What Gunpowder Plot Was

by Samuel Rawson Gardiner

INDEX

Aldobrandino, Cardinal, report by the Nuncio at Paris to, [151]
Bancroft, Archbishop, informs Salisbury that Percy had ridden towards Croydon, [23]
Banishment of the priests, [160]
Barlow, Bishop, mistaken reference to a book of, [84]
Barneby, reports to the Nuncio at Paris, [153]
Bartlet, George, said to have stated that Catesby visited Salisbury House, [11]
Bates, Thomas, arrest of, [47];
examination of, [179];
value of the evidence of, [182-189];
charge brought against Greenway by, [189]
Baynham, Sir Edmund, mission of, [195]
Brewer, Mr. H. W., author of a conjectural view of the neighbourhood of the old House of Lords, [93]
Brick, softer in 1605 than at present, [97]
Bright, Mrs., evidence of, [28].
See [Skinner, Mrs.]
Buck, Master, alleged statement by, [7]
Bufalo, del, see [Nuncio in Paris]
Capon, William, mistakes the position of Percy’s house, [77];
worthlessness of the evidence of, [107]
Catesby, Robert, said to visit Salisbury, [11];
cannot have given information, [121];
informs Greenway of the plot, [177];
his relations with Garnet, [192]
Cecil, Sir Robert, corresponds with James on toleration, [143-148];
forwards James’s reply to the Nuncio’s overtures, [156];
has no motive for inventing Gunpowder Plot, [160].
See [Cranborne, Viscount], and [Salisbury, Earl of]
Cellar, the, Fawkes antedates the hiring of, [18], [20];
new door made into, [25];
evidence on the lease of, [28];
supposed bargain between Ferrers and Percy for, [30];
Fawkes’s account of the hiring of, [34];
Winter’s account of the hiring of, [65];
partly let to Mrs. Skinner, [100], [101];
leased to Percy, [105];
the miners said to be ignorant of the position of, [105];
Capon’s evidence on the details of, [107];
new door into, ib.;
entrances into, [110];
alleged public access to, [111];
Knyvet’s visit to, [129];
Suffolk’s search in, [131]
Clement VIII., Pope, writes to James, [150];
annotates a report from the Nuncio at Paris, [151], [152];
rejects James’s proposals, [158];
his conduct towards James, [167];
Lindsay’s report on the proceedings of, [168]
Cobham, Lord, reports a saying of James I., [8]
Coe, Thomas, as informer, [175, note 1]
Coke, Attorney-General, conducts the first examination of Fawkes, [17];
attends the commissioners for the examination of the plot, [25];
his fishing inquiry, [40];
omits a passage in Fawkes’s confession, and brings a false charge against Gerard, [178]
Cornwallis, Salisbury’s letter to, [31]
Cranborne, Viscount, his conversation with the Venetian ambassador, [162-166].
See [Cecil, Sir Robert], and [Salisbury, Earl of]
Davies, an informer, [173]
Devonshire, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, [24]
Digby, Sir Edward, misstatement about the knighting of the sons of, [10];
arrest of, [47];
writes to Salisbury, [169];
receives a letter about an otter hunt, [175, note 1];
his evidence against Garnet, [192]
Digby, Sir Kenelm, alleged statement by, [10]
Doubleday, Edmond, secures Fawkes, [135-137]
Dunchurch, hunting-match at, [30]
Edinburgh Reviewer, the, negative criticism of, [3];
his summary of the story of the plot, [14]
Edmondes, Salisbury’s letter to, [31]
Favat, Salisbury’s letter to, [183], [184]
Fawkes, Guy, first examination of, [17];
assumes the name of Johnson, [18];
shields his companions by false statements, [19];
alleged alteration of the examination of, [20];
confesses the whole of the design, [21];
second examination of, [25];
third examination of, [26];
fourth examination of, [30];
threatened with torture, [32];
fifth examination of, [33];
relation of the fifth examination of, with that of Nov. 17, [37];
his declaration under torture, [43];
gives the names of the plotters, [44];
examined on the hints given to noblemen to absent themselves from Parliament, [48];
a watch bought for, [49];
doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot examined, [50-54];
capable of directing mining operations, [78];
ascertains that the cellar is to be let, [109];
alleged discrepancies in the accounts of the seizure of, [127];
arrest of, [132-136]
Ferrers, or Ferris, Henry, gives up his house to Percy, [29];
agreement for the lease by, [89]
Fulman’s Collection, notes on the plot preserved in, [9]
Garnet, Henry, receives information of the plot from Greenway, [177];
Digby’s evidence against, [192];
his knowledge of the plot, [193-199]

Gerard, John (Jesuit in the 17th century), not to be trusted when in ignorance of the facts, [7];
said to have given the sacrament to the conspirators, [44];
probably ignorant of the plot, [177];
false charge brought by Coke against, [178]
Gibbons, Mrs., has charge of the house, [28]
Goodman, Bishop, thinks Salisbury contrived the plot, [7]
Grant, John, his name erroneously given as digging the mine, [73]
Greenway (alias for Oswald Tesimond), informs Garnet of the plot, [177];
said to have been informed of the plot by Bates, [180];
discussion on Bates’s evidence against, [183-192];
his relations with Garnet, [195-198]
Grene, Father, reports a saying of Usher’s, [8]
Gunpowder stored by the plotters, exaggerations about the amount of, [112];
disposal of, [113]
Holbeche House, capture or death of the plotters at, [46]
House hired by Percy, the, Fawkes’s statement about, [18];
in charge of Mrs. Gibbons, [28];
evidence on the lease of, [29];
situation of, [77-91];
alleged smallness of, [91];
alleged populousness of the neighbourhood of, [92];
position of the garden belonging to, [96];
powder brought to, [102];
a carpenter admitted to, [104]
House of Lords, the old, description of, [100]
James, Roger, evidence of, [91]
James I. said to have called November 5 Cecil’s holiday, [8];
orders the use of torture, [26];
said to have interpreted the Monteagle letter by inspiration, [114], [125], [126];
his relations with the Catholics, [141-142];
refuses to sign a letter to the Pope, [143];
corresponds with Cecil on toleration, ib.;
letter falsely attributed to, [150];
interruption of Lindsay’s mission from, [151];
receives overtures from the Nuncio at Brussels, [151];
his position towards the recusants, [153];
is assured of the Pope’s desire to keep the Catholics in obedience, [154];
banishes the priests, [160]
Keyes, Robert, inquiry into the movements of, [24];
arrest of, [47];
confusion about his working in the mine, [71];
acknowledges that he worked at the mine, [74];
mistake in the ‘King’s Book’ about, ib.;
brought from Lambeth, [102]
‘King’s Book,’ the, erroneous account of Robert Winter’s proceedings in, [74];
probable date of the issue of, [74, note 1]
Knyvet, Sir Thomas, visits the cellar, [128], [136]
Lenthall said to have been told that Salisbury contrived the plot, [10];
Wood’s character of, [12]
Lindsay, Sir James, carries a letter from the Pope to James, [150];
is unable to return with the answer, [151];
starts for Italy, [156];
Cranborne’s opinion of, [162];
reports from Rome, [168]

Mar, Earl of, is a commissioner to examine the plot, [24]
Mine, the, silence of Fawkes about, [20];
Mrs. Whynniard ignorant of, [29];
the Government ignorant of, [30];
first mentioned by Fawkes, [33];
described by Winter, [63];
position of, [96];
made through the wall of Percy’s house, [97];
alleged inexperience of the makers of, [98];
precautions to avoid noise in, [99];
penetrates the wall under House of Lords, [102];
disposal of the earth and stones from, [103];
the Government ignorant of the position of, [104]
Montague, Lord, sent to the Tower, [48]
Monteagle, Lord, the letter addressed to said to have been known beforehand, [10];
false statements about the interpretation of, [114];
Salisbury said to have been previously informed of, [115];
delivery of, [122];
taken to Salisbury, [123]
Mordaunt, Lord, sent to the Tower, [48]
Northampton, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, [24];
is a Catholic, [25]
Nottingham, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, [24];
his relations to the Catholics, [25]
Nuncio at Brussels, the, makes overtures to James, [151]
Nuncio at Paris, the, reports on James’s proceedings, [151];
writes to Parry on the Pope’s desire to keep the Catholics in obedience, [154];
writes to James, [155];
James’s reply to the overtures of, [156];
sends the reply to Rome, [157]
Osborne, Francis, thinks the plot a device of Salisbury, [7]
Owen, Hugh, not a priest, [60, note 1]
Parry, Sir Thomas, draft of a letter to, [22];
uncertainty when Salisbury’s letter was sent to, [31];
receives overtures from the Nuncio, [154]
Percy, Thomas, Fawkes’s statement about the hiring of the house and cellar by, [18];
proclamation for the apprehension of, [23];
rumours about the movements of, ib.;
search of his house, [24];
enters into possession of the house and cellar, [29];
reward offered for the apprehension of, [44];
the Sheriff of Worcestershire announces the death of, [44];
buys a watch for Fawkes, [49];
Winter’s account of the proceedings of, [62-69];
agreement for the lease of the house to, [85];
not likely to be turned out when Parliament met, [86];
takes the cellar, [105];
alleged bigamy of, [115];
said to have visited Salisbury, [117];
displays his connection with the Court, [118];
receives a pass for post-horses, ib.;
alleged secret orders to kill, [119]
Pope, the (see [Clement VIII.])
Popham, Chief Justice, examines Fawkes, [17];
sends to Salisbury a rumour of Percy’s movements, [23];
makes inquiries into the movements of Catholics, [24];
a commissioner to examine the plot, [25]
Priests, the banishment of, proclamation for, [160]
Privy Councillors, form of publishing the signatures of, [40]

