]
I. Sæmund, reputed Compiler of the Poetic Edda; its slow Publication[31]
Poems included in the Elder Edda divisible into four Classes[31]
1. The Mystic Class:—
The Voluspa[32]
The Grougaldor[32]
The Magic of Odin similar in many Respects to that of Zoroaster[33]
2. The Mytho-didactic Class:—
The Vafthrudnis-mâl[34]
Grimnis-mâl[34]
Other Pieces of this Class[36]
The Hava-mâl[36]
3. The purely Mythologic Class:—
The Hymis-guida[37]
The Hamars-heimt[37]
The Rafna-galdur Odins[37]
The Skirnirs-for[37]
The Vegtams-Quida[38]
Undoubted Antiquity of the preceding Poems[38]
4. The Mytho-historical Class[38]
II. The Prose or Younger Edda, usually ascribed to Snorro Sturleson[39]
Some Account of that celebrated Man[40]
Sources from which he drew[42]

SECTION I.

THE SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSE, ITS WORLDS, AND THEIR INHABITANTS IN GENERAL, WITH THE PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION.

CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE.—YMER.—THE GIANTS.—THE GODS.—OTHER BEINGS.—THE NINE WORLDS, WITH THEIR POSITION AND PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION.—THE TWELVE HOUSES OF ASGARD.—SWARTALFAHEIM.—INHABITANTS OF THE NINE WORLDS.—THE ASER.—THE VEVER, ETC.

Page
Progress of Creation according to that venerable Authority, the Elder Edda[43]
The Waters of Nifleheim flow into the Abyss and freeze[43]
But they are thawed by the Fires of Muspelheim[44]
To the Operation of Cold and Heat on the Waters of Nifleheim must be ascribed the Origin of this visible Universe[44]
Generation of Ymer, the Patriarch of the Frost Giants[44]
Creation of the Cow Andumbla, which calls Burè into Existence[45]
From this new Being, half Deity, half Giant, arose Odin, Vilè, and Vè[45]
Ymer destroyed, and the Universe formed from his Body[45]
Affinities between the Scandinavian and other Systems of Mythology[46]
The Cow, as a Symbol, very generally diffused[47]
Physical Interpretation of the Mythos[47]
Physical Interpretation of another Mythos, the Destruction of Ymer and his Offspring[48]
Notions concerning a Supreme, Eternal Being entertained by the Scandinavians[49]
Creation of other Beings, especially the Dwarfs[50]
Creation of Man[51]
Page
The Nine Worlds.
Page
Gimlè and Muspelheim[53]
Midgard and Utgard[53]
Asgard[55]
Divine Residences in Asgard:—
1. Ydale[56]
2. Alfheim[57]
3. Valaskialf[57]
4. Soequabeck[58]
5. Gladsheim[58]
6. Thrymheim[58]
7. Breidablik[59]
8. Himmelbierg[60]
9. Folkvangur[60]
10. Glitner[61]
11. Noatun[61]
12. Landvide[61]
Residences of Odin[62]
Diversions of the Einheriar[62]
Ascent of slain Heroes from Earth to Heaven[63]
Bloodthirsty Character of the Odinists[63]
Swartalfaheim[64]
Residences of the Alfs or Elves[64]
Their Nature according to Thorlacius[64]
Origin of the Word[65]
Universality of the Word[66]
Traditions still rife respecting them[67]
Scandinavian Dwarfs[69]
Two Legends respecting them[70]
Their wondrous Manufactures at the Instance of Loke[70]
Physical Interpretation[72]
Thorston and the Dwarf[73]
Helheim and Nifleheim[74]
The Yggdrasil[75]
Explanation of this Mythos[77]
Races which inhabited the Scandinavian Universe[78]
Were the Aser Gods, or Mortals only, or deified Mortals?[79]
Some Reasons for the Inference that Odin and his Followers really existed[80]
Hypothesis of two Odins, how far reconcileable with Facts[81]
Did Odin, in his own Case, inculcate the Doctrine of Metempsychosis?[82]
Conclusion that Odin and his Companions actually existed on Earth; but how account for the divine Attributes claimed by them? still more, how account for the extraordinary Diffusion of their Worship?[82]
Their Policy in the North[83]
Two distinct Systems of Religion evidently prevalent in the North,—the Native and the Foreign,—that of Thor, and that of Odin[84]
And also two distinct Systems of Magic[85]
Another Argument for this Distinction[86]
Progress of Odin and his Companions towards Deification[88]
Geographical Position of the Aser and Vanir led to their celestial Location[89]
The Union of two Systems—the Native and the Foreign, the Finnish and the Gothic—every where discernible in the Eddas[91]

SECTION II.

