INDEX

Abbeys of France and England, their extent and wealth, iii. [351].
Abd-al-Aziz, first Emir of Spain, i. [267];
marries widow of Roderick, [269];
is assassinated, [271].
Abdallah gains crown by treachery, i. [535];
character of, [561].
Abd-al-Melik, emir, i. [306];
is impaled, [317].
Abd-al-Mumen, ruler of the Almohades, ii. [259];
conquers Spain, [287].
Abd-al-Rahman-al-Ghafeki conducts retreat, i. [277];
becomes emir and is deposed, [287];
is again raised to that office, [292];
attempts conquest of France, [295];
defeated and killed at Poitiers, [305].
Abd-al-Rahman I., his early career, i. [384], [385];
escapes to the Desert, [385];
lands in Spain, [389];
conquers the Peninsula, [393], [394];
his death and character, [408–411].
Abd-al-Rahman II., ability of, i. [475];
receives embassies from the East, [478], [479];
builds a navy, [491];
his death, [494].
Abd-al-Rahman III. ascends the throne, i. [563];
his noble qualities, [564];
subdues the rebels, [567];
death of, [596];
his fame, [597];
domestic policy of, [605];
his patronage of letters, [631].
Abd-al-Rahman IV., ii. [85];
his independence, [93].
Abd-al-Rahman V., ii. [99].
Abu-Abdallah, the Mahdi, ii. [249];
character of, [250].
Abu-Bekr, chief of Almoravides, ii. [194];
deposed, [196].
Abul-Hassan, Sultan of Fez, invades Spain, ii. [476].
Abul-Kasim-Mohammed, Kadi of Seville, great power of, ii. [116];
death of, [140].
Abu-Said betrayed by Pedro el Cruel, ii. [492].
Africa, innate barbarism of, ii. [88].
Agriculture, system of the Arabs, its perfection, iii. [599–601].
Aguilar, Alonso de, death of, iii. [250].
Ajarquia, rout of, ii. [562], [563].
Alarcos, battle of, ii. [311].
Albigenses, rise and doctrines of, iii. [90];
crusade against, [95], [96].
Alfonso I., King of Aragon, raid of, ii. [263], [264];
defeated and killed at Fraga, [269].
Alfonso I., King of the Asturias, i. [357];
his expeditions, [359];
his death, [361].
Alfonso III., exploits of, i. [532].
Alfonso VI., reforms of, ii. [162];
prowess of, [183];
enters Toledo, [185].
Alfonso VIII. wins battle of Las Navas, ii. [331].
Alfonso X., great talents of, ii. [441];
literary works, [443];
his death, [444].
Alfonso XI., death of, before Gibraltar, ii. [483].
Al-Hakem I. ascends the throne, i. [440];
defeats his uncles, [443], [444];
quells rebellion of southern suburb, [466];
his sufferings and death, [474].
Al-Hakem II., accession of, i. [636], [637];
character of, [668];
his love of learning, [670];
his great library, [672];
his erudition, [673];
attempts at reform, [676];
public works, [677].
Alhambra, origin of, i. [547];
magnificence, ii. [525];
gardens, [529].
Alhandega, battle of, i. [588].
Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd appointed emir by the Khalif, i. [290].
Al-Horr appointed emir by the Viceroy of Africa, i. [272].
Ali, ruler of Spain, ii. [87];
his severe measures, [89], [90];
his death, [93].
Al-Maghreb, its extent and fertility, i. [134];
invasion of, by Abdallah, [138];
by Ibn Hajij, [141];
is conquered by Okbah, [143];
is invaded by Hassan, [145];
is finally subjugated by Musa, [162].
Al-Mansur—see [Ibn-abi-Amir.]
Almohades, rise of, ii. [255].
Al-Mondhir, character of, i. [533];
is poisoned, [535].
Almoravides, origin of, ii. [191];
they conquer Africa, [194];
their immense empire, [239].
Al-Morthada, ii. [91].
Al-Nazer, King of Granada, ii. [454].
Al-Samh, Emir, i. [273];
invades France, [276];
is killed, [277].
Al-Zagal defeats Christians, ii. [563];
becomes king, [591];
abdication of, [664].
Al-Zarkal, clepsydra of, ii. [164];
quadrant of, iii. [435];
suggests elliptical orbit, [477].
Amulets of Arabs, i. [36].
Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim succeeds Abd-al-Rahman, i. [287];
his severity, [288];
invades Septimania, [290].
Arabia, topography of, i. [1];
dearth of history, [4];
visited by Phœnicians, [5];
its great wealth, [7];
exemption from foreign influence, [10].
Arabs, their prominence in antiquity, i. [16];
their energy, [16];
predatory instincts predominant, [16];
influence of the sheik, [19];
difference from other pastoral nations, [19];
blood revenge, [25];
habits of life, [27], [28];
treatment of woman, [28];
idolatry, [30];
relationship with Jews, [32];
trade of, [39];
wonderful career of the race, [54];
rebel after death of Mohammed, [128].
Architecture under the Moors of Spain, iii. [537–540].
Art, absence of, in Arabia, iii. [535].
Asturias, foundation of the kingdom of, i. [341].
Aurora, sultana, intrigues with Ibn-abi-Amir, i. [691];
opposes the latter, [735].
Averroes, iii. [473–475].
Ayub-Ibn-Habib, provisional emir, i. [271];
is deposed by the Khalif, [272].

