The Mechanical Properties of Wood / Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing

by Samuel J. Record

INDEX

Abrasion, [39], [114]-117

Annual rings, [44]

Apparatus, testing, [94], [99], [102], [104], [107], [110]-111, [114], [117], [118], [121], [122], [132], [133], [136]

Arborvitæ, [6], [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [42], [57]

Ash, [15], [22], [44], [48], [51], [66], [78]

black, [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56]

white, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [45], [56]

Aspen, largetooth, [13]

Axis, neutral, [23]

Basswood, [6], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [44], [56]

Beams, [15], [24]-37, [92], [94]

cantilever, [24]

continuous, [24]

simple, [24]

Beech, [9], [13], [16], [20], [22], [27], [32], [40], [42], [51], [57]

Bending large beams, [94]-99

small beams, [99]-102, [132]

strength, [2], [22]-37, [26], [75]

Bibliography, [145]-160

Birch, [22], [44]

yellow, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [57]

Bird-peck, [59], [72]

Black check, [59]

Boiling, effect of, [6], [85]

Bow, flexure of a, [4]

Boxheart, [54], [82]

Brash, [6]

Breaking strength of beams, [15]

Brittleness, [6], [34], [37], [38]

Buckeye, [13], [44]

Buckling of fibres, [15], [77]

Butternut, [13]

Cantilever, [24]

Calibration of testing machines, [92], [112]

Case-hardening, [80]

Catalpa, [44]

Cedar, Central American, [22]

incense, [13], [16], [20], [27], [57]

red, [144]

white, [22]

Checking, [54], [61], [74], [75]-84

Chelura, [67]

Cherry, black, [13], [22]

Chestnut, [15], [22], [44], [49], [50], [51], [66], [78]

Cleavability, [2], [41]

Cleavage, [41], [118], [133]

Coefficient of elasticity (see [Modulus of elasticity])

expansion, [84]

Cold, effect of, [86]

Color, [50], [58]-59

Column, long, [12], [14], [144]

short, [15], [102]-104

Compression across the grain, [94], [104]-107, [133]

endwise, [12], [92], [94], [102], [132]

failure, [34], [104]

parallel to grain ([see C. endwise])

perpendicular to grain ([see C. right angles to grain])

right angles to grain, [94], [133]

Compressive strength, [1], [9], [23]

Compressometer, [103]

Coniferous wood, [44]

Cottonwood, [44], [45]

Creosote, effect of, [87]

Cross-arms, testing, [124]

Cross grain, [8], [59]-61

Cross-grained tension failure, [34]

Crushing strength, [2], [9], [54], [75]

formula for, [104]

Cucumber tree, [13]

Cup shake, [64]

Cypress, bald, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [57], [68], [144]

Dead Load ([see Load])

Definitions, [2]-7

Deflection, [25], [30]

measuring, [96]-97, [100]

Deflectometer, [99], [106]-107

Deformation, measuring, [103], [107]

Density, [54]-58

Diffuse-porous, [44], [50]

Dogwood, [22]

Drying, [75]-84

effect of, [75]-78, [138]-139

Dry rot, [69]

Durability, [53], [54], [75]

Early Wood, [44], [82]

Ease of working, factors affecting, [48], [50]

Ebony, [22]

Elasticity, modulus of, [6], [25], [89]

formulæ for, [98], [102], [104], [114], [123]

Elastic limit, [2], [5], [22], [62]

resilience, [6]

formulæ for, [98], [102], [104]

Elm, [8], [38], [44]

rock, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56]

slippery, [13], [27], [32], [40], [56]

white, [13], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56]

Elongation, [3], [7], [33]

Eucalyptus globulus, [54], [78], [82]

viminalis, [54]

Factor of Safety, [29], [139]

Failures, bending, [33]-37, [77], [78]

compression, endwise, [12], [15]-19, [104]

cross-grained, [10], [76], [77], [107]

shearing, [19]

tension, [8]

torsion, [38], [39]

Fibre-saturation point, [78]

Fibre strain, rate of, [92]-93

stress, [15]

at elastic limit, [54], [62], [75], [123]

formulæ, [98], [102], [104], [107], [114]

Fir, Alpine, [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [57]

amabilis, [16], [20], [27], [57]

Douglas, [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [36], [40], [42], [48], [55], [57], [124], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144]

white, [9], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [57]

Flexibility, [5], [37]

Flexure, [4], [12], [60]