CHIEF MYTHOLOGICAL PERSONAGES OF SCANDINAVIA.

ODIN, THOR, AND LOKE.—THEIR CHARACTERS PHYSICALLY INTERPRETED.—THEIR WIVES AND OFFSPRING.—THE THREE DEMON CHILDREN OF LOKE.—INFLUENCE OF THIS DEITY OVER THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE.—HE IS PRESENT IN EVERY GREAT MYTHOS.—RAPE OF IDUNA.—THOR’S VISITS TO JOTUNHEIM.—THOR AND THE GIANT HYMIR.—THOR AND THE GIANT THRYM.—NIVOD, FREYR, FREYA.—EXPEDITION OF SKIRNIR-ÆGIR AND RAN.—OTHER DEITIES.—BALDER.—PUNISHMENT OF LOKE.—RAGNAROK.—RECOGNITION OF A GREAT FIRST CAUSE BY THE PAGAN SCANDINAVIANS.

Odin, Thor, Loke.

Page
Wives and Sons of Odin[92]
His Functions, Abodes, and Ministers[93]
The three Valkyrs[93]
Legend of Odin and Sterkodder[94]
This Legend furnishes another Proof of the Fact that Odin was a foreign Deity[95]
Thor, his Superiority over Odin in the more ancient System of the North, and his three Treasures[96]
Mythical Interpretation[97]
Thor peculiarly worshipped in Norway[97]
The Giants, the everlasting Enemies of Thor[98]
This Article of popular Belief essentially Celtic[98]
Loke[99]
His Description[100]
His Offspring three:—
1. The Great Serpent[101]
2. Hela, Queen of Death[101]
3. The Wolf Fenris[102]
Manner in which the last-named Demon was bound by the Gods[102]
Loke originally the same with Utgardelok, and the Personification of Evil in the Celtic Creed[103]
Mythological Fables in which Loke is concerned[104]

Rape of Iduna.

Page
Odin, Hoenir, and Loke visit Utgard[105]
Loke compelled to promise that he will deliver Iduna into the Power of Thiasse[105]
He performs his Promise[106]
Consequent Wrath of the Gods, who compel him to restore her[106]
Interpretation of this Mythos[107]

Thor’s Visits to Utgard.

Page
Loke, taken by the Giants, is compelled to promise that he will bring Thor without Belt or Hammer[108]
Thor accordingly undertakes the Journey; his Punishment of Geyruth, and the Daughters of that Giant[109]
Second Journey of Thor to Utgard, accompanied by Loke[110]
Adventure in the Cottage[110]
Dreary Wastes through which the Travellers passed[111]
Adventure in the desert Heath[112]
Adventures in Utgard itself[113]

Thor and the Giant Hymir.

Page
Banquet of the Sea-god Ægir[114]
Thor and Tyr proceed to Giant-land to steal a Caldron[114]
Adventures at the House of Hymir[115]
Physical Meaning of this Mythos[116]
The same Adventures paraphrased by the Danish Poet Ohlenschlager[117]

Thor and the Giant Thrym.

Page
Thor loses Miölner[124]
Loke discovers the Thief, who is the Giant Thrym[125]
Thrym will not restore it, unless he have Freya to Wife[125]
When Freya refuses, Thor is persuaded to assume Female Apparel, and go to Jotunheim[126]
Adventures there[127]
Metrical Version of this Legend[128]
Magnussen’s Interpretation[129]
Sif, the Wife of Thor[131]

Niord, Freyr, Freya.

Page
Niord, Lord of the Vaner, and a God[132]
His second Wife is Skada, from whom he separates[133]
Freyr, the Son of Niord, in love with a Giant Maiden[133]
Skirnir, his Attendant, goes to Jotunheim and wins her[134]
Metrical Version of Skirnir’s Expedition[135]
Freya, the Daughter of Niord, and the Goddess of Love[136]
Her Functions and Authority in Asgard[140]

Ægir and Ran.

