FOOTNOTES.

[37] “The Flying Machine” McClure’s Magazine, June, 1897.

[38] One noted astronomer and mathematician re-affirmed this opinion as late as 1900 and even stated that man could not hope to construct a flying machine capable of sustaining a weight as great as our largest birds, knowing that even at that time the model Aerodromes Nos. 5 and 6 had already done more than this.

[39] These wings are described in Chapter VI, pp. [191].

[40] See “Experiments in Aerodynamics.” It will be recalled that in the experiments with the “plane-dropper” there was a greatly reduced lifting power with superposed planes when their distance apart was one-half the width the planes, unless a speed of about 42.5 feet a second was obtained. In the above tests with the superposed wings, the speed was only from twenty to twenty-two feet a second at the time of launching, and as the distance between the surfaces was only one-half as great as their width, it is not surprising that the lifting power should not be as great as with the “single-tier” wings.

[41] In fact the setting of the tail at a negative angle and fastening it to the frame by an elastic or spring connection was only begun in 1896, and while it proved to be the key to the solution of the problem of automatic longitudinal stability, yet it was not at that time so recognized, although the first real test of the aerodromes after the elastic connection and negative angle of the tail were adopted resulted in the epoch-making flight of No. 5 on May 6. By comparing the angle of the tail on No. 5 in Plate [27A], Part I, with the angle of the tail on No. 6 in Plate [27B], Part I, it will be seen that while the first had an angle of much less than 5 degrees, the latter had an angle of about 15 degrees. But the wooden springs changed so that it was not accurately known what the angle really was at the time at either flight in 1896.

[42] The drawings, Plate [55], which illustrate many of the fittings used on the frame, show the guy-wires as attached by means of loops twisted in their ends, these drawings having been made before the final plan of attaching the wires had been devised.

[43] See explanation of system of locating points in Part I, Chap. II, p. 15.

[44] See Balancing of Engines, by Archibald Sharpe.

[45] Except for a ten minute stop to renew the supply of lubricating oil and change the sparking batteries.

[46] See foot-note, page [249].

[47] The weight was afterwards increased to 850 pounds due to repairing the wings and adding more sparking batteries.

[48] See Experiments in Aerodynamics, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 27, Washington 1891.

[49] Researches and Experiments in Aerial Navigation, Smithsonian Publication No. 1809, Washington, 1908.

[50] All these minimum permissible conditions are connected by the tacit assumption that the supporting area is not greatly over 2 ft. to the pound of weight. If for instance the weight were increased by larger wings or more wings, furnishing a much greater supporting area per pound, these conditions would not necessarily apply.

[51] These tables were later designated as “Data Sheets.” Several copies, with the data duly entered on them, are given in this appendix, and the form which Mr. Langley included in this letter is therefore not repeated here.—EDITOR.

[◊]

[p297]

DATA SHEETS.

DATA SHEET No. 1. Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, as photographed on May 11, 1896. Certified to by R. L. Reed, May 6, 1896.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			2443
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc.			1110
3 Pump, pump shaft			231
4 Hull covering			350
5 Gasoline tanks, valves			178
6 Smokestack			342
7 Float			275
8 Reel			77
9 Wing clamps, 235; clamp for guy-posts, 29			264
10 Other things, counter			75
11 Burners			360
12 Boilers			651
13 Separators, steam gauge, pipe to engine			540
14 Exhaust pipe			143
15
16
17 Wings (without clamp)			1950
18 Tail (without clamp)
19 Rudder			350
20 Guy sticks, each, 57			114
21 Propellers			800
22 Extra length of midrod, 308; drop piece for rudder, 40			348
23 Wood Bowsprit			74
24 Other things
25
26
27 Fuel (at starting flight)			200
28 Water (at starting flight)			900
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			11,775	26
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		68
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.		2.6
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.		6
42 Horse-power at brake. Horse-power by formula* .72		7
43 Minimum pressure during 40 secs. lift, 150 lbs.
44 Lift at pendulum (during 40 secs. absolute) 5772
45 Lift at pendulum (during 40 secs. in terms of wt.) 49%
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn, 10 lbs.
47 Position of center of pressure of wings† F. W., 1575; R. W., 1383.5
48 Time of getting up full steam, 1 minute
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1/11
51 Root angle of wings, 9°
52 Tip angle of wings, 9°
53 Position of wings, Front rib on F. W., 1607; R. W., 1415.5
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail
61 Position of rudder, center, 1288.3; rear end, 1229.8
62 Line of thrust, 2500
63 Line of thrust, 1500 which is 9 cm. below the center of midrod
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole, 1497
65 Center of gravity₂ 2501, i. e., 1 cm. above line of thrust
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate, 1498
67 Center of pressure₂, 2536
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front end of bowsprit, 1686.3.
2 Front end of midrod, 1611.6.
5 Front edge of F. W., 1607.
8 C. of P. on F. W., 1575.
11 Back edge of F. W., 1527.
14 Back edge of cross frame, 1509.
17 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
21 C. of G., 1497.
24 Front edge of R. W., 1415.5.
27 C. of P. on R. W., 1383.5.
30 End of mid-rod, 1360.5.
33 Front end of rudder, 1343.8.
36 Back edge of R. W., 1335.5.
39 Center of rudder, 1288.3.
41 Back end of rudder, 1229.8.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p298]

DATA SHEET No. 2. Weight of Aerodrome No. 6. Certified to by R. L. Reed, November 27 and 28, 1896.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			1178
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc.			1043
3 Pump, pump shaft			190
4 Hull covering			345
5 Gasoline tanks, valves			306
6 Smokestack, 302; burner, 172			474
7 Float			275
8 Reel			77
9 Wing clamps, 238; drop piece for rudder, 40			278
10 Other things			156
11 Boiler, frames, mica cover			694
12 Separator, steam gauge, pipe to engines			535
13 Exhaust pipe			82
14
15
16
17 Wings (without clamp), wet			2154
18 Tail (without clamp)
19 Rudder			375
20 Guy sticks, each 53			106
21 Propellers			644
22 Extra length of midrod			398
23 Wood bowsprit			135
24 Counter			75
25
26
27 Fuel (at starting flight)			250
28 Water (at starting flight)			2350
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			12,120
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		54
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.		2
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.	.6
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.	.6
42 Horse-power at brake. . .Horse-power by formula*
43 Minimum steam pressure during 40 secs. lift				130
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)				7,211
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn				10
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48 Time of getting up full steam, 75 secs.
49 Angle of midrod with horizon, 2° 17′
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18, 1/4 from front
51 Root angle of wings, 10° 30′
52 Tip angle of wings, 10° 30′
53 Position of wings
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail
61 Position of rudder
62
63 Line of thrust 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole, 1483.8
65 Center of gravity₂, 2482‡
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate, 1487
67 Center of pressure₂, 2520
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front end of bowsprit, 1797.
2 Center of float in first trial, Nov.
6 Front end of midrod, 1613.7. 9 Front edge of F. W., 1595.7.
12 Center of float in flight, Nov. 28, 1896, 1575.8.
16 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.7.
19 Back edge of F. W., 1515.7.
22 Line through center
of propellers, 1500.
26 C. of G., 1484.4 (old C. of G., 1486.3).
29 Front edge of R. W., 1406.
32 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.
35 End of midrod, 1351.3
38 Front end of rudder, 1334.5.
41 Back edge of R. W., 1326.
43 Center of rudder, 1279.
46 Back end of rudder, 1220.5.
49 Reed wings, 80 cm. × 185 cm. in rectangle.
53 Weight in shop, 1982 g.
56 On day of flight they weighed 2154 g. because they were damp.
60 Area 54 sq. ft.
63 Spread of wings, 359 cms. or 11′ 938″.
67 Weight of aerodrome in flight, 12,120 grs.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.
‡ This is undoubtedly incorrect, as if it were true, the C. G. would be just at the center of the separator, and this would be impossible. Mr. Reed states that the C. G. was 2 cm. below the side frame, and if this is correct, we would have C. G. = 2486.