Recusants, their fines remitted, [149];
fines reimposed on, [161]
Rokewood, Ambrose, examination of the landlady of, [24]
Salisbury, Earl of, alleged to have invented the plot, [7];
said to have told his son that he had contrived the plot, [10];
writes an account of the plot to Parry, [22];
is a commissioner for the examination into the plot, [24];
his letter to the ambassadors, [31];
cannot have deceived his fellow-commissioners, [41];
said to have known of the plot before the Monteagle letter, [115];
said to have received visits from Percy, [117];
said to have issued orders not to take Percy alive, [119];
the Monteagle letter delivered to, [123];
probably knew nothing of the plot independent of the letter, [124];
was the probable interpreter of the letter, [125];
receives a letter from Sir E. Digby, [169];
has no motive for inventing the plot, [172];
expects plots, [176];
writes to Favat, [183];
failure of the charge against, [200]
Shepherd, John, evidence of, [77]
Skinner, Mrs., gives up the cellar to Percy, [28], [105]
Spedding, James, his canon of historical evidence, [5]
Speed, John, his statement that Percy’s house was only to be let when Parliament was not sitting, [85]
Standen, Sir Anthony, mission of, [158]
Suffolk, Earl of, a commissioner for examining the plot, [24];
friendly to the Catholics, [25];
sent to search the cellar, [131]
Talbot of Grafton, John, summoned before the Council, [48]
Tresham, Francis, informed of the plot, [66];
probably informs the Government, [121];
his connection with the letter to Monteagle, [122]
Usher, language used about the plot by, [8]
Vaux, Mrs., committed to the charge of an alderman, [48]
Vowell, Peter, said to assert the plot to have been invented, [10]
Waad, Sir William, gives information of Percy’s movements, [23];
pronounces Fawkes obstinate, [32];
informs Salisbury that Winter is ready to confess, [70]
Walsh, Sir Richard, writes to announce the death or capture of the plotters, [45]
Whynniard, John, Fawkes’s evidence about his lease to Percy, [18];
position of the house of, [77];
appointed keeper of the Old Palace, [86];
history of the land held by him, [93], [94];
position of the garden of, [95];
leases the cellar to Percy, [105]
Whynniard, Mrs., consents to the lease of the cellar, [28]
Winter, Robert, arrest of, 47;
incorrectly stated to have worked in the mine, [71];
his name substituted for that of Keyes, [73]
Winter, Thomas, inquiry into the movements of, [24];
captured at Holbeche, [46];
doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot examined, [54-67];
his account of the plot, [57-69];
no evidence of the torture of, [70];
explanation of the confusion between Keyes and, [72];
Coke wishes to examine, [74]
Wood, Anthony, statements by a correspondent of, [9];
his character of Lenthall, [12]
Worcester, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, [24];
is understood to be a Catholic, [25]
Wotton, Sir Henry, says that Cecil invented plots, [10]
Wright, Christopher, death of, [46], [47];
Robert Winter’s name substituted for, [73]
Wright, Henry, an informer, [173], [174]
Wright, John, killed at Holbeche, [46], [47]

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Footnotes:

[1] London: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1897.

[2] Gerard, p. 48.

[3] Ib. p. 51, note 2.

[4] Goodman, i. 102.

[5] Gerard, pp. 46, 47.

[6] Gerard, p. 159.

[7] I imagine that the notes in Roman type proceed from Wood’s correspondent, and that Fulman’s marginal questions are omitted; but Father Gerard is not clear on this.

[8] I.e., the second Earl.

[9] ? this.

[10] Athenæ, iii. 902.

[11] Edin. Review, January 1897, p. 192.

[12] This is a mistake. The fine of 3,000l. was imposed for his part in the Essex rebellion. (See Jardine, p. 31.)

[13] Off and on, a fortnight at the end of January and beginning of February, and then again probably for a very short time in March.

[14] Fawkes was absent part of the time.

[15] Mrs. Everett Green in her ‘Calendar of Domestic State Papers,’ adds a sixth (Gunpowder Plot Book, No. 50); but this is manifestly the deposition of November 17. It must be remembered that, when she produced this volume, Mrs. Everett Green was quite new to the work. She was deceived by an indorsement in the handwriting of the eighteenth century, assigning the document to the 8th.

[16] The words between brackets are inserted in another hand.

[17] It was not actually hired till about Lady Day, 1605.

[18] Inserted in the same hand as that in which the words about the cellar were written. It will be observed that the insertion cannot serve any one’s purpose.

[19] Gracechurch Street.

[20] A mistake for Monday if midnight is to be reckoned with the day preceding it.

[21] The remainder of the draft is occupied with the discovery of the plot.

[22] Proclamation Book, R.O., p. 114.

[23] Bancroft to Salisbury, Nov. 5. Popham to Salisbury, Nov. 5—G. P. B. Nos. 7, 9.

[24] Points and names of persons.—S. P. Dom. xvi. 9, 10.

[25] Popham to Salisbury, November 5. (G. P. B. No. 10.) The P.S. only is of the 6th.

[26] Narrative, G. P. B. No. 129.

[27] In a letter of advice sent to the Nuncio at Paris, on Sept. 10/20, he is distinctly spoken of as a Catholic, as well as Worcester.—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[28] On July 20/30, 1605, Father Creswell writes to Paul V. that Nottingham showed him every civility ‘that could be expected from one who does not profess our holy religion.’

[29] The ‘cellar’ was not really hired till a little before Easter, March 31.

[30] Second examination of Fawkes, November 6.—G. P. B. No. 16 A.

[31] Examination of Gibbons, November 5.—S. P. Dom. xvi. 14.

[32] “Mrs. Whynniard, however, tells us,” writes Father Gerard (p. 73), “that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright had not the disposal of the lease, but one Skinner.” What Mrs. Whynniard said was that the vault was ‘let to Mr. Skinner of King Street; but that she and her husband were ready to consent if Mrs. Skinner’s good will could be had.’ ‘Mr.’ in the first writing of the name is evidently a slip of the clerk’s, as Mrs. Whynniard goes on to speak of ‘Mrs. Skinner then, and now the wife of Andrew Bright.’—G. P. B. No. 39.

[33] Probably ‘Hippesley.’

[34] Father Gerard, (p. 91, note 5) accepts Goodman’s assertion that it was said that Whynniard ‘as soon as ever he heard of the news what Percy intended, he instantly fell into a fright and died: so that it could not be certainly known who procured him the house, or by whose means.’ That Whynniard was alive on the 7th is proved by the fact that Susan Whynniard is styled his wife and not his widow at the head of this examination. As he was himself not questioned it may be inferred that he was seriously ill at the time. That his illness was caused by fright is probably pure gossip. Mrs. Bright, when examined (G. P. B. No. 24) speaks of Mrs. Whynniard as agreeing to change the tenancy of the cellar, which looks as if the husband had been ill and inaccessible at least six months before his death.

[35] Properly ‘John.’

[36] S. P. Dom. xvi. 20.

[37] G. P. B. No. 37. Witnessed by Northampton and Popham only.

[38] The letter to Cornwallis, printed in Winwood’s Memorials, ii. 170, is dated Nov. 9, as it is in Cott. MSS. Vesp. cix. fol. 240, from which it is printed. That volume, however, is merely a letter book. The letter to Edmondes, on the other hand, in the Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 213, is the original, with Salisbury’s autograph signature, and its date has clearly been altered from 7 to 9.

