CONTENTS.
| PAGE | |
| Introduction | 1 |
| [PART I.—Evidence from History.] | |
| [CHAPTER I. EGYPT.] | |
| Historical Standard of Time—Short Date inconsistent withEvolution—Laws of Historical Evidence—History beginswith Authentic Records—Records of Egypt oldest—Manetho'sLists—Confirmed by Hieroglyphics—Origin ofWriting—The Alphabet—Phonetic Writing—Clue to Hieroglyphics—TheRosetta Stone—Champollion—Principles ofHieroglyphic Writing—Language Coptic—Can be read withcertainty—Confirmed by Monuments—Manetho's Date forMenes 5004 b.c.—Old, Middle, and New Empires—OldEmpire, Menes, to end of Sixth Dynasty—Break betweenOld and Middle Empires—Works of Twelfth Dynasty—Fayoum—Thirteenthand Fourteenth Dynasties—HyksosConquests—Duration of Hyksos Rule—Their Expulsion andFoundation of New Empire—Conquests in Asia of Seventeenthand Eighteenth Dynasties—Wars with Hittites andAssyrians—Persian and Greek Dynasties—Summary ofEvidence for Date of Menes—Period prior to Menes—Horsheshu—Sphynx—StoneAge—Neolithic and PalæolithicRemains—Horner, Haynes, and Pitt-Rivers | 5 |
| [CHAPTER II. CHALDÆA.] | |
| Chronology—Berosus—His Dates mythical—Dates in Genesis—Synchronismswith Egypt and Assyria—Monuments—CuneiformInscriptions—How deciphered—Behistan Inscription—Grotefendand Rawlinson—Layard—Library of Koyunjik—Howpreserved—Accadian Translations and Grammars—HistoricalDates—Elamite Conquest—Commencement ofModern History—Ur-Ea and Dungi—Nabonidus—Sargon I.,3800 b.c.—Ur of the Chaldees—Sharrukin's Cylinder—HisLibrary—His Son Naram-Sin—Semites and Accadians—Accadiansand Chinese—Period before Sargon I.—Patesi—DeSarzec's find at Sirgalla—Gud-Ea, 4000 to 4500 b.c.—Advanceof Delta—Astronomical Records—Chaldæa andEgypt give similar results—-Historic Period 6000 or 7000years—and no trace of a beginning | 42 |
| [CHAPTER III. OTHER HISTORICAL RECORDS.] | |
| China—Oldest existing Civilization—but Records much laterthan those of Egypt and Chaldæa—Language and TraditionsAccadian—Communication how effected. | |
| Elam—Very Early Civilization—Susa, an old City in FirstChaldæan Records—Conquered Chaldæa in 2280 b.c.—Conqueredby Assyrians 645 b.c.—Statue of Nana—Cyrus anElamite King—His Cylinder—Teaches Untrustworthinessof Legendary History. | |
| Phœnicia—Great Influence on Western Civilization—but Datecomparatively late—Traditions of Origin—First distinctMention in Egyptian Monuments 1600 b.c.—Great Movementsof Maritime Nations—Invasions of Egypt by Seaand Land, under Menepthah, 1330 b.c., and Ramses III.,1250 b.c.—Lists of Nations—Show Advanced Civilizationand Intercourse—but nothing beyond 2000 or 2500 b.c. | |
| Hittites—Great Empire in Asia Minor and Syria—TuranianRace—Origin Cappadocia—Great Wars with Egypt—Battleof Kadesh—Treaty with Ramses II.—Power rapidly declined—butonly finally destroyed 717 b.c. by Sargon II.—CapitalCarchemish—Great Commercial Emporium—HittiteHieroglyphic Inscriptions and Monuments—Onlyrecently and partially deciphered—Results. | |
| Arabia—Recent Discoveries—Inscriptions—Sabæa—Minæans—Thirty-twoKings known—Ancient Commerce and Trade-routes—Incenseand Spices—Literature—Old Traditions—Oannes—Punt—Seatof Semites—Arabian Alphabet—Olderthan Phœnician—Bearing on Old Testament Histories. | |
| Troy and Mycenæ—Dr. Schliemann's Excavations—Hissarlik—BuriedFortifications, Palaces, and Treasures of Ancient Troy—Mycenæand Tiryns—Proof of Civilization and Commerce—Tombs—Absenceof Inscriptions and Religious Symbols—Dateof Mycenæan Civilization—School of Art—Pictures onVases—Type of Race | 66 |