[p299]

DATA SHEET No. 3. Weight of Aerodrome No. 6, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 7, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			2867
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc.
3 Pump, 123; pump shaft, 49			172
4 Hull covering, including apron and piece behind separator			274
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 114; air valve, 16			297
6 Smokestack, 319; counter, 95; burner, 165			679
7 Float, 275; pipe from pump to boiler, 40			315
8 Reel, with fork and float			128
9 Wing clamps, 188; guy-post clamps, 24			212
10 Boiler, 764; steam gauge and connections, 79			843
11 Front lower bearing post, 75; clutch post, 58; rear bearing points, 155			288
12 Separator and pipes leading to engines and pump			502
13 Drop piece for rudder, 57; guy-post for rudder, 18			75
14
15
16
17 Wings (without clamp)			2077
18 Superposed wings, 3448
19 Rudder			323
20 Guy sticks, each 53			106
21 Propellers			620
22 Extra length of midrod			377
23 Wood bowsprit			128
24 Canvas keel, 36; rudder, 76			112
25
26
27 Fuel (at starting flight)			175
28 Water (at starting flight)			1525
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			11,995	26.44
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		54
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.		2.04
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.		9.5
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.		7.75
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings† 40% from front
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings—front edge of front wing, 1595.7; of rear wing, 1406.5
54 How guyed—with wires from wing to wing on top and to guy-post on bottom
55
56
57
58 Position of center of rudder, 1279.5
59 Angle of tail, 10°
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail
61 Position of rudder
62
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole, 1484.4
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front edge of bowsprit, 1702.7. Weight 2867 gm. for part 1 includes also part 2.
2 Center of float with small wind vane rudder, 1628.9.
6 Front edge of midrod, 1613.7.
9 Center of float with small rudder off, 1609.2.
12 Front edge of F. W., 1595.7.
15 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.7.
18 Back edge of F. W., 1515.7.
21 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
25 C. of G., 1484.4.
28 Front edge of R. W., 1406.5.
31 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.5.
34 End of midrod, 1351.8.
37 Front end of rudder, 1335.
39 Back edge of R. W., 1326.5.
42 Center of rudder, 1279.5.
45 Back end of rudder, 1221.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p300]

DATA SHEET No. 4. Weight of Aerodrome No. 6, Superposed Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 13, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			2867
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc.			2867
3 Pump, 123; pump shaft, 49			172
4 Hull covering, including apron and piece behind separator			274
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 114; air valve, 16			297
6 Smokestack, 319; counter, 95; burner, 170			584
7 Float			315
8 Reel, with fork and float			128
9 Wing clamps, 188; guy-post clamps, 24			212
10 Boiler, 764; steam gauge and connections, 79			843
11 Front bearing point, 75; clutch post, 58; rear bearing points, 155			288
12 Separator and pipes to engines and pump			502
13 Drop piece and guy-post for rudder			75
14
15
16
17 Wings (without clamp), 2077; superposed wings			3448
18 Tail (without clamp)
19 Rudder			323
20 Guy sticks			106
21 Propellers			620
22 Extra length of midrod			377
23 Wood bowsprit			128
24 Canvas keel, 36			36
25
26
27 Fuel (at starting flight)			175
28 Water (at starting flight)			1525
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			13,275
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . . . . sq. ft.		87.4
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . . . . sq. ft.		9.5
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . . . . sq. ft.		7.75
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†, 40% from front
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings—front edge of front wing, 159
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail, 712°
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 1240 grammes at center to deflect to the horizontal
61 Position of rudder
62
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole, 1484.4
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front edge of bowsprit, 1702.7. Weight 2867 gm. includes parts 2.
2 Center of float without small wind vane rudder, 1666.1. (Center of float with wind vane rudder on, 1627.)
8 Front edge of midrod, 1613.7.
11 Front edge of F. W., 1585.
13 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.7.
16 Rear edge of F. W., 1531.7.
19 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
23 C. of G., 1484.4.
26 Front edge of R. W., 1395.8.
29 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.5.
32 End of midrod, 1351.8.
35 Front end of rudder, 1335.
38 Back edge of R. W., 1342.5.
40 Center of rudder, 1279.5.
43 Back end of rudder, 1221.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p301]

DATA SHEET No. 5. Weight of Aerodrome No. 6, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 22, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc. (bowsprit, 78g)			2867
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc.			2867
3 Pump, 123; pump shaft, 49			172
4 Hull covering, including apron and piece behind separator			274
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 174; air valve, 16			357
6 Smokestack, 319; counter, 95; burner, 170			584
7 Float			315
8 Reel, with fork and float			128
9 Wing clamps, 188; guy-post clamps, 24			212
10 Boiler, 764; steam gauge and connections, 79			843
11 Front bearing post, 75; clutch-post, 58			133
12 Rear bearing points			155
13 Separator and pipes to engines and pump			502
14 Drop piece and guy-posts, 18; for rudder, 57			75
15
16
17 Wings (without clamp)			2077
18 Tail (without clamp)
19 Rudder			323
20 Guy sticks			106
21 Propellers			620
22 Extra length of midrod			377
23 Wood bowsprit			128
24 Other things
25
26
27 Fuel (at starting flight)			175
28 Water (at starting flight)			1525
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			11,948	26.3
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		54
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.		9.5
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.		7.75
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings† 40% from front
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail, 7° 30′
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 1240 grammes at center to deflect to the horizontal
61 Position of rudder
62
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front edge of bowsprit, 1685.7. Weight 2867 gm. includes Parts 2.
2 Back edge of cylindrical part of float, 1606.5
5 Front edge of midrod, 1613.7.
8 Front edge of F. W., 1595.7.
11 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.7.
14 Back edge of F. W., 1515.7.
17 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
21 C. of G., 1484.4.
24 Front edge R. W., 1406.5.
27 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.5.
30 End of midrod, 1351.8.
33 Front end of rudder, 1335.
36 Back edge R. W., 1326.5.
38 Center of rudder, 1279.5.
41 Back end of rudder, 1221.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p302]

DATA SHEET No. 6. Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 23, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			3050
2 Engine			464
3 Pump, 334; pump shaft, 55			389
4 Hull covering			398
5 Gasoline tanks, air tanks, valves, etc.			348
6 Smokestack			373
7 Float, 275; drop piece for rudder, 57; guy-post, 18			350
8 Reel, 128; steam gauge, 81			209
9 Wing clamps, 200; guy-post clamps, 32			232
10 Boiler, 764; burner, 170; counter, 95			1029
11 Rear extension to midrod			174
12 Separator and pipes to engine and pump			502
13 Exhaust pipe			84
14 Front lower bearing point, 84; clutch post, 41			125
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra strengtheners, 32			178
16
17 Wings (without clamp)			2342
18 Tail (without clamp)
19 Rudder			322
20 Guy sticks, each 56			112
21 Propellers			837
22 Extra length of midrod at front			129
23 Wood bowsprit			132
24 Other things
25
26
27 Fuel (375 at starting flight)			200
28 Water (2100 at starting flight) + 616 in boiler			1400
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			13,370
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		68
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.		6.94
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.		7.64
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48
49
50 Curvature of wings
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail, 7° 30′
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail
61 Position of rudder
62
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front end of midrod, 1611.5.
2 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
5 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
8 Back edge of F. W., 1529.7.
11 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
15 C. of G., 1494.6.
18 Front edge of R. W., 1411.7.
21 C. of P. on R. W., 1379.7.
24 Rear end of midrod, 1360.3.
27 Rear end of R. W., 1331.7.

Footnotes.

* H.P = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p303]

DATA SHEET No. 7. Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 12, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for gears, clutch, shafts, etc.			3050
2 Engine			464
3 Pump, 334; pump shaft, with gear and eccentric and end rod, 55			389
4 Hull Covering, 264; apron 115; piece behind separator, 19			398
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; air valve, 16			348
6 Smokestack, 310; piece to protect midrod, 63			373
7 Float, 275; drop piece for rudder, 57; guy-post, 18			350
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; steam gauge with pipe, 81			209
9 Wing clamps, 200; guy-post clamps, 32			232
10 Boiler, 764; burner, 170; counter, 95			1029
11 Rear extension to midrod			174
12 Separator and pipes to engine and pump			502
13 Exhaust pipe, 84			84
14 Front lower bearing point, 84; clutch post, 41			125
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra strengtheners, 32			178
16
17 Wings (without clamp) (2180 in 1896)			2342
18 Tail (without clamp); part of rudder
19 Rudder reduced (No. 2 or new one, 299)			322
20 Guy sticks, each 56			112
21 Propellers (95 cms.; wood, 837; 95 cms. canvas, 548)			837
22 Extra length of midrod (front), 129			129
23 Wood bowsprit (complete), 132			132
24 Other things
25
26
27 Fuel (375 at starting flight)			200
28 Water (2100 at starting flight) + 616 in boiler			1400
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			13,379
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		68
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.		6.94
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.		7.64
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 12
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail, 7° 30′
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 1240 grammes at center of rudder to bring it to a horizontal; 490 grammes at point same distance from front end of rudder as length of rudder of 1896, to bring to horizontal
61 Position of rudder
62
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front end of bowsprit, 1700.5. Front end of midrod 1611.5.
3 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
6 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
9 Rear edge of F. W., 1529.7.
12 Line through center of propellers 1500.
16 Front edge of R. W., 1411.7.
19 C. of P. on R. W., 1379.7.
22 End of midrod, 1360.3.
25 Front end of rudder, 1343.5.
28 Back edge of R. W., 1331.7.
31 Center of rudder, 1288.
34 Back end of rudder, 1229.5.

Footnotes.