[39] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 7.—Hatfield MSS.

[40] Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 8.—G. P. B. No. 48 B.

[41] In ‘The King’s Book’ it is stated that Fawkes was shown the rack, but never racked. Probably the torture used on the 9th was that of the manacles, or hanging up by the wrists or thumbs.

[42] The principal ones were either killed or taken at Holbeche on that very day.

[43] Thomas Winter.

[44] Catesby, Percy, and John Wright.

[45] I.e. Catesby. In a copy forwarded to Edmondes by Salisbury (Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 223) the copyist had originally written ‘three or four more,’ which is altered to ‘three.’

[46] ‘Then,’ omitted in the Stowe copy.

[47] Christopher Wright.

[48] ‘Unto,’ in the Stowe copy.

[49] Robert Winter. The question whether Keyes worked at this time will be discussed later on.

[50] ‘Any man,’ in the Stowe copy.

[51] ‘Others,’ in the Stowe copy.

[52] ‘One’ is inserted above the line.

[53] This is an obvious mistake, as the widow Skinner was not at this time married to Bright, but one just as likely to be made by Fawkes himself as by his examiners.

[54] ‘Viewed it,’ in the Stowe copy.

[55] ‘Taken,’ in Stowe copy.

[56] ‘Thence,’ in Stowe copy.

[57] Percy.

[58] The words in italics are marked by penstrokes across them for omission.

[59] ‘With that practice, that,’ in the Stowe copy.

[60] ‘Then,’ omitted in the Stowe copy.

[61] ‘But,’ omitted in the Stowe copy.

[62] ‘Whereof,’ in the Stowe copy.

[63] G. P. B., No. 49. In the Stowe copy the names of the Commissioners are omitted, and a list of fifteen plotters added. As the paper was inclosed in a letter to Edmondes of the 14th, these might easily be added at any date preceding that.

[64] Gerard, p. 268.

[65] Stowe MSS., 168, fol. 223.

[66] Gerard, p. 170.

[67] Gerard, p. 169.

[68] S. P. Dom. xii. 24.

[69] Gerard, p. 175. Coke’s questions are in S. P. Dom. xvi. 38.

[70] The handwriting is quite different.

[71] This declaration, therefore, was not, as Mrs. Everett Green says, ‘made to Salisbury.’

[72] If anyone chooses to argue that this examination was drawn up regardless of its truth, and only signed by Fawkes after torture had made him incapable of distinguishing truth from falsehood, he may be answered that, in that case, those who prepared it would never have added to the allegation that some of the conspirators had received the Sacrament from Gerard the Jesuit to bind them to secrecy, the passage:—“But he saith that Gerard was not acquainted with their purpose.” This passage is marked for omission by Coke, and it assuredly would not have been found in the document unless it had really proceeded from Fawkes.

[73] About whom more hereafter.

[74] Gerard afterwards denied that this was true, and the late Father Morris (Life of Gerard, p. 437) argues, with a good deal of probability, that Fawkes mistook another priest for Gerard. For my purpose it is not a matter of any importance.

[75] This should be John.

[76] Probably, as Father Gerard suggests, what would now be known as a coursing match.

[77] Proclamation Book, R.O. p. 117.

[78] A late postscript added to the letter to the Ambassadors sent off on the 9th (Winwood, ii. 173) shows that before the end of the day Salisbury had learnt even more of the details than were comprised in the Sheriff’s letter.

[79] Nov. 5.

[80] Nov. 6.

[81] Nov. 7.

[82] Nov. 8.

[83] The question whether Winter or Keyes was one of two workers will be subsequently discussed.

[84] Mrs. Everett Green suggests Nov. 8 (G. P. B. No. 133), but this is merely a deduction from her mistaken date of the examination of the 17th (see p. 17, note 1). In Fawkes’s confession of the 9th Keyes’s Christian name appears to have been subsequently added.

[85] Extracts from the Council Registers, Add. MSS. 11,402, fol. 108. The volume of the Council Book itself which recorded the transactions of these years has been lost.

[86] G. P. B. No. 101. There is a facsimile in National MSS. Part iv. No. 8.

[87] See pp. 18, 20.

[88] Gerard, p. 174.

[89] Gerard, p. 268.

[90] The erasure of Winter’s name, and the substitution of that of Keyes, will be dealt with later.

[91] Gerard, p. 168.

[92] Father Gerard appears to show his dislike of Salisbury by denying him his title.

[93] All Saints Day.

[94] Compare this with Fawkes’s declaration at his second examination (G. P. B. 16, A.) “Being demanded when this good act had been done which must have brought this realm in peril to be subdued by some foreign prince, of what foreign prince he and his compliees could have wished to have been governed, one more than another, he doth protest upon his soul that neither he nor any other with whom he had conferred would have spared the last drop of their blood to have resisted any foreign prince whatsoever.” Are we seriously asked to believe that Salisbury placed this crown of sturdy patriotism on the brows of those whom he wished to paint as the most atrocious villains?

[95] Juan de Velasco, Duke of Frias, Constable of Castile, arrived at Brussels about the middle of January 1604 to conduct a negotiation for peace with England. There he remained, delegating his powers to others. This date of the Constable’s arrival is important, as showing that Winter’s conversation with Catesby cannot have taken place earlier than the second half of January.

[96] Hugh Owen was, as Father Gerard says (p. 173, note 1), ‘A soldier and not a priest, though in the Calendar of State Papers he is continually styled “Father Owen,” or “Owen the Jesuit.”’ He is however mistaken in saying that Mrs. Everett Green inserted the title without warrant in the original documents. A paper of intelligence received on April 29, 1604, begins, “Father Owen, Father Baldwin and Colonel Jaques, three men that rule the Archduke at their pleasure,” &c.

[97] In 1604 Easter term began on April 25, and ended May 21.

[98] This distinctly implies that Percy did not know the secret before, and I therefore wish to retract my former argument—which is certainly not conclusive—in favour of an earlier knowledge by Percy. Hist. of Engl. 1603-1642, i. 235, note 1.

[99] “In his declaration, November 8th, however,” writes Father Gerard (p. 91, note 1), “he gives as a reason for going abroad, ‘lest, being a dangerous man, he should be known and suspected.’” I see no discrepancy between the two statements. Having been long abroad, Fawkes’s face would not be known to the ordinary Londoner as that of a Recusant, and he was therefore better qualified to act as a watchman than others who were so known. On the other hand, when there was no need for anybody to watch at all, somebody who had known him in Flanders might notify the Government of his appearance in England, and thereby raise suspicions against him. Besides, there were other reasons for his going over which Fawkes did not think fit to bring to the notice of the Government.

[100] Began October 9, ended November 28.

[101] Marginal note: “This was about a month before Michaelmas.”

[102] The Duke of York, afterwards Charles I.

[103] Some such words as ‘we resolved’ are probably omitted here.

[104] In MS. ‘taken it before.’

[105] Interlined in the King’s hand ‘which was about four thousand pounds.’

[106] Altered in the King’s hand to ‘to the number of ten,’ with a marginal note ‘unclear phrase,’ in the same hand.

[107] Prince Henry.

[108] Perhaps the Prince was with his mother at Greenwich.

[109] Oct. 27.

[110] Oct. 31.

[111] Nov. 1.

[112] Nov. 2.

[113] Nov. 3.

[114] Nov. 4.

[115] 5 A.M. on Nov. 5.

[116] Nov. 6.

[117] Nov. 7.

[118] Nov. 8.

[119] The attestation in brackets is in Salisbury’s hand.

[120] Gerard, p. 182.

[121] I.e., Thomas Winter.

[122] Mrs. Everett Green’s abstract of this, to the effect that Fawkes said that the conspiracy ‘was confined to five persons at first, then to two, and afterwards five more were added,’ has no foundation in the document she had before her.

[123] G. P. B. No. 49.

[124] G. P. B. No. 37.

[125] G. P. B. No. 133.

[126] The name ‘Key’ or ‘Keyes’ occurs in both of them without his Christian name.

[127] Proclamation Book, R.O.

[128] G. P. B. No. 129.

