FOOTNOTES:
[10] The apparent specific gravity here means the weight of the mass,—the air-filled cavities and pores included—as compared with an equal bulk of water. The real specific gravity of the peat itself is always greater than that of water, and all kinds of peat will sink in water when they soak long enough, or are otherwise treated so that all air is removed.
[11] The "full" cubic foot implies a cubic foot having no cavities or waste space, such as exist in a pile, made up of numerous blocks. If a number of peat blocks be put into a box and shaken together, the empty space between the more or less irregular blocks, may amount to 46 per cent. of the whole; and when closely packed, the cavities amount to 30 per cent., according to the observations of Wasserzieher. (Dingler's Journal, Oct., 1864, p. 118.) Some confusion exists in the statements of writers in regard to this matter, and want of attention to it, has led to grave errors in estimating the weight of fuel.
[12] The waste space in peat and wood as commonly piled, is probably included here in the statement, and is usually about the same in both; viz.: not far from 40 per cent.
[13] See note on the preceding page.
[14] Der Torf, etc., S. 43.
[15] See page 00.
[16] On account of the great convenience of the decimal weights and measures, and their nearly universal recognition by scientific men, we have adopted them here. The gramme = 15 grains; 5 degrees centigrade = 9 degrees Fahrenheit.
[17] Pliny, Hist. Nat. (Lib. XVI, 1) expresses his pity for the "miserable people" living in East Friesland and vicinity in his day, who "dug out with the hands a moor earth, which, dried more by wind than sun, they used for preparing their food and warming their bodies:" captum manibus lutum ventis magis quam sole siccantis, terra cibos et rigentia septembrione viscera sua urunt.
As regards the "misera gens," it should be said that rich grain fields and numerous flourishing villages have occupied for several centuries large portions of the Duevel moor near Bremen.
[18] For further account and plans of this machine see Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal, Bd. 176, S. 336.
[19] Described and figured in Bulletin de la Societe d'Encouragement, August 1857, p. 513; also Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal, Bd. 146, S. 252.
[20] Berg- und Huettenmænnische Zeitung, 1859, Nr. 26.
[21] Henneberg's Journal fuer Landwirthschaft, 1858, S. 42.
[22] Henneberg's Journal fuer Landwirthschaft, 1858, p.p. 42 and 83.
[23] Dingler's Journal, Oct., 1864.
[24] Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal, Bd. 152, S. 272. See also, Knapp, Lehrbuch der Chemischen Technologie, 3te Auflage, 1., 167.
[25] Der Torf; seine Bildung und Bereitungsweise, von Rudolph Gysser, Weimar, 1864.
[26] Dingler's Journal, Bd. 165, S. 184.; und Bd. 172, S, 333.
[27] Scientific American, Feb. 10, 1866; also, Facts about Peat as Fuel, by T. H. Leavitt, 2d Ed., Boston, p. 23.
[28] Dingler's Journal, Bd. 168, S. 306, und Bd. 172, S. 332.
[29] Described in Journal of the Society of Arts, 1860, p. 437.
[30] Bernemann & Kerl's Berg und Huettenmænnische Zeitung, 1862, 221.