* H.P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust) /33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on a pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from the front to the rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wing have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p304]

DATA SHEET No. 8. Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 19, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			3556
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc.			476
3 Pump, pump shaft			389
4 Hull covering, 264; apron, 115; piece behind separator, 19			398
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; air valve, 16			348
6 Smokestack, 310; piece to protect midrod, 63			373
7 Float, 275; drop piece for rudder, 57; guy-post, 18			350
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; steam gauge with pipe, 81			209
9 Wing clamps, 200; guy-post clamps, 32			232
10 Boiler, 800; burner, 170; counter, 95			1065
11 Rear extension to midrod			174
12 Separator and pipes to engine and pump			502
13 Exhaust pipe			84
14 Front lower bearing point, 84; clutch post, 41			125
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra strengtheners, 32			178
16
17 Wings (without clamp)			2446
18 Tail (without clamp), part of rudder
19 Rudder			299
20 Guy sticks, each 56			112
21 Propellers, 95 cm. wood			837
22 Extra length of midrod			168
23 Wood bowsprit			78
24 Other things
25
26
27 Fuel (375 at starting flight)			200
28 Water (2100 at starting flight) + 616 in boiler			1400
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		68
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48
49
50 Curvature of wings
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail, 5°
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 200 grammes at center gives deflection to horizontal
61 Position of rudder
62 Elasticity caused by two 1/2-inch rubber bands above and two 1/4-inch bands, in tandem, below
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front end of bowsprit, 1683.5.
2 C. of float, 1614.5.
5 Front end of midrod, 1611.5.
8 C. of reel and float, 1577.5.
11 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
14 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
17 Rear edge of F. W., 1529.7.
20 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
24 C. of G., 1498.
27 Front edge of R. W., 1406.7.
30 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.7.
33 End of midrod, 1360.3.
36 Front end of rudder, 1343.5.
39 Back edge of R. W., 1326.7.
41 Center of rudder, 1288.
44 Back end of rudder, 1229.5.
47 N. B.—Distance between C. P. on F. W., and C. G. = 79.7. Distance between C. P. on R. W. and C. G. = 123.3. If the mean C. P. is to be over the C. G. we should require an efficiency for the rear wings of 64.6%.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p305]

DATA SHEET No. 9. Weight of Aerodrome No. 6, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 27, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch. etc.			2867
2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc.			2867
3 Pump, 123; pump shaft, 49			172
4 Hull covering, including apron and piece behind separator			274
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 174; air valve, 18			361
6 Smokestack, 319; counter, 95; burner, 170			584
7 Float			290
8 Reel, fork and float			128
9 Wing clamps, 188; guy-post clamps, 24			212
10 Boiler, 764; steam gauge and connections, 79			843
11 Front bearing point, 75; clutch post, 58; rear bearing points, 155			288
12 Separator and pipes leading to engine and pump			502
13 Drop piece and guy-post for rudder			75
14
15
16
17 Wings (without clamp), repaired			2123
18 Tail (without clamp)
19 Rudder			299
20 Guy sticks			106
21 Propellers			628
22 Extra length of midrod			377
23 Wood bowsprit			78
24 Other things (canvas keel, 36; rudder, 76)			112
25
26
27 Fuel (at starting flight)			175
28 Water (at starting flight)			1525
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			12,019
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		54
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.
40 Total area of horizontal tail . . . sq. ft.		9.5
41 Total area of rudder (vertical) . . . sq. ft.		7.75
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings 10°
53 Position of wings.
54 How guyed.
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail, 5°
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 200 grammes at center to deflect it to the horizontal
61 Position of rudder
62
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front end of bowsprit, 1695.7. Weight 2867 includes Parts 2.
2 Front end of midrod, 1623.7.
5 C. of float, 1618.2.
8 Reel and float, 1576.7.
11 Front edge, F. W., 1595.8.
13 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.8.
16 Rear edge F. W., 1515.8.
19 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
23 C. of G., 1485.5.
26 Front edge of R. W., 1406.7.
29 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.7.
32 End of midrod, 1352.2.
35 Front end of rudder, 1333.9.
38 Rear edge of R. W., 1326.7.
40 Center of rudder, 1280.6.
43 Back end of rudder, 1219.9.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if the rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p306]

DATA SHEET No. 10. Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 27, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, gears, shafts, etc. (such as guy-wires and turn buckles, 26g).			3342
2 Engine.			476
3 Pump, 301; pump shaft, 55; support to pump, 33.			389
4 Hull covering: front, 47; sides, 92; top 46; small side pieces, 44.			229
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; air valve, 18; netting, 30; piece rear of separator, 20.			400
6 Smokestack, 310; piece to protect midrod, 63.			373
7 Float, 290; drop piece for rudder, 57.			347
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; counter, 95.			223
9 Wing clamps, 202; guy-post clamps, 33.			235
10 Burner, 170; boiler 759.			929
11 Separator with tubes brazed to it.			513
12 Steam pipe, 87; steam gauge and connections, 81.			168
13 Exhaust pipe, 90; wooden plugs in nose of frame, 10			100
14 Upper front bearing point and clutch post.			136
15 Lower front bearing point, 84; lower rear bearing point, 146; clutch, 41.			271
16
17 Wings (without clamp), front, 2 × 662; rear 2 × 605.			2534
18 Tail (without clamp).
19 Rudder.			299
20 Guy sticks 65; rear, 50.			114
21 Propellers, 100 cm. round ends, 30° blade.			757
22 Extra length of midrod, front, 174; rear, 227.			401
23 Wood bowsprit (heavy one).			130
24 Other things.
25
26
27 Fuel (390 at starting flight).			225
28 Water (2000 at starting flight).			1500
29
30 Lead on bowsprit to balance.			13
31 Sundries unknown.
32
33
34 Total flying weight.			14,704	1 03
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail). . . . sq. ft.		68
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.		2.1935
40 Total area of horizontal tail. . . . sq. ft.		6.94
41 Total area of rudder (vertical). . . . sq. ft.		7.64
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute).
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.).
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn.
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†.
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 12, but about 1 in 11 now.
51 Root angle of wings, 10°.
52 Tip angle of wings 10°.
53 Position of wings.
54 How guyed.
55
56
57
58 Position of tail.
59 Angle of tail, 5° elevation at rear end.
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 200 grammes at center to deflect it to a horizontal.
61 Position of rudder.
62
63 Line of thrust, 1500.
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole, 1498.
65 Center of gravity₂.
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate.
67 Center of pressure₂.
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 Thirteen grammes of lead on end of bowsprit.
2 End of bowsprit, 1708.
4 C. of float, 1622.
6 Front end of midrod, 1619.
9 Reel and float, 1601.5.
12 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.
15 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.
17 Rear edge of F. W., 1529.7.
20 Line through center of propellers, 1500
24 C. of G., 1498.
27 Front edge of R. W., 1404.7.
30 C. of P. on R. W., 1372.7.
33 End of midrod, 1350.3.
36 Front end of rudder, 1333.5.
39 Back edge of R. W., 1324.7.
41 Centre of rudder, 1279.5.
44 Rear end of rudder, 1222.
47 Distance between C. P. on F. W. and C. G., = 79.7. Distance between C. P. on R. W., and C. G. = 125.3. If the mean C. P. is to be over the C. G. we should require an efficiency of 63.6 for the rear wings.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight: but if the rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p307]

DATA SHEET No. 11. Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Superposed Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, August 3, 1899.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			3556
2 Engine, complete			476
3 Pump, 301; pump shaft, 55; support to pump, 33			389
4 Hull covering, 276; apron, 117; piece behind separator			393
5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; air valve, 17			349
6 Smokestack and piece to protect midrod			385
7 Float, 290; drop piece for rudder, 57; guy-post and clamp, 17			364
8 Reel, fork and float, 128; steam gauge with pipe, 81			209
9 Wing claps, 202; guy-post clamps, 33			235
10 Boiler, 775; burner, 171; counter, 100			1046
11 Rear extension to midrod			227
12 Separator and pipes to engine and pump			513
13 Exhaust pipe			90
14 Front lower bearing points, 84; clutch post, 41			125
15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra strengtheners, 32			178
16
17 Wings (without clamp)
18 Tail (without clamp), part of rudder
19 Rudder			309
20 Guy sticks, each 60			120
21 Propellers, 100 cm. round end			757
22 Extra length of midrod, front			174
23 Wood bowsprit			130
24 Other things, 248 grammes of lead on end of bowsprit			248
25
26
27 Fuel (at starting flight)
28 Water (at starting flight)
29
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			14,354
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		87.5
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.		2.75
40 Total area of horizontal tail. . . . sq. ft.		6.94
41 Total area of rudder (vertical). . . . sq. ft.		7.64
42 Horse-power at brake . . . Horse-power by formula*
43
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 11
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings
54 How guyed
55
56
57
58 Position of tail
59 Angle of tail
60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 200 grammes at center gives deflection of 5°
61 Position rudder
62 Elasticity caused by rubber bands
63 Line of thrust, 1500
64 Center of gravity₁ of whole
65 Center of gravity₂
66 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate
67 Center of pressure₂
68
69
70
71
72

Parts. Remarks.

1 C. P. on F. W., 1577.7.
2 Line through center of propellers, 1500.
6 C. of G., 1498.
8 C. P. on R. W., 1372.7.

Footnotes.

* H. P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust) /33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p308]

DATA SHEET No. 12. Weight of Aerodrome, One-Quarter Model. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 11, 1901.