[129] ‘The Discourse of the Powder Treason,’ published in Bishop Montague’s Works of James I., p. 233, only forms part of the original so-called ‘King’s Book,’ which was published anonymously in 1605 (i.e., before March 25, 1606) under the title of His Majesty’s Speech in this last Session of Parliament ... together with a Discourse of the Manner of the Discovery of this late Intended Treason, joined with the Examination of Some of the Prisoners.—Brit. Mus., Press Mark E. 1940, No. 10. In the Preface directed by the Printer to the Reader, the Printer states that he was about to commit the Speech to the press when there came into his hands ‘a discourse of this late intended most abominable treason,’ which he has added. The King’s speech was delivered on November 9, and, if it was to be published, it is not likely to have been long kept back. The discourse consists of four parts—1. An account of the discovery of the plot, and arrest of Fawkes. 2. Fawkes’s declaration of the 17th. 3. Winter’s confession of the 23rd. 4. An account of the flight and capture of the conspirators. The whole composition shows signs of an early date. Part 1 knows nothing of any names except those of Percy and Johnson alias Fawkes, and was probably, therefore, drawn up before the confession of the 9th. At the end it slips off from a statement that Fawkes, having been ‘twice or thrice examined when the rack having been only offered and showed unto him, the mask of his Roman fortitude did visibly begin to wear and slide off his face, and then did he begin to confess part of the truth,’ into ‘and thereafter to open up the whole matter as doth appear by his depositions immediately following.’ Then comes the declaration of November 17, with Winter amongst the diggers and Keyes amongst those afterwards made privy. Between Parts 2 and 3 we have the following statement: “And in regard that before this discovery could be ready to go to the press, Thomas Winter, being apprehended and brought to the Tower, made a confession in substance agreeing with this former of Fawkes’s, only larger in some circumstances. I have thought good to insert the same likewise in this place, for the further clearing of the matter and greater benefit of the reader.” May we not gather from this that the ‘discourse’ was finally made up for the press on or very soon after the 23rd? Winter, it may be noted, does not mention the name either of his brother or of Keyes.

[130] Gerard, App. E., p. 251.

[131] This note is on too small a scale to be reproduced in the frontispiece.

[132] This name is given at a later time to the ‘Passage leading to the Parliament Stairs’ of Capon’s plan, and I have, for convenience sake, referred to it throughout by that name.

[133] See p. 22.

[134] Gerard, p. 62.

[135] Gerard, pp. 141, 142.

[136] I suppose Thomas Barlow is meant. William Barlow, who was Bishop of Lincoln in the reign of James I., did not write about the plot.

[137] Speed’s History, ed. 1611, p. 891.

[138] March 24th, 1604.

[139] Copy of the Agreement, G. P. B., No. 1.

[140] Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.

[141] Gerard, p. 60, note 1.

[142] Smith’s Antiquities of Westminster, p. 39. The question of the number of doors in the cellar will be dealt with hereafter.

[143] Gerard, p. 67.

[144] Gerard, p. 65.

[145] P. 56.

[146] Pat. 4 Edw. VI., Part 9.

[147] Pat. 6 Edw. VI., Part 5.

[148] Pat. 30 Eliz., Part 10.

[149] Parliament Place.

[150] Assignment, July 17, 42 Eliz., Land Revenue Records Office, Inrolments v. fol. 104. I have been unable to trac Whynniard’s tenure of the house I have assigned to him. It was within the Old Palace, and was probably the official residence of its keeper. Whynniard was appointed Keeper of the Old Palace in 1602. Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.

[151] See plan at p. 81. Was this the baker in whose house Catesby tried in vain to secure a room?—‘Bates’s Confession, Dec. 4, 1605’; G. P. B. No. 145.

[152] Whynniard was Keeper of the Wardrobe at Hampton Court, which would account for his servant being concerned in the Queen’s removal.

[153] Otherwise Parliament Stairs.

[154] I suspect that this was what was afterwards known as Cotton Garden. I have been unable to trace the date at which it was conveyed to Sir Robert Cotton.

[155] G. P. B. No. 40.

[156] See p. 63.

[157] See p. 90.

[158] This we know from Capon’s pencilled notes to the sketch in the frontispiece.

[159] The late Chairman of the Works Department of the London County Council; than whom no man is better qualified to speak on such matters.

[160] There are indeed old walls marked in Capon’s plan beneath the ground, but we do not know of what substance they were composed or how near the surface they came.

[161] Speed, no doubt, rested this assertion on Winter’s evidence that ‘we underpropped it, as we went, with wood.’ (See p. 64.)

[162] Gerard, pp. 66, 67.

[163] See the remarks of the Edinburgh Reviewer on the ease with which Baron Trenck executed a far harder piece of work without being discovered for a considerable time.

[164] Used as such, Father Gerard notes, till the Union with Ireland in 1800.

[165] This was true of the general line of the bank, but, as will be seen at pp. 81, 83, there was a kind of dock which brought the water within about thirty yards of the house.

[166] Gerard, pp. 59, 60.

[167] G. P. B. No. 129.

[168] This is clearly a slip. The cellar was not under the house hired by Percy.

[169] For its possible situation see p. 91; or it may have been erected in the courtyard shown in the plans at pp. 82, 83.

[170] See pp. 34, 65. The difficulty of measuring the thickness of the wall was not so great as Father Gerard fancies. In 1678 Sir Christopher Wren reported that ‘the walls are seven feet thick below’ (Hist. MSS. Com. Report XI. App. ii. p. 17). As he did not dig below the surface this must mean that they were seven feet thick at the level of the floor of the so-called cellar, and this measurement must have been known to the conspirators after they had access to it. I am informed that in the case of a heavy wall, especially when it is built on light soil, as was the case here, the foundations are always constructed to be broader than the wall itself. The diggers, observing the angle of the face they attacked, might roughly calculate that a foot on each side might be added, thus reaching the nine feet.

[171] Father Gerard (p. 64, note 2) writes: “There is, as usual, hopeless confusion between the two witnesses upon whom, as will be seen, we wholly depend for this portion of the story. Fawkes (November 17, 1605) makes the mining operations terminate at Candlemas, and Winter (November 23) says that they went on to ‘near Easter’ (March 31). The date of the hiring the ‘cellar’ was about Lady Day (March 25).” I can see no contradiction. The resumption of work for a third time in March was, from Winter’s mode of referring to it, evidently for a very short time. “And,” he says, “near to Easter, as we wrought the third time, opportunity was given to hire the cellar.” Fawkes, though less clear and full, implicitly says much the same thing. He says that ‘about Candlemas we had wrought the wall half through,’ and then goes on to describe how he stood sentinel, &c. Then at the beginning of another paragraph we have “As they were working upon the wall they heard a rushing in a cellar, &c.” Fawkes gives no dates, but he says nothing to contradict the third working spoken of by Winter.

[172] Gerard, pp. 65, 66.

[173] Goodman, i. 104.

[174] G. P. B. No. 40. Father Gerard (p. 142) says that we learn on the unimpeachable testimony of Mrs. Whynniard, the landlady, that Fawkes not only paid the last instalment of rent on Sunday, November 3, but on the following day, the day immediately preceding the intended explosion, had carpenters and other work folk in the house for mending and repairing thereof (G. P. B. No. 39). “To say nothing of the wonderful honesty of paying rent under the circumstances, what was the sense of putting a house in repair upon Monday, which on Tuesday was to be blown to atoms?” The rent having fallen due at Michaelmas, is it not probable that it was paid in November to avoid legal proceedings, which might at least have drawn attention to the occupier of the house. As to the rest, the ‘unimpeachable testimony’ is that—not of Mrs. Whynniard, but of Roger James (G. P. B. No. 40), who says that the carpenter came in about Midsummer, not on November 4.

[175] Gerard, p. 69.

[176] G. P. B. No. 101.

[177] See p. 108.

[178] G. P. B. No. 39.

[179] Gerard, p. 87.

[180] Here is another ‘discrepancy,’ which Father Gerard has not noticed. As the ‘cellar’ was not taken till a little before Easter, Percy could not make a door into it about the middle of Lent. My solution is, that in his second examination, on November 6th, Fawkes was trying to conceal the existence of the mine, in order that he might not betray the miners, and therefore antedated the making of the door. See p. 25.

[181] Gerard, p. 88.

[182] Gerard, p. 89.

[183] Gerard, p. 74.

[184] See p. 66.

[185] See the table in State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, ed. by Prof. Laughton for the Navy Records Society, i. 339.

[186] Edinburgh Review, January 1897, p. 200.

[187] Gerard, p. 148.

[188] We know that Percy visited the house at Westminster at Midsummer. See p. 104.

[189] Grange to Salisbury, Nov. 5.—G. P. B. No. 15.

[190] Justices of Warwickshire to Salisbury, Nov. 12.—Ib. No. 75.