Badis, King of Granada, ii. [134].
Balj-Ibn-Beshr besieged in Ceuta, i. [314];
relieved by Abd-al-Melik, [316];
seizes authority, [317].
Barcelona taken by the Franks, i. [450].
Baths, iii. [643];
luxury of, [644].
Baza, siege of, ii. [651];
capitulation of, [663].
Bedouins, life and character of, i. [17].
Beni-Khaldun, clan of, i. [552].
Berbers, origin and characteristics of, i. [136];
language and government, [137], [138];
oppressed by Arabs, [313], [325].
Bermudo, King of Leon, renders homage to Al-Mansur, i. [727].
Bernhart, count of Barcelona, killed, i. [492].
Béziers, destruction of, iii. [98].
Biscay, its ruggedness and severe climate, i. [338].
Black Stone of Kaaba, i. [35].
Boabdil taken prisoner at Lucena, ii. [568];
released, [572];
his worthless character, [594].
Botany of Spanish Moslems, iii. [486], [487].
Byzantine Empire, condition of, after barbarian conquest, i. [70];
its society and its policy, iii. [370–372];
degradation of all classes, [381], [382].

Calligraphy, skill in, iii. [590].
Carmona taken by Arabs, i. [235];
its siege raised by Abd-al-Rahman I., [400].
Carthage, the ancient city, its origin and splendor, i. [147], [148];
trade, [148];
religion, [151];
buildings, [152];
the Megara, [152];
the Roman city, its arts, its learning, and its vices, [153];
stormed by Hassan, [154].
Castrogiovanni, first attack on, ii. [18];
surprised by Moslems, [29].
Chakya, the impostor, rebels against Abd-al-Rahman I., i. [401];
his defeat and death, [402].
Charlemagne invades Spain, i. [405].
Charles Martel, character of, i. [302];
hated by the clergy, [303];
invades Provence, [309].
Chemistry, its great progress in the Peninsula, iii. [490–492].
Chess, game of, introduced by the Arabs, iii. [661], [662].
Christian tributaries of the Moors, iii. [183];
their tribute and their privileges, [184], [185];
disabilities of, [186], [189];
persecution of, by the khalifs, [204–206].
Christianity made no progress in Arabia, i. [41].
Church, condition of, before Mohammed, i. [66].
Cid, rise of, ii. [160];
character and career of, [220];
valor of, [224];
duplicity of, [226];
takes Valencia, [235];
horrors of the siege, [236];
his death, [237].
Civil organization of the Arabs, iii. [638].
Clergy, influence of, among the Visigoths, i. [175];
their luxury, [194], [211];
increasing power of, ii. [420];
wealth of, [422].
Commerce, its great extent under the Moors, iii. [616–619].
Cordova, beauty and wealth of, under the Ommeyades, i. [618], [619];
suburbs of, [622];
taken by Ferdinand III., ii. [366].
Count Julian resents outrage on his daughter, i. [221];
enters Spain, [224];
retires to Ceuta, [259].
Covadonga, battle of, i. [350].