Page
Ægir, the God of the Deep, more clement than Ran, his Queen[141]
Another Feast given by the Sea-god, in which Loke is abusive[142]

Other Deities.

Page
The Nornies[143]
Night and Day[143]
The Giant of Winter[144]

Balder.

Page
His Fate connected with that of the Universe; his Dreams, and consequent Anxiety of the Gods[145]
Interpretation of the Mythos[146]

Punishment of Loke.

Page
He is bound, like Prometheus, to the Flinty Rock; Poison; Fidelity of his Wife[146]

Ragnarok, the Twilight of the Gods.

Page
Account of that great Consummation extracted from the Prose Edda[147]
Corroborated by the Voluspa[150]

SECTION III.

INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY INTO DENMARK AND

SWEDEN.

OBSCURE EFFORTS OF THE ANGLO-SAXON MISSIONARIES TO CHRISTIANISE FRISIA AND DENMARK.—VICTORIES OF CHARLEMAGNE PREPARE THE WAY FOR A WIDER DIFFUSION OF CHRISTIANITY.—FEALTY OF HARALD KLAK.—MISSIONARIES SENT INTO THE NORTH.—ST. ANSCAR.—CREATION OF AN ARCHBISHOPRIC.—ST. REMBERT.—SUCCEEDING ARCHBISHOPS.—FLUCTUATIONS IN THE STATE OF THE NEW RELIGION.—ITS ULTIMATE ESTABLISHMENT IN THE KINGDOMS OF THE NORTH.

A. D. Page
Early Efforts of the Anglo-Saxon Missionaries to Christianise the North; very little effected in the Eighth Century[151]
822.But in the Ninth there is more Success[152]
826–830.St. Anscar, Monk of Corbey[153]
He repairs first to Denmark, and next to Sweden[154]
His Reception by the Swedish King, and his Return to Germany[155]
830–852.He is made Archbishop of Hamburg, with the Primacy over the North[155]
Difficulties of his Position[156]
852.He goes Ambassador to the North; Opposition to him in Sweden[157]
853–865.But that Opposition he overcomes through the royal Aid[158]
865–889.St. Rembert, his Biographer and Successor[160]
Adalgar, his Coadjutor[160]
889–936.Adalgar and Hoger, in succession Archbishops of Bremen, have no great Zeal for the Cause[161]
But Unnus has; his Success[161]
936–988.Progress of Christianity in Denmark under Adalrag; Erection of four Episcopal Sees[162]
988–1026.Pontificate of Libentis[163]

BOOK II.

THE MIDDLE AGE.

CHAPTER I.

DENMARK.

1014–1387.

CANUTE THE GREAT.—HARDA-CANUTE.—MAGNUS.—ROMANTIC ADVENTURES OF HARALD HARDRADE.—SWEYN II.—HARALD III.—CANUTE IV.—OLAF II.—ERIC III.—NICHOLAS.—ERIC IV.—ERIC V.—CANUTE V. AND SWEYN III.—VALDEMAR I.—HIS ABLE REIGN.—ARCHBISHOPS ESKIL AND ABSALOM.—CANUTE VI.—VALDEMAR II.—DECLINE OF THE DANISH POWER AND THE CAUSES WHICH LED TO IT.—ERIC VI.—ABEL.—CHRISTOPHER I.—ERIC VII.—ERIC VIII.—CHRISTOPHER II.—INTERREGNUM.—VALDEMAR III.—MEMORABLE TRANSACTIONS WITH NORWAY AND SWEDEN.—OLAF III.—UNION OF DENMARK AND NORWAY.

Canute the Great.

1015–1035.

Page
1014.Canute the Great succeeds his Father Sweyn in both Denmark and England[165]
1016–1028.He conquers Norway[167]
1028–1035.Character of his Administration[167]
His personal Character[167]
He divides his Dominions among his Sons[168]

Harda-Canute.

1035–1042.

Page
1035–1040.Loses Denmark by the Usurpation of his Brother Harald, but recovers it on that Prince’s Death[171]
1040–1042.His Administration of England[171]
1035–1042.And of Denmark[171]
His Compact with Magnus, King of Norway[172]

Magnus I.

1042–1047.