[191] Goodman, i. 102.

[192] Gerard, p. 151.

[193] Goodman, i. 105.

[194] Gerard, p. 152.

[195] Warrant, Feb. 8; Commission, Feb. 21; Pass, Oct. 25, 1605.—S. P. Dom., xii. 65; Docquet Book, 1605; S. P. Dom., xv. 106.

[196] To the theory that Salisbury wanted inconvenient witnesses disposed of, because the man who shot Percy and Catesby got a pension of two shillings a day, I reply that the Government was more afraid of a rebellion than of testimony. At all events, 2s. at that time was certainly not worth 1l. now, as Father Gerard assumes here, and in other passages of his book. It is usual to estimate the value of money as being about four or five times as much as it is in the present day. The relative price, however, depended so much on the commodities purchased that I hesitate to express myself positively on the subject. The only thing that I am quite clear about is that Father Gerard’s estimate is greatly exaggerated. It is true that he grounds his errors on a statement by Dr. Jessopp that 4,000 marks was equivalent to 30,000l., but the very exaggeration of these figures should have led him to suspect some error, or, at least—as I have recently been informed by Dr. Jessopp was the fact—that his calculation was based on other grounds than the relative price of commodities.

[197] Father Greenway’s statement, that while the rebels were in the field, messengers came post haste continually one after the other, from the capital, all bearing proclamations mentioning Percy by name (Gerard, p. 155) is disposed of by the fact that there were only three proclamations in which Percy’s name was mentioned, dated the 5th, the 7th, and the 8th. Percy was killed on the morning of the 8th, and even the messenger who started on the 7th can hardly have known that the sheriff had gone to Holbeche, and consequently could not himself have reached that place while Percy was living.

[198] See p. 11.

[199] T. Winter’s examination, November 25 (G. P. B. No. 116). Compare Tresham’s declaration of November 13 (ib. No. 63).

[200] Jardine’s Gunpowder Plot, p. 91.

[201] Add. MSS. 11,402, fol. 109.

[202] Smith’s Antiquities of Westminster, p. 41.

[203] See p. 31.

[204] On this, see p. 110.

[205] Gerard, p. 126, note 1.

[206] In an earlier part of the letter we are told of ‘Johnson,’ that ‘on Tuesday at midnight, as he was busy to prepare his things for execution was apprehended in the place itself, with a false lantern, booted and spurred.’

[207] S. P. France.

[208] See p. 31. I give the extract in the form received by Edmondes, that printed in Winwood, ii. 170, received by Cornwallis, being slightly different.

[209] i.e. ‘owned.’

[210] Gerard, p. 127.

[211] Winwood, ii. 170.

[212] Chamberlain to Carleton, November 7.—S. P. Dom. xvi. 23.

[213] See p. 99.

[214] G. P. B. No. 129.

[215] Winwood, ii. 170.

[216] These words look as if he had been found not in the passage but in the court.

[217] He was a favourite dependent of Knyvet’s, who, on April 10, 1604, had recommended him for an office in the Tower.—S. P. Dom. vii. 18.

[218] See my History of England, 1603-1642, i. 80, 81.

[219] I.e. Guardians.

[220] Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil, pp. 31, 33, 36.

[221] Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil, p. 75.

[222] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 16/26.—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[223] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, July 21/31.—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[224] See p. 142.

[225] Hist. of England, 1603-1642, i. 81.

[226] S. P. Scotland, lxix. 20.

[227] James I. to Sir T. Parry, Nov., 1603.—Tierney’s Dodd, iv.; App. p. 66.

[228] Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 30/July 10 (Roman Transcripts, R.O.). There is a plain-spoken marginal note in the Pope’s hand, ‘Non sarà vero, nè noi gli habbiamo dato quest’ ordine.’ In the instructions by the Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, July 22/August 1 (Tierney’s Dodd, iv.; App. lxvi.), nothing is said about this mission, but a definite promise is given ‘eosque omnes e regno evocare quos sua Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et statui suo noxios fore.’

[229] ‘Salute.’ Does this mean safety or salvation, or is it left doubtful?

[230] I.e. to James and to Henry IV. Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, July 11/21.—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[231] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, July 20/30.—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[232] Barneby to Del Bufalo, Aug. 8/18.—Roman Transcripts, R.O. (The original is in Latin.)

[233] Afterwards Duke of Sully.

[234] Parry to Cecil, Aug. 20, 1603.—S. P. France.

[235] See p. 151, note 2.

[236] Del Bufalo to James I. Sept. 19/29; compare Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, Sept. 21/Oct. 1.—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[237] We have two copies of James’s letter to Parry translated into Latin, but undated (S. P. France.) Cecil’s covering letter (ib.) is in draft and dated Nov. 6. It must, however, have been held back, as both Parry’s and Del Bufalo’s despatches show that it did not reach Paris till early in December.

[238] Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, December 4/14.—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[239] January 11/21.

[240] Information given to Del Bufalo.

[241] He wrote on the margin of Del Bufalo’s letter: “Quanto alla facoltà di chiamare sotto pena di scomunica i torbolenti, non ci par da darla per adesso, perchè trattiamo con heretici, e corriamo pericolo di perdere i sicuri, si come non ci par che il Nuntio debba premere nella cosa di mandar noi personaggio, perchè dubitiamo che essendo tanta gelosia tra Francia e Spagna non intrassimo in grandissima difficoltà. E meglio aspettare la conclusione della Pace secondo noi, perchè non sapiamo che chi mandassimo fosse per usar la prudentia necessaria.”

[242] He told the Spanish Ambassador, ‘che quelli del Consiglio gli havevano fatto tanta forza che no haveva potuto far altro, ma che no si sarebbe eseguito con rigore alcuno.’ (Del Bufalo to Aldobrandino, March 27/April 6.)—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[243] Precisely the course he had recommended in his letter written to Cecil whilst he was still in Scotland, see p. 144.

[244] See p. 33.

[245] A news-letter gives an account of the Council meeting, from which it appears that James began by haranguing against the Puritans, but Cranborne—Cecil was now known by this title—and others asked why the Catholics were not put on the same footing, on which the King got angry, and finally directed that the Catholics should also suffer. (Advices from London, Feb. 19/March 1).—Roman Transcripts, R.O.

[246] In those days liberty of conscience meant what we should call liberty of worship.

[247] Lindsay at last got off to Rome in November 1604. On his proceedings there see History of England, 1603-1642, i. 224.

[248] In the MS. ‘et non haverebbe.’ Mr. Rawdon Brown, amongst whose papers, now in the Record Office, this despatch is found, remarks that mistakes of this kind frequently occur in letters first ciphered and then deciphered.

[249] In the margin is ‘Questo poi è troppo,’ perhaps an addition by the ambassador, or even by Mr. Rawdon Brown.

[250] ‘Religione’ is suggested by Mr. Rawdon Brown for the ‘ragione’ of the decipherer.

[251] In the copy ‘non si può far di meno di non observar le leggi,’ the ‘non’ being incorrectly repeated.

[252] “Non predicando li preti nessuna cosa più constantemente di questa che il buon Cattolico bisogna che habbia questa ferma rissolutione in se medesimo di esser per conservar la Religione pronto a solevarsi etiam contra la vita e stato del suo Principe naturale.”

[253] Molin to the Doge, March 7/17, 1605, Venetian Transcripts, R.O.

[254] Lindsay to James I. Jan. 26/Feb. 5, 1605, S. P. Italian States.

[255] Compare the last passage quoted from Molin’s despatch, p. 161.

[256] This is, however, precisely what James had failed to induce the Pope to do.

[257] Father Gerard asks what ‘our offence’ was. It was clearly nothing personal to the writer, and I am strongly inclined to interpret the words as referring to Lindsay’s proceedings at Rome, of which so much had been made.

[258] Sir Everard Digby to Salisbury (S. P. Dom. xvii. 10.) As Father Gerard says, the date cannot be earlier than May 4, 1605, when the Earldom was conferred on Cranborne.

[259] Father Gerard gives the date of Davies’s pardon from the Pardon Roll as April 25, 1605. It should be April 23, 1604.

[260] Gerard, 94, 95, 254. Father Gerard ascribes this application to ‘a later date’ than March 1606. It was, in fact a good deal later, as the endorsement ‘Mr. Secretary Conway’ shows that it was not earlier than 1623. The further endorsement ‘touching Wright and his services performed in the damnable plot of the Powder Treason,’ proves nothing. What did Conway’s clerk know beyond the contents of the application itself?