Damascus, beauty and wealth of city, i. [370–372].
Dances derived from the Orient, iii. [663].
De Hauteville, House of, ii. [54].

Edrisi, geography of, ii. [71].
Egilona, queen of Roderick, captured at Merida, i. [246];
marries Abd-al-Aziz, [269].
Egiza, his tyranny, i. [216].
Egypt, effect of its civilization on the Arabs, i. [132].
Elvira, foundation and wars of, i. [542–549];
surrenders to Abd-al-Rahman III., [567].
Emirate, disorders of, i. [322].
Equestrian sports, their magnificence, iii. [491], [492].
Ervigius, reign and death of, i. [214].

Fatimites of Africa, i. [580];
remove capital to Egypt, [646].
Favila, King of Asturias, i. [356].
Fayic and Djaudar, eunuchs, conspiracy of, i. [697].
Ferdinand Gonzalez, Count of Castile, his character, i. [589];
power and exploits of, [603], [604].
Ferdinand III., character of, ii. [416].
Ferdinand the Catholic, character of, ii. [539];
defeated at Loja, [559].
Festivals, iii. [667–669].
Force, worship of, by man, i. [121].
Forum Judicum, i. [178];
procedure it enjoins, [179], [180];
foundation of modern jurisprudence, [181];
precepts, [185–189].
France, South of, its traditions and civilization, iii. [61];
literary and social condition, [64], [65].
Franks, the character and institutions of, i. [300].
Fraxinet, colony of, i. [602].
Frederick II., Emperor, first defiance of the Pope, iii. [31], [33];
his genius, [35];
laws of, [36];
commercial regulations instituted by, [39];
his intimacy with the Moslems, [39];
his power and dignity, [54];
his character, [56–59].

Galera, siege of, iii. [287].
Garcia, King of Leon, i. [575].
Gerbert, his origin, iii. [483];
educated at Cordova, [484], [485].
Ghalib subdues Africans, i. [649];
feud with Ibn-abi-Amir, [719], [720].
Giralda, construction of, ii. [316].
Gothic March, i. [446], [447];
conquered by the Franks, [448].
Granada (city), siege and capture of, ii. [677], [683].
Granada (kingdom), dawning greatness of, ii. [131];
taken by Almoravides, [214];
condition of, in fifteenth century, [513], [514];
palaces of, [525].
Guadalete, battle of, i. [230].

Hamet-al-Zegri, raid of, ii. [574];
severity of, [634];
sold as a slave, [641].
Harrani, Syrian physician, i. [502].
Haschim, vizier of Mohammed, defeated by the Christians, i. [519].
Hasdai, ambassador of the Khalif, i. [593];
cures Sancho the Fat, [595].
Hegira, i. [88].
Hischem I., Emir, i. [421];
his character, [422];
war with his uncles, [425];
his armies invade France, [429];
his death, [439].
Hischem II. kept in tutelage, i. [716];
severe restraints imposed on him, [717];
disappearance of, [761].
Hischem III., ii. [71];
death of, at Saragossa, [108].
Human sacrifices of Arabs, i. [37].

Iberians, their rudeness and ignorance, i. [339], [340].
Ibn-Abbas, minister of Zohair, ii. [129].
Ibn-abi-Abda invades Leon and is defeated, i. [576], [577].
Ibn-abi-Amir sent on mission to Africa, i. [649];
his boast in the garden, [686];
early career of, [688], [689];
conduct of, in Africa, [693], [694];
becomes vizier, [701];
appointed hajib, [707];
burns books of the library, [710];
reorganizes the army, [711];
becomes ruler of Moorish Spain, [720];
his campaigns, [723], [724];
named Al-Mansur, [724];
his invasion of Galicia, [738];
his death, [744];
his character, [744], [745].
Ibn-Abu, death of, iii. [301].
Ibn-al-Awam, botanical work of, iii. [607].
Ibn-Djahwar, rise of, ii. [106];
great talents of, [112].
Ibn-Forat, Kadi of Tunis, invades Sicily, ii. [12];
his death, [17].
Ibn-Habib, Viceroy of Africa, pursues Abd-al-Rahman, i. [387].
Ibn-Hud, family of, ii. [115].
Ibn-Kenun, his revolt, i. [647];
defeats Al-Hakem, [647];
taken to Cordova, [651];
put to death, [730].
Ibn-Shobeyd, wealth of, i. [615].
Improvisation prized by Arabs, i. [50].
Industrial arts in Spain, iii. [575–577].
Innocent III., ability of, ii. [30].
Interdict, its terrors, iii. [335].
Irrigation in Moorish Spain, iii. [601], [602].
Isabella, character of, ii. [539];
her popularity, enters the camp before Malaga, [632];
aids army before Baza, [661].
Islam, its unprecedented career, i. [61], [63];
slow progress of, when first promulgated, [86];
its meaning, [113];
duties enjoined by it, [114], [115];
the benefits it conferred on the Arabs, [116], [117];
its grand achievements, [125].
Ismail I., King of Granada, ii. [459].