| [CHAPTER IV. ANCIENT RELIGIONS.] | |
| Egypt—Book of the Dead—Its Morality—MetaphysicalCharacter—Origins of Religions—Ghosts—Animism—Astronomyand Astrology—Morality—Pantheism and Polytheism—EgyptianIdeas of Future Life and Judgment—EgyptianGenesis—Divine Emanations—Plurality of Godsand Animal Worship—Sun Worship and Solar Myths—Knowledgeof Astronomy—Orientation of Pyramids—Theoryof Future Life—the Ka—the Soul—Confession ofFaith before Osiris. | |
| Chaldæan Religion—Oldest Form Accadian—Shamanism—Growthof Philosophical Religion—Astronomy and Astrology—AccadianTrinities—Anu, Mull-il, Ea—Twelve greatGods—Bel-Ishtar—Merodach—Assur—Pantheism—Wordsworth—Magicand Omens—Penitential Psalms—Conclusionsfrom | 105 |
| [CHAPTER V. ANCIENT SCIENCE AND ART.] | |
| Evidence of Antiquity—Pyramids and Temples—Arithmetic—Decimaland Duodecimal Scales—Astronomy—Geometryreached in Egypt at earliest Dates—Great Pyramid—PiazziSmyth and Pyramid-Religion—Pyramids formerly RoyalTombs, but built on Scientific Plans—Exact Orientationon Meridian—Centre in 30° N. Latitude—Tunnel points toPole—Possible use as an Observatory—Procter—ProbablyAstrological—Planetary Influences—Signs of the Zodiac—MathematicalCoincidences of Great Pyramid—ChaldæanAstronomy—Ziggurats—Tower of Babel—Different Orientationfrom Egyptian Pyramids—Astronomical Treatisefrom Library of Sargon I., 3800 b.c.—Eclipses and Phasesof Venus—Measures of Time from Old Chaldæan—Moonand Sun—Found among so many distant Races—ImpliesCommerce and Intercourse—Art and Industry—Embankmentof Menes—Sphynx—Industrial Arts—Fine Arts—Sculptureand Painting—The Oldest Art the best—ChaldæanArt—De Sarzec's Find at Sirgalla—Statues and Works ofArt—Imply long use of Bronze—Whence came the Copperand Tin—Phœnician and Etruscan Commerce—Bronzeknown 200 years earlier—Same Alloy everywhere—PossibleSources of Supply—Age of Copper—Names of Copper andTin—Domestic Animals—Horse—Ox and Ass—Agriculture—Allproves Extreme Antiquity | 134 |
| [CHAPTER VI. PREHISTORIC TRADITIONS.] | |
| Short Duration of Tradition—No Recollection of Stone Age—Celtstaken for Thunderbolts—Stone Age in Egypt—PalæolithicImplements—Earliest Egyptian Traditions—ExtinctAnimals forgotten—Their Bones attributed to Giants—Chineseand American Traditions—Traditions of Origin ofMan—Philosophical Myths—Cruder Myths from Stones,Trees, and Animals—Totems—Recent Events soon forgotten—AutochthonousNations—Wide Diffusion of PrehistoricMyths—The Deluge—Importance of, as Test of Inspiration—MoreDefinite than Legend of Creation—What theAccount of the Deluge in Genesis really says—Date—Extent—Duration—AllLife destroyed except Pairs preservedin the Ark—Such a Deluge impossible—Contradictedby Physical Science—By Geology—By Zoology—ByEthnology—By History—How Deluge Myths arise—LocalFloods—Sea Shells on Mountains—Solar Myths—Delugeof Hasisadra—Noah's Deluge copied from it—Revisedin a Monotheistic Sense at a comparatively LatePeriod—Conclusion—Rational View of Inspiration | 178 |
| [CHAPTER VII. THE HISTORICAL ELEMENT IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.] | |