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
Parts.	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			3245
2 Engine, bed plates and sparkers			4549	10
3 Gears, shafts, etc.			1662
4
5
6
7 Floats, front, 212; rear, 220			432
8 Reel, float and cord, 142			142
9 Wing clamps, 86 and 97; rudder clamp and post			183
10 Carburetor and fuel			737
11 Spark coil, 1512; holders, 110			1622
12 Battery			1627
13 Primary connections
14 Secondary connections
15 Guy-post clamps, each 13			26
16
17 Wings (without clamp), new flat wings			2634
18 Tail (without clamp), Pénaud rudder			353
19 Rudder, wind vane			88
20 Guy sticks			30
21 Propellers, 585 each			1170
22 Extra length of midrod, front, 125; rear, 225			350
23 Wood bowsprit			75
24 Other Things
25 Counter			110
26 Guy-post clamp and post for rudder			16
27
28
29 Drop piece for rudder			53
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			19,104
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		61.41
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.		1.46
40 Total area of horizontal tail. . . . sq. ft.		6
41 Total area of rudder (vertical). . . . sq. ft.		6
42 Horse-power at brake 1.5 at 750 R. P. M.
43 Engine gave 2.01 H. P. on brake at 900 R. P. M.
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 20-1/2
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings: C. P. F. W., 157.82; C. P. R. W., 1386.9
54 How guyed
55 Position of tail
56 Angle of tail, 5°
57 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 200 at center depresses to horizontal
58 Position of rudder (center), 1292.9
59
60 Line of thrust, 1500, through center of propellers
61 Center of gravity₁ of whole, 1503.7
62 Center of gravity₂, 2497.5
63 Center of pressure₁ of whole estimate, 1503.7
64 Center of pressure₂, 2513.2
65 Center of clutch post, 1515.4
66 Center of coil, 1555.3
67 Center front float, 16.45
68 Center rear float, 1372.6
69 Center wind vane rudder, 1435.6
70 Center Pénaud rudder, 1292.9
71 Rear end Pénaud rudder, 1215.9
72 Front end of Bowsprit, 1707.2

Footnotes.

* H.P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wing have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[◊] INDEX