Formulæ, [98], [102], [104], [107], [110], [114], [123]

Frost splits, [62]-64

Fungi 59, [68]-70, [75]

Grain, cross, [8], [59]-61

diagonal, [60]

spiral, [60]

Growth, in diameter, [43], [44]

locality of, effect, [70]-73

rate of, effect, [43], [50], [72]

rings, [44], [52]

measuring, [95]-96

Gum 22, [44], [51]

red, [27], [45], [56]

Hackberry, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [42], [51], [56]

Hardness, [2], [39]-41, [54], [114]-118, [133]

Heart break, [65]

shake, [64]

Heartwood, [50]-54, [58], [73], [75]

Heat, effect of, [84]-86

Hemlock, [9], [13], [15], [16], [20], [22], [27], [32], [40], [42], [44], [45], [56], [78]

western, [48], [59], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144]

Hickory, [8], [22], [38], [40], [43], [44], [49], [51], [53], [55], [59], [65], [66], [72], [124]

big shellbark, [13], [16], [20], [27], [56]

bitternut, [13], [16], [20], [27], [56]

mockernut, [13], [16], [20], [27], [56]

nutmeg, [13], [16], [20], [27], [56]

pignut, [6], [7], [13], [16], [20], [27], [48], [56]

shagbark, [13], [16], [20], [27], [56]

water, [13], [16], [20], [27], [56]

Hollow-horning, [80]

Honey-combing, [54], [80]

Impact, [30]-33, [110]-114, [132]

Implement woods, testing, [124]

Indentation, [39], [117]-118

Injuries, fungous, [52], [59], [68]-70

insect, [52], [66]-67, [72]

marine wood-borer, [67]-68

parasitic plant, [70]

Kerosene, effect of, [87]

Knots, [51], [52], [61]-62, [89]

Larch, [8]

western, [36], [48], [64], [140], [141], [142], [143]

Late wood, [44], [59], [82]

measuring, [96]

relation to strength, [47]-49

Limit of elasticity, [5]

Limnoria, [67]

Live load, [28]

Load, application of, [29]

concentrated, [28]

dead, [28], [144]

immediate, [28]

kinds of, [26]

live, [28]

maximum, [29]

permanent, [28]

safe, [29]

uniform, [26]

Loading, centre, [97], [100]

static, [29]

sudden, [29]

third-point, [97]

vibratory, [29]

Locust, [22]

black, [13], [40], [44], [51]

honey, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56]

Log of tests, [97]-98, [100]-102, [103]-104, [107], [110], [114]

Machine for static tests, [90]-92 Maple, [22], [44], [51]

red, [13], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56]

silver, [13]

sugar, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56]

Marking test specimens, [94]-95, [100], [129]-131

Material for tests, [88]-90, [94], [99]-100, [102], [106], [107]-110, [113], [115]-116, [117], [118], [119]-120, [121], [122], [123]-125, [128]-134, [135], [136]

Mechanical properties, definition of, [1]

factors affecting, [43]-87

Medullary rays ([see Rays])

Mistletoe, [70]

Modulus of elasticity, [6], [25], [89]

formulæ, [98], [102], [104], [114], [123]

of rupture, [26], [54], [62], [75]

formulæ, [98], [102]

speed-strength, [94]

Moisture, determination, [90], [133]-134

effect of, [6], [8], [17], [33], [75]-84, [138]-139

Mulberry, [44], [51]

Natural shape and size, [2]

Neutral axis, [23]

plane, [23], [33]

Oak, [15], [22], [43], [48], [49], [55], [60], [66], [71], [84]

black, [40]

bur, [13]

live, [22]

post, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56]

red, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [56], [124]

southern, [52], [71]

swamp white, [9], [16], [20], [27], [32], [42], [56]

tanbark, [56]

white, [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [54], [56], [72], [144]

yellow, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [42], [56]

Osage orange, [13], [16], [27], [32], [40], [51], [56]

Oven-dry, [57]

Packing Boxes, testing, [124]

Permanent set, [5]

Permeability, [54]

Pitch pockets, [65]

Pith rays ([see Rays])

Pine, [44], [45], [55]

Cuban, [71]

loblolly, [36], [48], [51], [54], [71], [85], [140], [141], [142], [143]

lodgepole, [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [57]

longleaf, [6], [7], [8], [9], [13], [14], [16], [20], [27], [32], [36], [40], [42], [46], [57], [59], [65], [71], [78], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144]

northern yellow, [22]