[261] Father Gerard (p. 98) tells us of one Thomas Coe, who wrote on Dec. 20, 1605, telling him that he had forwarded to the King ‘the primary intelligence of these late treasons.’ If this claim was justified, why do we not find Coe’s name, either amongst the State Papers or on the Patent Rolls, as recipient of some favour from the Crown? A still more indefensible argument of Father Gerard’s is one in which a letter written to Sir Everard Digby about an otter hunt is held (p. 103) to show the existence of Government espionage, because though written before Digby was acquainted with the plot it is endorsed, ‘Letter written to Sir Everard Digby—Powder Treason.’ Any letter in Digby’s possession would be likely to be endorsed in this way whatever its contents might have been.

[262] Gerard, pp. 95, 96.

[263] Gerard, p. 106.

[264] Salisbury to Edmondes, Oct. 17, 1605.—Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 181.

[265] See History of England, 1603-1642, i. 238, 243.

[266] Garnet’s Declaration, March 9, 1606.—Hist. Rev. July, 1888, p. 513.

[267] Father Gerard gives a facsimile, p. 199.

[268] Harl. MSS. 360, fol. 112 b.

[269] See p. 128.

[270] As in the case of the merchant who refused to pay the imposition on currants, ‘Bate’ and ‘Bates’ were considered interchangeable.

[271] G. P. B., No. 145. The words in italics are added in a different hand. Dunbar’s name does not occur in the list of Commissioners at p. 24.

[272] See p. 41.

[273] Gerard, p. 179. I do not think his argument on this point conclusive, but obviously it would be useless to forge a document unless it was to be used in evidence.

[274] Harl. MSS. 360, fol. 96.

[275] Gerard, p. 170.

[276] Salisbury’s Minute to Favat, Dec. 4, 1605.—Add. MSS. 6178, fol. 98.

[277] Gerard, p. 181.

[278] An alias for Garnet.

[279] Salisbury to Edmondes, March 8, 1606.—Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 366.

[280] Harl. MSS. 360, fol. 117.

[281] Ib. fol. 113.

[282] Add. MSS. 21203, fol. 38 b.

[283] A true and perfect relation. Sig. G., 2, verso.

[284] Ib., Sig. K., 3.

[285] Morris’s Condition of Catholics, 210. A Latin translation of part of the letter was printed in 1610, by Eudæmon Joannes, Ad actionem proditoriam, &c., p. 6.

[286] G. P. B., No. 166.

[287] See the express words ascribed to Bates at p. 180.

[288] See p. 190.

[289] Sir E. Digby’s Papers, No. 9, published at the end of Bishop Barlow’s reprint of The Gunpowder Treason.

[290] The Saturday or Sunday after the octave of Corpus Christi, i.e., June 8 or 9, old style, which seems to have been used, as the same day is described as being about the beginning of Trinity Term, which began on May 31.

[291] Garnet’s Declaration, March 9.—Hist. Rev., July 1888 pp. 510-517.

[292] The letter is printed in Tierney’s Dodd, iv. App. cix., where there is an argument in a note to show that the part from which I am about to quote came from a later letter. For my purpose the date is immaterial.

[293] Garnet’s Declaration, March 9.—Hist. Rev., July 1888, pp. 510-517.

[294] Garnet’s Declaration, March 10. Hist. Rev., July 1888, p. 517.

[295] The author of Sir Everard Digby’s life writes:—“I fully admit that if Father Garnet was weak, his weakness was owing to an excess of kindheartedness and a loyalty to his friends that bordered on extravagance.” (The Life of a Conspirator, by ‘One of his Descendants,’ p. 134.) It will be noticed that I am inclined to go further than this.

[296] In addition to what has been already said, a letter from the Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, written on July 22/Aug. 1, 1604, may be quoted. He says that the Pope ‘paratissimum esse ea omnia pro suâ in Catholicos authoritate facere quæ Serenissimæ suæ Majestati securitatem suæ personæ, et status procurare possunt, eosque omnes e regno evocare quos sua Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et statui [MS. statuti] suo noxios fore.’—Tierney’s Dodd, App. No. 5.

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The Light of the World: or, the Great Consummation. With 14 Illustrations after W. Holman Hunt. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Potiphar’s Wife, and other Poems. Crown 8vo., 5s. net.

Adzuma: or, the Japanese Wife. A Play. Crown 8vo., 6s. 6d. net.

The Tenth Muse, and Other Poems. Crown 8vo., 5s. net.

Beesly (A. H.).

Ballads, and Other Verse. Fcp. 8vo., 5s.

Danton, and Other Verse. Fcp. 8vo., 4s. 6d.

Bell (Mrs. HUGH).

Chamber Comedies: a Collection of Plays and Monologues for the Drawing Room. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Fairy Tale Plays, and How to Act Them. With 91 Diagrams and 52 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Christie.—Lays and Verses. By Nimmo Christie. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Cochrane (Alfred).

The Kestrel’s Nest, and other Verses. Fcp. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Leviore Plectro: Occasional Verses. Fcp. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Florian’s Fables.—The Fables Of Florian. Done into English Verse by Sir Philip Perring, Bart. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Goethe.

Faust, Part I., the German Text, with Introduction and Notes. By Albert M. Selss, Ph.D., M.A. Cr. 8vo., 5s.

Faust. Translated, with Notes. By T. E. Webb. 8vo., 12s. 6d.

Gurney.—Day Dreams: Poems. By Rev. Alfred Gurney. M.A. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Ingelow (Jean).

Poetical Works. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 12s.

Lyrical and Other Poems. Selected from the Writings of Jean Ingelow. Fcp. 8vo., 2s. 6d.; cloth plain, 3s. cloth gilt.

Lang (Andrew).

Ban and Arrière Ban. A Rally of Fugitive Rhymes. Fcp. 8vo., 5s. net.

Grass of Parnassus. Fcp. 8vo., 2s. 6d. net.

Ballads of Books. Edited by Andrew Lang. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

The Blue Poetry Book. Edited by Andrew Lang. With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

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Lindsay.—The Flower Seller, and other Poems. By Lady Lindsay. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Lytton (The Earl of) (Owen Meredith).

Marah. Fcp. 8vo., 6s. 6d.

King Poppy: a Fantasia. With 1 Plate and Design on Title-Page by Sir Ed. Burne-Jones, A.R.A. Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.

The Wanderer. Cr. 8vo., 10s. 6d.

Lucile. Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.

Selected Poems. Cr. 8vo., 10s. 6d.

Macaulay.—Lays of Ancient Rome, &c. By Lord Macaulay.

Illustrated by G. Scharf. Fcp. 4to., 10s. 6d.

—— Bijou Edition. 18mo., 2s. 6d., gilt top.

—— Popular Edition. Fcp. 4to., 6d. sewed, 1s. cloth.

Illustrated by J. R. Weguelin. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Annotated Edition, Fcp. 8vo, 1s. sewed, 1s. 6d. cloth.

Macdonald (George, LL.D.).

A Book of Strife, in the Form of the Diary of an Old Soul: Poems. 18mo., 6s.

Rampollo: Growths From an Old Root; containing a Book of Translations, old and new; also a Year’s Diary of an Old Soul. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Morris (William).

Poetical Works—Library Edition. Complete in Ten Volumes. Crown 8vo., price 6s. each:—

The Earthly Paradise. 4 vols. 6s. each.

The Life and Death of Jason. 6s.

The Defence of Guenevere, and other Poems. 6s.

The Story of Sigurd the Volsung, and the Fall of the Niblungs. 6s.

Love is Enough; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality; and Poems By the Way. 6s.

The Odyssey of Homer. Done into English Verse. 6s.

The Æneids of Virgil. Done into English Verse. 6s.

Certain of the Poetical Works may also be had in the following Editions:—

The Earthly Paradise.

Popular Edition. 5 vols. 12mo., 25s.; or 5s. each, sold separately.

The same in Ten Parts, 25s.; or 2s. 6d. each, sold separately.

Cheap Edition, in 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Love Is Enough; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality. Square crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Poems by the Way. Square crown 8vo., 6s.

⁂ For Mr. William Morris’s Prose Works, see pp. 22 and 31.

Nesbit.—Lays and Legends. By E. Nesbit (Mrs. Hubert Bland). First Series. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. Second Series, with Portrait. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Rhoades.—Teresa and Other Poems. By James Rhoades. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Riley (James Whitcomb).

Old Fashioned Roses: Poems. 12mo., 5s.

Poems Here at Home. Fcap. 8vo., 6s. net.

A Child-World: Poems. Fcp. 8vo., 5s.