Page
1042–1044.Succeeds in virtue of his Compact with Harda-Canute, and is well received in Denmark[172]
His Impolicy in regard to Sweyn, the Nephew of Canute the Great, whom he makes Viceroy of Denmark[173]
The Viceroy rebels, and is vanquished[173]
1044, 1045.Magnus triumphs over the Pirates[173]
1045.A new Enemy appears in Harald Hardrade; his romantic Adventures[174]
1045, 1046.Harald allies with Sweyn, but Magnus dissolves the Alliance by his Policy[177]
1047.Magnus leaves the Danish Crown to Sweyn[178]

Sweyn II.

1047–1076.

Page
1048–1070.Transactions with Norway, England, &c.[178]
1066–1070.And with the Church, which his Incontinence provokes[179]
1070.He commits Murder also, and does Penance for it[180]
1070–1076.Character of this Monarch, and Description of Denmark, by Adam, Canon of Bremen[181]

Harald III.

SURNAMED HEIN, OR THE GENTLE.

1076–1080.

Page
1076.Harald, a Bastard Son of Sweyn II, is elected by the States[183]
1076–1080.His Reign affords no Materials for History[183]

Canute IV.

SURNAMED THE SAINT.

1080–1086.

Page
1080–1085.His foreign Preparations[184]
1080–1086.His vigorous Administration[184]
His impolitic Indulgence to the Church[185]
His Enforcement of the Tithe[186]
1086.His tragical End[186]
His Semi-deification[187]
He is succeeded by Olaf, Duke of Sleswic[187]

Olaf II.

SURNAMED FAMELICUS, OR THE HUNGRY.

1087–1095.

Page
1087–1095.During his Reign, the Realm wasted by Famine[187]

Eric III.

SURNAMED THE GOOD.

1095–1103.

Page
1095, 1096.His vigorous Administration[188]
1097–1103.Lund erected into a Metropolis independent of Bremen[189]
His Pilgrimage to the Holy Land[189]
1103.His Death and Character[190]

Nicholas.

1105–1134.

Page
1103–1105.Interregnum of two Years, when Nicholas is elected[190]
1105–1126.His Jealousy of his Nephew Canute[191]
1126–1132.Civil Wars[192]
1132–1134.Civil Wars continued; Murder of Nicholas[193]

Eric IV.

SURNAMED EMUND.

1134–1137.

Page
1131–1137.His Reign has no Materials for History[193]

Eric V.

SURNAMED THE LAME.

1137–1147.

Page
1137–1147.Vanquishes a Competitor for the Throne, and retires to the Cloister[194]
Double Election[195]

Canute V.

1147–1156.

Sweyn III.

1147–1157.

Page
1147–1152.Civil Wars[195]
1152–1156.Continued; Actions of Prince Valdemar[196]
1156, 1157.After the Death of Canute, Sweyn contends with Valdemar[197]

Valdemar I.

SURNAMED THE GREAT.

1157–1182.

Page
1157–1169.Valdemar, Monarch of Denmark, destroys the Pirates of Rugen[198]
1169–1175.Other Transactions with the Pagans of Vandalia[200]
Archbishop Eskil, Primate[202]
1175–1179.Archbishop Absalom, the Successor of Eskil[203]
1176–1179.Valdemar exacts the Tithe; Disturbances in consequence[205]
1180.His Transactions with the Empire[206]
1182.His Character and Administration[207]

Canute VI.

1182–1202.

Page
1182–1189.Prosperity of this Monarch[208]
1183–1188.He quarrels with the Emperor[209]
1191–1202.His Troubles through Bishop Valdemar[209]
Flourishing State of Denmark in his Reign[211]

Valdemar II.

SURNAMED THE VICTORIOUS.

1202–1241.

Page
1202–1204.His early Transactions with Holstein[212]
1204–1210.His Expedition against the Livonians[212]
1205–1218.His Disputes with the Empire[213]
1219–1223.His Transactions with Esthonia[214]
1223.He is made Prisoner by one of his Vassals[215]
1223–1226.Negotiations for his Ransom, which is at length effected[216]
1226–1238.His unfortunate Projects[216]
1238–1241.His internal Administration[217]
1240.His Character as a Legislator[217]

Eric VI.

SURNAMED PLOGPENNING, OR PLOUGHPENNY.