Jaime I. of Aragon, ii. [351];
character of, [394], [395].
Jews, persecution of, by Visigoths, i. [173];
influence of, on civilization, iii, [105], [106];
early commerce of, [109];
prejudice against, in antiquity, [113];
prosperity and power of, in the Middle Ages, [118], [119];
good influence of, in Spain, [127];
great scholars, [141];
the depositaries of mediæval culture, [149];
expulsion from Spain and Portugal, [171], [174].
John de Gorza, ambassador of the German Emperor, i. [600].
Junquera, battle of, i. [583].

Kadir, ruler of Toledo, ii. [179];
expelled, [184].
Kahtanites, feud with Maadites, i. [278];
its duration and intensity, [279], [280].
Kairoan founded by Okbah, i. [143].
Khadijah marries Mohammed, i. [84].
Khairan, governor of Malaga, ally of Ali, ii. [87].
Khalifs, general character of, ii. [596].
Koceila conspires against Okbah, i. [144];
is killed, [144].
Koran, its origin, i. [104];
its contents, [106];
allegorical imagery, [108];
benign precepts, [109].
Koreish, guardians of temple of Mecca, i. [81].

Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, ii. [331].
Leon taken by Al-Mansur, i. [732].
Libraries of the Arabs, iii. [470].
Literature of the Arabs, iii. [457–460].
Loja carried by storm, ii. [600].
Love, Courts of, iii. [80].
Lucera, Saracen colony of, iii. [52].

Magic of the Arabs, i. [36].
Maimonides, iii. [142];
his learning and his works, [143], [144].
Majorca taken by the Aragonese, ii. [322].
Malaga, city of, its wealth and prosperity, ii. [618];
manufactures, [619];
siege of, [625];
surrender of, [641].
Malik-Ibn-Anas, sect of, i. [435].
Manufactures, iii. [622–625].
Marquis of Cadiz takes Alhama, ii. [547], [548].
Mecca, its situation and climate, i. [39];
conquest by Mohammed, [90].
Medicine, its advancement and perfection among the Spanish Arabs, iii. [511–516].
Medina-al-Zahrâ, origin of, i. [625];
extent and magnificence, [626];
pavilion, [628];
destroyed by the Berbers, [758].
Mendoza, Cardinal, his greatness and character, iii. [234], [237].
Merida, its splendid monuments, i. [244];
taken by Musa, [245].
Moallakat, i. [46], [49].
Mohammed-al-Ahmar pays homage to Ferdinand, ii. [404].
Mohammed, birth and childhood of, i. [82], [84];
marriage of, [84];
his hallucinations, [85];
death, [91];
character, [92];
distrust of himself, [96];
his personal appearance and manners, [98].
Mohammed, eldest son of Abd-al-Rahman II., i. [501], [503];
obtains the emirate, [505–507];
his zeal, [508];
death of, [525].
Mohammed II., King of Granada, ii. [436].
Mohammed III., deposed, ii. [450].
Mohammed IV., ascends the throne, ii. [459].
Mohammed V., his love of peace, ii. [487].
Mohammed VI., visits Toledo, ii. [496].
Mohammed VII., pride of, ii. [503].
Monasticism, wealth of, iii. [351], [365];
its corruption, [349].
Monastic life, its pomp and luxury, iii. [364].
Montfort, Earl of Leicester, his character, iii. [96].
Montpellier, University of, ii. [76];
high attainments of its professors, [78], [79].
Moriscoes, persecution of, by Ximenes, iii. [242], [243];
banished to Leon and Castile, [244];
attempted reform of, [259];
their property confiscated, [266];
rebellion of, [268];
exiled from Granada, [277];
chased through the mountains, [299];
final expulsion from the Peninsula, [318], [319].
Moshafi, vizier of Al-Hakem II., i. [651];
rivalry with Ibn-abi-Amir, [707];
ruin and death of, [708].
Mosque of Cordova founded by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. [414], [415], [654];
minaret, [665];
description of, [657–667].
Motadhid, Prince of Seville, talents and vices of, ii. [141], [142].
Motamid ascends the throne of Seville, ii. [168].
Muley Hassan, enmity of, to the Christians, ii. [505];
domestic troubles of, [542], [552];
death of, [633].
Musa-Ibn-Nosseyr, his origin, i. [157];
appointed general in Africa, [158];
his character, [158], [159];
builds and equips a fleet, [161];
enters Spain, [243];
his return through Africa, [253];
his punishment and death, [256], [257].
Museum of Alexandria, iii, [437–440].
Music, popularity of, among the Moors, iii. [664–666].