Norway ([see Red pine])

red, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [36], [40], [42], [48], [57], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144]

shortleaf, [13], [27], [36], [48], [57], [71], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144]

southern yellow, [22], [124]

sugar, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [42], [57]

western yellow, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [57]

white, [13], [15], [16], [20], [22], [27], [32], [40], [42], [51], [57], [144]

Plane, neutral, [23], [33]

Plasticity, [6]

Pliability, [5], [38], [85]

Poplar, [22], [44]

yellow, [44]

Pores, [44]

Preservatives, effect of, [86]

Rays, [60]

effect on compression failure, [17], [18]

shrinkage, [81]-82

Redwood, [13], [16], [27], [36], [48], [57], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144]

Resilience, [2], [5], [49]

elastic, [6]

formulæ for, [98], [102], [104], [114]

Resin, effect of, [59]

pockets, [65]

Rind-gall, [65]

Ring, annual, [44]

growth, [44], [52]

-shake, [64]-65

-porous, [44], [59]

Rot, [68], [69]

Rupture, modulus of, [26], [54], [62], [75]

formulæ, [98], [102]

Safe Load, [29]

Sap, [73], [74]

-stain, [59]

-wood, [50]-54, [73], [74]

Sassafras, [51]

Season checks, [61], [78]-84

of cutting, effect of, [73]-75

Seasoning, [55], [74], [75]-84

Second-growth, [49], [50]

Set, [5]

Shake, [64]-66, [72]

cup, [64]

heart, [64]

ring, [64]

star, [64]

Shear 3, [19]-22, [133]

across the grain, [19], [21], [22]

along the grain, [19], [21], [76], [94], [107]-110

formulæ, [98], [102]

horizontal, [24]

failure, [35]-37

longitudinal, [21], [24]

oblique, [21], [22]

transverse, [23]

vertical, [23]

Shearing strength, [2], [19]

Shipping dry, [57]

Shipworms, [67]

Shock, [30], [49]

Shortening, [3], [33]

Shrinkage, [54], [58], [74], [76], [78]-82, [135]-137

S-irons, [83]

Site, effect on wood, [48], [49], [70]-73

Size of test specimens, effect of, [89]-90, [138]-139

Sketching test specimens, [94]-95, [100], [102], [106]

Softwood, [44], [60]

Span, [25]

Specific gravity, [55], [135]-137

Speed of testing machine, [93]-94

-strength modulus, [94]

Sphæeroma, [67]

Spike-pulling test, [123]

Spiral grain, [60]

Splintering tension failure, [34]

Splitting, [41], [60]

Spring wood ([see Early wood])

Spruce, [14], [15], [22], [44], [59], [75], [84], [144]

Engelmann, [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [40], [42], [57]

red, [7], [13], [27], [57], [140], [141]

white, [13], [27], [57], [140], [140]

Static tests, machine for, [90]-92

Steaming, effect of, [85], [87]

Stiffness, [1], [4], [5], [6], [25], [26], [62], [76]

Strain, definition of, [2]

unit, [3]

Stress, compressive, [3]

definition of, [2]

due to impact, [31], [32]

external, [2], [33]

internal, [2]

shearing, [3], [21]

tensile, [3], [62]

torsional, [38]

Stress, unit, [3]

-strain diagram, [3], [97]-98, [100]

Structural timbers, strength of, [138]-144

Summer wood, ([see Late wood])

Sycamore, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [42], [57], [64]

Tamarack, [9], [13], [16], [20], [27], [32], [36], [40], [42], [48], [57], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144]

Temperature, effect of, [84]-86

Tensile strength, [1], [7], [23], [78]

parallel to grain, [7], [8]

right angles to grain, [8]

Tension, [7]

failures, [34]

tests, [118]-122

Teredo, [67]

Tests, impact, [31]-33

timber, [88]-136

Test specimens, size of, [89]-90

Timber testing, [88]-136

Vehicle woods, testing, [124]

Variability of wood, [1], [2], [43]

Walnut, black, [22]

common, [22]

Water content, [55], [73], [74]

effect of, [06], [08], [17], [33], [75]-84

Wear, resistance to ([see Abrasion])

Weight, relation to mechanical properties, [54]-55

Willow, [44]

black, [13]

Work ([see Resilience]), [30], [54]

Working plan, [88], [127]-137

Xylotrya, [67]

Yellow Poplar, [44]

Zinc Chloride, effect of, [87]