1241–1250.

Page
1241.Eric, prior to his Accession, had been Duke of Sleswic[218]
1241–1248.His unfortunate Dispute with his Brother Abel, and its Results[218]
1249.His Expedition into Livonia[219]
1250.His War with the Count of Holstein led to his Murder by his Brother Abel[220]

Abel.

1250–1252.

Page
1250–1252.The royal Fratricide undertakes an Expedition against the Frisians, and is slain in a Morass[221]
1252.In the popular Creed he becomes a Vampire[222]

Christopher I.

1252–1259.

Page
1252–1258.Troubled Reign of this Prince[223]
1256–1257.His Disputes with the Church, especially with Jacob Erlandsen, Bishop of Roskild[224]
1257.Violent Measures of the King[225]
1258, 1259.To sustain the Vengeance of the Church, he allies himself with his royal Neighbours, but dies[226]
1259.Was his Death natural?[227]

Eric VII.

SURNAMED GLIPPING.

1259–1286.

Page
1259–1263.Troubles during the Minority of this King[227]
1261–1264.He and his Mother Prisoners, but both eventually released[229]
1272–1275.He is reconciled with the Church[230]
1280–1286.But he is embroiled with other Enemies, who deprive him of Life[231]
His Reign disastrous[231]

Eric VIII.

SURNAMED MOENVED.

1286–1319.

Page
1286–1308.Troubles of the Minority; Efforts to recal the Murderers of the late King[232]
1292–1299.The King embroiled with the Church[233]
1299–1319.Other Troubles; Eric a Legislator; before his Death (without Issue) he advises the States not to elect his turbulent Brother[234]
1310.But that Brother procures the Crown[235]

Christopher II.

1320–1334.

Page
1320–1323.Prodigality of the new King to secure himself on the Throne[236]
1324, 1325.He violates his Pledges[236]
1325.Dissatisfaction of his People, who expel him[237]
1326–1328.Rapacity of the Nobles during his Exile; he returns[238]
1329–1331.His ruinous Promises[239]
1331, 1332.Proceedings in regard to Scania, which becomes the Prize of Sweden[240]
1332, 1333.Last Days of Christopher[241]

Interregnum.

Page
1333, 1334.State of the Country[241]
1334–1340.Rapacity of the Regents, especially Count Gerard, who is murdered[242]
1340.Election of a new King[243]

Valdemar IV.

SURNAMED ATTERDAG.

1340–1375.

Page
1340.State of the Kingdom on the Accession of Valdemar[244]
His vigilant Administration[244]
1344.He sells Scania, but redeems many other Places[245]
1345–1348.He sells Esthenia, and makes good Use of the Money[245]
1348–1350.He obtains Money from another Quarter[246]
1351–1357.His Rigour occasions Rebellion, which, however, he suppresses[247]
1357–1360.He recovers Scania[247]
1360–1363.By helping Magnus of Sweden, he offends the Hanse Towns[248]
1362, 1363.His artful Policy in regard to the Union of his Daughter with Hako of Norway[250]
1363.Important Consequences of this Union[250]
1364, 1365.Valdemar abroad[251]
1367–1370.Again. Why?[251]
1370–1375.Closing Years of his Reign[252]

Olaf III.

1376–1387.

Page
1375, 1376.Olaf, Son of Hako, elected; his Mother Regent[253]
1373.Lavish Promises of Margaret[254]
Opinion respecting them[255]
1376–1380.She triumphs over all Competitors[255]
1380–1386.Olaf becomes King of Norway; ambitious Policy of the Queen-Mother[256]
1386.Transactions with the House of Holstein[257]
1387.Sudden Death of Olaf[258]

CHAP. II.

NORWAY.

1030–1387.

CANUTE THE GREAT.—SWEYN.—MAGNUS I.—HARALD HARDRADE.—OLAF III.—MAGNUS II.—MAGNUS BAREFOOT.—EVILS OF A DIVIDED SOVEREIGNTY.—ROMANTIC ADVENTURES OF SIGURD I.—MAGNUS IV.—CIVIL WARS.—EXTRAORDINARY ADVENTURES OF SWERRO.—HAKO IV.—MAGNUS VI.—ERIC II.—HAKO V.—OTHER SOVEREIGNS.—UNION OF NORWAY WITH DENMARK.