Romanes.—A Selection from the Poems of George John Romanes, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. With an Introduction by T. Herbert Warren, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, Crown 8vo., 4s. 6d.

Shakespeare.—Bowdler’s Family Shakespeare. With 36 Woodcuts. 1 vol. 8vo., 14s. Or in 6 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 21s.

The Shakespeare Birthday Book. By Mary F. Dunbar. 32mo., 1s. 6d.

Wordsworth and Coleridge.—A Description of the Wordsworth and Coleridge Manuscripts in the Possession of Mr. T. Norton Longman. Edited, with Notes, by W. Hale White. With Fac-similes. 4to., 10s. 6d.

Works of Fiction, Humour, &c.

Alden.—Among the Freaks. By W. L. Alden. With 55 Illustrations by J. F. Sullivan and Florence K. Upton. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Anstey (F., Author of ‘Vice Versâ’).

Voces Populi. Reprinted from ‘Punch’. First Series. With 20 Illustrations by J. Bernard Partridge. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

The Man From Blankley’s: a Story in Scenes, and other Sketches. With 24 Illustrations by J. Bernard Partridge. Post 4to., 6s.

Astor.—A Journey in Other Worlds: a Romance of the Future. By John Jacob Astor. With 10 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Baker.—By the Western Sea. By James Baker, Author of ‘John Westacott’. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Beaconsfield (The Earl of).

Novels and Tales.

Complete in 11 vols. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d. each.

Vivian Grey.
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Alroy, Ixion &c.
Contarini Fleming, &c.
Tancred.
Sybil.
Henrietta Temple.
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Lothair.
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Novels and Tales. The Hughenden Edition. With 2 Portraits and 11 Vignettes. 11 vols. Cr. 8vo., 42s.

Black.—The Princess Désirée. By Clementia Black. With 8 Illustrations by John Williamson. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Crump.—Wide Asunder as the Poles. By Arthur Crump. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Dougall (L.).

Beggars All. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

What Necessity Knows. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Doyle (A. Conan).

Micah Clarke: a Tale of Monmouth’s Rebellion. With 10 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

The Captain of the Polestar, and other Tales. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

The Refugees: a Tale of Two Continents. With 25 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

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Farrar (F. W., Dean of Canterbury).

Darkness and Dawn: or, Scenes in the Days of Nero. An Historic Tale. Cr. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Gathering Clouds: a Tale of the Days of St. Chrysostom. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Fowler (Edith H.).

The Young Pretenders. A Story of Child Life. With 12 Illustrations by Philip Burne-Jones. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

The Professor’s Children: A Story. With numerous Illustrations by Ethel Kate Burgess.

Froude.—The Two Chiefs of Dunboy: an Irish Romance of the Last Century. By J. A. Froude. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Gilkes.—The Autobiography of Kallistratus: A Story of the Time of the Second Punic War. By A. H. Gilkes, M.A., Master of Dulwich College. With Illustrations by Maurice Greiffenhagen.

Graham.—The Red Scaur: a Novel of Manners. By P. Anderson Graham. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

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Heart of the World. With 15 Illustrations, Crown 8vo., 6s.

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Dawn. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

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Lang.—A Monk of Fife: being the Chronicle written by Norman Leslie of Pitcullo, concerning Marvellous Deeds that befel in the Realm of France, 1429-31. By Andrew Lang. With Illustrations by Selwyn Image. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Lyall (Edna).

The Autobiography of a Slander. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. sewed.

Presentation Edition. With 20 Illustrations by Lancelot Speed. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d. net.

The Autobiography of a Truth. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. sewed; 1s. 6d. cloth.

Doreen: The Story of a Singer. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Magruder.—The Violet. By Julia Magruder. With 11 Illustrations by C. D. Gibson. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Matthews.—His Father’s Son: a Novel of the New York Stock Exchange. By Brander Matthews. With 13 Illustration Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Melville (G. J. Whyte).

The Gladiators.
The Interpreter.
Good for Nothing.
The Queen’s Maries.
Holmby House.
Kate Coventry.
Digby Grand.
General Bounce.

Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d. each.

Merriman.—Flotsam: The Study of a Life. By Henry Seton Merriman. With Frontispiece and Vignette by H. G. Massey, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Morris (William).

The Well at the World’s End. 2 vols., 8vo., 28s.

The Story of the Glittering Plain, which has been also called The Land of the Living Men, or The Acre of the Undying. Square post 8vo., 5s. net.

The Roots of the Mountains, wherein is told somewhat of the Lives of the Men of Burgdale, their Friends, their Neighbours, their Foemen, and their Fellows-in-Arms. Written in Prose and Verse. Square cr. 8vo., 8s.

A Tale of the House of the Wolfings, and all the Kindreds of the Mark. Written in Prose and Verse. Second Edition. Square cr. 8vo., 6s.

A Dream of John Ball, and a King’s Lesson. 12mo., 1s. 6d.

News From Nowhere; or, An Epoch of Rest. Being some Chapters from an Utopian Romance. Post 8vo., 1s. 6d.

⁂ For Mr. William Morris’s Poetical Works, see p. 19.

Newman (Cardinal).

Loss and Gain: The Story of a Convert. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition, 6s.; Popular Edition, 3s. 6d.

Callista: A Tale of the Third Century. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition, 6s.; Popular Edition, 3s. 6d.

Oliphant.—Old Mr. Tredgold. By Mrs. Oliphant. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Phillipps-Wolley.—Snap: a Legend of the Lone Mountain. By C. Phillipps-wolley. With 13 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Quintana.—The Cid Campeador; an Historical Romance. By D. Antonio de Trueba y la Quintana. Translated from the Spanish by Henry J. Gill, M.A., T.C.D. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Rhoscomyl (Owen).

The Jewel of Ynys Galon: being a hitherto unprinted Chapter in the History of the Sea Rovers. With 12 Illustrations by Lancelot Speed. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Battlement and Tower: a Romance. With Frontispiece by R. Caton Woodville. Crown 8vo., 6s.

For the White Rose of Arno: A Story of the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Rokeby.—Dorcas Hobday. By Charles Rokeby. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Sewell (Elizabeth M.).

A Glimpse of the World.
Laneton Parsonage.
Margaret Percival.
Katharine Ashton.
The Earl’s Daughter.
The Experience of Life.
Amy Herbert.
Cleve Hall.
Gertrude.
Home Life.
After Life.
Ursula.
Ivors.

Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d. each, cloth plain. 2s. 6d. each, cloth extra, gilt edges.

Stevenson (Robert Louis).

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. sewed, 1s. 6d. cloth.

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; with Other Fables. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

More New Arabian Nights—The Dynamiter. By Robert Louis Stevenson and Fanny van De Grift Stevenson. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

The Wrong Box. By Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Suttner.—Lay Down Your Arms Die Waffen Nieder: The Autobiography of Martha Tilling. By Bertha Von Suttner. Translated by T. Holmes. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

Trollope (Anthony).

The Warden. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

Barchester Towers. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

TRUE (A) Relation of The Travels and Perilous Adventures of Mathew Dudgeon, Gentleman: Wherein is truly set down the Manner of his Taking, the Long Time of his Slavery in Algiers, and Means of his Delivery. Written by Himself, and now for the first time printed. Cr. 8vo., 5s.

Walford (L. B.).

Mr. Smith: a Part of his Life. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The Baby’s Grandmother. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Cousins. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Troublesome Daughters. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Pauline. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Dick Netherby. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The History of a Week. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

A Stiff-necked Generation. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Nan, and other Stories. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The Mischief of Monica. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The One Good Guest. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

‘Ploughed,’ and other Stories. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The Matchmaker. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

West (B. B.).

Half-Hours with the Millionaires: Showing how much harder it is to spend a million than to make it. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Sir Simon Vanderpetter, and Minding his Ancestors. Cr. 8vo., 5s.

A Financial Atonement. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Weyman (Stanley).

The House of the Wolf. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

A Gentleman of France. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

The Red Cockade. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Whishaw.—A Boyar of the Terrible: a Romance of the Court of Ivan the Cruel, First Tzar of Russia. By Fred. Whishaw. With 12 illustrations by H. G. Massey, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Yeats.—A Galahad of the Creeks, and other Stories. By S. Levett Yeats, Author of “The Honour of Savelli”. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Popular Science (Natural History, &c.).

Butler.—Our Household Insects. An Account of the Insect-Pests found in Dwelling Houses. By Edward A. Butler, B.A. B.Sc. (Lond.). With 113 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Furneaux (W.).