A
Abbreviations and symbols for points on aerodrome … [14], [15]
Accidents, in launching large aerodrome … [126], [184], [185], [265]–[281]
— loss of model aerodrome … [17], [94], [154]
Aeolipiles, alcohol … [55], [56], [59], [60], [65], [66], [112]
Aerial navigation, report of Board of Ordnance on … [276], [279]
Aerodrome, balancing of … [45]–[52], [81], [90], [109], [134], [211], [212]
— construction of … [53]–[80], [164]–[187], [234]–[250]
— definition of word … [iii]
— dimensions of (see aerodrome models and data sheets).
— eighth-size model … [133], [134], [154]
— engines (see engines and motors).
— experiments with models … [6]–[14], [16]–[24], [133]–[155]
— field trials (see trials).
— first flight of model, May 6, 1896 … [2], [3], [107], [108], [117]
— first trial of a “flying machine” in free air … [97]
— flight (see also trials).
— — first model, May 6, 1896 … [2], [3], [107], [117]
— — large machine (1903) … [126], [127], [255]–[282]
— — photographs of … [108], [259], [260]
— large … [126], [127], [129], [130], [156], [183], [225], [255]–[282]
— — construction of … [164]–[187], [234]–[250]
— — launching apparatus for … [156]–[163], [183]
— — shop tests … [251]–[254]
— — trials (1903) … [126], [181], [255]–[282]
— — weight of … [277]
— launching apparatus for models … [92]–[122], [133], [134]
— — — — large aerodrome … [156]–[163], [183]
— man-carrying (see also aerodrome large) … [123], [125], [129], [130], [151], [153], [156]–[187], [234]–[250], [255], [282].
— model, descriptions of (see also data sheets).
— — — — No. 0 … [21], [30], [31], [36], [38], [40], [53], [55], [75]
— — — — Nos. 1, 2, 3 … [28], [29], [38], [40], [53]
— — — — No. 4 … [53], [62]–[67], [69], [70], [72], [75]–[79], [81]–[83], [86], [92]–[109], [120]
— — — — No. 5 … [26], [64]–[66], [69], [70], [75]–[79], [81], [82]–[84], [86], [88], [89], [90], [92]–[109], [110]–[122], [130], [131], [134], [135]–[155], [158], [174], [188], [189], [208]–[210], [231], [257], [281].
— — — — No. 6 … [49], [61], [62], [78]–[81], [89], [90], [92]–[109], [110]–[122], [130], [131], [134], [158], [174], [188], [193], [208], [210], [231], [257], [281].
— — — — rubber pull … [11]–[20]
— — eighth-size … [133], [134], [154]
— — frames of … [39], [53]–[80], [90], [112], [119], [129]
— — launching apparatus for … [92]–[112], [134]
— — quarter-size … [158], [159], [170], [226]–[233], [234], [255], [257]–[261], [281]
— — results from … [17], [129]
— — steam driven (see also Nos. 5, 6) … [122], [164], [165], [224], [281]
— — trials, of Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 (1892) … [29], [53]
— — — — Nos. 4, 5, 6 (1893) … [63], [92]–[106]
— — — — Nos. 5, 6 (1896) … [2], [79], [106]–[109]
— — — — No. 6 (1898) … [61]
— — — — Nos. 5, 6 (1899) … [49], [79], [135]–[155], [231], [257]
— — — — Nos. 30, 31, and others … [6]–[14], [17], [19]
— motors (see engines and motors).
— quarter-size models (see aerodrome models).
— rubber-power models … [5], [8]–[24], [44]
— weights of (see weight and data sheets).
Aerodromics, science of … [iii], [7]
Aerodynamics … [7], [30], [43], [44], [80], [91], [99]
— experiments in … [1], [6], [7], [19], [21], [32], [41], [80], [98], [128], [150], [153]
Aeronaut (see also aviator) … [130]
Air, compressed … [11], [24], [25], [26], [68], [112]
— liquid … [154]
— resistance of … [6], [8], [9], [142], [165]–[167]
Air-chamber … [64], [68], [69], [98], [112], [113]
Air-cooled engine … [226]
Alcohol and hydrocarbons, use of, as fuel … [24], [25], [35], [55], [57], [66], [72], [73]
Alcohol aeolipiles … [55], [56], [60], [66], [69], [112]
Allegheny Observatory, experiments at … [11], [13], [31], [150]
Allotment, Government, for man-carrying aerodrome … [124]–[126], [132], [278]
Aluminum-bronze, use of … [114], [116], [173], [174]
Aluminum in engine construction … [32], [114], [243], [252]
— sheathing of hull … [69]
— wires … [84]
Aneroid barometer for determining height … [186]
Anemometer cups … [143]
Angle, diedral, of wings … [45], [82], [89]
— of inclination … [41], [43], [83], [99], [100]
— — rotation … [61]
— — wings, root angle … [83], [89], [91], [97], [98], [100], [101], [103]
Area, relation to weight and power … [43], [44], [64], [90], [99], [101]
— supporting (see also surface) … [82], [87]–[89], [91], [93]
Asbestos, use of … [35], [63], [67]
Associated Press statement to … [266], [280]
Aviator, equilibrium of … [161], [169], [253]
— weight of … [130], [210], [256]
Aviator’s car … [185]–[187], [214], [251], [252]
— jacket … [273]
— seat … [185]
— wheel … [214], [216], [265], [266], [272]
B
Bagging or pocketing of wings … [84], [86], [100], [195], [203]
Balance (see also equilibrium) … [82], [165]
Balancing of aerodrome … [45]–[52], [81], [90], [109], [134], [211], [258]
— — engine … [246], [247]
— — wings and rudder … [211], [255]
Ball-bearings on launching car … [160], [175], [177], [252], [253]
Bamboo ribs for wings … [200]
Barometer, aneroid … [186]
Barus, Dr Carl, boiler experiments by … [58], [70]–[75], [93]–[95]
Batteries, electric … [11], [24], [26], [27], [162], [212], [220]–[222], [237], [240], [241], [257], [262], [263]
Bearings, ball, on aerodrome and launching car … [160], [175], [177], [252], [253]
— bronze, on model aerodromes … [177]
Bedplates … [116], [168], [175], [273]
“Beehive” boilers (see boilers).
Bell Alexander Graham … [4], [96], [102]–[104], [106], [108]
Bessemer steel guy wires … [172]
Bevel gears … [174], [177], [241]
Bird-wings, construction of … [7], [188], [200], [201]
Birds, soaring, study of … [7], [9], [88], [287]
Blazer, S. M., engineer … [126]
“Bleeder,” feed tube for burner … [67], [113]
Blériot aeroplane of Langley type … [283]
Blower for artificial wind … [61], [97], [225]
Board of Ordnance and Fortification … [124], [126], [132], [250], [255], [271], [276], [278], [279], [280]
Boat, house … [92], [93], [136], [148], [149], [156]–[163], [269]
Body, construction of (see also hull) … [32], [60]
Boiler, “Beehive” type … [34], [39]
— coil of … [34]–[39], [70], [71], [113]–[116]
— development of … [55]–[59], [65], [68], [70]–[75], [102], [114]–[116]
— pressure … [58], [59], [63], [68], [69], [101], [102]
— report on, by Dr. Barus … [70]–[75]
— serpollet type … [56], [57]
— spray type … [70]
— tests of … [70]–[75], [135]
— tubing of … [70]–[75], [114], [141]
— water-tube type of … [34], [35], [70]–[75], [114]
Bolometer, development of … [123]
Brake, horse-power … [28], [37], [58], [61], [64]–[69], [117], [223], [224], [230], [233]
— Prony … [38], [61], [65], [66], [117], [179], [222], [228], [233], [249]
Brass, use of … [54], [63], [113], [180]
Brazing … [117], [173], [175], [235], [236]
Bronze, aluminum … [114], [116], [171], [173], [177], [234], [237]–[240]
Burners, Bunsen type … [35], [68], [72], [113]
— gasoline … [56], [60], [61], [62], [65], [67], [68], [70]–[75], [112]–[116], [149]
— shield for … [60], [67], [95], [115]
Bushing, cast-iron … [114]–[117], [121]
Buzzard, American, and “John Crow,” study of … [285]
C
Cameras, telephoto … [260], [261], [273]
“Canvas-covered” propellers … [84], [178]
Car, aviator’s … [185]–[187], [214], [251], [252]
— launching (see launching apparatus).
Carbon, energy developed by the use of … [27]
Carbonic-acid gas as motive power … [11], [24], [26], [28], [29], [39], [53], [54]
— liquid … [24], [28]
— — freezing of … [28]–[29]
— — latent heat of … [28]
Carburetor, development of, suitable type of … [224], [225], [239], [240], [248], [249], [251], [253], [259]
Carpenter, Frank G., witnesses flights … [108]
Cast-iron, use of (see also iron) … [114]–[117], [121], [234]–[236], [240]
“Cast-off” apparatus … [96], [110]
Center of gravity … [10], [13]–[16], [45]–[52], [61], [64], [80], [91], [103], [143], [144], [150], [209], [210]
— — — in relation to pressure … [10], [11], [15], [46], [48], [64], [98], [99], [101], [103]
— — pressure … [7], [10], [11], [13], [15], [45]–[52], [78], [80], [84], [87], [88], [90], [91], [200], [209], [210]
— — — formulæ for … [49], [87], [88], [90]
— — wings and tail … [16]
— — rotation … [62]
— — thrust … [62]
Centrifugal pump … [241], [248]
Charcoal, as fuel … [57]
China silk (see silk).
Chopawamsic Island, Potomac River … [93], [135], [153], [183], [256]
Chronograph attachments … [162], [163], [229]
Circulating pump … [114], [244]
Clamps, wing … [82], [89], [145], [183]
Coast and Geodetic Survey … [93], [145], [256]
Coefficient of elasticity … [146]
Coil, spark (see sparking devices).
Compressed air … [24], [25]–[26], [68], [112], [113]
Condenser, steam … [65]
Construction and tests of large engine … [234]–[250]
Construction of frame and engines … [53]–[80]
— — — of large aerodrome … [164]–[187]
— — supporting surfaces … [188]–[206]
Control, equilibrium and … [77], [78], [119], [207]–[217]
— gyroscopic … [78], [211]
Cooling systems, (see water and air cooling).
Copper, use of … [27], [39], [63], [72], [112]–[115], [162]
Copper tubing … [35], [56], [57], [59], [112], [115], [140], [141], [248]
Counter, speed … [62], [120], [185], [243], [249]
— — propellers … [178]
Covering for tail … [86], [103]
— — wings … [54], [63], [77], [81], [86], [88], [90], [148], [194], [195], [205]
Crank bell … [110]
— starting … [244]
Crank-pin … [237]–[239], [243]–[247]
Crank-shaft … [237], [239], [244]–[246], [250]
Cube, law of the … [129], [130], [222], [244], [249]
Currie, Rolla P., report on American Buzzard … [289]
Curved surfaces (see also wing curvature) … [18], [44], [47], [99]
Cylinders (see also engines, cylinders).
— aluminum in construction of … [114]
— brass in construction of … [54]
— steel tubes in … [116], [121], [234], [235], [239], [240]
— construction of … [112], [114], [116], [121], [212], [213], [232], [235], [239], [240], [246]
— five, engine … [245], [246], [250], [255]
— high-pressure … [33]
— low-pressure … [33]
— multiple, engine … [226]
— oscillating … [33], [38]
— tests of (see also engine tests) … [55]
— walls of … [239]
— weight of … [246], [247], [250]
D
Daniell, on energy in storage batteries … [27]
Data sheets … [297]
Definitions of terms and symbols … [14], [15]
Deflection, absence of … [269]
de Lucy, on sustaining surfaces … [19]
Diedral angle of wings … [45], [82], [83], [85], [89], [96], [146]
Dimensions (see aerodrome descriptions and data sheets).
Distance of flights … [103], [107]–[109], [135]–[155], [258]
Distortion of wings … [82]–[84], [91], [98], [105]
Dry batteries … [262]
Duration of flights (see also time) … [103], [107], [108], [137], [145], [148], [258]
Dynamometer, use of … [222], [228], [229], [230], [242], [247], [249]
E
Eagle quill and spruce rib, comparative strength of … [201]
Early steam motors and other models … [30]–[40]
Efficiency of wings … [87], [89], [91], [144], [192], [193]
Eighth-size models … [133], [134], [154]
Elastic limit of rubber … [9], [22], [23]
Elasticity of tail … [78], [90], [144], [152]
— coefficient of … [51], [144], [146]
Electric batteries … [24], [26], [27], [212], [262], [263]
— circuits … [70], [212], [220]–[223], [237], [241], [257]
Electricity as motive power … [24], [26]–[28]
Energy in foot pounds (see also lift) … [23]–[27]
Engine (see also motors) … [112]–[116], [179], [180], [222]–[225], [226]–[233], [234]–[250], [281]
— American builders … [131], [180], [219], [228]
— air-cooled … [226]
— automobile … [219]
— balancing of … [246], [247]
— carbonic-acid gas … [24], [26]–[29]
— compressed air … [11], [24]–[26], [68], [112]
— construction of, and frames … [53]–[79], [114], [116], [219], [223]–[233]
— — — — tests … [234]–[250]
— contract for … [126]
— cylinders of … [33], [38], [54], [112], [114]–[116], [121], [212], [213], [232], [235]–[239], [246], [250], [255]
— description of one-horse-power … [37], [116]
— electric … [24], [26]–[28]
— European builders … [131], [140], [219], [234]
— experimental … [218]–[225]
— five-cylinder … [224], [232], [234]–[250], [255]
— gas (see also gasoline) … [26], [28], [131], [133]