| Moral and Religious distinct from Historical Inspiration—Mythand Allegory—The Higher Criticism—All Ancient Historyunconfirmed by Monuments untrustworthy—Cyrus—OldTestament and Monuments—Jerusalem—Tablet of Tell-el-Amarna—FlindersPetrie's Exploration of Pre-HebrewCities—Ramses and Pi-thom—First certain SynchronismRehoboam—Composite Structure of Old Testament—Elohistand Jehovist—Priests' Code—Canon Driver—Results—Bookof Chronicles—Methods of Jewish Historians—Post-ExilicReferences—Tradition of Esdras—Nehemiah andEzra—Foundation of Modern Judaism—Different fromPre-Exilic—Discovery of Book of the Law under Josiah—Deuteronomy—EarliestSacred Writings—Conclusions—Aristocraticand Prophetic Schools—Triumph of Pietismwith Exile—Both compiled partly from Old Materials—Crudenessand Barbarism of Parts—Pre-Abrahamic Periodclearly mythical—Derived from Chaldæa—Abraham—UnhistoricCharacter—His Age—Lot's Wife—His doubleAdventure with Sarah—Abraham to Moses—Sojourn inEgypt—Discordant Chronology—Josephus' Quotation fromManetho—Small Traces of Egyptian Influence—FutureLife—Legend of Joseph—Moses—Osarsiph—Life of Mosesfull of Fabulous Legends—His Birth—Plagues of Egypt—TheExodus—Colenso—Contradictions and Impossibilities—Immoralities—Massacres—Joshuaand the Judges—Barbarismsand Absurdities—Only safe Conclusion noHistory before the Monarchy—David and Solomon—ComparativelyModern Date | 209 |
| [PART II.—Evidence from Science.] | |
| [CHAPTER VIII. GEOLOGY AND PALÆONTOLOGY.] | |
| Proved by Contemporary Monuments—As in History—Summaryof Historical Evidence—Geological Evidence ofHuman Periods—Neolithic Period—Palæolithic or Quaternary—Tertiary—Secondaryand Older Periods—The Recentor Post-Glacial Period—Lake-Villages—Bronze Age—Kitchen-Middens—ScandinavianPeat-mosses—NeolithicRemains comparatively Modern—Definition of Post-GlacialPeriod—Its Duration—Mellard Read's Estimate—SubmergedForests—Changes in Physical Geography—Huxley—Objectionsfrom America—Niagara—Quaternary Period—ImmenseAntiquity—Presence of Man throughout—FirstGlacial Period—Scandinavian and Laurentian Ice-caps—ImmenseExtent—Mass of Débris—Elevation and Depression—InBritain—Inter-Glacial and Second Glacial Periods—Antiquitymeasured by Changes of Land—Lyell's Estimate—GlacialDébris and Loess—Recent Erosion—Bournemouth—Evans—Prestwich—WealdenRidge and Southern Drift—ContainHuman Implements—Evidence from New World—California | 260 |
| [CHAPTER IX. THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND CROLL'S THEORY.] | |
| Causes of Glacial Periods—Actual Conditions of existing GlacialRegions—High Land in High Latitudes—Cold alone insufficient—LargeEvaporation required—Formation ofGlaciers—They flow like Rivers—Icebergs—Greenland andAntarctic Circle—Geographical and Cosmic Causes—Coolingof Earth and Sun, Cold Spaces in Space, and Changein Earth's Axis, reviewed and rejected—Precession aloneinsufficient—Unless with High Eccentricity—GeographicalCauses, Elevation of Land—Aërial and Oceanic Currents—GulfStream and Trade Winds—Evidence for greaterElevation of Land in America, Europe, and Asia—Depression—WarmerTertiary Climates—Alps and Himalayas—Wallace'sIsland Life—Lyell—Croll's Theory—Sir R. Ball—FormerGlacial Periods—Correspondence with Croll'sTheory—Length of the different Phases—Summary—Croll'sTheory a Secondary Cause—Conclusions as to Man'sAntiquity | 293 |
| [CHAPTER X. QUATERNARY MAN.] | |