Page
1030–1035.Canute the Great.—Sweyn[260]
1035.The Norwegians look to Magnus, a bastard Son of St. Olaf[261]
1035, 1036.Magnus I. enters into a Treaty with the King of Denmark[262]
1038–1040.His Mother and Stepmother[262]
1042–1046.He becomes King of Denmark[262]
1047.Last Days of this Monarch[263]
1047–1064.Harald Hardrade[263]
1066.He falls in England[264]
1066–1069.Two Kings in Norway[264]
1069–1093.Olaf alone[264]
1093–1095.Magnus Barefoot[265]
1096–1099.His Expedition to the British Isles[265]
1099–1101.His War with Sweden[266]
1102–1103.His second Expedition to these Islands, and his Death in Ireland[266]
1103.Partition of the Sovereignty between his three Sons[267]
1103–1122.Fate of two of them[268]
1107–1111.Romantic Adventures of the third Son, Sigurd I.[268]
1111–1123.His Severity against Idolaters[269]
1124–1130.His strange Conduct[270]
1130.Magnus IV. compelled to share the Kingdom with an Adventurer[271]
1130–1152.Harald IV.—Sigurd II., &c.[272]
1152.Arrival of a Papal Legate[273]
1153–1161.Internal Troubles[274]
1161–1164.Continued[275]
1164–1170.Transactions with Denmark[276]
1166–1169.Troubles; Rival for the Throne[276]
1173–1177.A second Rival[277]
1174–1178.A third, the celebrated Swerro[277]
1178–1186.His romantic Adventures[278]
1186–1194.Swerro’s vigorous Rule[280]
1194–1200.His unscrupulous Conduct[282]
1194–1202.Internal Troubles[283]
1202.His Death and Character[283]
1202–1204.Hako III.[284]
1204–1207.Guthrum[284]
1207.Ordeal to prove the Descent of Hako from King Swerro[284]
1208–1241.Hako IV.; his troubled Minority[285]
1242–1260.Internal Events of his Reign[286]
1263.His Transactions with the Scots[287]
His famous Expedition[288]
1263–1266.Magnus VI.[289]
1263–1280.Internal Changes during this Reign[290]
1280–1289.Eric II.[291]
1289–1299.Transactions with Scotland[292]
1299–1319.Hako V.[292]
1319.Under this Prince, Norway declines[293]
1319–1387.Succeeding Kings[294]

CHAP. III.

SWEDEN.

1001–1389.

OLAF.—EMUND I.—EMUND II.—STENKILL.—INGE I.—PHILIP.—INGE II.—SWERKER I.—CHARLES.—ST. ERIC.—INTERNAL TROUBLES.—BIRGER JARL.—VALDEMAR I.—MAGNUS I.—BIRGER.—MAGNUS II.—ERIC IV.—ALBERT OF MECKLENBURG.—UNION OF SWEDEN WITH DENMARK.

Page
Chronological Difficulties[295]
1001–1026.Olaf Skatkonung[295]
1026–1051.Emund I.[296]
1051–1148.Emund II., and succeeding Kings[296]
1148–1154.Swerker I.; double Election[298]
1155–1167.St. Eric and Charles[299]
1161–1167.Charles the sole King[300]
1167–1192.Canute[301]
1192–1210.Swerker II.[301]
1210–1250.Other Rulers[302]
1250.Valdemar I.[303]
1251–1266.Regency of Birger[303]
1266–1276.Troubled Reign of Valdemar[304]
1276–1279.He is compelled to resign the Throne of Sweden[305]
1279, 1280.Magnus I.[305]
1281–1290.His internal Administration[306]
1290–1305.Birger; his guilty Impudence[307]
1305–1319.He is exiled[308]
1319–1320.And his Son Beheaded[309]
1319–1354.Magnus II.; his Minority, and subsequent Actions[310]
1354–1357.His Weakness[311]
1357–1363.His Unpopularity[312]
1363.Election of Albert[313]
1364–1371.Actions of this Prince[313]
1371–1376.He too is unpopular[314]
1377–1387.He quarrels with his Diet[314]
1388, 1389.He is defeated and captured by Margaret of Denmark[315]

APPENDIX.

Page
St. Canute, King of Denmark[317]