— gasoline … [24], [37], [65], [125], [131], [179], [210], [218], [219], [224], [277]
— gunpowder … [24], [25]
— horse-power (see also brake, horse-power) … [37], [58], [116], [233]
— hot-water … [24], [25], [68]
— large, construction and tests of … [133], [234]–[250], [281], [282]
— — weight of … [247], [250], [256]
— Manly … [219]–[225]
— multiple cylinder … [226]
— oscillating … [33], [38]
— radiator … [252]
— steam … [24], [30]–[40], [64], [69], [116], [120]
— — dimensions of … [116]
— Stringfellow … [30], [31]
— tests … [37], [55], [61], [69], [102], [133], [148], [234]–[250], [281], [282]
— water-cooled … [220], [235], [236], [241], [247], [248], [252]
— weight of … [116], [126], [130], [209], [247], [250]
Equilibrium, maintenance of … [6], [31], [45], [51], [144], [213]–[216]
— of aviator … [161], [169], [213], [253]
— and control … [77], [78], [119], [207]–[217]
— lateral, and longitudinal stability … [31], [45]–[52]
Evaporation, rate of gasoline … [65], [66]
Evaporators … [37], [65], [67], [114], [148]
F
“Factor of safety” … [111], [186]
Feathers, pliability of … [188], [200]
— toy-propeller, blades made of … [8]
Feed, gravity … [239]
Fibre insulation … [241], [257]
Field trials, eighth-size … [133], [134], [154]
— — large and quarto size models … [126], [158], [170], [181], [226]–[234], [255]–[282]
— — models Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 … [29], [53]
— — — Nos. 4, 5, 6 … [63], [92]–[106]
— — — Nos. 5, 6, 2 … [61], [79], [135]–[155], [231], [257]
Fire-proofing preparation … [148]
First flight of heavier than air machine … [107], [108]
First trial of a flying-machine in free air … [97]
Flexure of wings … [82]–[84], [91], [98], [105]
Flight (see aerodrome and aerodrome model flights).
— bird, study of … [7]
— of large machine … [126], [181], [255]–[282]
— — May 6, 1896 … [2], [3], [107]–[108]
— — models Nos. 4, 5, 6 … [2], [63], [79], [92]–[109], [135]–[155]
— — quarter size model … [259]
— — rubber-driven models … [16]–[20]
— — quarter-size models … [158], [170], [226]–[233], [243], [255], [257]–[261], [281]
Floating the models … [64], [68], [69], [99], [103], [119], [120]
Fly-wheels of engine … [242], [243], [247], [252]
Flying aerodrome model as a kite … [133], [154], [155]
Flying-weight of aerodromes (see also data sheets) … [15], [62], [63], [76], [77], [81], [89], [91], [148], [247], [250], [256]
Foot-pounds, definition of … [15]
— energy in (see also horse-power) … [22], [27], [62]
Force-pump … [57]
Formulæ:
— area … [19]
— center of pressure … [49], [87], [88], [90], [101]
— drift … [41], [43]
— efficiency … [47]
— Harting’s … [19]
— horse-power … [15], [62]
— lift or weight … [41], [43], [62]
— Manly’s, for changing center of pressure … [51]
— Maxim’s, for horse-power … [15]
— resistance … [41]
— soaring speed … [91]
— tandem wing … [87]
— work (see also horse-power) … [18], [23], [27], [62]
Frame, construction of, model … [39], [53]–[80], [90], [112], [119], [129]
— — — large aerodrome … [164]–[187], [253]
— main … [165]–[168], [170]
— resistance of … [165]–[167]
— testing of … [79]
— transverse … [77], [165], [174]–[178]
— work … [118]
French academy, communication to … [3]
Fuel, alcohol and hydrocarbon … [24], [25], [35], [55], [57], [66], [72], [73]
— carbon … [27]
— carbonic acid gas … [11], [24], [26], [28], [29], [39], [53], [54]
— charcoal … [57]
— gas … [26], [28], [37]
— gasoline … [24], [25], [36], [37], [65]–[68], [112], [125], [224], [248], [259]
— quantity of … [68]
Fuel-tank … [36], [65], [67], [68], [112], [113]
Funds for experiments … [124]–[126], [132], [257], [278], [279], [281]
G
Gaertner, Mr., instrument maker … [93], [95]
Gas, carbonic-acid … [24], [26], [28], [36], [68], [113]
Gas-burners … [35], [55], [60], [65], [70]–[75], [112], [113]
Gas-engine (see also engines, gas and gasoline) … [26], [28], [37]
— Five cylinder … [224], [234]–[250], [255]
— large … [234]–[250], [277]
— model … [26]–[28], [65], [131], [133], [232]–[234]
Gasoline-burners … [56], [60], [62], [65], [67], [68], [70]–[75], [112]–[116], [149]
Gasoline-engines … [24], [37], [65], [125], [131], [179], [210], [218]–[225], [232]–[234], [248], [259], [277]
Gasoline-evaporator … [37], [65], [148]
Gears … [114], [117], [136], [137], [168], [174], [175], [177], [237], [241]
Gibson, Captain, recorder … [250]
Goldbeater’s skin, for wings … [77]
Goode, G. Brown … [97]
Government allotment (see also Board of Ordnance and Fortification) … [124]–[126], [132], [279]
Gravity, center of … [10], [13]–[16], [45]–[52], [61], [64], [80], [91], [98], [101], [103], [143], [144], [150], [209], [210]
Gravity-feed … [239]
Guiding (see equilibrium and control; sustaining surfaces; and rudder).
Gun-metal … [174]
Gunpowder … [24], [25]
Guy-posts … [184], [189], [199], [266], [267], [268], [270], [274], [275]
Guying, early systems of … [81], [84]–[91]
— wire … [81], [84]–[90], [99], [164]–[173], [189], [191], [196], [199], [264], [266]
Gyroscopic control … [78], [211]
H
Harting’s formula … [19]
Head resistance … [142], [165]–[167]
Heating apparatus (see burners).
Herring, A. M., assistant … [104]
Hewitt, Mr., at rescue of Mr. Manly … [273]
Hodgkin’s fund, aid from … [257]
Holmes, W. H. … [286], [289]
Horizontal flight, velocity required to sustain … [1], [16]–[19], [43], [91]
— rudder … [8]
Horse-power, exerted by rubber … [9], [22]
— Maxim’s formula … [15]
— required to sustain flight … [1]
— developed … [28], [37], [55], [58], [64]–[69], [117], [179], [223], [233], [249]
Hot-water engine … [24], [25]
House-boat and launching apparatus … [92]–[109], [110]–[122], [148], [149], [156], [163], [269]
Huffaker, E. C. … [44], [46]
Hull, construction of … [30], [32], [36], [53], [60], [69], [75], [112], [118]–[121]
— forms of … [30], [31], [32], [38], [60], [69]
— resistance … [49], [69]
— steel tubes for … [39], [69], [75], [112], [118], [120]
I
Ignition (see electric batteries and circuits).
Indian rubber for power (see also rubber) … [21], [40]
Internal work of the wind … [6], [42]
Inclination, angle of … [41], [43], [83], [99], [100]
Insulation … [144], [241], [257]
Iron, use of … [63], [64], [114]–[117], [234], [236], [240]
J
Jacket, cork, aviator’s … [273]
— water … [220], [234], [236], [241], [247], [252]
“John Crow” (bird of Jamaica), study of … [285]
K
Kite, model flown as … [133], [154], [155]
L
Langley. S. P. … [3], [4], [9], [18], [76]–[79], [93], [95], [102]–[108], [112], [123]–[126], [128], [131], [133], [135], [153], [156], [161], [179], [183], [184], [188], [211], [212], [219], [223], [230], [231], [257], [266]–[268], [270], [271], [287], [280], [281]
— statement of … [124], [280]
— letter of instructions from (see appendix).
— study of “John Crow” bird (see appendix).
— aerodrome, War Department report on … [277], [278], [279]
“Langley type” of aerodrome … [77], [164], [208], [244], [266], [276], [278]–[281]
— — — rudder … [77], [86]
Lateral stability … [45]–[52], [97]
Launching, difficulties of … [10], [11], [12], [92], [94], [96], [99]
— methods of … [13], [94]–[97], [110]
— of large machine … [265]–[267], [271]–[272], [276], [282]
Launching-apparatus … [92]–[122], [134], [149], [156]–[163], [183], [185], [231], [257], [261], [265]–[267], [270], [272], [276], [282]
— overhead … [5], [92]–[122], [133]–[135], [139], [142], [143], [145], [151], [152], [154], [156]–[163]
— underneath … [134], [135], [145]–[147], [151], [152], [154], [156]–[163], [183]
— weakness of … [265], [276], [282]
Launching-car … [158], [159], [183], [184], [255], [258], [262], [266]–[268], [271], [272], [274], [277]
Launching speed (see also velocity) … [135], [161], [162]
Law of the cube … [129], [130]
Lewis, Captain I. N. … [250]
Lift of propellers (see also pendulum tests) … [61], [62], [66], [69], [77], [94], [99], [102], [105], [107], [151], [189], [192]
Lilienthal, Otto, on efficiency of curves … [44]
Lineal velocity … [1], [43], [110], [166]
Liquid air … [154]
Longitudinal stability … [45]–[52]
Lubrication … [113], [177], [234], [239], [240]
M
McDonald, Mr. … [266], [271], [272]
McKinley, President William … [123], [124]
Macomb, Major M. M., report of … [276]–[278]
Maltby, Mr., machinist … [93]–[95], [102], [106]
Man-carrying machine … [123], [125], [129], [130], [151], [153], [156]–[187], [234]–[250], [255]–[282]
Manly, C. M., assistant in charge of experiments … [123], [129], [218]–[224], [265], [266], [268], [272], [276], [278]
— — — engine … [219]–[225]
— — — formula … [51]
— John M., description of flight, by … [260]–[261]
Maxim’s formula for horse-power … [15]
Mechanical flight … [2]–[4]
— — theory of … [1]
— — Dr. Bell on … [4]
— — Mr. Langley on … [3]–[4]
Mica, use of … [63], [72], [115], [257]
Models (see also aerodrome model description and trials).
— experiments with … [1], [133]–[155]
— — — small … [6]–[14], [17], [19]
— flight of (see trials).
— launching of (see also launching apparatus) … [92]–[122], [133], [134]
— rubber-driven … [5], [8]–[24], [76]
— steam-driven (see also Nos. 4, 5, 6) … [134], [135]
— steam, motor, and other … [30]–[40]
Motive power (see also engines, electricity, and fuel) … [8], [11], [21]–[29], [118]
— discussion of … [11]
Motors, available (see also engines) … [11], [21]–[29], [278]
— carbonic acid gas … [11], [24], [26], [28], [29], [39], [53], [54]
— compressed air … [11], [24], [25], [26], [68], [112], [113]
— construction of early types of … [30]–[40]
— electrical … [24], [26], [27], [212], [262], [263]
— gas … [26], [28], [37], [131], [137]
— gasoline … [24], [37], [65], [125], [131], [179], [210], [218], [219], [224], [277]
— gunpowder … [24], [25]
— hot-water … [24], [25], [68]
— rubber … [5], [8]–[24], [76]
— steam … [24], [25], [30]–[40]
— weight of (see also weight of engines) … [116], [126], [130], [209], [247], [250]
Mount Whitney, observations on … [123]
N
Nash, Dr. F. S. … [276]
National Museum, models in … [282]
Needle-valve … [56], [57], [113]
Nitric acid, use of … [71]
Nomenclature of parts of aerodrome … [14], [15]
O
Oiling systems … [113], [177], [234], [239], [240]
Open wind, experiments in … [42], [99], [257], [271], [272]
Ordinance and Fortification (see Board of).
Oxygen, necessity of … [72]
P
Paper covering for rudder … [86], [103]
Pénaud, Alphonse, toy aeroplane designed by … [7]–[9], [21], [22], [40]
— tail or rudder … [8], [12], [13], [50], [51], [79], [82], [107], [122], [139]–[147], [151], [152], [153], [209], [211], [213], [214], [216], [253], [264], [270]–[272]
“Pendulum” test for lift … [60], [61], [66], [94], [131], [135], [211], [212], [214], [232]
Percaline for wing covering … [194], [195]
Pinion (see gears).
Piston (see engines and cylinders).
Pitch of propellers … [63], [69], [76], [94], [181]
Plane (see also wings and surfaces).
— dropper … [150]
— surface, angle of inclination of … [6], [8], [41]–[45], [61], [83], [97], [99], [100]
— velocity required to sustain … [1], [43], [110], [166]
Pocketing of wings … [84], [86], [100], [195], [203]
Potomac River, location of tests on … [93]
Power (see also steam, fuel, and electricity).
— development of … [8], [39]
— formula for … [62]
— generating apparatus … [112], [125]
— relation to area and weight … [43]
Power-gauge (see dynamometer).
Powell, Major G. H., recorder … [250], [267], [276]
Press, attitude of … [127], [268]
— report to, Mr. Langley’s … [280]
— — — Mr. Manly’s … [266]–[267]
Pressure, center of … [7], [10], [11], [13], [15], [45]–[52], [64], [78], [80], [84], [87], [88], [90], [91], [200], [209], [210]
— — — rules for locating … [49], [87], [88], [90], [101]
— — — and center of gravity … [10], [11], [15], [46], [48], [64], [98]–[101], [103]
— steam … [24], [30]–[40], [53]–[59], [63]–[75], [101], [114], [117], [134], [135], [137], [141], [142], [149], [150]
Pressure-gauge … [114]
Prony-brake … [38], [61], [65], [66], [117], [179], [222], [228], [233], [249]