| No longer doubted—Men not only existed, but in numbers andwidely spread—Palæolithic Implements of similar Type foundeverywhere—Progress shown—Tests of Antiquity—Positionof Strata—Fauna—Oldest Types—Mixed Northern andSouthern Species—Reindeer Period—Correspondence ofHuman Remains with these Three Periods—Advance ofCivilization—Clothing and Barbed Arrows—Drawing andSculpture—Passage into Neolithic and Recent Periods—CorrespondingProgress of Physical Man—Distinct Races—Howtested—Tests applied to Historical, Neolithic, andPalæolithic Man—Long Heads and Broad Heads—AryanControversy—Primitive European Types—Canon Taylor—Huxley—Preservationof Human Remains depends mainlyon Burials—About forty Skulls and Skeletons known fromQuaternary Times—Summary of Results—Quatrefages andHamy—Races of Canstadt—Cro-Magnon—Furfooz—Truchere—Skeletonsof Neanderthal and Spy—CanstadtType oldest—Cro-Magnon Type next—Skeleton of Cro-Magnon—Broad-headedand Short Race resembling Lapps—AmericanType—No Evidence from Asia, Africa, India,Polynesia, and Australia—Negroes, Negrillos, and Negritos—Summaryof Results | 317 |
| [CHAPTER XI. TERTIARY MAN.] | |
| Definition of Periods—Passage from Pliocene to Quaternary—Scarcityof Human Remains in Tertiary—Denudation—Evidencefrom Caves wanting—Tertiary Man a necessaryinference from widespread existence of Quaternary Man—Bothequally inconsistent with Genesis—Was the firstgreat Glaciation Pliocene or Quaternary?—Section ofPerrier—Confirms Croll's Theory—Elephas Meridionalis—Mammoth—St.Prest—Cut Bones—Instances of TertiaryMan—Halitherium—Balæonotus—Puy-Courny—Thenay—Evidencefor—Proofs of Human Agency—Latest Conclusions—Gaudry'sTheory—Dryopithecus—Type of TertiaryMan—Skeleton of Castelnedolo—Shows no approachto the Missing Link—Contrary to Theory of Evolution—Mustbe sought in the Eocene—Evidence from the NewWorld—Glacial Period in America—Palæolithic Implements—QuaternaryMan—Similar to Europe—California—Conditionsdifferent—Auriferous Gravels—Volcanic Eruptions—EnormousDenudation—Great Antiquity—Flora andFauna—Point to Tertiary Age—Discovery of HumanRemains—Table Mountain—Latest Finds—Calaveras Skull—Summaryof Evidence—Other Evidence—Tuolumne—Brazil—BuenosAyres—Nampa Images—Take us fartherfrom First Origins and the Missing Link—If Darwin'sTheory applies to Man, must go back to the Eocene | 343 |
| [CHAPTER XII. RACES OF MANKIND.] | |
| Monogeny or Polygeny—Darwin—Existing Races—Colour—Hair—Skullsand Brains—Dolichocephali and Brachycephali—Jawsand Teeth—Stature—Other Tests—Isaac Taylor—PrehistoricTypes in Europe—Huxley's Classification—Languageno Test of Race—Egyptian Monuments—Humanand Animal Races unchanged for 6000 years—Neolithic Races—Palæolithic—DifferentRaces of Man as far back as wecan trace—Types of Canstadt, Cro-Magnon, and Furfooz—OldestRaces Dolichocephalic—Skulls of Neanderthal and Spy—SimianCharacters—Objections—Evidence confined toEurope—American Man—Calaveras Skull—Tertiary Man—Skullof Castelnedolo—Leaves Monogeny or Polygenyan open Question—Arguments on each side—Old Argumentsfrom the Bible and Philology exploded—What DarwinianTheory requires—Animal Types traced up to theEocene—Secondary Origins—Dog and Horse—Fertility ofRaces—Question of Hybridity—Application to Man—Differenceof Constitutions—Negro and White—Bearingon Question of Migration—Apes and Monkeys—Questionof Original Locality of Man—Asiatic Theory—Eur-African—American—Arctic—Nonebased on sufficient Evidence—MereSpeculations—Conclusion—Summary of Evidence asto Human Origins | 391 |
ILLUSTRATIONS
HUMAN ORIGINS.