The Outdoor World; or, The Young Collector’s Handbook. With 18 Plates, 16 of which are coloured, and 549 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Butterflies and Moths (British). With 12 coloured Plates and 241 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 12s. 6d.

Life in Ponds and Streams. With 8 coloured Plates and 331 Illustrations in the Text. Cr. 8vo., 12s. 6d.

Hartwig (Dr. George).

The Sea and Its Living Wonders. With 12 Plates and 303 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.

The Tropical World. With 8 Plates and 172 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.

The Polar World. With 3 Maps, 8 Plates and 85 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.

The Subterranean World. With 3 Maps and 80 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.

The Aerial World. With Map, 8 Plates and 60 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.

Heroes of the Polar World. 19 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.

Wonders of the Tropical Forests. 40 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.

Workers under the Ground. 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.

Marvels over our Heads. 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.

Sea Monsters and Sea Birds. 75 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Denizens of the Deep. 117 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Volcanoes and Earthquakes. 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Wild Animals of the Tropics. 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Hayward.—Bird Notes. By the late Jane Mary Hayward. Edited by Emma Hubbard. With Frontispiece and 15 Illustrations by G. E. Lodge. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Helmholtz.—Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects. By Hermann von Helmholtz. With 68 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. each.

Hudson.—British Birds. By W. H. Hudson, C.M.Z.S. With a Chapter on Structure and Classification by Frank E. Beddard, F.R.S. With 17 Plates (8 of which are Coloured), and over 100 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 12s. 6d.

Proctor (Richard A.).

Light Science for Leisure Hours. Familiar Essays on Scientific Subjects. 3 vols. Crown 8vo., 5s. each.

Rough Ways made Smooth. Familiar Essays on Scientific Subjects. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Pleasant Ways in Science. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Nature Studies. By R. A. Proctor, Grant Allen, A. Wilson, T. Foster and E. Clodd. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Leisure Readings. By R. A. Proctor, E. Clodd, A. Wilson, T. Foster, and A. C. Ranyard. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

⁂ For Mr. Proctor’s other books see Messrs. Longmans & Co.’s Catalogue of Scientific Works.

Stanley.—A Familiar History Of Birds. By E. Stanley, D.D., formerly Bishop of Norwich. With Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Wood (Rev. J. G.).

Homes without Hands: a Description of the Habitation of Animals, classed according to the Principle of Construction. With 140 Illustrations. 8vo., 7s. net.

Insects at Home: a Popular Account of British Insects, their Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 700 Illustrations. 8vo., 7s. net.

Insects Abroad: a Popular Account of Foreign Insects, their Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 600 Illustrations. 8vo., 7s. net.

Bible Animals: a Description of every Living Creature mentioned in the Scriptures. With 112 Illustrations. 8vo., 7s. net.

Petland Revisited. With 33 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Out of Doors: a Selection of Original Articles on Practical Natural History. With 11 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Strange Dwellings: a Description of the Habitations of Animals, abridged from ‘Homes without Hands’. With 60 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Bird Life of the Bible. 32 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Wonderful Nests. 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Homes under the Ground. 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Wild Animals of the Bible. 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Domestic Animals of the Bible. 23 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

The Branch Builders. 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Social Habitations and Parasitic Nests. 18 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.

Works of Reference.

Longmans’ Gazetteer of the World. Edited by George G. Chisholm, M.A., B.Sc. Imp. 8vo., £2 2s. cloth, £2 12s. 6d. half-morocca.

Maunder (Samuel).

Biographical Treasury. With Supplement brought down to 1899. By Rev. James Wood. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

Treasury of Natural History: or, Popular Dictionary of Zoology. With 900 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

Treasury of Geography, Physical, Historical, Descriptive, and Political. With 7 Maps and 16 Plates. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

The Treasury of Bible Knowledge. By the Rev. J. Ayre, M.A. With 5 Maps, 15 Plates, and 300 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

Treasury of Knowledge and Library of Reference. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

Historical Treasury: Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

Scientific and Literary Treasury. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

The Treasury of Botany. Edited by J. Lindley. F.R.S., and T. Moore, F.L.S. With 274 Woodcuts and 20 Steel Plates. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 12s.

Roget.—Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. Classified and Arranged so as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and assist in Literary Composition. By Peter Mark Roget, M.D., F.R.S. Recomposed throughout, enlarged and improved, partly from the Author’s Notes and with a full Index, by the Author’s Son, John Lewis Roget. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Willich.—Popular Tables for giving information for ascertaining the value of Lifehold, Leasehold, And Church Property, the Public Funds, &c. By Charles M. Willich. Edited by H. Bence Jones. Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.

Children’s Books.

Crake (Rev. A. D.).

Edwy the Fair; or, the First Chronicle of Æscendune. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Alfgar the Dane: or, the Second Chronicle of Æscendune. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The Rival Heirs: being the Third and Last Chronicle of Æscendune. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The House of Walderne. A Tale of the Cloister and the Forest in the Days of the Barons’ Wars. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Brian Fitz-Count. A Story of Wallingford Castle and Dorchester Abbey. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Lang (Andrew)—Edited By.

The Blue Fairy Book. With 138 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

The Red Fairy Book. With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

The Green Fairy Book. With 99 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

The Yellow Fairy Book. With 104 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

The Blue Poetry Book. With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

The Blue Poetry Book. School Edition, without Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

The True Story Book. With 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

The Red True Story Book. With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

The Animal Story Book. With 67 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Meade (L. T.).

Daddy’s Boy. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Deb and the Duchess. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

The Beresford Prize. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

The House of Surprises. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Molesworth.—Silverthorns. By Mrs. Molesworth. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Stevenson.—A Child’s Garden of Verses. By Robert Louis Stevenson. fcp. 8vo., 5s.

Upton. (Florence K., and Bertha).

The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a ‘Golliwogg’. Illustrated by Florence K. Upton, with Words by Bertha Upton. With 31 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations in the Text. Oblong 4to., 6s.

The Golliwogg’s Bicycle Club. Illustrated by Florence K. Upton. With Words by Bertha Upton. With 31 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations in the Text. Oblong 4to., 6s.

Wordsworth.—The Snow Garden, and other Fairy Tales for Children. By Elizabeth Wordsworth, With 10 Illustrations by Trevor Haddon. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Longmans’ Series of Books for Girls.

Crown 8vo., price 2s. 6d. each

Atelier (The) Du Lys: or an Art Student in the Reign of Terror.

By the same Author.

Mademoiselle Mori: a Tale of Modern Rome.
In the Olden Time: a Tale of the Peasant War in Germany.
The Younger Sister.
That Child.
Under a Cloud.
Hester’s Venture.
The Fiddler of Lugau.
A Child of the Revolution.

Atherstone Priory. By L. N. Comyn.

The Story of a Spring Morning, &c. By Mrs. Molesworth. Illustrated.

The Palace in the Garden. By Mrs. Molesworth. Illustrated.

Neighbours. By Mrs. Molesworth.

The Third Miss St. Quentin. By Mrs. Molesworth.

Very Young; and Quite Another Story. Two Stories. By Jean Ingelow.

Can this be Love? By Louisa Parr.

Keith Deramore. By the Author of ‘Miss Molly’.

Sidney. By Margaret Deland.

An Arranged Marriage. By Dorothea Gerard.

Last Words to Girls on Life at School and After School. By Maria Grey.

Stray Thoughts for Girls. By Lucy H. M. Soulsby, Head Mistress of Oxford High School. 16mo., 1s. 6d. net.

The Silver Library.

Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. each Volume.

Arnold’s (Sir Edwin) Seas and Lands. With 71 Illustrations. 3s. 6d.

Bagehot’s (W.) Biographical Studies. 3s. 6d.

Bagehot’s (W.) Economic Studies. 3s. 6d.

Bagehot’s (W.) Literary Studies. With Portrait. 3 vols. 3s. 6d. each.

Baker’s (Sir S. W.) Eight Years In Ceylon. With 6 Illustrations. 3s. 6d.

Baker’s (Sir S. W.) Rifle and Hound in Ceylon. With 6 Illustrations. 3s. 6d.

Baring-Gould’s (Rev. S.) Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. 3s. 6d.

Baring-Gould’s (Rev. S.) Origin and Development of Religious Belief. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each.

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Transcriber’s Notes:

Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to a nearby paragraph break.

The text in the list of illustrations is presented as in the original text, but the links navigate to the page number closest to the illustration’s loaction in this document.

Punctuation has been corrected without note.

Other than the corrections noted by hover information, inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.