Propellers … [7], [8], [11], [13], [22], [40], [68], [69], [94], [95], [102], [103], [108], [109], [118], [119], [136], [139], [143], [145], [149], [178]–[184], [258], [261], [262], [268], [272], [277]
— construction of … [63], [76], [98], [100], [178]–[184]
— early forms of … [7], [8], [11], [22], [33]
— lift of … [61], [62], [66], [69], [77], [94], [102], [105], [107], [131], [148], [151], [189], [192]
— pitch of … [63], [69], [76], [118], [181]
— position of … [39], [63]
— shafts of … [39], [117], [175]–[177], [242]
— slip of … [107], [109]
— speed of (see also revolutions per minute) … [61], [91], [94], [99], [107], [114], [134], [264], [272]
— tests of (see pendulum, lift, and thrust).
— thrust of … [47], [62], [94], [119], [148], [154], [161], [174]
— toy … [7], [8], [9], [21], [22]
Pumps … [36], [37], [57], [59], [65], [68], [71], [75], [114], [115], [141], [241]
— centrifugal … [241], [248]
— circulating … [114], [244]
— double-acting … [68], [114]
— force … [57]
Q
Quantico, Va., flights at … [64], [66], [79], [93], [147], [255], [269]
Quarter-size model … [158], [159], [170], [226]–[233], [243], [255], [257]–[261], [281]
Quill, eagle’s, and spruce rib compared … [200], [201]
R
Radiator (see also engine, water-cooled) … [252]
Randolph, Gen. W. F. … [276], [277]
Record of flights (see also data sheets) … [2], [3], [17], [107], [117], [135]–[155], [255]–[282]
Reed, R. L., chief carpenter … [93]–[95], [102], [106], [266], [271], [272], [275]
Reel attached to float … [119], [120]
Relation of area to weight and power … [43], [44], [64], [81], [89], [90], [99]
Reservoir (see air-chamber and tank).
Resistance, air … [6], [8], [9], [142]
— of frame and guy-wires … [165]–[167]
Revolutions of engine and propellers per minute (see also speed) … [33], [58], [63], [65], [66], [102], [109], [115], [249], [252]
Rib, spruce and eagle’s quill, compared … [200], [201]
Ribs, construction of … [37], [80], [81], [86], [89], [188], [194]–[206], [263], [264]
Ridgway, Robert, on American Buzzard … [301]
Root-angle of wings … [82], [83], [91], [98], [100], [101], [103]
Rotation, angle of … [61]
— center of … [62]
Rubber as a source of power … [5], [8]–[24], [44], [76]
— elastic limit of … [9], [22]
— “fatigue” of … [23]
— horse-power produced by … [9], [22], [23]
— springs … [2], [185]
— insulation … [144], [241]
Rubber-driven models … [5], [8]–[22]
Rubber-pull and rubber-twisted models … [16]–[24]
Rudder (see also tail) … [8], [9], [77], [80]–[91], [122], [136], [207]–[217], [255], [272], [275]
— horizontal … [8]
— Pénaud’s … [8], [12], [13], [50], [79], [87], [107], [122], [139]–[147], [151], [209], [211], [213], [214], [216], [253], [270]–[272], [275]
— vertical evolution of … [81], [82], [86], [97], [101], [106]
Rudder-tail (see tail-rudder).
S
Sanding-tests of wings … [84], [85], [89], [99], [190]–[204]
“Separator,” evolution of, for dry steam … [58], [59], [65], [68], [114], [142]
Serpollet-type boilers … [56], [57]
Shafts, main, construction of … [117]
— propeller … [39], [117], [175]–[177], [242]
Sharp, Archibald, on balancing of engines … [246]
Sheathing, aluminum … [69]
— mica … [63], [72], [115]
Shop tests … [40], [218], [251]–[254]
Silk wing-covering … [54], [63], [81], [86]–[88], [90], [148], [194], [195], [205]
Sliding tail designed … [16], [84]
Smillie, Thomas W., photographer … [260], [267], [271], [273]
Smithsonian Institution … [1], [6], [17], [18], [31], [42], [124]–[126], [171], [174], [176], [179], [257], [260], [271], [276], [280]–[281]
Smoke-stack … [60], [67], [74], [78]
Soaring birds, study of (see also appendix) … [7], [9], [88]
Soaring-speed … [32], [41], [69]
Sparking devices (see electric batteries and circuits).
Specific gravity … [120]
Speed attained (see also velocity) … [31], [32], [41], [55], [61], [91], [99], [107], [114], [134], [161], [264]
Speed-counter … [62], [120], [185], [243], [249], [252]
Spokes, wire … [243]
Spruce guy-sticks and frames … [85]–[87], [90]
— ribs compared with quills … [200], [201]
St. Louis Exposition tests … [249]
Stability, lateral and longitudinal … [45]–[52], [77]
Starter on launching-car … [94], [95]
Starting-crank on launching-car … [243], [244]
Steam, dry, production of … [58]
Steam-chest … [117]
Steam-engine … [24], [30]–[40], [64], [69], [116], [120]
Steam-gauge … [114]
— construction of frames and … [53]–[80]
Steam-generating apparatus … [114]–[116]
Steam-motors and other models … [30]–[40], [134], [135]
Steam-pressure … [24], [30]–[40], [53]–[59], [63]–[70], [101], [102], [114], [117], [134], [135], [137], [141], [142], [149], [150]
Steel, use of … [69], [112], [116], [119], [121], [172], [174], [234], [277]
— tubes, for hull … [39], [69], [75], [112], [118], [120]
Steering apparatus (see also equilibrium and control) … [214]–[216], [265], [266], [272]
— — automatic … [30], [77], [211], [216]
Steering wheel … [214], [216], [265], [266], [272]
Storage batteries (see batteries, electrical).
Stringfellow engine … [30], [31]
Superposed wings … [13], [14], [17], [138], [153], [193], [231]
Supporting surfaces … [11], [44], [77], [81], [99], [188]–[206]
Supports for propellers … [112]
— — wings and tails … [36], [69]
Surfaces (see also planes and wings).
— covering for … [77], [81], [86], [87], [90], [148], [194], [195]
— curved … [44], [46]
— plane, observations on velocity of … [1]
— rigid … [6], [46]
— supporting … [11] [44], [77], [93], [99] [188]–[206]
— sustaining … [1], [5], [41]–[44], [80]–[91], [99]
— — and guiding … [5], [80]–[91]
Surgeons’ tape, used for mending ribs … [264]
Sustaining surface … [1], [5], [41]–[44], [80]–[91], [99]
— — de Lucy on … [19]
Symbols … [14], [15]
Synchronizing mechanism … [108], [121], [136], [137]
T
Table, turn … [156], [165], [166]
— whirling … [1], [5], [6], [7], [11], [13], [31], [42], [165], [166], [178], [189]–[194]
Tachometer … [62], [120], [185], [243], [249], [252]
Tail … [8], [9], [70], [77], [80], [91], [99], [207]–[217]
— adjustment of … [16], [84]
— connections of … [84], [213]–[216]
— covering … [86] [103]
— Pénaud … [12], [13], [50], [79], [107], [122], [139]–[147], [151]–[153], [209], [211], [213], [214], [215]
— sliding … [16], [84]
— use as guiding and sustaining surface … [80]
Tail-rudder … [77], [86], [87], [119], [152], [153]
— Langley … [77], [86]
Tank, air … [64], [68], [69], [112], [114]
— fuel … [36], [65]–[68], [112], [113]
— water … [252]
Telephoto camera … [260], [261], [273]
Tests (see also engine tests, trials, and flights).
— boilers … [70]–[75], [135]
— construction and … [234]–[250]
— cylinder … [55]
— engine … [37], [55], [61], [69], [102], [133], [135], [148], [234]–[250], [251]–[254], [281]
— experimental engine … 1902–1904 … [250]
— frame … [79]
— power … [61], [62], [69], [102]
— resistance … [165]–[167]
— sanding, of wings … [84], [85], [89], [90], [190]–[204]
— shop, of large machine … [40], [218], [251]–[254]
— St. Louis Exposition … [249]
— whirling-table … [1], [5], [6], [7], [11], [13], [31], [42], [165]–[166], [178], [189]–[194]
— wing … [84], [85], [89], [99], [190]–[204]
Testing ground (see also Quantico) … [64], [66], [92], [93], [255], [256], [277], [280]
Thrust, center of … [62]
— propeller … [47], [62], [94], [119], [148], [154], [161], [174]
Thrust-recording devices … [229], [230]
Thurston, R. H. … [128], [129]
Time of flights … [103], [107], [108], [109], [137], [145], [148], [258]
Torque … [222], [242]
Toy aeroplanes … [7], [9], [21], [22], [40]
Transmission (see also shaft and gears) … [117], [175]–[177], [242]
Transverse frame … [77], [165], [174]–[178]
Trials, first … [97]
— (1891) … [17]
— (1892) … [53], [92]
— (1893) … [65], [93]–[96]
— (1894) … [65], [96]–[100]
— (1895) … [101]–[106]
— (1896) … [2], [79], [106]–[109]
— (1897) … [123]–[125]
— (1898) … [61]
— (1899) … [79], [135]–[155]
— (1903) … [126], [181], [255]–[282]
Tubes in hull construction … [69], [112], [116], [119], [120], [172], [174], [234], [277]
Turn-table … [156], [165], [166]
Turnbuckle (see also guying) … [170], [171], [172]
V
Valve-chest … [114], [213]
Valves … [114], [117], [213]
— exhaust … [237]
— mechanically operated … [114], [213]
— motion … [112], [114], [115], [213]
— needle … [56], [57], [113], [212]
Vaporization … [37], [67], [148], [149]
Varnish, collodion … [192]
— not affected by ammonia … [198]
— pyroxelene … [86]
— water-proof … [263], [264]
Velocity … [18], [31], [32], [55], [91], [99], [107], [109], [114], [134], [150], [161], [166], [185], [264], [265]
— initial … [100], [110], [150], [163]
— required to sustain plane … [1], [43], [110], [166]
Vertical rudder … [81], [82], [86], [97], [101], [106]
Vulcanite, use of … [257]
W
War Department, allotment … [124]–[126], [132], [278], [279]
— — Board of Ordnance and Fortification … [124]–[126]
— — — — — — — Report of … [276]–[280]
Washington Evening Star, report of … [274]
Watches, stop, for timing flight … [109]
Water, cooling, for engine … [235], [236], [241], [247], [248], [252]
Water-engine, hot … [24], [25]
Water-jacket … [220], [234], [236]
Water-proof varnish … [263], [264]
Water-tank … [252]
Watkins J. E. … [39]
Weight (see also data sheets).
— flying, of aerodrome … [15], [38], [62], [63], [76], [77], [81], [89], [90], [91], [101], [109], [116], [148], [206], [247], [250], [256], [277]
— of aerodrome … [31], [38], [40], [53], [62], [63], [116], [126], [130], [206], [256]
— — covering for wings … [194]
— — parts of aerodrome … [31], [63], [116], [190], [250]
— — engine … [116], [117], [126], [130], [156], [209], [247], [250], [277]
— per horse-power … [31], [126]
— relation to area and power … [43], [44], [64], [81], [89], [90], [96]
— total, with aviator … [256]
Wellner, Georg … [44], [47]
Wheel, fly … [242], [243], [247], [252]
— steering … [214]–[216], [265], [266], [272]
Whirling-table … [1], [5], [6], [7], [11], [13], [31], [42], [165]–[166], [178], [189]–[194]
Widewater, Va., experimental grounds (1903) … [255], [256], [277], [280]
Wind, artificial … [42], [61]
— difficulties of launching in … [94], [99], [265], [271], [272], [276], [282]
— experiments in … [42], [61], [99], [257], [271]
— internal work of the … [6], [42]
— open … [42], [99], [257], [271], [272]
Wind-shield for burners … [60], [67], [95], [115]
Wind-vane rudder … [136]
Wing-clamps … [82], [89], [145], [183]
Wings, adjustment of, for center of gravity … [16]
— angle of … [45], [61], [82], [83], [89], [91], [97], [98], [100], [101], [103]
— arrangement of … [45]–[47], [77], [86], [89], [194], [255]
— bagging of … [84], [86], [100], [195], [203]
— bird, construction of … [7], [188], [200], [201]
— boxes for … [263], [264]
— construction of … [7], [70], [80], [81], [87], [90], [91], [99], [105], [119], [121], [138], [188]–[206]
— covering of, cloth … [195], [199], [204], [205]
— — — goldbeater’s skin … [77]
— — — paper … [86]
— — — silk … [54], [63], [81], [86]–[88], [90], [148], [194], [195], [205]
— — — weight of … [194]
— curvature of … [18], [44], [46], [47], [86], [87], [90], [99], [112]
— distortion of … [82], [83], [84], [91], [98], [105]
— double tier … [13], [14], [17], [138], [193], [231]
— efficiency of … [46], [87], [89], [91], [144], [192], [193]
— flexure of (see distortion of).
— pocketing of … [84], [86], [100], [195] [203]
— quills and spruce ribs compared … [200], [201]
— ribs of … [37], [80], [81], [86], [89], [188], [194]–[206]
— single tier … [17], [142], [146], [147]–[151], [153], [192], [193], [231]
— superposed … [13], [14], [17], [138], [153], [193], [231]
— surface of … [9], [69], [81], [99]
— tandem efficiency of … [46], [87]
— two sets of … [13], [77], [106], [138], [231]
— weight of … [190], [196]
Wire guying … [81], [84]–[91], [99], [164]–[173], [189], [191], [195], [196], [199], [264], [266]
— resistance … [165]–[167]
— spokes … [243]
Wooden guy sticks … [63], [81], [85]
— ribs … [37], [80], [81], [86], [89], [188], [194]–[206], [263], [264]
Wrecking of large machine … [126], [184], [265]–[281]
Z
Zinc, energy developed from … [27], [241]
Zoological Park cameras … [260], [261], [273]