Naples, University of, iii. [44].
Narbonnese Gaul, known as “The Great Land,” i. [272].
Normans invade Peninsula, i. [489], [490], [516];
character of, ii. [54];
conquer Sicily, [55];
adopt Moslem customs, iii. [16–18].

Okbah Ibn-al-Hejaj, Emir, i. [307];
his discipline, [308].
Okhad, fair of, i. [53].
Omar-Ibn-Hafsun, rise of, i. [521];
his antecedents, [522];
his stronghold at Bobastro, [522];
duplicity of, [540];
defeated at Aguilar, [558];
death of, [577].
Ommeyades, origin of, i. [367];
profligacy of the Syrians, [375], [376], [379].
Ordoño IV. visits court of Cordova, i. [640];
his baseness, [641], [642].
Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa, Emir, i. [291];
governor of Gijon, [343], [355].

Palermo taken by the Moslems, ii. [21];
reduced by the Normans, [56];
luxury of, under the Moors and the Normans, [66];
beauty of the city, [67].
Pampeluna destroyed by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. [585].
Papacy, corruption of, iii. [327], [328].
Paraclete, tradition of, i. [77].
Pedro el Cruel ascends throne of Castile, ii. [487].
Pelayus, his origin, i. [344];
organizes an army, [345];
becomes king, [354].
Phallicism of Arabs, i. [34].
Phœnicians, their trade in Arabia, i. [8].
Poetry of ancient Arabs, i. [43–46];
great influence of the poet, [51];
his license, [51];
that of the Spanish Moslems, iii. [448–450].
Poitiers, battle of, i. [305].
Polygamy of Arabs, i. [28];
its universal practice in the Orient, [102].
Pope Joan, story of, iii. [330], [331].
Popes, character of, iii. [332], [338].
Population of Moorish Spain, i. [613];
its great cities, [614].
Pottery, perfection in, attained by Moors, iii. [585], [586].
Public works of the Moors, i. [614], [618].
Pulgar, exploit of, ii. [676].

Quadros, ii. [449].
Quesada taken by Sancho el Bravo, ii. [447].

Redwan Venegas, commander in fight of the Ajarquia, ii. [563].
Revenues of the khalifs, i. [614].
Roderick, accession of, i. [219];
his character, [220];
violates daughter of Count Julian, [221].
Roncesvalles, rout of, i. [406].
Rusafah, garden of, i. [412], [624].