[◊] CONTENTS

Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some exceptions noted below.

Original printed page numbers are shown in the right margin like "p052".

Original small capitals LOOK LIKE THIS.

Footnotes have been renumbered and moved from the ends of pages to the ends of the appropriate sections, which are: Advertisement (page iii); Part I; and Part II, up to just ahead of the Data Sheets—which have their own footnotes, which were neither moved nor renumbered.

Illustrations are moved from inside paragraphs to between paragraphs. The symbol "lgr", in a caption to an illustration, links to a larger image—these are available only in the html edition. The transcriber created the cover image by editing the title page image, and hereby assigns it to the public domain.

Pages [16]–[18]. Page 16 ended after "with another one, No. 31, also shown" (i.e. in the middle of a sentence). This was followed by Plates [1]–[4], & then by page 17, which contained two data tables, & then page 18, which continued the original paragraph. The transcriber has closed the paragraph, and moved the Plates and tables to follow it.

Pages [31]–[32]. The footnote on page 31 said only "See footnote on page 32." The footnote on page 32 had no anchor in the text. Therefore, to simplify, the page 31 footnote has been eliminated, and its anchor is linked directly to the page 32 footnote. Pages [46]–[47]. The footnote on page 47 had no anchor in the text. However, the footnote on page 46 said only "See Footnote page 47". Therefore, the footnote anchor on page 46 has been linked directly to the footnote on page 47, eliminating the page 46 footnote.

Page [63]. The large table was split into two tables, repeating the first column in each part.

Page [140]. The paragraph for June 23 originally ended "dotted line in Plate". The transcriber has inserted " 34.", as a guess.

Pages [190]–[192]. The wide tables were split into two, repeating the first column in each part.

Page [193]. The wide tables were transposed, row for column.

Page [201]. The wide table was split into two.

Pages [297]–[308], Data Sheets. Remarks originally situated in the tables are appended below each Data Sheet. The units of measurement were originally spelled out—m. = Metres; ft. = Feet; gr. = Grammes; and lbs. = Pounds. In the footnotes to the Data Sheets, in the phrases "curved wings 2-5 the way", and "rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency", the hyphen seems to mean division, like "/". This usage occurs also in the caption to Plate [85], in "SCALE 1 1-16 INCH TO STATUTE MILE".

Page [299]. Item 41, "7 75" changed to "7.75".

[INDEX]. The original index was structured in a way not suitable for this ebook. The white space on the printed page substituted for words not repeated. Thus, under "Balancing of aerodrome, … ", were indented entries for "engine", "wings and rudder", &c. This spacing has been rendered herein as a horizontal bar "—", one for each word to be understood as repeated. So in this case, two bars, meaning "Balancing of". Moreover, page numbers referenced by index entries were right-justified and preceded by dotted leaders. Herein, the leaders have been suggested by horizontal ellipsis "…".

Estimating from Internet Archive's stated scanning rate of 400 ppi, the pages were about 6.2 by 9.2 inches. Body text was printed in 9 point type, with 3 point leading, and footnotes were printed in 5.4 point type.