Saba, i. [7];
its ancient civilization, [8].
Salado, battle of the, ii. [481].
Salerno, Medical School of, iii. [45];
its contributions to medicine and surgery, [46], [47].
Samuel, Rabbi of Granada, learning and power of, ii. [131].
Sancho-el-Bravo, King of Castile, ii. [445].
Sancho the Fat, i. [592];
visits Cordova, [594].
Santiago destroyed by Al-Mansur, i. [740].
Saragossa taken by Musa, i. [249];
under the Beni-Hud, iii. [448].
Science in Arabian Spain, iii. [476], [477].
Science, its achievements, iii. [527–530].
Seigniorial rights, iii. [387], [388].
Septimania, its origin and extent, i. [274], [275].
Serfs, condition of, in Europe, iii. [395], [396];
degradation of, [397].
Seville captured by Musa, i. [244];
surrenders to Ferdinand, ii. [411].
Sicily, great natural advantages of, ii. [1];
classic traditions of, [2];
condition of, at time of Moorish invasion, [7];
invasion of, by Moslems, [9], [10];
mixed population of, [62];
scientific progress of its people, [69].
Sidi-Yahya, treason of, ii. [493].
Silk manufacture, iii. [625].
Sisebert, Archbishop of Toledo, heads conspiracy, i. [215].
Slaves, caste of, i. [606];
power and influence of, [607].
Social life of the Hispano-Arab, iii. [652], [653].
Spain, condition of, under the khalifs, i. [614–616].
St. James the Apostle, legend of, i. [471].
Stucco, iii. [549].
Suleyman, Khalif, his character, ii. [85].
Sword venerated in Arabia, i. [94];
importance of, among the Arabs, iii. [580], [581].
Syracuse, first siege of, by the Moors, ii. [13];
stormed by them, [38–40].

Talavera, Archbishop of Granada, his character, iii. [240].
Tarik invades Spain, i. [225];
marches northward, [237];
quarrels with Musa, [248].
Tarub, treachery of, i. [501].
Taxation of tributaries, i. [260].
Tendilla, Count of, Captain-General of Granada, iii. [240].
Textile fabrics, iii. [627].
Thalaba raised to power, i. [318];
his cruelty, [318].
Theodomir surrenders Murcia to the Arabs, i. [247].
Theology in Arabian Spain, iii. [460].
Toledo, its strength and antiquity, i. [238];
massacre of its citizens by Al-Hakem, [460];
becomes independent, [513].
Tota, Queen of Navarre, her ability, i. [592];
visits Cordova, [594].
Tribunal of the Waters, iii. [602], [603].
Troubadours, influence of, iii. [82], [83].

Ubeda sacked by the Christians, ii. [340].
Utrera, Gomez-Mendez, governor of, killed in the Ajarquia, ii. [563].

Valencia taken by Jaime, ii. [382];
expulsion of Moors from, iii. [314].
Vases of the Hispano-Arabs, iii. [585].
Visigoths, origin and migrations of, i. [166], [167];
constitution and government, [169], [170];
councils, [171];
churches, [195];
arts, [196];
manufactures, [196];
medicine, [197];
dress, [199];
profligacy, [227];
causes of the decline of their power, [263].

Wadhih, governor of Cordova, i. [759].
Water, symbolic use of, among Oriental nations, iii. [573], [574].
Witiza becomes king, i. [217];
his wise measures, [218];
his excesses, [219].
Women under the Arabs, iii. [446], [447];
privileges of, [655–657].

Xativa, prosperity of, ii. [387];
besieged by Jaime, [389];
surrender of, [391].
Ximenes, Cardinal, character and origin of, iii. [235], [236];
burns Arabic manuscripts at Granada, [243].

Yahya, faqui, leads a rebellion, i. [465];
becomes a favorite of Abd-al-Rahman II., [468].
Yahya-Ibn-Salmah, Emir, i. [291].
Yakub-al-Mansur invades Andalusia, ii. [307];
death of, [314].
Yusuf-al-Fehri, Emir, i. [320];
abdicates, [394];
is killed, [396].
Yusuf, King of Granada, at the battle of Salado, ii. [480];
character of, [484].
Yusuf, Sultan of Almohades, ii. [299];
public works of, at Seville, [301];
is killed near Lisbon, [304].
Yusuf, the Almoravide, invades Spain, ii. [199];
death and character of, [241].

Zahira founded by Al-Mansur, i. [717].
Zaid, wali of Barcelona, his heroic defence, i. [449].
Zallaca, battle of, ii. [204].
Zamora stormed by the Moors, i. [732].
Zeyd-Ibn-Kesade overruns Andalusia, i. [238].
Ziadet-Allah, Sultan of Africa, ii. [10].
Ziryab, the musician, i. [496];
his versatility, [497].
Ziyad-Ibn-Aflah, prefect, aids conspiracy, i. [709].
Zobeir, Ibn-al-, his success during the invasion of Africa, i. [140].
Zonaria, Hebrew prophet, i. [289].

END OF VOLUME III.

Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.
2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.
3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.